Pangolin - Knowledge

1275: 827: 1623: 931: 998: oz), and the average length is 150 mm (6 in). At the time of birth, the scales are soft and white. After several days, they harden and darken to resemble those of an adult pangolin. During the vulnerable stage, the mother stays with her offspring in the burrow, nursing it, and wraps her body around it if she senses danger. The young cling to the mother's tail as she moves about, although, in burrowing species, they remain in the burrow for the first 2–4 weeks of life. At one month, they first leave the burrow riding on the mother's back. 816: 1585: 171: 721: 705: 877:. Most of their diet consists of various species of ants and termites, and may be supplemented by other insects, especially larvae. They are somewhat particular and tend to consume only one or two species of insects, even when many species are available to them. A pangolin can consume 140 to 200 g (5 to 7 oz) of insects per day. Pangolins are an important regulator of termite populations in their natural habitats. 270: 138: 892:, and they have other physical characteristics to help them eat ants and termites. Their skeletal structure is sturdy and they have strong front legs that are used for tearing into termite mounds. They use their powerful front claws to dig into trees, soil, and vegetation to find prey, then proceed to use their long tongues to probe inside the insect tunnels and to retrieve their prey. 2371: 1633:

Many attempts have been made to breed pangolins in captivity, but due to their reliance on wide-ranging habitats and very particular diets, these attempts are often unsuccessful. Pangolins have significantly decreased immune responses due to a genetic dysfunction, making them extremely fragile. They

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Aitken-Palmer, Copper; deMaar, Thomas W.; Johnson, James G.; Langan, Jennifer; Bergmann, Jonathan; Chinnadurai, Sathya; Guerra, Hector; Carboni, Deborah A.; Adkesson, Michael J. (September 2019). "Complications Associated with Pregnancy and Parturition in African White-bellied Pangolins (Phataginus

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Xiao, Kangpeng; Zhai, Junqiong; Feng, Yaoyu; Zhou, Niu; Zhang, Xu; Zou, Jie-Jian; Li, Na; Guo, Yaqiong; Li, Xiaobing; Shen, Xuejuan; Zhang, Zhipeng; Shu, Fanfan; Huang, Wangyi; Li, Yu; Zhang, Ziding; Chen, Rui-Ai; Wu, Ya-jiang; Peng, Shi-Ming; Huang, Mian; Xie, Wei-Jun; Cai, Qin-Hui; Hou, Fang-Hui;

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The idea of farming pangolins to reduce the number being illegally trafficked is being explored with little success. The third Saturday in February is promoted as World Pangolin Day by the conservation NPO Annamiticus. World Pangolin Day has been noted for its effectiveness in generating awareness

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Pangolin parts are also used for medicinal purposes in other Asian countries such as India, Nepal and Pakistan. In some parts of India and Nepal, locals believe that wearing the scales of a pangolin can help prevent pneumonia. Pangolin scales have also been used for medicinal purposes in Malaysia,

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of the People's Republic of China included Chinese pangolin scales as an ingredient in TCM formulations. Pangolins were removed from the pharmacopoeia starting from the first half of 2020. Although pangolin scales have been removed from the list of raw ingredients, the scales are still listed as a

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Pangolins are solitary and meet only to mate, with mating typically taking place at night after the male and female pangolin meet near a watering hole. Males are larger than females, weighing up to 40% more. While the mating season is not defined, they typically mate once each year, usually during

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Gaubert, Philippe; Antunes, Agostinho; Meng, Hao; Miao, Lin; Peigné, Stéphane; Justy, Fabienne; Njiokou, Flobert; Dufour, Sylvain; Danquah, Emmanuel; Alahakoon, Jayanthi; Verheyen, Erik (11 May 2018). "The Complete Phylogeny of Pangolins: Scaling Up Resources for the Molecular Tracing of the Most

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became important communities for protecting pangolins and their habitats and has greatly improved the survival of pangolins. These centers work with local aboriginal tribes and forest police in the National Police Agency to prevent poaching, trafficking, and smuggling of pangolins, especially to

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of the animal while educating communities on its importance. Another suggested approach to fighting pangolin (and general wildlife) trafficking consists in "following the money" rather than "the animal", which aims to disrupt smugglers' profits by interrupting money flows. Financial intelligence

