374:) have three stages: the egg (also called a nit), the nymph, and the adult. They can be hard to see and are found firmly attached to the hair shaft. They are oval and usually yellow to white. Pubic lice nits take about 6–10 days to hatch. The nymph is an immature louse that hatches from the nit (egg). A nymph looks like an adult pubic louse but it is smaller. Pubic lice nymphs take about 2–3 weeks after hatching to mature into adults capable of reproducing. To live, a nymph must feed on blood. The adult pubic louse resembles a miniature crab when viewed through a strong magnifying glass. Pubic lice have six legs; their two front legs are very large and look like the pincher claws of a crab—thus the nickname "crabs". Pubic lice are tan to grayish-white in color. Females lay nits and are usually larger than males. To live, lice must feed on blood. If the louse falls off a person, it dies within 1–2 days. Eggs (nits) are laid on a hair shaft. Females will lay approximately 30 eggs during their 3–4 week life span. Eggs hatch after about a week and become nymphs, which look like smaller versions of the adults. The nymphs undergo three molts before becoming adults. Adults are 1.5–2.0 mm long and flattened. They are much broader in comparison to head and body lice. Adults are found only on the human host and require human blood to survive. Pubic lice are transmitted from person to person most-commonly via sexual contact, although fomites (bedding, clothing) may play a minor role in their transmission.
264:
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60:
252:
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1709:
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478:, in a topical application, which include the brands Licide, and A-200, Pronto and RID shampoos. These medications are safe and effective when used exactly according to the instructions in the package or on the label. To kill newly hatched lice, both treatments can be repeated within the following seven to ten days.
466:
At first, treatment is usually with topical permethrin 1% cream, which can be bought over the counter without a prescription. It is applied to the areas affected by pubic lice and washed off after 10 minutes. Brands of permethrin include 'Lyclear', available in the UK as a creme rinse or dermal cream
449:
Treatment with medication is combined with combing pubic hair with a fine-toothed comb after applying vinegar directly to skin or dipping the comb in vinegar, to remove nits. It is recommended to wash bedding, clothing and towels in hot water or preferably in a washing machine at 50°C or higher. When
504:
is still used in a shampoo form in some non-European countries. Its licence was withdrawn by the
European Medicines Agency in 2008. It may be considered as a last resort in some people who show resistance to other treatments, but is not recommended to be used for a second round of treatment. Lindane
214:
and is available over the counter. Two rounds of treatment at least a week apart are usually required to kill newly hatched nymphs. Washing bedding and clothing in hot water kills the lice, and transmission can be prevented by avoiding sexual contact until no signs of infestation exist. Eggs may be
344:
is used or not. One sexual encounter with an infected person carries a high risk of catching pubic lice. In some circumstances transmission can occur through kissing and hugging, and less likely via bedding, clothing and towels. The lice spread more easily in crowded conditions where the distance
536:
Sexual partners should be evaluated and treated, and sexual contact should be avoided until all partners are better. Because of the strong association between the presence of pubic lice and sexually transmitted infections (STIs), affected people require investigation for other STIs.
450:
this is not possible, the clothing can be stored in a sealed plastic bag for at least three days. Re-infestation can be prevented by wearing clean underwear at the start of treatment and after completing treatment. Shaving the affected hair is not essential.
430:. Less commonly, hair near the anus, armpit, beard, eyebrows, moustache, and eyelashes may be involved. Although the presence of pubic lice is associated with the presence of other sexually transmitted diseases, pubic lice do not spread infectious diseases.
199:
in the groin, particularly at night. There may be some grey-blue discolouration at the feeding site, and eggs and lice may be visible. Scratch marks, crusting and scarring may be seen, and there may be signs of secondary bacterial infection.
564:
infestations are not considered a reportable condition by many governments. Many cases are self-treated or treated discreetly by personal physicians, which further adds to the difficulty of producing accurate statistics.
1574:
N. P. Manjunatha; G. R. Jayamanne; S. P. Desai; T. R. Moss; J. Lalik; A. Woodland (2006). "Pediculosis pubis: presentation to ophthalmologist as pthriasis palpebrarum associated with corneal epithelial keratitis".
568:
It has been reported that the trend of pubic hair removal has led to the destruction of the natural habitat of the crab louse populations in some parts of the world, thereby reducing the incidence of the disease.
