305:
5276:
425:, and a steroid component have shown to be more effective than dual combination therapy or hydroquinone alone. More recently, a systematic review found that oral medications also have a role in melasma treatment, and have been shown to be efficacious with a minimal number and severity of adverse events. Oral medications and dietary supplements employed in the treatment of melasma include
36:
95:
to patches. These patches often develop gradually over time. Melasma does not cause any other symptoms beyond the cosmetic discoloration. Patches can vary in size from 0.5 cm to larger than 10 cm depending on the person. Its location can be categorized as centrofacial, malar, or mandibular.
130:
Pregnant women often get melasma, or chloasma, known as the mask of pregnancy. Birth-control pills and hormone replacement therapy also can trigger melasma. The discoloration usually disappears spontaneously over a period of several months after giving birth or stopping the oral contraceptives or
453:
In all of these treatments, the effects are gradual and a strict avoidance of sunlight is required. The use of broad-spectrum sunscreens with physical blockers, such as titanium dioxide and zinc oxide, is preferred, because UV-A, UV-B, and visible lights are all capable of stimulating pigment
728:
Lutfi, R. J.; Fridmanis, M; Misiunas, A. L.; Pafume, O; Gonzalez, E. A.; Villemur, J. A.; Mazzini, M. A.; Niepomniszcze, H (1985). "Association of melasma with thyroid autoimmunity and other thyroidal abnormalities and their relationship to the origin of the melasma".
71:) is a tan or dark skin discoloration. Melasma is thought to be caused by sun exposure, genetic predisposition, hormone changes, and skin irritation. Although it can affect anyone, it is particularly common in women, especially pregnant women and those who are taking
196:(340–400 nm wavelength). Under Wood's lamp, excess melanin in the epidermis can be distinguished from that of the dermis. This is done by looking at how dark the melasma appears; dermal melasma appears darker than epidermal melasma under the Wood's lamp.
138:
III or greater from
African, Asian, or Hispanic descent are at a much higher risk than others. In addition, women with a light brown skin type who are living in regions with intense sun exposure are particularly susceptible to developing this condition.
96:
The most common is centrofacial, in which patches appear on the cheeks, nose, upper lip, forehead, and chin. The mandibular category accounts for patches on the bilateral rami, while the malar location accounts for patches only on the nose and cheeks.
126:
of skin) when the skin is exposed to ultraviolet light from the sun. Small amounts of sun exposure can make melasma return to the skin after it has faded, which is why people with melasma often get it again and again, particularly in the summer.
969:"Effect of early tranexamic acid administration on mortality, hysterectomy, and other morbidities in women with post-partum haemorrhage (WOMAN): an international, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial"
831:
Jutley, Gurpreet Singh; Rajaratnam, Ratna; Halpern, James; Salim, Asad; Emmett, Charis (2014-02-01). "Systematic review of randomized controlled trials on interventions for melasma: an abridged
Cochrane review".
4584:
1557:
1542:
1016:
Mansouri, P.; Farshi, S.; Hashemi, Z.; Kasraee, B. (2015-07-01). "Evaluation of the efficacy of cysteamine 5% cream in the treatment of epidermal melasma: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial".
1694:
4577:
446:
Oral procyanidin combined with vitamins A, C, and E shows promise as safe and effective for epidermal melasma. In an 8-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in 56
4570:
1687:
5281:
1317:"Melatonin inhibits senescence-associated melanin pigmentation through the p53-TYR pathway in human primary melanocytes and the skin of C57BL/6 J mice after UVB irradiation"
1680:
457:
Many negative side effects can go along with these treatments, and treatments often are unsatisfying overall. Scarring, irritation, lighter patches of skin, and
417:
Evidence-based reviews found that the most effective therapy for melasma includes a combination of topical agents. Triple combination creams formulated with
4835:
5177:
3228:
5315:
3437:
3162:
2775:
651:
655:
150:
brought on by stress can cause outbreaks of this condition. Other rare causes of melasma include allergic reaction to medications and cosmetics.
710:
647:
4190:
3089:
2187:
274:
1365:
5935:
1168:"The first clinical experience on efficacy of topical flutamide on melasma compared with topical hydroquinone: a randomized clinical trial"
5973:
4159:
3157:
5744:
392:
Galvanic or ultrasound facials with a combination of a topical crème/gel, either in an aesthetician's office or as a home massager unit
878:
Rivas, Shelly; Pandya, Amit G. (2013-10-01). "Treatment of melasma with topical agents, peels and lasers: an evidence-based review".
450:
women, treatment was associated with significant improvements in the left and right malar regions, and was safe and well tolerated.
3433:
3172:
3152:
3147:
1460:"A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of oral procyanidin with Vitamins A, C, E for melasma among Filipino women"
3544:
3349:
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5662:
4815:
4782:
4355:
4285:
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3374:
2855:
686:
623:
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by mouth has shown to provide rapid and sustained lightening in melasma by decreasing melanogenesis in epidermal melanocytes.
4500:
344:, increases skin cell (keratinocyte) turnover. This treatment is not used during pregnancy due to risk of harm to the fetus.
5433:
5308:
3860:
3364:
3142:
2768:
318:
Assessment by a dermatologist can help guide treatment. Treatments to hasten the fading of the discolored patches include:
5689:
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4325:
3369:
3289:
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1659:
162:, particularly when caused by pressure or minor injury to the skin, as discovered by FJJ Schmidt of Rotterdam in 1859.
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134:
Genetic predisposition is also a major factor in determining whether someone will develop melasma. People with the
1407:
Zhou, Linghong Linda; Baibergenova, Akerke (2017-09-01). "Melasma: systematic review of the systemic treatments".
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270:
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1981:
479:
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2355:
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1841:
309:
80:
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4610:
4345:
4182:
3940:
3865:
3835:
3428:
3094:
2708:
2428:
714:
5611:
931:"Melanin hyperpigmentation of skin: melasma, topical treatment with azelaic acid, and other therapies"
5920:
5536:
5403:
5192:
5182:
5100:
5000:
4395:
4007:
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3223:
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2119:
2056:
1951:
1572:
359:
362:(5%) over-the-counter Mechanism of action seems to involve inhibition of melanin synthesis pathway
5448:
5117:
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4195:
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1117:
Qiu, L.; Zhang, M.; Sturm, R. A.; Gardiner, B.; Tonks, I.; Kay, G.; Parsons, P. G. (2000-01-01).
262:
681:. Williams, Hywel C.,, Bigby, Michael E. (Third ed.). Chichester, West Sussex. 2014-06-05.
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3830:
3709:
3311:
3167:
3013:
2713:
2625:
1941:
1227:"Efficacy of combination of glycolic acid peeling with topical regimen in treatment of melasma"
1226:
92:
1623:
461:
are all commonly seen. Patients should avoid other precipitants, including hormonal triggers.