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As a result of increasing threats to pangolins, mainly in the form of illegal, international trade in pangolin skin, scales, and meat, these species have received increasing conservation attention in recent years. As of January 2020, the IUCN considered all eight species of pangolin on its

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as threatened. The IUCN SSC Pangolin Specialist Group launched a global action plan to conserve pangolins, dubbed "Scaling up Pangolin Conservation", in July 2014. This action plan aims to improve all aspects of pangolin conservation with an added emphasis on combating poaching and

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gathering could thus become a key tool in protecting these animals, although this opportunity is often overlooked. In 2018, a Chinese NGO launched the Counting Pangolins movement, calling for joint efforts to save the mammals from trafficking. Wildlife conservation group

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the summer or autumn. Rather than the males seeking out the females, males mark their location with urine or feces and the females find them. If competition over a female occurs, the males use their tails as clubs to fight for the opportunity to mate with her.

1354:. In the past decade, numerous seizures of illegally trafficked pangolin and pangolin meat have taken place in Asia. In one such incident in April 2013, 10,000 kg (22,000 pounds) of pangolin meat were seized from a Chinese vessel that ran aground in the 1525:, a recipe for expelling evil spirits with a formulation of scales, herbs, and minerals appeared in 682, and in 752 CE the idea that pangolin scales could also stimulate milk secretion in lactating women, one of the main uses today, was recommended in the 969:

periods differ by species, ranging from roughly 70 to 140 days. African pangolin females usually give birth to a single offspring at a time, but the Asiatic species may give birth to from one to three. Weight at birth is 80 to 450 g

2090:"A Mystery Species Was Discovered in Trafficked Pangolin Scales - Researchers believed there were eight species of the strange mammals. But a ninth was identified genetically, although no one knew it was a separate species in the wild" 4858:

Zhang, Fang; Kong, Lin-lin; Zhang, Yi-ye; Li, Shu-Chuen (2012). "Evaluation of Impact on Health-Related Quality of Life and Cost Effectiveness of Traditional Chinese Medicine: A Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials".

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Challender, Daniel W. S.; Sas-Rolfes, Michael't; Ades, Gary W. J.; Chin, Jason S. C.; Ching-Min Sun, Nick; Chong, Ju lian; Connelly, Ellen; Hywood, Lisa; Luz, Sonja; Mohapatra, Rajesh K.; de Ornellas, Paul (1 October 2019).

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Sean P. Heighton, Rémi Allio, Jérôme Murienne, Jordi Salmona, Hao Meng, Céline Scornavacca, Armanda D. S. Bastos, Flobert Njiokou, Darren W. Pietersen, Marie-Ka Tilak, Shu-Jin Luo, Frédéric Delsuc, Philippe Gaubert (2023.)

511:, which they capture using their long tongues. They tend to be solitary animals, meeting only to mate and produce a litter of one to three offspring, which they raise for about two years. Pangolins superficially resemble 1335:

China had been the main destination country for pangolins until 2018, where it was surpassed by Vietnam. In 2019, Vietnam was reported to have seized the largest volumes of pangolin scales, surpassing Nigeria that year.

1521:("Variorum of Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica", 500 CE), which recommends pangolin scales for protection against ant bites; burning the scales as a cure for people crying hysterically during the night. During the 7209: 1429:

share only up to 92% of their RNA. Ecologists worried that the early speculation about pangolins being the source may have led to mass slaughters, endangering them further, which was similar to what happened to

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Ingram, Daniel J.; Coad, Lauren; Abernethy, Katharine A.; Maisels, Fiona; Stokes, Emma J.; Bobo, Kadiri S.; Breuer, Thomas; Gandiwa, Edson; Ghiurghi, Andrea; Greengrass, Elizabeth; Holmern, Tomas (March 2018).

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Kenneth E. Kinman (1994) "The Kinman System: Toward a Stable Cladisto-Eclectic Classification of Organisms: Living and Extinct, 48 Phyla, 269 Classes, 1,719 Orders", Hays, Kan. (P. O. Box 1377, Hays 67601), 88

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black markets in China. These centers have also helped to reveal the causes of death and injury among Taiwan's pangolin population. Today, Taiwan has the highest population density of pangolins in the world.

