32:
142:
66:
263:' or the “mask of pregnancy,” when it occurs in pregnant women.— It is a common skin problem that causes dark discolored patchy hyperpigmentation. It typically occurs on the face and is symmetrical, with matching marks on both sides of the face. The condition is much more common in women than men, though men can get it too. According to the
511:
plus vitamins A, C, and E also shows promise as safe and effective for epidermal melasma. In an 8-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in 56 Filipino women, treatment was associated with significant improvements in the left and right malar regions, and was safe and well tolerated.
201:
As the body ages, melanocyte distribution becomes less diffuse and its regulation less controlled by the body. UV light stimulates melanocyte activity, and where concentration of the cells is greater, hyperpigmentation occurs. Another form of hyperpigmentation is post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation.
1433:
Kim, Young Jae; Suh, Hyun Yi; Choi, Myoung Eun; Jung, Chang Jin; Chang, Sung Eun (2020-04-17). "Clinical improvement of photoaging-associated facial hyperpigmentation in Korean skin with a picosecond 1064-nm neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser".
447:
Most often treatment of hyperpigmentation caused by melanin overproduction (such as melasma, acne scarring, liver spots) includes the use of topical depigmenting agents, which vary in their efficacy and safety, as well as in prescription rules.
1035:
Hakozaki, T.; Minwalla, L.; Zhuang, J.; Chhoa, M.; Matsubara, A.; Miyamoto, K.; Greatens, A.; Hillebrand, G.G.; Bissett, D.L. (2002-07-01). "The effect of niacinamide on reducing cutaneous pigmentation and suppression of melanosome transfer".
495:. Hydroquinone was the most commonly prescribed hyperpigmentation treatment before the long-term safety concerns were raised, and the use of it became more regulated in several countries and discouraged in general by
1567:
1555:
1161:
Mansouri, P.; Farshi, S.; Hashemi, Z.; Kasraee, B. (2015-07-01). "Evaluation of the efficacy of cysteamine 5% cream in the treatment of epidermal melasma: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial".
164:
Many forms of hyperpigmentation are caused by an excess production of melanin. Hyperpigmentation can be diffuse or focal, affecting such areas as the face and the back of the hands. Melanin is produced by
173:. Melanin is a class of pigment responsible for producing color in the body in places such as the eyes, skin, and hair. The process of melanin synthesis (melanogenesis) starts with the oxidation of
1300:
Hyrdoquinone
Guidance published under the joint sponsorship of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisation, and the World Health Organization
1331:
1404:
1106:"Effects of Topical Retinoids on Acne and Post-inflammatory Hyperpigmentation in Patients with Skin of Color: A Clinical Review and Implications for Practice"
761:
2085:
499:. For the US, only 2% is at present sold over-the-counter, and 4% needs prescription. In the EU hydroquinone was banned from cosmetic applications.
2294:
2019:
1632:
1946:
2014:
149:(rooster shown) chicken breed is due to hyperpigmentation, with the bird's feathers, skin, beak and internal organs all being affected.
901:
1213:
2290:
925:
Mazurek, Klaudia; Pierzchała, Ewa (2016-09-01). "Comparison of efficacy of products containing azelaic acid in melasma treatment".
2029:
2009:
2004:
1357:"A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of oral procyanidin with Vitamins A, C, E for melasma among Filipino women"
366:—particularly cases of cutaneous exposure resulting from the topical application of mercurial ointments or skin-whitening creams.
2401:
2206:
1104:
Callender, Valerie D.; Baldwin, Hilary; Cook-Bolden, Fran E.; Alexis, Andrew F.; Stein Gold, Linda; Guenin, Eric (2021-11-09).
87:
74:
2396:
2231:
1712:
601:
444:
There are a wide range of depigmenting treatments used for hyperpigmentation conditions, and responses to most are variable.
2221:
1999:
1625:
976:
Monteiro, Rochelle C.; Kishore, B. Nanda; Bhat, Ramesh M.; Sukumar, D.; Martis, Jacintha; Ganesh, H. Kamath (2013-03-01).