254:
192:
have an elevated melanin level. Melasma is usually diagnosed visually or with assistance of a
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8:
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1996:
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993:
968:
911:
805:
772:
704:
641:
458:
72:
1070:"Depigmentation of skin with 4-isopropylcatechol, mercaptoamines, and other compounds"
984:
326:(HQ) either in over-the-counter (OTC – 2%) or prescription (4%) strength. HQ inhibits
5632:
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1081:
1026:
988:
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841:
800:
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738:
116:
788:
179:
Epidermal melasma results from melanin pigment that is elevated in the suprabasal
5950:
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5804:
5774:
5684:
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5160:
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143:
17:
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3053:
2993:
2883:
2733:
2723:
2640:
2182:
2010:
1332:
845:
771:
Handel, Ana
Carolina; Miot, Luciane Donida Bartoli; Miot, Hélio Amante (2014).
380:
193:
1588:
1551:
891:
520:
Tunzi, M; Gray, GR (January 2007). "Common skin conditions during pregnancy".
5967:
5945:
5915:
5895:
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5729:
5652:
5566:
5556:
5551:
5465:
5358:
5137:
5107:
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2718:
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2648:
2610:
2478:
2345:
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2157:
2089:
2061:
1428:
1385:
1364:
Rajaratnam, Ratna; Halpern, James; Salim, Asad; Emmett, Charis (2010-07-07).
1244:
1193:
1144:
1095:
1038:
946:
899:
853:
796:
696:
633:
246:
91:
The symptoms of melasma are dark, irregular, well-demarcated, hyperpigmented
76:
5784:
5779:
5759:
5739:
5725:
5669:
5516:
5398:
5348:
5132:
5066:
4531:
4111:
4064:
4012:
3970:
3605:
3280:
3204:
2663:
2235:
2215:
2030:
2025:
2015:
1856:
1485:
1436:
1393:
1350:
1252:
1211:
1152:
1046:
1002:
930:
907:
861:
814:
533:
418:
386:
347:
323:
250:
123:
4592:
1103:
1068:
Bleehen, S. S.; Pathak, M. A.; Hori, Y.; Fitzpatrick, T. B. (1968-02-01).
954:
750:
304:
5890:
5885:
5859:
5749:
5734:
5715:
5674:
5642:
5637:
5475:
5353:
5293:
5071:
4820:
4772:
4705:
4686:
4671:
4521:
4116:
4074:
3992:
3570:
3508:
2698:
2523:
2225:
1891:
1618:
742:
474:
440:
206:
48:
1184:
1086:
1069:
5869:
5814:
5809:
5799:
5794:
5647:
5521:
5383:
5378:
5334:
4691:
4598:
4526:
4044:
3966:
3845:
3640:
3560:
3531:
3477:
3213:
3032:
2940:
2873:
2812:
2788:
2658:
2499:
2376:
2094:
2066:
1836:
1640:
365:
327:
289:
288:
Also, cases of drug-induced pigmentation have been reported, caused by
234:
222:
180:
108:
1534:
1420:
1119:"Inhibition of melanin synthesis by cystamine in human melanoma cells"
1030:
241:. Additionally, it should not be confused with phytophotodermatosis,
5854:
5720:
5699:
5581:
5506:
5458:
5388:
5343:
4735:
4594:
3636:
3122:
2903:
2703:
2653:
2417:
2004:
1976:
1881:
1716:
1702:
1629:
1594:
447:
436:
422:
405:
374:
337:
112:
68:
5905:
5844:
5834:
5769:
5606:
5586:
5511:
4629:
4405:
4121:
3127:
2912:
2821:
2728:
2350:
2330:
2266:
2220:
2162:
2099:
2041:
1861:
1810:
1739:
341:
242:
209:, mexametry, and the melasma area and severity index (MASI) score.
5864:
5839:
5616:
4934:
3928:
3472:
3344:
3200:
3117:
2898:
2801:
2527:
2381:
2291:
2210:
2197:
2147:
2076:
1795:
1790:
1599:
331:
218:
158:
Melasma suprarenale (Latin: 'above the kidneys') is a symptom of
119:
35:
5789:
5576:
5561:
5324:
4938:
4434:
3896:
3891:
3582:
2139:
2084:
1851:
1846:
1820:
1729:
1546:
1166:
Adalatkhah, Hassan; Sadeghi-Bazargani, Homayoun (2015-01-01).
175:
The two different kinds of melasma are epidermal and dermal.
5694:
4897:
4868:
4701:
4480:
4144:
3913:
1805:
312:
238:
4836:
Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy (PUPPP)
1363:
1067:
1015:
830:
727:
5480:
2386:
1905:
1724:
1165:
350:(20%) is thought to decrease the activity of melanocytes.
142:
The incidence of melasma also increases in patients with
613:
237:(endogenous and exogenous), and cutaneous erythematosus
498:
James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005).
2783:
1116:
1524:
731:
The
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
292:, or hydroquinone-induced exogenous ochronosis (see
500:
205:The severity of facial melasma may be assessed by
5178:Childbirth-related post-traumatic stress disorder
3229:Inherited patterned lentiginosis in black persons
1703:Diseases of the skin and appendages by morphology
5965:
3438:Eczematid-like purpura of Doucas and Kapetanakis
1406:
1225:Chaudhary, Savita; Dayal, Surabhi (2013-10-01).
773:"Melasma: a clinical and epidemiological review"
265:, acquired bilateral nevus of ota-like macules (
1224:
834:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
770:
273:, erythrose pigmentaire peribuccale of Brocq,
5819:(American 'crib' and 'cradle', British 'cot')
5309:
4578:
3621:
3090:Yemenite deaf-blind hypopigmentation syndrome
2769:
2188:Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta
1688:
1315:Ma, Li-Ping; Liu, Meng-Meng; Liu, Bo (2023).
308:Doctor performing treatment for melasma with
3635:
1842:Dermatofibroma (benign fibrous histiocytoma)
107:Melasma is thought to be the stimulation of
3158:Reticular pigmented anomaly of the flexures
877:
650:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
586:"Melasma | American Academy of Dermatology"
580:
578:
576:
557:"Melasma | American Academy of Dermatology"
146:. It is thought that the overproduction of
5323:
5316:
5302:
4585:
4571:
3628:
3614:
2776:
2762:
1695:
1681:
928:
709:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
654:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
646:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
618:. Hsu, Jeffrey T. S. (Eighth ed.). .