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is one of the few conservation grounds for pangolins in the world after the country enacted the 1989 Wildlife Conservation Act. The introduction of Wildlife Rehabilitation Centers in places like Luanshan

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D'Cruze, Neil; Assou, Délagnon; Coulthard, Emma; Norrey, John; Megson, David; Macdonald, David W.; Harrington, Lauren A.; Ronfot, Delphine; Segniagbeto, Gabriel H.; Auliya, Mark (5 November 2020).

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for animal body parts, despite concerns about toxicity, transmission of diseases from animals to humans, and species extermination. The ongoing demand for parts as ingredients continues to fuel

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Though pangolins are protected by an international ban on their trade, populations have suffered from illegal trafficking due to beliefs in East Asia that their ground-up scales can stimulate

1302:. Their meat is also considered a delicacy. 100,000 are estimated to be trafficked a year to China and Vietnam, amounting to over one million over the past decade. This makes them the most 1002:

takes place around three months of age, when the young begin to eat insects in addition to nursing. At two years of age, the offspring are sexually mature and are abandoned by the mother.

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The physical appearance of a pangolin is marked by large, hardened, overlapping, plate-like scales, which are soft on newborn pangolins, but harden as the animal matures. They are made of

1358:. In another case in August 2016, an Indonesian man was arrested after police raided his home and found over 650 pangolins in freezers on his property. The same threat is reported in 4081: 4913: 4196: 899:

is sticky, causing ants and termites to stick to their long tongues when they are hunting through insect tunnels. Without teeth, pangolins also lack the ability to chew; but while

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in captivity, complications that can lead to an early death. In addition, pangolins rescued from illegal trade often have a higher chance of being infected with parasites such as

1417:, China, hypothesized that SARS-CoV-2 had originated in bats, and prior to infecting humans, was circulating among pangolins. The illicit Chinese trade of pangolins for use in 6528: 3253:

Amrine-Madsen, H.; Koepfli, K.P.; Wayne, R.K.; Springer, M.S. (2003). "A new phylogenetic marker, apolipoprotein B, provides compelling evidence for eutherian relationships".

4104: 1476:. To refer to both sampling site and hosts, they were named Dongyang pangolin virus (DYPV) and Lishui pangolin virus (LSPV). The DYPV pestivirus was also identified in 5474:

Archer, Lucy J.; Papworth, Sarah K.; Apale, Charity M.; Corona, Darlyn B.; Gacilos, Josefa T.; Amada, Ronald L.; Waterman, Carly; Turvey, Samuel T. (1 December 2020).

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Wang, Bin; Yang, Wen; Sherman, Vincent R.; Meyers, Marc A. (2016). "Pangolin armor: Overlapping, structure, and mechanical properties of the keratinous scales".

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Du Toit, Z.; Grobler, J. P.; Kotzé, A.; Jansen, R.; Brettschneider, H.; Dalton, D. L. (2014). "The complete mitochondrial genome of Temminck's ground pangolin (

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The vacuum created by China's failure to adequately support a disciplined scientific approach to traditional Chinese medicine has been filled by pseudoscience

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scales, similar in material to fingernails and toenails, covering their skin; they are the only known mammals with this feature. They live in hollow trees or

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Some pangolins walk with their front claws bent under the foot pad, although they use the entire foot pad on their rear limbs. Furthermore, some exhibit a

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are made, and are structurally and compositionally very different from the scales of reptiles. The pangolin's scaled body is comparable in appearance to a

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and its binding to receptors in pangolins had minimal effect from the virus, and therefore were not likely mechanisms for COVID-19 infections in humans.

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Coulson, Ian M; Heath, Martha E (December 1997). "Foraging behaviour and ecology of the Cape pangolin (Manis temminckii) in north-western Zimbabwe".

