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the situation has changed and the patient should be removed from restraints. However, in practice, Japanese psychiatric hospitals use restraints fairly often and for long periods. Despite being required to certify every 12 hours whether a patient still needs restraints, Japanese psychiatric hospitals keep patients in restraints for a much longer time than hospitals in other countries. According to a survey conducted on 689 patients in 11 psychiatric hospitals in Japan, the average time spent in physical restraints is 96 days. Meanwhile, the average time in most other developed countries is at most several hours to tens of hours.
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restraint when alternatives would work. Sacks-Jones maintains women her group speak to repeatedly describe face down restraint as a traumatic experience. On occasions male nurses have used it when a woman did not want her medication. "If you are a woman who has been sexually or physically abused, and mental health problems in women often have close links to violence and abuse, then a safer environment has to be just that: safe and not a re-traumatising experience. (...) Face-down restraint hurts, it is dangerous, and there are some big questions around why it is used more on women than men".
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occurred in the prone position. In the UK restraint related deaths would appear to be reported less often. The evidence for effective staff training in the use of medical restraints is at best crude, with evaluation of training programmes being the exception rather than the rule. Vast numbers of care staff are trained in 'physical interventions' including physical restraint, although they rarely employ them in practice. It is accepted that staff training in physical interventions can increase carer confidence.
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suffered abuse, restraint can cause physical harm, can frighten and humiliate the victim. Restraint, specially face down restraint can re-traumatise patients who previously suffered violence and abuse. "Mental health units are meant to be caring, therapeutic environments, for people feeling at their most vulnerable, not places where physical force is routine".
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Some trusts hardly use restraints, others use them routinely. A woman patient was in several hospitals and units at times for a decade with mental health issues, she said in some units she suffered restraints two or three times daily. Katharine Sacks-Jones director of Agenda, maintains trusts use
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Government guidelines state that face down restraint should not be used at all and other types of physical restraint are only for last resort. Research by Agenda found one fifth of women and girl patients in mental health units had suffered physical restraint. Some trusts averaged over twelve face
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and being unable to clear the airway. In practice, simple gags do not restrict communication much; however, this means that gags that are effective enough to prevent communication are generally also potentially effective at restricting breathing. Gags that prevent communication may also prevent the
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Japanese law states that psychiatric hospitals may use restraints on patients only if there is a danger that the patients will harm themselves. The law also states that a designated psychiatrist must approve the use of restraints and examine the patient at least every 12 hours to determine whether
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A survey in the US in 1998 reported an estimated 150 restraint related deaths in care environments (Weiss, 1998). Low frequency fatalities occur with some degree of regularity. An investigation of 45 restraint related deaths in US childcare settings showed 28 of these deaths were reported to have
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which promotes an end to the teaching to frontline healthcare staff of all prone (face down) restraint holds. Despite a UK government statement in 2013 that it was minded to impose a ban on such techniques in mental health facilities, by 2017 the use of restraints in UK psychiatric facilities had
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The number of people who are physically restrained in
Japanese psychiatric hospitals continues to increase. In 2014 more than 10,000 people were restrained-the highest ever recorded, and more than double the number a decade earlier. It is thought that some of that increase includes older patients
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showing evidence from 'Agenda, the alliance for women and girls at risk', revealing that patients are routinely restrained in some mental health units while others use non-physical ways to calm patients or stop self-harm. According to the letter over half of women with psychiatric problems have
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has stated that "Restraints may not be used as an alternative to adequate staff" (McAfee, Schwilk & Miltruski, 2006, p. 713). Also, "restraint may be used only when aggressive behavior interferes with an individual's own ability to benefit from programming or poses physical threat to others"
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many educators believe restraints are used to maintain the safety and order of the classroom and students, while those who oppose their use believe they are dangerous to the physical and mental health of children and may result in death (McAfee, Schwilk & Miltruski, 2006) and (Kutz,
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729:. YoungMinds and Agenda claim restraints are "frightening and humiliating" and "re-traumatises" patients especially women and girls who have previously been victims of physical and/or sexual abuse. The charities sent an open letter to health secretary,
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dictate that restraints are only to be used on subjects who are violent while being transported, restraining the use of their arms and legs, minimising the risk of punching and kicking. Pouches carrying restraints are usually carried on the
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69:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
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Face down restraints are used more often on women and girls than on men. 51 out of 58 mental health trusts use restraints unnecessarily when other techniques would work. Organisations opposed to restraints include
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Beech, B & Leather, P. (2006). Workplace violence in the healthcare sector: A review of staff training and integration of training models. Aggression and
Violent Behavior, 11, 27-43.
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down restraints per female patient. Over 6% of women, close to 2,000 were restrained face-down in total more than 4,000 times. The figures vary widely between regions.
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has revised its guidelines for elderly people in nursing homes to have more restrictions against body restraints. The changes will take effect on 1 April 2018.
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Nunno, Michael A.; Holden, Martha J.; Tollar, Amanda (December 2006). "Learning from tragedy: A survey of child and adolescent restraint fatalities".
