275:, thus producing a sneeze. The most obvious difference between a normal sneeze and a photic sneeze is the stimulus: normal sneezes occur due to irritation in the nasal cavity, while the photic sneeze can result from a wide variety of stimuli. Some theories are below. There is also a genetic factor that increases the probability of photic sneeze reflex. The C allele on the rs10427255 SNP is particularly implicated in this although the mechanism is unknown by which this gene increases the probability of this response.
40:
332:, which is also where the trigeminal nucleus – the "sneeze center" of the brain – lies. This chain of events leads to increased sensitivity to stimulation and reduced threshold for involuntary responses. In this hypersensitive state, the periocular injection stimulates the ophthalmic and/or maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve, which results in summation in the trigeminal nuclei. This summation can lead to a sneeze in the unconscious patient.
212:
383:, sometimes many times consecutively (due to naso-ocular reflex), when suddenly exposed to bright light. This condition tends to occur more severely after one has emerged into the light after spending time in a dark environment. Although the syndrome is thought to affect about 18–35% of the human population, it is relatively harmless and not widely studied.
399:
proceeded to seep into the nose and irritate it, causing a sneeze. Although plausible, scientists later determined this hypothesis to also be incorrect because sun-induced sneezing occurs too quickly after sunlight exposure; watering of the eyes is a slower process, so it could not play a vital part in triggering the reflex.
315:
When the trigeminal nerve is directly stimulated, there is the possibility that increased light sensitivity in the ocular nerve could result. An example of directly stimulating would be plucking an eyebrow or pulling hair. In many people who show the photic sneeze reflex, even this direct stimulation
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develops by persistent light exposure relaying signals through the optic nerve and trigeminal nerve to produce increased sensitivity in the ophthalmic branch. If this increased sensitivity occurred in the maxillary branch instead of the ophthalmic branch, a sneeze could result instead of photophobia.
172:
A fit of sneezing while operating a vehicle can cause the operator to lose control of that vehicle, resulting in injury to the person, and damage to the vehicle and/or surroundings. In particular, photic sneezing poses a considerable risk to pilots, due to the frequent presence of bright sunlight and
129:
Even less well understood than photic sneezing is sneezing in response to periocular injection, a trait that appears to be inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion. During surgeries in and around the eye, such as corneal transplant surgery, the patient often requires injection of a local anesthetic
398:
disproved
Aristotle's hypothesis by facing the sun with his eyes closed, which did not elicit the ordinary sneeze response. Bacon therefore guessed that the eyes played a vital part in triggering photic sneezing. He assumed that looking at the sun's light made the eyes water, and then that moisture
163:
Sneezing generally does not present any particular risks to the individual, and is usually more an annoyance than a risk of injury. The fits of sneezing brought about by the photic sneeze reflex can, however, have dangerous implications during certain scenarios and activities, such as operating a
185:
or shoreline also requires precise movements and quick reflexes. The reflection of the sun from surrounding water has a high probability of producing at least one photic sneeze for pilots who have the reflex. Any amount of sneezing while attempting to land could cause the pilot to lose control,
402:
Today, scientific attention has mainly focused on a hypothesis proposed in 1964 by Henry
Everett, who was the first to call light-induced sneezing "The Photic Sneeze Effect". In some places, this condition is also referred to as "pepper on the sun", due to the similar reaction experienced when
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has many neighboring fibers that respond to different stimuli. When one stimulus activates multiple nerve fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system, parasympathetic generalization is occurring. There is a possibility that sensory input from the eyes could travel to the
407:
transmits signals at an extremely fast pace, Dr. Everett hypothesized that the syndrome was linked to the human nervous system, and was perhaps caused by the confusion of nerve signals. The genetic basis of photic sneezing still remains unclear, and single
150:
can cause some individuals to sneeze after eating, particularly after the consumption of spicy foods. Stomach fullness is another example of a stimulus that can cause uncontrollable sneezing. Those who exhibit this symptom or disorder, called
89:
The photic sneeze reflex manifests itself in the form of uncontrollable sneezing in response to a stimulus which would not produce a sneeze in people without the trait. The sneezes generally occur in bursts of 1 to 10 sneezes, followed by a
102:
A photic sneeze results from exposure to a bright light and is the most common manifestation of the photic sneeze reflex. This reflex seems to be caused by a change in light intensity rather than by a specific wavelength of light.
80:
in response to numerous stimuli, such as looking at bright lights or periocular (surrounding the eyeball) injection. The condition affects 18–35% of the world's population, but its exact mechanism of action is not well understood.