643:"Hydroquinone therapy for post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation secondary to acne: not just prescribable by dermatologists"
2226:
2146:
2472:
1931:
1875:
1315:
978:"A Comparative Study of the Efficacy of 4% Hydroquinone vs 0.75% Kojic Acid Cream in the Treatment of Facial Melasma"
625:
105:
863:
Gupta, AK; Gover, MD; Nouri, K; Taylor, S (December 2006). "The treatment of melasma: a review of clinical trials".
512:
Other treatments that do not involve topical agents are also available, including fraction lasers and dermabrasion.
1865:
1412:
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264:
1812:
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1941:
1860:
731:
222:
2311:
2270:
2216:
1807:
333:
2178:
762:"Schimke immunoosseous dysplasia | Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program"
161:. People with darker skin tones are more prone to hyperpigmentation, especially with excess sun exposure.
2265:
567:
232:
2285:
1951:
290:
2127:
2075:
1832:
1827:
537:
496:
2080:
1582:
792:"Cutaneous lesions and vitamin B12 deficiency: An often-forgotten link, Rajendran Kannan, MB BS MD"
528:
have been used to treat hyperpigmentation such as melasma and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation.
521:
492:
686:
210:
Hyperpigmentation is associated with a number of diseases or conditions, including the following:
2141:
2034:
1777:
547:
2477:
2168:
2024:
1870:
902:"Variety of options available to treat pigmentation problems | American Academy of Dermatology"
2482:
2280:
1707:
1686:
1641:
747:
323:
218:
202:
These are dark and discoloured spots that appear on the skin following acne that has healed.
2304:
2196:
1735:
457:
374:
369:
242:
228:
214:
184:
83:
2132:
8:
1926:
1571:
1221:
525:
356:—a common but debilitating genetic disorder characterized by the chronic accumulation of
236:
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2100:
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1513:
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39:
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353:
302:
456:
Many topical treatments disrupt the synthesis of melanin by inhibiting the enzyme
2432:
2152:
2110:
2095:
2065:
2039:
1936:
1782:
1587:
432:
328:
31:
703:
235:(ACTH) production, because MSH production is a byproduct of ACTH synthesis from
2451:
2444:
2422:
2344:
1910:
1850:
1740:
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126:
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994:
946:
712:
484:
270:
188:
158:
1503:
2137:
2061:
1522:
1463:
1405:"Laser Skin Whitening - Advantages and Disadvantages | Skin Whitening News"
1382:
1277:
1191:
1147:
1057:
1021:
954:
884:
844:
817:
668:
468:
464:
463:
Several are prescription only in the US, especially in high doses, such as
388:
154:
659:
642:
2427:
2365:
1487:"Lasers for Treatment of Melasma and Post-Inflammatory Hyperpigmentation"
508:
476:
276:
166:
146:
44:
1547:
1485:
Arora, Pooja; Sarkar, Rashmi; Garg, Vijay K; Arya, Latika (2022-01-27).
2417:
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2334:
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1797:
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1307:
938:
472:
195:
122:
1175:
1979:
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488:
338:
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284:
170:
1984:
1769:
1678:
347:
260:
2329:
2201:
2117:
2057:
1974:
1755:
1658:
1214:"Cysteamine Cream® -- New Hyper Intensive Depigmenting Treatment"
1103:
592:
Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007).
298:
280:
256:
130:
2439:
1559:
1426:
1244:"Skin lightening preparations and the hydroquinone controversy"
178:
141:
1478:
221:, in which hormones that stimulate melanin synthesis, such as
16:
Darkening of an area of skin or nails due to increased melanin
412:
343:
1160:
1034:
680:
678:
975:
1442:(7). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 1599–1606.
675:
640:
616:
James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005).
1640:
1116:(1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 69–81.
862:
267:, 90 percent of people who develop melasma are women.
157:, or other skin injuries, including those related to
1537:
1332:"Hydroquinone - Substance evaluation - CoRAP - ECHA"
1484:
735:
Hyperpigmentation, Dark Spots, Acne Scars, Meladerm
618:
475:. Some are available without prescription, such as
2086:Inherited patterned lentiginosis in black persons
924:
831:Lawrence, Elizabeth; Al Aboud, Khalid M. (2022),
641:Chandra, M; Levitt, J; Pensabene, CA (May 2012).