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include two species each, all found in sub-Saharan Africa. These species range in size from 30 to 100 cm (12 to 39 in). A number of

7125: 6859: 2431:"Combined proteomics and transcriptomics reveal the genetic basis underlying the differentiation of skin appendages and immunity in pangolin" 5476:"Scaling up local ecological knowledge to prioritise areas for protection: Determining Philippine pangolin distribution, status and threats" 4071: 1366:. The overexploitation comes from hunting pangolins for game meat and the reduction of their forest habitats due to deforestation caused by 6922: 6615: 6599: 5551:

Pei, Curtis Jai-Chyi; Chen, Chen-Chih; Chi, Meng-Jou; Lin, Wen-Chi; Lin, Jing-Shiun; Arora, Bharti; Sun, Nick Ching-Min (6 February 2019).

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Chua, Marcus A.H.; Tan, Audrey; Carrasco, Luis Roman (2021). "Species awareness days: Do people care or are we preaching to the choir?".

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Murphy WJ, Eizirik E, et al. (14 December 2001). "Resolution of the Early Placental Mammal Radiation Using Bayesian Phylogenetics".

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which prohibits international trade, except when the product is intended for non-commercial purposes and a permit has been granted.

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Zoological names. A list of phyla, classes, and orders, prepared for section F, American Association for the Advancement of Science

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outbreak. It was later proved that the testing which suggested that pangolins were a potential host for the virus was flawed, when

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Ma, Jing-E; Li, Lin-Miao; Jiang, Hai-Ying; Zhang, Xiu-Juan; Li, Juan; Li, Guan-Yu; Yuan, Li-Hong; Wu, Jun; Chen, Jin-Ping (2017).

2601: 7099: 5649: 3808: 1426: 911:, and it is also covered in keratinous spines. These spines further aid in the grinding up and digestion of the pangolin's prey. 7179: 5644: 5524:"Taiwan's Path to Pangolin Conservation : How a Mega Pangolin Leather Exporter Transformed into a Conservation Specialist" 4096: 3556: 7117: 5085: 5053: 4827: 3186: 3046: 2960: 2930: 2765: 2324: 2009: 1316:

have become commercially extinct in certain ranges as a result of overhunting. In November 2010, pangolins were added to the

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Boakye, Maxwell Kwame; Pietersen, Darren William; Kotzé, Antoinette; Dalton, Desiré-Lee; Jansen, Raymond (20 January 2015).

1320:'s list of evolutionarily distinct and endangered mammals. All eight species of pangolin are assessed as threatened by the 614: 797:. Large pangolins can extend their tongues as much as 40 cm (16 in), with a diameter of only about 0.5 cm ( 2251: 2123:"Snake oil and pangolin scales: insights into wild animal use at "Marché des Fétiches" traditional medicine market, Togo" 751:, while it protects its face by tucking it under its tail. The scales are sharp, providing extra defense from predators. 3721: 3506:"Mitochondrial genomes of African pangolins and insights into evolutionary patterns and phylogeny of the family Manidae" 2785:"Transcriptomic analysis identifies genes and pathways related to myrmecophagy in the Malayan pangolin (Manis javanica)" 2213: 3405: 2860: 2674: 2293: 858:

pangolins live in hollow trees, whereas the ground-dwelling species dig tunnels to a depth of 3.5 m (11 ft).

2027:"The Phylogeny of Living and Extinct Pangolins (Mammalia, Pholidota) and Associated Taxa: A Morphology Based Analysis" 1866: 1667:

In December 2020, a study found that it is "not too late" to establish conservation efforts for Philippine pangolins (

1576:, Philippines, have held the belief that elders could avoid prostate illnesses by wearing belts made with the scales. 1537:("Formulas from Benevolent Sages Compiled During the Era of Peace and Tranquility"), compiled by Wang Huaiyin in 992. 5744: 4957: 4118: 1999: 5688:

The Phylogeny of Living and Extinct Pangolins (Mammalia, Pholidota) and Associated Taxa: A Morphology Based Analysis

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is also active by day, while other species of pangolins spend most of the daytime sleeping, curled up into a ball ("

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The structure of their tongue and stomach is key to aiding pangolins in obtaining and digesting insects. Their

595: 5711: 2246: 6207: 5614: 2356: 4780: 3841:"Assessing Africa-Wide Pangolin Exploitation by Scaling Local Data: Assessing African pangolin exploitation" 3629:

The Illegal Wildlife Trade: Inside the World of Poachers, Smugglers and Traders (Studies of Organized Crime)

1553: 1495: 1418: 1317: 1295: 1279: 4366:"Viral Metagenomics Revealed Sendai Virus and Coronavirus Infection of Malayan Pangolins (Manis javanica)" 1622: 7112: 7008: 4905:"'If we don't buy, they don't die': Tackling the global demand that's driving the illegal wildlife trade" 4137: 907:), which accumulate in their stomachs to help to grind up ants. This part of their stomach is called the 3114:

Hua, Liushuai; Gong, Shiping; Wang, Fumin; Li, Weiye; Ge, Yan; Li, Xiaonan; Hou, Fanghui (8 June 2015).