545:
Infestation of the eyes is treated differently from other parts of the body. Lice can be removed with forceps or by removing or trimming the lashes. Eyelashes may be treated with a gentle
230:
in the pubic area and groin, particularly at night, resulting from an allergic reaction to the saliva of feeding lice. In some infestations, a characteristic grey-blue or slate coloration
390:
and adult lice. Lice and nits can be removed either with forceps or by cutting the infested hair with scissors (with the exception of an infestation of the eye area). A magnifying glass,
2305:
218:
Infestation with pubic lice is found in all parts of the world and occurs in all ethnic groups and all levels of society. Worldwide, the condition affects about 2% of the population.
1007:
2577:
238:) at the feeding site, which may last for days. Nits or live lice may be seen crawling on the skin. Louse droppings may be noticed as a black powder in the underwear.
2298:
560:
Current worldwide prevalence has been very approximately estimated at two percent of the human population. Accurate numbers are difficult to acquire, because
2572:
2291:
241:
Scratch marks, crusting, scarring, rust-colored faecal material, blood stained underwear and secondary bacterial infection may sometimes be seen.
1561:
890:. Hoffman, Barbara L., Williams, J. Whitridge (John Whitridge), 1866-1931. (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. 2012. pp. 90–91.
2546:
192:, but can be spread via bedding, clothing and towels, and is more common in crowded conditions where there is close contact between people.
1197:
188:. Less commonly, hair near the anus, armpit, beard, eyebrows, moustache, and eyelashes may be involved. It is usually acquired during
1516:
1620:
1289:
597:. Linnaeus was first to describe and name the pubic louse in 1758, when he called it Pediculus pubis. The disease is spelled with
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is not recommended in pregnant and breastfeeding women, children under the age of two years, and people who have extensive
203:
Diagnosis is by visualising the nits or live lice, either directly or with a magnifying glass. Investigations for other
557:
Infestation with pubic lice is found in all parts of the world, occurs in all ethnic groups and all levels of society.
895:
263:
1406:
1297:
399:
204:
1763:
275:
2283:
1232:
Vector- and Rodent-Borne
Diseases in Europe and North America: Distribution, Public Health Burden, and Control
215:
removed by combing pubic hair with a comb dipped in vinegar. Sexual partners should be evaluated and treated.
1485:. In Griffiths, Christopher; Barker, Jonathan; Bleiker, Tanya O.; Chalmers, Robert; Creamer, Daniel (eds.).
438:
Pubic lice can be treated at home. Available treatments may vary from country to country and include mainly
226:
The onset of symptoms is typically three weeks after the first infestation of lice and is mainly an intense
2209:
1832:
839:
2058:
2012:
533:
and not to be as effective as previously thought. It is either not used at all or its use is restricted.
245:
in the groin and armpits may be felt. Some people with pubic lice infestation may not have any symptoms.
17:
251:
919:
1131:
S.E.X. The All-You-Need-to-Know
Progressive Sexuality Guide to Get You Through High School and College
513:
and cautious use in infants, children, the elderly, and individuals with other skin conditions (e.g.,
2318:
2100:
1747:
337:
2419:
2126:
1796:
489:
lotions (washed off after 12 hours). The CDC states alternatives as topical 0.5% malathion or oral
2423:
1813:
481:
European guidelines state alternatives to permethrin as including either the application of 0.2%
97:
2440:
1861:
1379:
1163:
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959:
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2007:
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1966:
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Infestation on the eyebrows or eyelashes of a child may indicate sexual exposure or abuse.
189:
8:
2119:
1808:
1792:
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1189:
611:(an etymologically incorrect spelling that was nonetheless officially adopted in 1958).
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at 5% strengths. In the US, common permethrin brands include NIX, Actin and
Elimite.
395:
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72:
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1533:
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1026:
1016:
1003:): history, biology and treatment vs. knowledge and beliefs of US College students"
848:
835:"Scabies and pediculosis pubis: an update of treatment regimens and general review"
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624:
510:
783:
2526:
2460:
1944:
1714:
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1125:
1101:
885:
546:
387:
292:
242:
1328:"Pediculosis and Pthiriasis (Lice Infestation) Medication: Antiparasitic Agents"
345:
between people is close, allowing the lice to crawl from one person to another.
2313:
1881:
1590:
622:
are the only known hosts of this parasite, although a closely related species,
304:
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1954:
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Complications are usually as a result of persistent scratching and include
30:
This article is about the disease. For the animal known as crab louse, see
1021:
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2077:
1983:
1959:
443:
415:
411:
308:
173:
169:
117:
110:
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1353:"Pyrethrin and Piperonyl Butoxide Topical: MedlinePlus Drug Information"
59:
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2364:
2354:
2344:
2243:
2237:
2232:
2217:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2096:
2053:
2024:
2019:
1906:
1898:
1386:. Stephen M. Leffler (Third ed.). Elsevier Saunders. p. 701.