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in the cortex that interpret such signals, but neighboring neurons which are involved in sneezing are also activated, due to the generalization. This could lead to a sneeze in response to a stimulus other than nasal irritation.
155:, undergo uncontrollable fits of 3–15 sneezes immediately after eating large meals that completely fill the stomach, regardless of the type of food eaten. Snatiation is not believed to be an allergic reaction of any kind.
394:: "Why does the heat of the sun provoke sneezing?" He hypothesized that the sun's heat caused sweating inside the nose, which triggered a sneeze in order to remove the moisture. In the 17th century, English philosopher
283:
Stimulation of the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve may enhance the irritability of the maxillary branch, resulting in an increased probability of sneezing. This is similar to the mechanism by which
246:
There is much debate about the true cause and mechanism of the sneezing fits brought about by the photic sneeze reflex. Sneezing occurs in response to irritation in the nasal cavity, which results in an
114:
found that 67% of respondents who identified as photic sneezers were female and 94% were
Caucasian. The study also found that photic sneezing was significantly correlated with those possessing a
138:. The patient begins to sneeze just as the needle is inserted into the eye, often resulting in the anesthesiologist having to remove the needle before injecting the local anesthetic.
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Those affected by photic sneezing may find relief by shielding their eyes and/or faces with hats, scarves, and sunglasses, or by applying transverse pressure on the
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for this condition have not been found and studied. However, the condition often occurs within families, and it has been suggested that light-induced sneezing is a
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Ahn ES, Mills DM, Meyer DR, Stasior GO (Jul 2008). "Sneezing reflex associated with intravenous sedation and periocular anesthetic injection".
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was one of the first to contemplate this strange phenomenon in 350 BCE, exploring why looking at the sun causes a person to sneeze in
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Eriksson N, Macpherson JM, Tung JY, Hon LS, Naughton B, Saxonov S, Avey L, Wojcicki A, Pe'er I, Mountain J (2010). Gibson G (ed.).
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or peribulbar block, can often elicit a sneeze from the patient. During these procedures, the patient may be sedated prior to the
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Breitenbach RA, Swisher PK, Kim MK, Patel BS (December 1993). "The photic sneeze reflex as a risk factor to combat pilots".
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111:
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Sevillano, C.; Parafita-Fernández, A.; Rodriguez-Lopez, V.; Sampil, M.; Moraña, N.; Viso, E.; Cores, F. J. (July 2016).
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vehicle, or while undergoing operations (dental, optical) and having bright lights directed towards the patient's face.
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Semes LP, Amos JF, Waterbor JW (June 1995). "The photic sneeze response: a descriptive report of a clinic population".
177:, if an uncontrollable fit of sneezing were to occur during aerial combat, the pilot could be incapacitated when their
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223:
about more on the genetics — when it was found to be autosomal dominant, which SNPs near which genes are correlated.
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into the eye. In patients who show the photic sneeze reflex, an injection into the eye, such as that undergone in a
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due to seasonal allergies may also reduce the occurrence of photic sneezes in people affected by both conditions.
425:
298:
91:
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Peroutka, S. J.; Peroutka, L. A. (1984). ""Autosomal dominant transmission of the "photic sneeze reflex""".
1036:"A curious fact: Photic sneeze reflex. Autosomical dominant compelling helio-ophthalmic outburst syndrome"
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is likely caused by the drug. Propofol has been shown to temporarily suppress inhibitory neurons in the
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348:
in July 2016 revealed that prominent corneal nerves might be associated with the photic sneeze reflex.
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can lead to a photic sneeze which is why we find it easier to sneeze while looking at a bright light.
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931:"Sudden Unexpected Sneezing During The Insertion Of Peribulbar Block Under Propofol Sedation"
755:"Sudden Unexpected Sneezing During The Insertion Of Peribulbar Block Under Propofol Sedation"
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1335:"Web-Based, Participant-Driven Studies Yield Novel Genetic Associations for Common Traits"
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Forrester, J. M. (1985). "Sneezing on
Exposure to Bright Light as an Inherited Response".
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Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the
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The photic sneeze effect has been documented for many centuries. The Greek philosopher
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the precise reactions needed to successfully control the aircraft. For the pilot of a
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in the brainstem. The signal is interpreted in the trigeminal nerve nuclei, and an
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1123:"Management of the photic sneeze reflex utilising the philtral pressure technique"
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Mi, Hao; Song, Xiaojun; Shi, Yang; Sun, Xinghan; Wang, Mengqiao (2019-03-21).