301:on the lips and oral mucosa and gastrointestinal
2464:
2295:Eczematid-like purpura of Doucas and Kapetanakis
830:
839:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
687:"Potent whitening effects of rutin metabolites"
153:Hyperpigmentation can be caused by sun damage,
1432:
865:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
408:Hyperpigmentation can sometimes be induced by
1947:Yemenite deaf-blind hypopigmentation syndrome
1626:
636:
634:
574:. American Osteopathic College of Dermatology
856:
2015:Reticular pigmented anomaly of the flexures
1633:
1619:
1491:Journal of Cutaneous and Aesthetic Surgery
631:
205:
145:The distinctive solid black colour of the
30:
1512:
1502:
1372:
1259:
1137:
1011:
993:
807:
702:
685:Kim, Ji Hye; Kang, Nam Joo (2015-07-14).
658:
297:disorder characterized by hyperpigmented
273:from post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation.
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
2291:Doucas and Kapetanakis pigmented purpura
2020:Naegeli–Franceschetti–Jadassohn syndrome
1110:American Journal of Clinical Dermatology
1080:"Spotlight On: Niacinamide - FutureDerm"
789:
140:
2030:X-linked reticulate pigmentary disorder
2010:Reticulate acropigmentation of Kitamura
2005:Pigmentatio reticularis faciei et colli
1241:
750:. American Academy of Dermatology, Inc.
732:Hyperpigmentation on Face (Acne Scars)
684:
585:
384:Schimke immunoosseous dysplasia (SOID).
2465:
2402:Dyschromatosis universalis hereditaria
2207:Familial progressive hyperpigmentation
1354:
610:
308:Exposure to certain chemicals such as
2397:Dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria
2232:Transient neonatal pustular melanosis
1614:
896:
894:
451:
2222:Photoleukomelanodermatitis of Kobori
2000:Dermatopathia pigmentosa reticularis
1361:International Journal of Dermatology
833:"Postinflammatory Hyperpigmentation"
279:—a hyperpigmented line found on the
59:
1302:. World Health Organization. 1994.
691:Korean Journal of Food Preservation
515:
13:
2227:Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation
2147:Poikiloderma vasculare atrophicans
1164:The British Journal of Dermatology
891:
14:
2494:
1932:Postinflammatory hypopigmentation
1876:Progressive macular hypomelanosis
1533:
1355:Handog, Evangeline (2009-07-20).
1242:Draelos, Zoe Diana (2007-09-01).
1866:Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis
1374:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2009.04130.x
1261:10.1111/j.1529-8019.2007.00144.x
1050:10.1046/j.1365-2133.2002.04834.x
64:
2350:Titanium metallic discoloration
2106:Partial unilateral lentiginosis
1397:
1348:
1324:
1292:
1235:
1206:
1154:
1072:
1028:
969:
927:Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology
918:
824:
265:American Academy of Dermatology
225:(MSH), are frequently elevated.
121:is the darkening of an area of
2123:Erythema dyschromicum perstans
1038:British Journal of Dermatology
790:Kannan, R.; Ng, M. J. (2008).
783:
754:
740:
725:
560:
223:melanocyte-stimulating hormone
1:
2312:Hemosiderin hyperpigmentation
2271:Pigmented purpuric dermatosis
2217:Periorbital hyperpigmentation
1713:Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada syndrome
982:Indian Journal of Dermatology
572:Dermatalogic Disease Database
553:
2179:Shiitake mushroom dermatitis
1411:. 2014-04-05. Archived from
439:
418:
404:as a result of inflammation.
7:
2266:Iron metallic discoloration
1942:Vagabond's leukomelanoderma
704:10.11002/kjfp.2015.22.4.607
531:
424:Skin examination including
233:adrenocorticotropic hormone
10:
2499:
2212:Pallister–Killian syndrome
1861:Albinism–deafness syndrome
1448:10.1007/s10103-020-03008-z
1122:10.1007/s40257-021-00643-2
877:10.1016/j.jaad.2006.02.009
346:fungal infections such as
169:at the lower layer of the
2410:
2387:
2358:
2320:
2253:
2244:
2187:
2161:
2128:Lichen planus pigmentosus
2076:Centrofacial lentiginosis
2048:
1992:
1973:
1964:
1919:
1888:
1843:
1833:Griscelli syndrome type 3
1828:Griscelli syndrome type 2
1808:Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome
1796:
1768:
1753:
1721:
1700:
1677:
1666:
1652:
1541:
1436:Lasers in Medical Science
796:Canadian Family Physician
766:rarediseases.info.nih.gov
647:Acta Dermato-Venerologica
594:Dermatology: 2-Volume Set
538:Drug-induced pigmentation
334:Cronkhite–Canada syndrome
136:
50:
38:
29:
24:
2473:Dermatologic terminology
2081:Generalized lentiginosis
1813:Chédiak–Higashi syndrome
995:10.4103/0019-5154.108070
620:. (10th ed.). Saunders.