561:
506:
490:
482:
439:
427:
357:
211:
185:
143:
31:
1312:
World Health
Organization Model List of Essential Medicines: 21st list
739:
722:
2466:
2394:
2381:
2314:
2091:
1820:
1780:
1670:
518:
509:. The FDA warns against use in people with a history of uncontrolled
486:
471:
383:
324:
Pubic lice are usually transmitted from one person to another during
721:
Salavastru, C. M.; Chosidow, O.; Janier, M.; Tiplica, G. S. (2017).
442:-containing creams and lotions applied to cool dry skin or applying
2436:
1929:
1873:
1844:
1772:
853:
834:
522:
333:
329:
300:
1419:
Sangaré, Abdoul Karim; Doumbo, Ogobara K.; Raoult, Didier (2016).
2429:
2389:
2262:
2227:
1911:
1215:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1008:
International
Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
996:
980:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
804:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
629:
530:
501:
958:
Prevention, CDC - Centers for
Disease Control and (2 May 2017).
362:
2327:
1995:
720:
423:
341:
231:
181:
727:
Journal of the
European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology
521:) and in those who weigh less than 110 lbs (50 kg).
2336:
2272:
1921:
619:
382:
Diagnosis is made by carefully looking at the pubic hair for
723:"European guideline for the management of pediculosis pubis"
525:
has been used since 1976 but found to have the potential to
2451:
1509:
589:, while infestation of eyelashes with pubic lice is called
458:
227:
196:
89:
1262:"Ectoparasitic Infections - 2015 STD Treatment Guidelines"
402:
is recommended in those who are infested with pubic lice.
2406:
1934:
1762:
1562:
Brazilian bikini waxes make crab lice endangered species
675:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2011. p. 236.
426:
which feeds on blood and lays its eggs (nits) on mainly
184:
which feeds on blood and lays its eggs (nits) on mainly
92:, scratch marks, grey-blue marks, visible lice and nits
1564:, published 13 January 2013, retrieved 14 January 2013
132:
Direct vision of lice with or without magnifying glass
2578:
Parasitic infestations, stings, and bites of the skin
1371:
1091:
1704:
1418:
1489:. Vol. 3. John Wiley & Sons. p. 42.
1483:"109. Dermatoses of the eye, eyelids and eyebrows"
398:can be used for identification. Testing for other
1377:
351:
53:Crabs, pubic lice, phthiriasis, phthiriasis pubis
2559:
663:
661:
659:
657:
655:
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651:
649:
647:
645:
1087:
1085:
2141:
1649:
992:
990:
880:
878:
876:
874:
872:
784:"Pubic lice: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia"
299:, and secondary bacterial infection including
2547:Template:Tick-borne diseases and infestations
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953:
951:
949:
778:
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766:
716:
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2573:Sexually transmitted diseases and infections
1621:"Taxonomy of Human Lice | Phthiraptera.info"
1487:Rook's Textbook of Dermatology, 4 Volume Set
1082:
997:Alice L. Anderson; Elizabeth Chaney (2009).
947:
945:
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710:
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1512:"Did the "Brazilian" kill the pubic louse?"
1476:
1474:
1412:
1165:Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2016: 5 Books in 1
987:
869:
832:
577:Infestation with pubic lice is also called
2306:
2292:
2134:
2120:
1755:
1741:
1480:
1400:
1378:Buttaravoli, Philip; Hudson, Page (2012).
1280:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1235:. Cambridge University Press. p. 87.
1198:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1190:"CDC - Lice - Pubic "Crab" Lice - Biology"
957:
828:
826:
824:
822:
820:
818:
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763:
58:
1679:
1669:
1537:
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1222:
1168:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 936.
1155:
1030:
1020:
926:
852:
738:
689:
673:Lippincott's Guide to Infectious Diseases
1613:
1471:
1421:"Management and Treatment of Human Lice"
1345:
1325:
1319:
457:
361:
1578:International Journal of STD & AIDS
1287:Patient Information Leaflet: Permethrin
1249:
1124:
811:
601:, but the scientific name of the louse
14:
2560:
1510:N. R. Armstrong; J. D. Wilson (2006).
1481:Saw, P. J.; Leonard, Jonathan (2016).
485:(washed off after two hours), or 0.5%
210:First line treatment usually contains
2287:
2115:
1736:
1300:of the UK. Accessed 27 November 2020.
1228:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
470:An alternative is the combination of
221:
1326:Guenther, Lyn C C (16 August 2019).
1094:"5. Infestation with Anoplura- Lice"
1729:/ Institute of Food and Agriculture
496:
122:Sexual activity, crowded situations
24:
1047:
257:Pubic lice lay eggs on hair shaft.