330:, an enzyme involved in the production of
34:
1475:
1340:
1201:
1183:
1134:
1085:
992:
804:
551:
549:
547:
545:
543:
519:
212:
3434:Doucas and Kapetanakis pigmented purpura
3163:Naegeli–Franceschetti–Jadassohn syndrome
1314:
1123:The Journal of Investigative Dermatology
1074:The Journal of Investigative Dermatology
880:American Journal of Clinical Dermatology
573:
303:
3173:X-linked reticulate pigmentary disorder
3153:Reticulate acropigmentation of Kitamura
3148:Pigmentatio reticularis faciei et colli
1370:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
614:Arndt, Kenneth A., 1936- (2014-02-05).
104:The exact cause of melasma is unknown.
5966:
3545:Dyschromatosis universalis hereditaria
3350:Familial progressive hyperpigmentation
2495:Disseminated intravascular coagulation
1457:
540:
492:
217:Melasma should be differentiated from
5297:
4816:Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
4783:Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
4566:
3609:
3540:Dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria
3375:Transient neonatal pustular melanosis
2757:
1676:
873:
871:
673:
671:
669:
667:
665:
609:
607:
605:
322:Topical depigmenting agents, such as
86:
5434:Infant respiratory distress syndrome
4882:Pregnancy-induced hypercoagulability
3365:Photoleukomelanodermatitis of Kobori
3143:Dermatopathia pigmentosa reticularis
1464:International Journal of Dermatology
1409:International Journal of Dermatology
1172:Drug Design, Development and Therapy
826:
824:
766:
764:
762:
760:
275:erythromelanosis follicularis faciei
153:
4460:Psychiatric disorders of childbirth
616:Manual of dermatologic therapeutics
402:(which can make the melasma darker)
13:
5974:Disturbances of human pigmentation
4831:Pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy
3370:Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation
3290:Poikiloderma vasculare atrophicans
2320:
2277:Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation
1267:"Melasma: Diagnosis and treatment"
929:Breathnach, A. S. (January 1996).
868:
662:
602:
465:can also be used to hide melasma.
14:
5990:
5089:Pain management during childbirth
5016:Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
3075:Postinflammatory hypopigmentation
3019:Progressive macular hypomelanosis
2178:Transient acantholytic dermatosis
1520:
1458:Handog, Evangeline (2009-07-20).
821:
777:Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia
757:
5275:
5274:
5261:Sexual activity during pregnancy
4465:Postpartum physiological changes
4165:Postpartum physiological changes
3690:Assisted reproductive technology
3009:Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis
2287:Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis
1477:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2009.04130.x
1136:10.1046/j.1523-1747.2000.00826.x
412:
5369:Breastfeeding and mental health
4517:Adaptation to extrauterine life
3493:Titanium metallic discoloration
3249:Partial unilateral lentiginosis
2297:Hypopigmented mycosis fungoides
1492:
1451:
1400:
1357:
1308:
1283:
1259:
1232:Journal of Drugs in Dermatology
1218:
1159:
1110:
1061:
1009:
961:
922:
188:Dermal melasma occurs when the
4763:Acute fatty liver of pregnancy
4160:Maternal physiological changes
3266:Erythema dyschromicum perstans
2538:Lichen sclerosis et atrophicus
2246:Subcorneal pustular dermatosis
1872:Infantile digital fibromatosis
1378:10.1002/14651858.CD003583.pub2
1019:British Journal of Dermatology
721:
513:
148:melanocyte-stimulating hormone
1:
5364:Breastfeeding and medications
4965:Prelabor rupture of membranes
3715:partner-assisted reproduction
3455:Hemosiderin hyperpigmentation
3414:Pigmented purpuric dermatosis
3360:Periorbital hyperpigmentation
2856:Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada syndrome
2130:Epidermolysis bullosa simplex
1967:Langerhans cell histiocytosis
985:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30638-4
789:10.1590/abd1806-4841.20143063
485:
271:periorbital hyperpigmentation
5926:Neonatal withdrawal syndrome
5547:Infant cognitive development
5444:Neonatal intensive care unit
5244:Systemic lupus erythematosus
4895:Maternal care related to the
4877:Gestational thrombocytopenia
3322:Shiitake mushroom dermatitis
2606:Systemic lupus erythematosus
2361:Systemic lupus erythematosus
2052:Systemic lupus erythematosus
1500:"Melasma: Tips for managing"
480:List of cutaneous conditions
299:
165:
7:
5850:Supplemental nursing system
5045:Cephalopelvic disproportion
3951:Traditional birth attendant
3409:Iron metallic discoloration
3085:Vagabond's leukomelanoderma
1887:Lymphangioma circumscriptum
1366:"Interventions for melasma"
468:
310:potassium titanyl phosphate
200:
81:hormone replacement therapy
10:
5995:
5602:Prenatal development table
5542:Irritant diaper dermatitis
5156:Breastfeeding difficulties
4955:Constriction ring syndrome
4929:Braxton Hicks contractions
4183:Brain health and pollution
3355:Pallister–Killian syndrome
3004:Albinism–deafness syndrome
2709:Mucous membrane pemphigoid
1333:10.1007/s00109-023-02301-y
979:(10084): 2105–2116. 2017.
846:10.1016/j.jaad.2013.07.044
679:Evidence-based dermatology
435:extract, beta‐carotenoid,
115:layer, which transfer the
15:
5921:Prenatal cocaine exposure
5878:
5709:Infant care and equipment
5708:
5626:Socialization and Culture
5625:
5537:Infant visual development
5489:
5404:Infant and toddler safety
5332:
5269:
5226:
5193:Peripartum cardiomyopathy
5183:Pubic symphysis diastasis
5146:
5030:
4894:
4867:
4849:
4791:
4753:
4744:
4700:
4618:
4609:
4544:
4509:
4473:
4427:
4418:
4396:Chorionic villus sampling
4378:
4173:
4130:
4099:
4092:
3959:
3884:
3853:
3844:
3778:
3748:Obstetric ultrasonography
3735:
3680:
3672:Pre-conception counseling
3647:
3553:
3530:
3501:
3463:
3396:
3387:
3330:
3304:
3271:Lichen planus pigmentosus
3219:Centrofacial lentiginosis
3191:
3135:
3116:
3107:
3062:
3031:
2986:
2976:Griscelli syndrome type 3
2971:Griscelli syndrome type 2
2951:Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome
2939:
2911:
2896:
2864:
2843:
2820:
2809:
2795:
2672:
2639:
2583:
2568:
2559:
2516:
2487:
2466:
2457:
2410:
2369:
2338:
2327:
2309:
2254:
2196:
2138:
2075:
1995:
1924:
1913:
1904:
1819:
1783:
1715:
1708:
1609:
1528:
892:10.1007/s40257-013-0038-4
42:
33:
28:
16:For the plant genus, see
5931:Parental child abduction
5454:Oral rehydration therapy
4719:Gestational hypertension
4286:Intrahepatic cholestasis
3224:Generalized lentiginosis
2956:Chédiak–Higashi syndrome
2474:Thrombocytopenic purpura
2120:Dermatitis herpetiformis
2105:Acute contact dermatitis
2057:Pityriasis rubra pilaris
1982:Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome
1952:Lichen simplex chronicus
1832:Epidermal inclusion cyst
502:. (10th ed.). Saunders.