493:cysteamine hydrochloride
78:may need to be rewritten
2142:Poikiloderma of Civatte
1778:Oculocutaneous albinism
1504:10.4103/0974-2077.99436
548:List of skin conditions
502:
206:Diseases and conditions
198:, which forms melanin.
2286:Gougerot–Blum syndrome
2169:Incontinentia pigmenti
2025:Dyskeratosis congenita
1952:Wende–Bauckus syndrome
1871:Phylloid hypomelanosis
1642:Pigmentation disorders
291:Peutz–Jeghers syndrome
249:areas associated with
245:—hyperpigmentation of
150:
1708:Alezzandrini syndrome
1687:Quadrichrome vitiligo
1409:skinwhiteningnews.org
660:10.2340/00015555-1225
507:Oral medication with
219:adrenal insufficiency
217:and other sources of
144:
2305:Angioma serpiginosum
2197:Acanthosis nigricans
1736:Waardenburg syndrome
1248:Dermatologic Therapy
596:. St. Louis: Mosby.
526:intense pulsed light
487:, retinoids such as
458:tyrosine hydroxylase
370:Aromatase deficiency
243:Acanthosis nigricans
185:tyrosine hydroxylase
129:caused by increased
2035:Galli–Galli disease
1927:Nevus depigmentosus
568:"Hyperpigmentation"
520:Laser toning using
237:proopiomelanocortin
231:or other excessive
2281:Majocchi's disease
2174:Scratch dermatitis
2101:Mucosal lentigines
1901:Vasospastic macule
1818:Griscelli syndrome
939:10.1111/jocd.12217
452:Topical treatments
324:Smoker's melanosis
295:autosomal dominant
251:insulin resistance
151:
2460:
2459:
2383:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2340:Arsenic poisoning
2276:Schamberg disease
2240:
2239:
2133:Café au lait spot
1960:
1959:
1884:
1883:
1823:Elejalde syndrome
1749:
1748:
1608:
1607:
1176:10.1111/bjd.13424
603:978-1-4160-2999-1
402:Atopic dermatitis
375:Nelson's syndrome
364:Mercury poisoning
259:, also known as '
229:Cushing's disease
215:Addison's disease
119:Hyperpigmentation
116:
115:
108:
88:lead layout guide
58:
57:
25:Hyperpigmentation
19:Medical condition
2490:
2251:
2250:
2091:Ink spot lentigo
1990:
1989:
1971:
1970:
1766:
1765:
1692:Vitiligo ponctué
1675:
1674:
1664:
1663:
1635:
1628:
1621:
1612:
1611:
1539:
1538:
1527:
1526:
1516:
1506:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1376:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1342:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1263:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1229:
1220:. Archived from
1210:
1204:
1203:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1141:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1091:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1015:
997:
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967:
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916:
915:
913:
912:
898:
889:
888:
860:
854:
853:
852:
851:
828:
822:
821:
811:
787:
781:
780:
778:
777:
768:. Archived from
758:
752:
751:
744:
738:
729:
723:
722:
720:
719:
706:
682:
673:
672:
662:
638:
629:
614:
608:
607:
589:
583:
582:
580:
579:
564:
543:Hypopigmentation
516:Laser treatments
482:
354:Haemochromatosis
191:
181:
176:
111:
104:
100:
97:
91:
84:improve the lead
68:
67:
60:
34:
22:
21:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2463:
2462:
2461:
2456:
2406:
2375:
2354:
2322:
2316:
2261:Hemochromatosis
2246:
2236:
2189:
2183:
2157:
2153:Riehl melanosis
2111:PUVA lentigines
2096:Lentigo maligna
2066:Lentigo simplex
2050:
2044:
2040:Revesz syndrome
1983:
1978:
1956:
1937:Pityriasis alba
1915:
1906:Woronoff's ring
1893:
1880:
1839:
1800:
1792:
1783:Ocular albinism
1759:
1745:
1723:
1717:
1696:
1668:
1657:
1648:
1639:
1609:
1604:
1603:
1550:
1536:
1531:
1530:
1483:
1479:
1431:
1427:
1418:
1416:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1353:
1349:
1340:
1338:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1318:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1240:
1236:
1227:
1225:
1218:Scientis Pharma
1212:
1211:
1207:
1159:
1155:
1102:
1098:
1089:
1087:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1033:
1029:
974:
970:
923:
919:
910:
908:
900:
899:
892:
861:
857:
849:
847:
829:
825:
788:
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775:
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746:
745:
741:
730:
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683:
676:
639:
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604:
590:
586:
577:
575:
566:
565:
561:
556:
534:
518:
505:
480:
454:
442:
433:medical history
421:
387:As a result of
380:Graves' disease
329:Coeliac disease
271:Post-Acne marks
208:
189:
179:
174:
139:
112:
101:
95:
92:
81:
69:
65:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2496:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2452:Depigmentation
2449:
2448:
2447:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2425:
2423:Skin whitening
2420:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2393:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2345:Lead poisoning
2342:
2337:
2332:
2326:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2268:
2263:
2257:
2255:
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2241:
2238:
2237:
2235:
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2229:
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2209:
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2199:
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2191:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2144:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
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2068:
2054:
2052:
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2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
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2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1996:
1994:
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1913:
1911:Nevus anemicus
1908:
1903:
1897:
1895:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1851:Cross syndrome
1847:
1845:
1841:
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1838:
1837:
1836:
1835:
1830:
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1815:
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1785:
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1774:
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1763:
1751:
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1744:
1743:
1741:Tietz syndrome
1738:
1733:
1727:
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1710:
1704:
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1698:
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1543:
1542:Classification
1535:
1534:External links
1532:
1529:
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1477:
1425:
1396:
1367:(8): 896–901.
1347:
1336:echa.europa.eu
1323:
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1234:
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697:(4): 607–612.
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410:dermatological
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396:B12 deficiency
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331:
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310:salicylic acid
306:
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268:
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247:intertriginous
240:
226:
207:
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183:by the enzyme
138:
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73:The article's
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2478:Medical signs
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2371:Tar melanosis
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2051:circumscribed
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1899:
1898:
1896:
1894:hypomelanosis
1891:
1887:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
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1856:ABCD syndrome
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1563:: L81.0-L81.4
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1500:
1497:(2): 93–103.
1496:
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1415:on 2021-09-19
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772:on 2017-10-25
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626:0-7216-2921-0
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588:
573:
569:
563:
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546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
535:
529:
527:
523:
513:
510:
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494:
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486:
485:ascorbic acid
478:
474:
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177:-tyrosine to
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159:acne vulgaris
156:
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124:
120:
110:
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99:
96:February 2024
89:
86:and read the
85:
79:
76:
71:
62:
61:
54:Melanogenesis
53:
49:
46:
43:
41:
37:
33:
28:
23:
2483:Pigmentation
2138:Poikiloderma
2062:Lentiginosis
1965:
1592:
1581:
1566:
1554:
1494:
1490:
1480:
1439:
1435:
1428:
1417:. Retrieved
1413:the original
1408:
1399:
1364:
1360:
1350:
1339:. Retrieved
1335:
1326:
1299:
1294:
1251:
1247:
1237:
1226:. Retrieved
1222:the original
1217:
1208:
1167:
1163:
1156:
1113:
1109:
1099:
1088:. Retrieved
1086:. 2007-10-30
1083:
1074:
1044:(1): 20–31.
1041:
1037:
1030:
985:
981:
971:
930:
926:
920:
909:. Retrieved
905:
868:
864:
858:
848:, retrieved
836:
826:
799:
795:
785:
774:. Retrieved
770:the original
765:
756:
742:
734:
727:
716:. Retrieved
694:
693:(in Latin).
690:
653:(3): 232–5.
650:
646:
617:
612:
593:
587:
576:. Retrieved
571:
562:
519:
506:
469:azelaic acid
465:hydroquinone
462:
455:
446:
443:
428:examination.
415:procedures.
407:
389:tinea cruris
360:in the body.