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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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The misuse of physical restraint has resulted in many deaths. Physical restraint can be dangerous, sometimes in unexpected ways. Examples include:
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approximately 70% of teachers who work with students with behavioral disabilities use a type of physical restraint (Goldstein & Brooks, 2007)
1022:"介護施設、拘束の要件厳格化" [Tough changes in requirements for physical restraints in nursing homes] (in Japanese). Reuters Japan. 4 December 2017.
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Restraining someone against their will is generally a crime in most jurisdictions, unless it is explicitly sanctioned by law. (See
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Testimony Before the
Committee on Education and Labor, House of Representatives, United States Government Accountability Office
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settings resulting in severe injury and trauma of students and lack of education from spending school hours restrained.
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437:) by impeding motions of the target (usually prisoner), as is still practiced in penal functions of several countries
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to restrain people who are suffering from involuntary physical spasms, to prevent them from hurting themselves (see
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing German
Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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are authorised to use leg and arm restraints, if they have been instructed in their use. Guidelines set out by the
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refers to means of purposely limiting or obstructing the freedom of a person's or an animal's bodily movement.
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Allen, D. (2000b). Training carers in physical interventions: Research towards evidence based practice.
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Understanding and managing children's classroom behavior: Creating sustainable, resilient classrooms
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For these and many other reasons, extreme caution is needed in the use of physical restraint.
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cutting of blood vessels by struggling against restraints, resulting in death by loss of blood
884:"Kids locked away, held down: Investigating 'seclusion & restraint' practices at schools"
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1035:"Family blames prolonged use of restraints at Kanagawa hospital for English teacher's death"
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865:""Culture of violence" in Colorado Youth Corrections includes physical restraints, solitary"
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1264:"Selected Cases of Death and Abuse at Public and Private Schools and Treatment Centers"
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998:長谷川利夫. (2016). 精神科医療における隔離・ 身体拘束実態調査 ～その急増の背景要因を探り縮減への道筋を考える～. 病院・地域精神医学, 59(1), 18–21.
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Cullen, C. (1992). Staff training and management for intellectual disability services.
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to restrain children and teenagers with severe behavioral problems or disorders like
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Public policy on physical restraint of children with disabilities in public schools
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a restrained person is highly risky, as it involves a substantial risk of
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982:"Number of patients physically restrained at psychiatric hospitals soars"
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355:. This less commonly also extends to joint locks and pinning techniques.
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death due to inability to escape in the event of fire or other disaster
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are used to restrain a person, which are predominantly used by trained
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
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1071:"Kiwi mum's fight to end restraints in Japan's psychiatric hospitals"
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death due to dehydration or starvation due to the inability to escape
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communication of distress that might otherwise prevent injury.
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STERMAN, JOCE; BRAUER, ALEX; NEJMAN, ANDREA (21 March 2022).
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Deaths have been reported from their use, including that of
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McAfee, Schwilk, & Mitruski, J., C., & M. (2006).
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Alternatively different kinds of arm locks deriving from
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International Review of
Research in Mental Retardation
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a machine-translated version of the German article.
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481:(McAfee, Schwilk & Miltruski, 2006, p. 713).
1119:"Millfields Charter - against abusive practice"
611:cutting off of blood circulation by restraints
519:restraints were developed during the 1700s by
104:accompanying your translation by providing an
49:Click for important translation instructions.
36:expand this article with text translated from
1011:(in Japanese). Yomiuri Online. February 2017.
949:: British Institute of learning Disabilities.
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1244:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1221:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
478:Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
279:Wooden restraints in a women's prison, US (
1164:"Rise in mental health patient restraints"
690:with dementia. As a result, the Japanese
653:, both from the gag itself, and also from
466:often used in emergency situations or for
1253:Ryan & Peterson, J. & R. (2004).
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456:, to prevent hurting others or themselves
190:Learn how and when to remove this message
1204:Goldstein & Brooks, S., R.B (2007).
402:authorities to obstruct delinquents and
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231:Modern chain handcuffs made of hardened
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153:This article includes a list of general
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1234:. Education and Treatment of Children.
1162:Greenwood, George (16 November 2017).
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602:and being unable to clear the airway
470:purposes (Ryan & Peterson, 2004)
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219:as formerly used on prisoners;
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1255:Physical restraint in school
1089:"施設「頭打ちそうで拘束」 入所の障害者男性死亡 青梅"
925:10.1016/j.chiabu.2006.02.015
783:Judicial corporal punishment
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1210:John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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406:from escaping or resisting
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86:will aid in categorization.
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61:Machine translation, like
913:Child Abuse & Neglect
258:shackles with chains and
38:the corresponding article
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1257:. Behavioral Disorders.
1053:"日本の 精神科医療を 考える シンポジウム"
639:due to lack of movement
628:whilst unable to escape
174:more precise citations.
125:For more guidance, see
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843:Strapping (punishment)
727:Rethink Mental Illness
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446:teaching assistants
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631:death from
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588:unintended
429:to enforce
424:police vans
343:methods or
284: 1890
172:introducing
45:(July 2014)
850:References
711:electronic
155:references
1240:cite book
1217:cite book
778:Handcuffs
768:Detention
620:death by
551:eroticism
540:duct tape
536:kidnapper
420:duty belt
404:prisoners
373:handcuffs
314:handcuffs
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933:17109958
813:Prisoner
788:Legcuffs
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