360:Cysteamine hydrochloride
170:
99:
5936:Parental responsibility
5449:Newborn care and safety
5118:Umbilical cord prolapse
5040:Amniotic fluid embolism
4798:dermatoses of pregnancy
4356:Motor vehicle emissions
4217:Concomitant conditions
4191:environmental toxicants
3934:Auxiliary nurse midwife
3695:artificial insemination
3662:Natural family planning
3285:Poikiloderma of Civatte
2921:Oculocutaneous albinism
2739:Squamous-cell carcinoma
2734:Systemic histoplasmosis
2125:Porphyria cutanea tarda
1755:Squamous-cell carcinoma
408:helps regulate melasma.
263:Poikiloderma of Civatte
181:layers of the epidermis
5680:Grandparent visitation
5234:Concomitant conditions
5213:Postpartum thyroiditis
4991:Circumvallate placenta
4811:Impetigo herpetiformis
4806:Gestational pemphigoid
4778:Hyperemesis gravidarum
4711:hypertensive disorders
4450:Postpartum confinement
3710:in vitro fertilisation
3429:Gougerot–Blum syndrome
3312:Incontinentia pigmenti
3168:Dyskeratosis congenita
3095:Wende–Bauckus syndrome
3014:Phylloid hypomelanosis
2785:Pigmentation disorders
2714:Cicatricial pemphigoid
2631:Acne keloidalis nuchae
2626:Folliculitis decalvans
371:Alpha Arbutin 2–5% OTC
315:
233:, friction melanosis,
213:Differential diagnoses
5439:Infant sleep training
5203:Postpartum infections
5198:Postpartum depression
4445:Postpartum depression
4326:Pruritic folliculitis
4070:Unassisted childbirth
2851:Alezzandrini syndrome
2830:Quadrichrome vitiligo
2616:Loose anagen syndrome
2543:Necrobiosis lipoidica
2479:Actinic/solar purpura
2153:Insect bite reactions
1942:Seborrheic dermatitis
1765:Merkel-cell carcinoma
1745:Molluscum contagiosum
713:) CS1 maint: others (
432:Polypodium leucotomos
385:Microdermabrasion to
307:
283:actinic lichen planus
225:, toxic melanoderma,
136:Fitzpatrick skin type
5597:Prenatal development
5497:Attachment parenting
5471:Shaken baby syndrome
5208:Postpartum psychosis
5077:Obstetrical bleeding
4972:Obstetrical bleeding
4793:Integumentary system
4768:Gestational diabetes
4747:related to pregnancy
4745:Other, predominantly
4552:Gravidity and parity
4532:Congenital disorders
4491:Lactation consultant
4361:Pre-existing disease
4040:Childbirth positions
4030:Rupture of membranes
3727:Unintended pregnancy
3705:fertility medication
3448:Angioma serpiginosum
3340:Acanthosis nigricans
2879:Waardenburg syndrome
2439:Annulare centrifugum
1962:Glucagonoma syndrome
1760:Basal-cell carcinoma
1735:Seborrheic keratosis
743:10.1210/jcem-61-1-28
400:intense pulsed light
294:ochronosis treatment
279:acanthosis nigricans
259:seborrheic keratosis
255:café au lait macules
229:, post-inflammatory
5911:Infant ear piercing
5188:Postpartum bleeding
5011:Placental abruption
4996:Monochorionic twins
4826:Prurigo gestationis
4455:Sex after pregnancy
4262:Endocrine diseases
4208:Prenatal depression
4080:Placental expulsion
3998:Uterine contraction
3981:cervical effacement
3722:Fertility awareness
3178:Galli–Galli disease
3070:Nevus depigmentosus
2684:Aphthous stomatitis
2621:Lichen planopilaris
2596:Androgenic alopecia
2402:Fixed drug eruption
1977:Pemphigus foliaceus
1877:Granular cell tumor
1185:10.2147/DDDT.S80713
1087:10.1038/jid.1968.13
463:Cosmetic camouflage
131:hormone treatment.
5419:Infant food safety
5218:Puerperal mastitis
5173:Breast engorgement
4960:Monoamniotic twins
4950:Chorionic hematoma
4231:Hypercoagulability
4060:Natural childbirth
3909:Postterm pregnancy
3667:Male contraceptive
3424:Majocchi's disease
3317:Scratch dermatitis
3244:Mucosal lentigines
3044:Vasospastic macule
2961:Griscelli syndrome
2704:Pemphigus vulgaris
2533:Granuloma annulare
2397:Carcinoid syndrome
2282:Tuberous sclerosis
2241:Coccidioidomycosis
2115:Bullous pemphigoid
2110:Pemphigus vulgaris
2042:Secondary syphilis
1932:Contact dermatitis
1610:External resources
1295:Stanford Chemicals
1291:"Melatonin Powder"
941:(1 Suppl): 36–45.
459:contact dermatitis
316:
190:dermal macrophages
87:Signs and symptoms
5961:
5960:
5821:
5658:Children's rights
5572:Object permanence
5394:Failure to thrive
5291:
5290:
5249:Thyroid disorders
5239:Diabetes mellitus
5123:Uterine inversion
5055:Shoulder dystocia
5050:Obstructed labour
5026:
5025:
4890:
4889:
4859:Chorea gravidarum
4635:Ectopic pregnancy
4560:
4559:
4545:Obstetric history
4540:
4539:
4501:Confinement nanny
4414:
4413:
4281:Acute fatty liver
4088:
4087:
3976:cervical dilation
3603:
3602:
3526:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3483:Arsenic poisoning
3419:Schamberg disease
3383:
3382:
3276:Café au lait spot
3103:
3102:
3027:
3026:
2966:Elejalde syndrome
2892:
2891:
2751:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2591:Telogen effluvium
2555:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2512:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2453:
2452:
2305:
2304:
2173:Lichen spinulosus
2168:Keratosis pilaris
2047:Mycosis fungoides
1947:Stasis dermatitis
1937:Atopic dermatitis
1900:
1899:
1775:Trichoepithelioma
1750:Actinic keratosis
1655:
1654:
1421:10.1111/ijd.13578
1239:(10): 1149–1153.