209:
200:
192:-dopaquinone
163:
155:inflammation
152:
118:
117:
102:
93:
82:Please help
77:
75:lead section
2366:Carotenosis
1993:Reticulated
1724:development
1670:melanocytes
1308:10665/39218
906:www.aad.org
524:lasers and
509:procyanidin
477:niacinamide
426:Wood's lamp
277:Linea nigra
167:melanocytes
147:Ayam Cemani
45:Dermatology
2467:Categories
2418:Skin color
2389:Dyschromia
2335:Chrysiasis
2071:Liver spot
1890:Leukoderma
1798:Melanosome
1731:Piebaldism
1722:Melanocyte
1646:Dyschromia
1594:DiseasesDB
1419:2017-02-12
1341:2017-02-12
1228:2017-02-12
1090:2017-02-12
1084:FutureDerm
988:(2): 157.
911:2017-02-12
850:2022-03-27
837:StatPearls
776:2019-03-13
718:2022-03-15
578:2006-03-08
554:References
473:kojic acid
196:dopachrome
187:, then to
2190:ungrouped
1980:Melanosis
1920:Ungrouped
1788:in humans
1761:amelanism
1701:Syndromic
1472:215794622
1456:0268-8921
1270:1529-8019
1184:1365-2133
1130:1175-0561
1004:1998-3611
947:1473-2165
748:"Melasma"
713:2287-7428
489:tretinoin
440:Treatment
419:Diagnosis
339:Porphyria
318:cisplatin
314:bleomycin
285:pregnancy
171:epidermis
40:Specialty
2411:See also
2247:pigments
2049:Diffuse/
1985:Melanism
1801:transfer
1770:Albinism
1754:Loss of
1679:Vitiligo
1523:23060704
1464:32300974
1391:28886093
1383:19659873
1286:24913995
1278:18045355
1200:21618233
1192:25251767
1148:34751927
1066:39489580
1058:12100180
1022:23716817
963:25303091
955:27028014
885:17097400
845:32644576
818:18413300
669:22002814
532:See also
431:Viewing
348:ringworm
261:chloasma
2445:removal
2433:Sunless
2428:Tanning
2330:Argyria
2202:Freckle
2118:Melasma
2058:Lentigo
1975:Melanin
1756:melanin
1667:Loss of
1659:leucism
1588:D017495
1514:3461803
1139:8776661
1013:3657227
809:2294086
394:Due to
299:macules
283:during
281:abdomen
257:Melasma
239:(POMC).
131:melanin
2440:Tattoo
2323:metals
2188:Other/
2162:Linear
1966:Hyper-
1521:
1511:
1470:
1462:
1454:
1389:
1381:
1314:
1284:
1276:
1268:
1198:
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1136:
1128:
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1020:
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1002:
961:
953:
945:
883:
843:
816:
806:
711:
667:
624:
600:
471:, and
316:, and
303:polyps
180:l-dopa
137:Causes
51:Causes
2359:Other
2321:Other
2245:Other
1844:Other
1654:Hypo-
1599:24638
1577:709.0
1468:S2CID
1387:S2CID
1282:S2CID
1196:S2CID
1062:S2CID
959:S2CID
491:, or
413:laser
344:Tinea
127:nails
2254:Iron
1583:MeSH
1572:9-CM
1519:PMID
1460:PMID
1452:ISSN
1379:PMID
1312:ISBN
1274:PMID
1266:ISSN
1188:PMID
1180:ISSN
1144:PMID
1126:ISSN
1054:PMID
1018:PMID
1000:ISSN
951:PMID
943:ISSN
881:PMID
841:PMID
814:PMID
709:ISSN
665:PMID
622:ISBN
598:ISBN
503:Oral
358:iron
293:—an
194:and
123:skin
1892:w/o
1568:ICD
1556:ICD
1509:PMC
1499:doi
1444:doi
1369:doi
1304:hdl
1256:doi
1172:doi
1168:173
1134:PMC
1118:doi
1046:doi
1042:147
1008:PMC
990:doi
935:doi
873:doi
804:PMC
699:doi
655:doi
522:YAG
497:WHO
125:or
2469::
2064::
1597::
1586::
1575::
1560:10
1517:.
1507:.
1493:.
1489:.
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998:.
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893:^
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800:54
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794:.
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707:.
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651:92
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