25:
2589:
2059:Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
1700:
1368:. Last revised 15 November 2015.
2321:-borne diseases and infestations
2173:
1707:
1380:"178. Pediculosis (lice, crabs)"
1210:
1092:O'Donel Alexander, John (2012).
975:
799:
614:
286:
274:
262:
250:
2101:Non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU)
1764:Sexually transmitted infections
1643:
1567:
1554:
1517:Sexually Transmitted Infections
1503:
1382:. In Philip Buttaravoli (ed.).
1303:
1298:Electronic Medicines Compendium
1182:
1118:
552:
400:sexually transmitted infections
205:sexually transmitted infections
195:The main symptom is an intense
1134:. Da Capo Press. p. 204.
352:Characteristics and life cycle
207:(STIs) are usually performed.
27:Infestation by the pubic louse
13:
1:
1425:BioMed Research International
635:
453:
405:
102:Secondary bacterial infection
1833:Mycoplasma hominis infection
840:Clinical Infectious Diseases
572:
433:
377:
7:
1652:"Apes, lice and prehistory"
281:Pubic lice on the eyelashes
10:
2594:
2142:Human lice and pediculosis
1591:10.1258/095646206777323445
1407:"Lindane Shampoo, USP, 1%"
355:
67:Pubic lice in genital area
29:
2545:For ticks and mites, see
2541:
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1098:Arthropods and Human Skin
319:
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269:Pubic lice on the abdomen
136:
126:
116:
106:
96:
83:
71:
66:
57:
49:
44:
2420:Cordylobia anthropophaga
1797:lymphogranuloma venereum
1384:Minor Emergencies E-Book
1315:. WHO. 2019. p. 38.
1292:27 November 2020 at the
410:Pediculosis pubis is an
2424:Cochliomyia hominivorax
2256:Other terms of interest
1814:Klebsiella granulomatis
1650:Robin A. Weiss (2009).
1530:10.1136/sti.2005.018671
847:(Suppl. 3): S153–S159.
591:phthiriasis palpebrarum
540:
149:Removing nits with comb
2441:mosquito-borne disease
1862:Ureaplasma urealyticum
1332:emedicine.medscape.com
1229:Gratz, Norman (2006).
1162:Fred F. Ferri (2015).
918:: CS1 maint: others (
463:
367:
293:thickening of the skin
2521:Armillifer armillatus
2359:head lice infestation
2008:Molluscum contagiosum
1887:Trichomonas vaginalis
1826:Neisseria gonorrhoeae
1802:Chlamydia trachomatis
1022:10.3390/ijerph6020592
461:
365:
2515:Porocephalus crotali
2350:pediculosis corporis
2195:Pediculosis corporis
1968:Human papillomavirus
1857:Ureaplasma infection
1438:10.1155/2016/8962685
960:"CDC - Lice - Pubic"
833:P. A. Leone (2007).
595:pediculosis ciliarum
1786:Haemophilus ducreyi
1200:(CDC). 26 June 2019
887:Williams gynecology
2501:Linguatula serrata
2416:Dermatobia hominis
1850:Treponema pallidum
1838:Mycoplasma hominis
1657:Journal of Biology
1296:, Archived on the
1104:. pp. 29–53.