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Sneezing in response to numerous stimuli, such as looking at bright lights
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Bobba S, Spencer SK, Fox OJ, Agar A, Coroneo MT, Francis IC (July 2019).
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Uncontrollable sneezing during a periocular injection while sedated by
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424:. A 2010 study demonstrated a correlation between photic sneezing and
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Photic sneeze reflex is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner.
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Everett, Henry C. (May 1964). "Sneezing in
Response to Light".
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Further studies have revealed this mechanism to be inherited.
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Uncontrollable fits of sneezing are common in patients under
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Autosomal
Compelling Helio-Ophthalmic Outburst, Photosneezia
1200:
Right
Diagnosis: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatments and Causes
796:"Gustatory rhinitis: a syndrome of food-induced rhinorrhea"
1253:, Karen Schrock, ScientificAmerican.com, January 10, 2008.
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sedation who undergo periocular or retrobulbar injection.
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The photic sneeze effect is a genetic tendency to begin
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A small-scale study comprising a
Caucasian family from
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Autosomal-dominant
Compelling Helio-Ophthalmic Outburst
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514:"Why does bright light cause some people to sneeze?"
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signal goes to different parts of the body, such as
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1173:. Allergies.about.com. 2013-05-12. Archived from
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1040:Archivos de la Sociedad Espanola de Oftalmologia
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794:Raphael G, Raphael MH, Kaliner M (1989).
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1460:Genetic disorders with OMIM but no gene
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1251:Looking at the Sun Can Trigger a Sneeze
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320:Propofol-induced inhibitory suppression
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403:inhaling pepper particles. Since the
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1171:"Allergies - Sneezing with Sunlight"
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106:A survey conducted by the School of
186:potentially resulting in disaster.
112:University of Alabama at Birmingham
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1265:"The Curious Case of Sun Sneezing"
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888:American Journal of Ophthalmology
704:Teebi AS, Alsaleh QA (Aug 1989).
512:Roberta A. Pagon (Nov 18, 2002).
94:that can be as long as 24 hours.
69:) is an inherited and congenital
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125:Response to periocular injection
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759:Canadian Journal of Anesthesia
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299:parasympathetic nervous system
293:Parasympathetic generalization
255:and maxillary branches of the
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1352:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000993
812:10.1016/0091-6749(89)90484-3
7:
1236:, Aristotle, exclassics.com
1086:Western Journal of Medicine
1052:10.1016/j.oftal.2016.01.011
989:10.1056/nejm198403013100923
839:Journal of Medical Genetics
710:Journal of Medical Genetics
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311:Increased light sensitivity
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1263:Blitz, Matt (2014-06-16).
665:10.1038/s41598-019-41551-0
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279:Optic-trigeminal summation
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1139:10.1038/s41433-019-0368-4
901:10.1016/j.ajo.2008.02.013
548:10.1093/milmed/158.12.806
456:Sexually induced sneezing
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800:J. Allergy Clin. Immunol
753:Abramson DC (Aug 1995).
483:Laura Dean, MD. (2012).
336:Corneal nerve prominence
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835:"The Snatiation Reflex"
261:trigeminal nerve nuclei
516:. Scientific American.
221:is missing information
76:condition that causes
1092:(5): 20. 1 May 1987.
1082:"Solar Sneeze Reflex"
179:situational awareness
142:Sneezing after eating
116:deviated nasal septum
1304:10.1212/wnl.14.5.483
929:Abramson DC (1995).
851:10.1136/jmg.27.4.275
833:Hall JG (Apr 1990).
722:10.1136/jmg.26.8.539
487:. Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
451:Nonallergic rhinitis
392:The Book of Problems
360:being used to treat
265:efferent nerve fiber
249:afferent nerve fiber
136:periocular injection
55:photic sneeze reflex
25:Photic sneeze reflex
1271:. Vacca Foeda Media
1202:. Health Grades Inc
657:2019NatSR...9.4993W
371:with their finger.
146:A condition called
948:10.1007/bf03012675
772:10.1007/BF03012675
645:Scientific Reports
273:thoracic diaphragm
190:Medical procedures
148:gustatory rhinitis
85:Symptoms and signs
71:autosomal dominant
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1269:Today I Found Out
610:10.1159/000153527
536:Military Medicine
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168:Vehicle operation
92:refractory period
63:contrived acronym
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