1031:10.1111/bjd.13424
688:978-1-118-35762-0
625:978-1-4698-7200-1
231:hyperpigmentation
160:Addison's disease
154:Addison's disease
65:mask of pregnancy
54:
53:
23:Medical condition
5986:
5817:
5502:Baby-led weaning
5318:
5311:
5304:
5295:
5294:
5278:
5277:
5113:Postmature birth
5101:Placenta accreta
5006:Placenta praevia
5001:Placenta accreta
4945:Chorioamnionitis
4755:Digestive system
4751:
4750:
4677:Fetal resorption
4665:Rudimentary horn
4622:abortive outcome
4616:
4615:
4587:
4580:
4573:
4564:
4563:
4425:
4424:
4391:Cardiotocography
4097:
4096:
4003:Vaginal delivery
3876:Nesting instinct
3851:
3850:
3836:Rudimentary horn
3765:Prenatal testing
3630:
3623:
3616:
3607:
3606:
3394:
3393:
3234:Ink spot lentigo
3133:
3132:
3114:
3113:
2909:
2908:
2835:Vitiligo ponctué
2818:
2817:
2807:
2806:
2778:
2771:
2764:
2755:
2754:
2689:Oral candidiasis
2566:
2565:
2464:
2463:
2392:Erythema nodosum
2336:
2335:
2325:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2262:Tinea versicolor
2100:Bullous impetigo
2037:Pityriasis rosea
1972:Lichen sclerosus
1957:Darier's disease
1922:
1921:
1911:
1910:
1867:Kaposi's sarcoma
1713:
1712:
1697:
1690:
1683:
1674:
1673:
1526:
1525:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1479:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1344:
1321:J Mol Med (Berl)
1312:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1277:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1205:
1187:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1138:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1089:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1013:
1007:
1006:
996:
965:
959:
958:
926:
920:
919:
875:
866:
865:
828:
819:
818:
808:
768:
755:
754:
725:
719:
718:
708:
700:
675:
660:
659:
645:
637:
611:
600:
599:
597:
596:
582:
571:
570:
568:
567:
553:
538:
537:
522:Am Fam Physician
517:
511:
496:
67:when present in
38:
26:
25:
5994:
5993:
5989:
5988:
5987:
5985:
5984:
5983:
5979:Human pregnancy
5964:
5963:
5962:
5957:
5951:Paternity fraud
5901:Closed adoption
5874:
5830:Infant clothing
5805:Haberman Feeder
5775:Car seat safety
5704:
5685:Infant swimming
5663:UN Child rights
5621:
5532:Gestational age
5485:
5328:
5322:
5292:
5287:
5265:
5222:
5166:Cracked nipples
5161:Low milk supply
5142:
5128:Uterine rupture
5022:
4917:Oligohydramnios
4902:amniotic cavity
4896:
4886:
4863:
4845:
4796:
4787:
4746:
4740:
4709:
4696:
4682:Molar pregnancy
4621:
4605:
4591:
4561:
4556:
4536:
4505:
4469:
4440:Postpartum care
4410:
4374:
4277:Liver diseases
4271:Thyroid disease
4169:
4155:Gestational age
4126:
4084:
4050:Labor induction
3955:
3946:Perinatal nurse
3919:Birth attendant
3880:
3840:
3774:
3770:Medical imaging
3731:
3700:fertility fraud
3676:
3643:
3634:
3604:
3599:
3549:
3518:
3497:
3465:
3459:
3404:Hemochromatosis
3389:
3379:
3332:
3326:
3300:
3296:Riehl melanosis
3254:PUVA lentigines
3239:Lentigo maligna
3209:Lentigo simplex
3193:
3187:
3183:Revesz syndrome
3126:
3121:
3099:
3080:Pityriasis alba
3058:
3049:Woronoff's ring
3036:
3023:
2982:
2943:
2935:
2926:Ocular albinism
2902:
2888:
2866:
2860:
2839:
2811:
2800:
2791:
2782:
2752:
2743:
2675:
2668:
2635:
2601:Alopecia areata
2579:
2561:
2547:
2504:
2483:
2459:
2449:
2406:
2365:
2351:Viral exanthems
2329:
2313:
2311:
2301:
2272:Pityriasis alba
2250:
2192:
2134:
2071:
1991:
1987:Zinc deficiency
1917:
1915:
1896:
1824:
1815:
1779:
1770:Nevus sebaceous
1704:
1701:
1670:
1656:
1651:
1650:
1605:
1604:
1537:
1523:
1518:
1517:
1508:
1506:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1456:
1452:
1405:
1401:
1372:(7): CD003583.
1362:
1358:
1313:
1309:
1299:
1297:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1275:
1273:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1223:
1219:
1164:
1160:
1115:
1111:
1066:
1062:
1014:
1010:
967:
966:
962:
927:
923:
876:
869:
829:
822:
769:
758:
726:
722:
702:
701:
689:
677:
676:
663:
639:
638:
626:
612:
603:
594:
592:
584:
583:
574:
565:
563:
555:
554:
541:
518:
514:
497:
493:
488:
471:
427:tranexamic acid
415:
389:(light to deep)
354:Tranexamic acid
302:
227:Riehl melanosis
215:
203:
173:
168:
156:
144:thyroid disease
102:
89:
61:chloasma faciei
59:(also known as
24:
21:
18:Melasma (plant)
12:
11:
5:
5992:
5982:
5981:
5976:
5959:
5958:
5956:
5955:
5954:
5953:
5943:
5941:Parenting plan
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5882:
5880:
5876:
5875:
5873:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5825:Infant carrier
5822:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5765:Baby transport
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5723:
5718:
5712:
5710:
5706:
5705:
5703:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5666:
5665:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5629:
5627:
5623:
5622:
5620:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5493:
5491:
5487:
5486:
5484:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5462:
5461:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5429:Infant massage
5426:
5424:Infant formula
5421:
5416:
5414:Infant feeding
5411:
5409:Infant bathing
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5374:Bottle feeding
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5340:
5338:
5330:
5329:
5327:and their care
5321:
5320:
5313:
5306:
5298:
5289:
5288:
5286:
5285:
5270:
5267:
5266:
5264:
5263:
5258:
5256:Maternal death
5253:
5252:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5230:
5228:
5224:
5223:
5221:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5169:
5168:
5163:
5152:
5150:
5144:
5143:
5141:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5104:
5103:
5091:
5086:
5085:
5084:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5062:Fetal distress
5059:
5058:
5057:
5047:
5042:
5036:
5034:
5028:
5027:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5020:
5019:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4981:
4980:
4979:
4969:
4968:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4931:
4926:
4925:
4924:
4922:Polyhydramnios
4919:
4911:amniotic fluid
4906:
4904:
4892:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4884:
4879:
4873:
4871:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4861:
4855:
4853:
4851:Nervous system
4847:
4846:
4844:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4802:
4800:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4759:
4757:
4748:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4738:
4733:
4732:
4731:
4729:HELLP syndrome
4721:
4715:
4713:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4668:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4632:
4626:
4624:
4620:Pregnancy with
4613:
4607:
4606:
4590:
4589:
4582:
4575:
4567:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4554:
4548:
4546:
4542:
4541:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4513:
4511:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4486:Health visitor
4483:
4477:
4475:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4431:
4429:
4422:
4416:
4415:
4412:
4411:
4409:
4408:
4403:
4401:Nonstress test
4398:
4393:
4388:
4382:
4380:
4376:
4375:
4373:
4372:
4371:
4370:
4369:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4335:
4334:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4317:Skin diseases
4315:
4314:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4290:
4289:
4288:
4283:
4275:
4274:
4273:
4268:
4260:
4259:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4204:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4185:
4179:
4177:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4136:
4134:
4128:
4127:
4125:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4107:Amniotic fluid
4103:
4101:
4094:
4090:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4055:Multiple birth
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4026:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3989:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3963:
3961:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3937:
3936:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3905:
3904:
3894:
3888:
3886:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3861:Bradley method
3857:
3855:
3848:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3782:
3780:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3761:
3760:
3753:Pregnancy test
3750:
3745:
3739:
3737:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3686:
3684:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3653:
3651:
3645:
3644:
3633:
3632:
3625:
3618:
3610:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3597:
3595:Depigmentation
3592:
3591:
3590:
3580:
3579:
3578:
3568:
3566:Skin whitening
3563:
3557:
3555:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3547:
3542:
3536:
3534:
3528:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3511:
3505:
3503:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3495:
3490:
3488:Lead poisoning
3485:
3480:
3475:
3469:
3467:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3451:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3411:
3406:
3400:
3398:
3391:
3385:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3336:
3334:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3308:
3306:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3293:
3287:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3197:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3139:
3137:
3130:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3066:
3064:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3054:Nevus anemicus
3051:
3046:
3040:
3038:
3029:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2994:Cross syndrome
2990:
2988:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2958:
2953:
2947:
2945:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2917:
2915:
2906:
2894:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2886:
2884:Tietz syndrome
2881:
2876:
2870:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2853:
2847:
2845:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2832:
2826:
2824:
2815:
2804:
2793:
2792:
2781:
2780:
2773:
2766:
2758:
2749:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2724:Coxsackievirus
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2680:
2678:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2645:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2481:
2476:
2470:
2468:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2441:
2436:
2434:Gyratum repens
2431:
2426:
2420:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2358:
2356:Toxic erythema
2353:
2348:
2346:Drug eruptions
2342:
2340:
2333:
2322:
2315:
2307:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2202:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2183:Lichen nitidus
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2144:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2085:Herpes simplex
2081:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2007:
2001:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1928:
1926:
1919:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1828:
1826:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1721:
1719:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1700:
1699:
1692:
1685:
1677:
1668:
1667:
1664:colour/melasma
1653:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1637:
1626:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1591:
1580:
1569:
1554:
1538:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1529:Classification
1522:
1521:External links
1519:
1516:
1515:
1491:
1470:(8): 896–901.
1450:
1415:(9): 902–908.
1399:
1356:
1327:(5): 581–593.
1307:
1282:
1258:
1217:
1158:
1109:
1080:(2): 103–117.
1060:
1025:(1): 209–217.
1008:
960:
921:
886:(5): 359–376.
867:
840:(2): 369–373.
820:
783:(5): 771–782.
756:
720:
687:
661:
624:
601:
572:
539:
512:
490:
489:
487:
484:
483:
482:
477:
470:
467:
414:
411:
410:
409:
403:
393:
390:
383:
381:Chemical peels
378:
372:
369:
363:
357:
351:
345:
335:
301:
298:
214:
211:
202:
199:
198:
197:
185:
184:
172:
169:
167:
164:
155:
152:
111:(cells in the
101:
98:
88:
85:
77:contraceptives
69:pregnant women
52:
51:
46:
40:
39:
31:
30:
22:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5991:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5971:
5969:
5952:
5949:
5948:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5916:Open adoption
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5896:Child neglect
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5883:
5881:
5877:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5820:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5730:Hidden camera
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5713:
5711:
5707:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5664:
5661:
5660:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5653:Child custody
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5630:
5628:
5624:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5567:Nursery rhyme
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5557:Kangaroo care
5555:
5553:
5552:Infant crying
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5494:
5492:
5488:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5466:Preterm birth
5464:
5460:
5457:
5456:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5359:Breastfeeding
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5319:
5314:
5312:
5307:
5305:
5300:
5299:
5296:
5284:
5283:
5279:
5272:
5271:
5268:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5236:
5235:
5232:
5231:
5229:
5225:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5158:
5157:
5154:
5153:
5151:
5149:
5145:
5139:
5138:Uterine atony
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5108:Preterm birth
5106:
5102:
5099:
5098:
5097:
5096:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5083:
5080:
5079:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5056:
5053:
5052:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5037:
5035:
5033:
5029:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4988:
4987:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4975:
4974:
4973:
4970:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4942:
4941:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4914:
4913:
4912:
4908:
4907:
4905:
4903:
4899:
4893:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4870:
4866:
4860:
4857:
4856:
4854:
4852:
4848:
4842:
4841:Stretch marks
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4803:
4801:
4799:
4794:
4790:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4760:
4758:
4756:
4752:
4749:
4743:
4737:
4734:
4730:
4727:
4726:
4725:
4724:Pre-eclampsia
4722:
4720:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4712:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4637:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4627:
4625:
4623:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4593:Pathology of
4588:
4583:
4581:
4576:
4574:
4569:
4568:
4565:
4553:
4550:
4549:
4547:
4543:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4514:
4512:
4508:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4496:Monthly nurse
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4472:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4417:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4386:Amniocentesis
4384:
4383:
4381:
4377:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4346:Vaginal flora
4344:
4342:
4339:
4338:
4336:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4237:
4236:Substance use
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4188:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4176:
4172:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4150:Fundal height
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4137:
4135:
4133:
4129:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4098:
4095:
4091:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4010:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3973:
3972:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3958:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3903:
3902:Preterm birth
3900:
3899:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3883:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3866:Hypnobirthing
3864:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3843:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3777:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3759:
3756:
3755:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3743:3D ultrasound
3741:
3740:
3738:
3734:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3692:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3679:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3657:Birth control
3655:
3654:
3652:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3631:
3626:
3624:
3619:
3617:
3612:
3611:
3608:
3596:
3593:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3584:
3581:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3552:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3529:
3515:
3514:Tar melanosis
3512:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3500:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3462:
3456:
3453:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3443:Lichen aureus
3441:
3439:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3395:
3392:
3386:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3329:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3303:
3297:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3194:circumscribed
3190:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3106:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3061:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3037:hypomelanosis
3034:
3030:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2999:ABCD syndrome
2997:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2985:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2863:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2842:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2779:
2774:
2772:
2767:
2765:
2760:
2759:
2756:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2694:Lichen planus
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2671:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2649:Onychomycosis
2647:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2611:Tinea capitis
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2564:
2560:Miscellaneous
2558:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2462:
2458:Nonblanchable
2456:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2409:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2316:
2308:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2255:Hypopigmented
2253:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2206:Acne vulgaris
2204:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2158:Lichen planus
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2090:Herpes zoster
2088:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2062:Parapsoriasis
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1920:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1711:
1707:
1698:
1693:
1691:
1686:
1684:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1647:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1608:
1601:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1531:
1527:
1505:
1501:
1495:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1454:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1403:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1360:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1311:
1296:
1292:
1286:
1272:
1268:
1262:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1221:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1178:: 4219–4225.