476:piperonyl butoxide
464:
368:
222:Signs and symptoms
146:containing lotions
78:Infectious disease
2555:
2554:
2537:
2536:
2477:
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2109:
2108:
2001:HSV-1 & HSV-2
1989:Hepatitis B virus
1625:phthiraptera.info
1496:978-1-118-44119-0
1393:978-0-323-07909-9
1268:. 11 January 2019
1242:978-0-521-85447-4
1175:978-0-323-37822-2
1141:978-1-60094-010-1
1111:978-1-4471-1358-4
1070:. 19 October 2017
740:10.1111/jdv.14420
682:978-1-60547-975-0
586:phthiriasis pubis
515:atopic dermatitis
511:seizure disorders
396:stereo-microscope
243:Large lymph nodes
236:maculae caeruleae
158:Pediculosis pubis
155:
154:
128:Diagnostic method
45:Pediculosis pubis
39:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
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1627:. Archived from
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607:is spelled with
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2039:inflammation
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1629:the original
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1360:. Retrieved
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1270:. Retrieved
1265:
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1202:. Retrieved
1193:
1184:
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1145:. Retrieved
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1097:
1072:. Retrieved
1067:
1064:"Pubic lice"
1012:
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967:. Retrieved
963:
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791:. Retrieved
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392:dermatoscope
381:
371:
370:Pubic lice (
369:
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340:, whether a
323:
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235:
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209:
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194:
177:
165:
161:
157:
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118:Risk factors
36:
2370:phthiriasis
2200:Phthiriasis
2190:Pediculosis
2183:Infestation
2078:Prostatitis
1984:Hepatitis B
1935:HIV-1/HIV-2
1809:Donovanosis
1560:Bloomberg:
1409:. FDA. 2002
1362:23 November
1337:27 November
1272:20 November
1266:www.cdc.gov
1194:www.cdc.gov
1074:13 November
964:www.cdc.gov
580:phthiriasis
444:dimethicone
416:pubic louse
412:infestation
309:blepharitis
174:pubic louse
170:infestation
111:pubic louse
50:Other names
18:Phthiriasis
2562:Categories
2365:Crab louse
2355:Head louse
2345:Body louse
2315:Arthropods
2244:Delphinium
2238:Phenothrin
2233:Permethrin
2218:Nitpicking
2165:Body louse
2160:Crab louse
2155:Head louse
2097:Urethritis
2054:Cervicitis
2025:Zika virus
2020:Zika fever
1907:Crab louse
1723:Crab louse
1635:9 November
1204:29 October
1147:23 October
1100:. Berlin:
969:4 December
793:4 December
636:References
628:, infects
562:pubic lice
507:dermatitis
491:ivermectin
483:phenothrin
472:pyrethrins
454:First line
440:permethrin
428:pubic hair
406:Definition
388:young lice
358:Crab louse
338:manual sex
212:permethrin
186:pubic hair
166:pubic lice
144:permethrin
32:Crab louse
2483:Crustacea
2467:tungiasis
2395:cimicosis
2382:Hemiptera
2210:Treatment
2092:Proctitis
1977:condyloma
1899:Parasitic
1874:Protozoal
1821:Gonorrhea
1793:Chlamydia
1781:Chancroid
1773:Bacterial
1664:(2): 20.
1447:2314-6133
914:cite book
906:779244257
749:1468-3083
573:Etymology
519:psoriasis
487:malathion
434:Treatment
378:Diagnosis
366:Crab lice
234:appears (
168:") is an
137:Treatment
73:Specialty
2437:Mosquito
1945:cervical
1845:Syphilis
1690:19232074
1607:10551175
1599:16734970
1548:16731684
1465:27529073
1431:: 1–12.
1290:Archived
1128:(2007).
1041:19440402
863:17342668
757:28714128
523:Carbaryl
462:Nit comb
301:impetigo
85:Symptoms
2430:myiasis
2390:Bed bug
2328:Insecta
2263:Cooties
2228:Lindane
2148:Species
2036:General
1941:Cancer
1912:Scabies
1725:on the
1681:2687769
1539:2564756
1456:4978820
1032:2672365
630:gorilla
531:rodents
502:Lindane
414:by the
326:vaginal
172:by the
164:" and "
2086:either
2048:female
1955:penile
1950:vulvar
1688:
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1068:nhs.uk
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755:
747:
679:
620:Humans
424:insect
342:condom
320:Spread
315:Causes
232:macule
182:insect
107:Causes
2337:Louse
2273:Louse
1970:(HPV)
1922:Viral
1766:(STI)
1603:S2CID
394:or a
162:crabs
2568:Lice
2452:Flea
2353:) /
2317:and
2067:male
1960:anal
1930:AIDS
1686:PMID
1637:2020
1595:PMID
1544:PMID
1491:ISBN
1461:PMID
1443:ISSN
1429:2016
1388:ISBN
1364:2020
1339:2020
1274:2020
1237:ISBN
1206:2020
1170:ISBN
1149:2023
1136:ISBN
1106:ISBN
1076:2020
1037:PMID
971:2017
920:link
902:OCLC
892:ISBN
859:PMID
795:2017
753:PMID
745:ISSN
677:ISBN
599:phth
541:Eyes
474:and
384:nits
334:anal
330:oral
307:and
228:itch
197:itch
90:Itch
2407:Fly
2013:MCV
1676:PMC
1666:doi
1587:doi
1534:PMC
1526:doi
1451:PMC
1433:doi
1027:PMC
1017:doi
849:doi
735:doi
609:pth
593:or
583:or
529:in
336:or
190:sex
2564::
2518:/
2422:/
2418:/
1795:,
1727:UF
1684:.
1674:.
1660:.
1654:.
1623:.
1601:.
1593:.
1583:17
1581:.
1542:.
1532:.
1522:82
1520:.
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1473:^
1459:.
1449:.
1441:.
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1196:.
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916:}}
912:{{
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2010:(
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