1177:
1173:
1169:
1162:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1113:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1064:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1012:
1004:
1000:
995:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
964:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
925:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
874:
872:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
827:
825:
816:
812:
807:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
767:
765:
763:
761:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
724:
716:
712:
706:
698:
694:
690:
684:
680:
674:
672:
670:
668:
666:
657:
653:
649:
643:
635:
631:
627:
621:
617:
610:
608:
606:
591:
587:
581:
579:
577:
562:
558:
552:
550:
548:
546:
544:
535:
531:
528:(2): 211–18.
527:
523:
516:
509:
508:0-7216-2921-0
505:
501:
495:
491:
481:
478:
476:
473:
472:
466:
464:
460:
455:
451:
449:
444:
442:
438:
434:
433:
428:
424:
420:
413:Effectiveness
407:
404:
401:
397:
394:
391:
388:
384:
382:
379:
376:
373:
370:
367:
364:
361:
358:
355:
352:
349:
346:
343:
339:
336:
333:
329:
325:
321:
320:
319:
314:
311:
306:
297:
295:
291:
286:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
247:phototoxicity
245:, endogenous
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
223:solar lentigo
220:
210:
208:
195:
191:
187:
186:
182:
178:
177:
176:
163:
161:
151:
149:
145:
140:
137:
132:
128:
125:
124:keratinocytes
121:
118:
114:
110:
105:
97:
94:
84:
83:medications.
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
50:
47:
45:
41:
37:
32:
27:
19:
5879:Other topics
5818:
5785:Cradle board
5780:Cloth diaper
5740:Baby shampoo
5726:Baby monitor
5716:Baby bouncer
5670:Circumcision
5517:Birth defect
5399:Immunization
5349:Birth weight
5280:
5273:
5133:Vasa praevia
5093:
5067:Locked twins
4983:
4933:
4909:
4655:Interstitial
4226:Hypertension
4213:Immunization
4196:in pregnancy
4112:Amniotic sac
4065:Silent birth
4008:Presentation
3971:Bishop score
3941:Obstetrician
3831:Interstitial
3758:home testing
3281:Poikiloderma
3260:
3205:Lentiginosis
2664:Ingrown nail
2236:Dermatophyte
2231:Gonococcemia
2216:Folliculitis
1857:Neurofibroma
1825:subcutaneous
1800:
1669:
1662:
1639:
1628:
1617:
1593:
1582:
1571:
1556:
1541:
1507:. Retrieved
1503:
1494:
1467:
1463:
1453:
1412:
1408:
1402:
1369:
1359:
1324:
1320:
1310:
1298:. Retrieved
1294:
1285:
1274:. Retrieved
1270:
1261:
1236:
1230:
1220:
1175:
1171:
1161:
1129:(1): 21–27.
1126:
1122:
1112:
1077:
1073:
1063:
1022:
1018:
1011:
976:
972:
963:
938:
934:
924:
883:
879:
837:
833:
780:
776:
737:(1): 28–31.
734:
730:
723:
678:
615:
593:. Retrieved
589:
564:. Retrieved
560:
525:
521:
515:
499:
494:
456:
454:production.
452:
445:
430:
419:hydroquinone
416:
387:dermabrasion
348:Azelaic acid
324:hydroquinone
317:
287:
267:Hori's nevus
251:nevus of Ota
216:
204:
174:
157:
141:
133:
129:
106:
103:
90:
64:
60:
56:
55:
5891:Babywearing
5886:Baby shower
5860:Swim diaper
5750:Baby walker
5735:Baby powder
5675:Foster care
5643:Child abuse
5638:Babysitting
5490:Development
5476:Soy formula
5354:Breast pump
5072:Nuchal cord
4821:Linea nigra
4773:Hepatitis E
4706:proteinuria
4687:Miscarriage
4672:Embryo loss
4650:Heterotopic
4522:Apgar score
4306:Hepatitis C
4292:Infections
4132:Development
4117:Endometrium
4075:Water birth
3993:Bloody show
3924:Men's roles
3854:Preparation
3806:Heterotopic
3509:Carotenosis
3136:Reticulated
2867:development
2813:melanocytes
2719:Herpesvirus
2699:Leukoplakia
2524:Scleroderma
2411:Specialized
2339:Generalized
2314:involvement
2226:Candidiasis
1918:involvement
1892:Myxoid cyst
1740:Acrochordon
1619:MedlinePlus
1504:www.aad.org
1271:www.aad.org
590:www.aad.org
561:www.aad.org
475:Linea nigra
441:procyanidin
207:colorimetry
194:Wood's lamp
109:melanocytes
49:Dermatology
5968:Categories
5870:Travel cot
5815:Infant bed
5810:High chair
5800:Baby wipes
5795:Diaper bag
5760:Baby swing
5648:Child care
5633:Attachment
5522:Childbirth
5384:Cradle cap
5335:Pediatrics
5082:Postpartum
4977:Antepartum
4692:Stillbirth
4603:puerperium
4601:, and the
4599:childbirth
4527:Child care
4420:Postpartum
4379:Procedures
4331:Dermatoses
4187:Nutrition
4045:Home birth
3967:Pelvimetry
3846:Childbirth
3826:Unintended
3682:Conception
3641:childbirth
3561:Skin color
3532:Dyschromia
3478:Chrysiasis
3214:Liver spot
3033:Leukoderma
2941:Melanosome
2874:Piebaldism
2865:Melanocyte
2789:Dyschromia
2659:Paronychia
2500:Vasculitis
2424:Multiforme
2422:Erythema (
2377:Cellulitis
2328:Blanchable
2077:Blistering
2067:Ichthyosis
1925:Eczematous
1837:Hemangioma
1641:Patient UK
1584:DiseasesDB
1509:2020-10-19
1276:2020-10-19
595:2016-02-25
566:2016-02-25
486:References
366:Kojic acid
328:tyrosinase
290:amiodarone
235:ochronosis
5946:Paternity
5855:Swaddling
5721:Baby gate
5700:Wet nurse
5690:Milk bank
5582:Parenting
5507:Baby talk
5459:Pedialyte
5389:Esotropia
5344:Baby food
5148:Puerperal
4736:Eclampsia
4640:Abdominal
4611:Pregnancy
4595:pregnancy
4035:Caesarean
3801:Abdominal
3637:Pregnancy
3333:ungrouped
3123:Melanosis
3063:Ungrouped
2931:in humans
2904:amelanism
2844:Syndromic
2654:Psoriasis
2562:disorders
2517:Indurated
2418:Urticaria
2370:Localized
2312:epidermal
2095:Varicella
2005:Psoriasis
1916:epidermal
1882:Leiomyoma
1784:Pigmented
1717:Epidermal
1630:eMedicine
1595:SNOMED CT
1429:1365-4632
1386:1465-1858
1245:1545-9616
1194:1177-8881
1145:0022-202X
1096:0022-202X
1039:1365-2133
947:0011-4162
900:1179-1888
854:1097-6787
797:0365-0596
705:cite book
697:867001321
642:cite book
634:953864747
437:melatonin
423:tretinoin
406:Melatonin
375:Flutamide
338:Tretinoin
300:Treatment
277:, facial
166:Diagnosis
75:or patch
63:, or the
44:Specialty
5906:Cry room
5845:Stroller
5835:Pacifier
5770:Bassinet
5745:Baby toy
5607:Teething
5587:Peekaboo
5527:Crawling
5512:Babbling
5333:Health (
5282:Category
5095:placenta
4985:placenta
4645:Cervical
4630:Abortion
4428:Maternal
4406:Abortion
4351:Bleeding
4301:COVID-19
4266:Diabetes
4251:Cannabis
4201:prenatal
4122:Placenta
4093:Prenatal
4023:shoulder
4018:cephalic
3986:position
3960:Delivery
3821:Postterm
3786:Cervical
3649:Planning
3554:See also
3390:pigments
3192:Diffuse/
3128:Melanism
2944:transfer
2913:Albinism
2897:Loss of
2822:Vitiligo
2729:Syphilis
2676:membrane
2331:Erythema
2267:Vitiligo
2221:Impetigo
2198:Pustular
2163:Miliaria
2011:Corporis
1862:Xanthoma
1811:Melanoma
1791:Freckles
1635:derm/260
1600:36209000
1486:19659873
1445:21683251
1437:28239840
1394:20614435
1351:37032347
1342:10163137
1253:24085051
1212:26345129
1153:10620110
1055:21618233
1047:25251767
1003:28456509
916:30637840
908:23881551
862:24438951
815:25184917
534:17263216
469:See also
448:Filipino
398:but not
368:(2%) OTC
342:retinoid
243:pellagra
219:freckles
201:Severity
5865:Teether
5840:Playpen
5617:Weaning
5612:Walking
5325:Infants
4935:chorion
4660:Ovarian
4337:Others
4311:Malaria
4256:Opioids
4246:Alcohol
4241:Smoking
4100:Anatomy
3929:Midwife
3897:Newborn
3816:Ovarian
3796:Ectopic
3791:Cryptic
3736:Testing
3588:removal
3576:Sunless
3571:Tanning
3473:Argyria
3345:Freckle
3261:Melasma
3201:Lentigo
3118:Melanin
2899:melanin
2810:Loss of
2802:leucism
2528:morphea
2488:Papular
2467:Macular
2460:Purpura
2444:Ab igne
2429:Migrans
2382:Abscess
2310:Without
2292:Leprosy
2211:Rosacea
2148:Scabies
2140:Papular
2009:Tinea (
1997:Scaling
1801:Melasma
1796:Lentigo
1709:Growths
1660:DermNet
1646:Melasma
1578:D008548
1300:Aug 20,
1203:4531037
1104:5641641
994:5446563
955:8654129
806:4155956
751:3923030
332:melanin
122:to the
120:melanin
117:pigment
93:macules
57:Melasma
29:Melasma
5790:Diaper
5577:Parent
5562:Mother
4939:amnion
4510:Infant
4435:Lochia
4221:Anemia
4140:Embryo
4013:breech
3892:Mother
3871:Lamaze
3583:Tattoo
3466:metals
3331:Other/
3305:Linear
3109:Hyper-
2674:Mucous
2570:Ulcers
2031:Faciei
2026:Manuum
2016:Cruris
1906:Rashes
1852:Lipoma
1847:Keloid
1821:Dermal
1730:Callus
1624:000836
1567:709.09
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439:, and
281:, and
113:dermal
5695:Nanny
5379:Colic
5227:Other
5032:Labor
4898:fetus
4869:Blood
4708:, and
4702:Edema
4481:Doula
4474:Roles
4366:Sleep
4341:Drugs
4321:Lupus
4145:Fetus
3914:Doula
3885:Roles
3811:Molar
3779:Types
3502:Other
3464:Other
3388:Other
2987:Other
2797:Hypo-
2021:Pedis
1806:Nevus
1552:L81.1
1441:S2CID
1051:S2CID
935:Cutis
912:S2CID
396:Laser
313:laser
239:lupus
171:Types
100:Cause
5592:Play
5481:SIDS
4900:and
4175:Care
3639:and
3397:Iron
2641:Nail
2584:Hair
2387:Boil
1914:With
1725:Wart
1589:2402
1573:MeSH
1562:9-CM
1482:PMID
1433:PMID
1425:ISSN
1390:PMID
1382:ISSN
1347:PMID
1302:2024
1249:PMID
1241:ISSN
1208:PMID
1190:ISSN
1149:PMID
1141:ISSN
1100:PMID
1092:ISSN
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1035:ISSN
999:PMID
951:PMID
943:ISSN
904:PMID
896:ISSN
858:PMID
850:ISSN
811:PMID
793:ISSN
747:PMID
715:link
711:link
693:OCLC
683:ISBN
656:link
652:link
648:link
630:OCLC
620:ISBN
530:PMID
504:ISBN
377:(1%)
340:, a
73:oral
5755:Bib
4296:HIV
3035:w/o
2321:Red
1823:and
1558:ICD
1543:ICD
1472:doi
1417:doi
1374:doi
1337:PMC
1329:doi
1325:101
1198:PMC
1180:doi
1131:doi
1127:114
1082:doi
1027:doi
1023:173
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