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Gao, Wen-Hua; Lin, Xian-Dan; Chen, Yan-Mei; Xie, Chun-Gang; Tan, Zhi-Zhou; Zhou, Jia-Jun; Chen, Shuai;

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Challender, D.; Willcox, D.H.A.; Panjang, E.; Lim, N.; Nash, H.; Heinrich, S. & Chong, J. (2019).

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Vergara, Benito S.; Idowu, Panna Melizah H.; Sumangil, Julia H.; Gonzales, Juan Carlos; Dans, Andres.

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Proceedings of the Workshop on Trade and Conservation of Pangolins Native to South and Southeast Asia

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Challender, D.; Wu, S.; Kaspal, P.; Khatiwada, A.; Ghose, A.; Ching-Min Su, N.; Suwal, Laxmi (2019).

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tails to hang from tree branches and strip away bark from the trunk, exposing insect nests inside.

5702: 2978:"Loss of teeth and enamel in tetrapods: fossil record, genetic data and morphological adaptations" 1908: 1882: 4551: 4166: 2626: 2505: 2316: 1895: 1499: 865:

stance for some behaviour, and may walk a few steps bipedally. Pangolins are also good swimmers.

584: 4416: 3457:"Pangolin genomes offer key insights and resources for the world’s most trafficked wild mammals" 3178: 3171: 7156: 6948: 4785: 2597: 2416: 778: 250: 5666: 5174: 5069: 5037: 4945: 3456: 3032: 2946: 2761: 1804: 1619:

has identified 159 smuggling routes used by pangolin traffickers and aims to shut these down.

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Cyranoski, David (7 February 2020). "Did pangolins spread the China coronavirus to people?".

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Bromley, Victoria (Director/Producer), Young, Nora (Narrator/Host), Diekmann, Maria (2018).

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du Toit, Z.; du Plessis, M.; Dalton, D. L.; Jansen, R.; Paul Grobler, J.; Kotzé, A. (2017).

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Chan, Lap-Ki (1995). "Extrinsic Lingual Musculature of Two Pangolins (Pholidota: Manidae)".

1237:. Within the latter, a split separates the large terrestrial African pangolins of the genus 7034: 6995: 5568: 5487: 5386: 5325: 4743: 4710: 4507: 4458: 4024: 3418: 3262: 3211: 3123: 2991: 2893: 2617: 2442: 2184: 1745: 1425:

for human transmission. However, whole-genome comparison found that the pangolin and human

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Asian and African pangolins are thought to have diverged about 41.37 Ma ago. Moreover, the

845: 670: 566: 527: 516: 5687: 2063: 1922: 8: 6986: 6137:(Rats, guinea pigs, squirrels, beavers, chinchillas, porcupines, capybaras and relatives) 6116:(Pigs, camels, hippos, deer, buffalo, gazelles, giraffes, whales, dolphins and relatives) 3414: 2905: 2127: 1503: 1478: 1370:. The pangolin are hunted as game meat for both medicinal purposes and food consumption. 935: 713: 572: 539: 5572: 5491: 5390: 5329: 5193: 4747: 4511: 4462: 4028: 3422: 3266: 3215: 3127: 2897: 2852: 2446: 2429:

Li, Hui-Ming; Liu, Ping; Zhang, Xiu-Juan; Li, Lin-Miao; et al. (3 September 2020).

2351:. Vol. II. Mytilene, Greece: Salavopoulos & Kinderlis. p. 567 – via 2188: 2141: 2122: 1977: 1749: 7189: 6340: 5715: 5591: 5552: 5402: 5288: 5263: 5244: 5132: 4944:

Xing, S.; Bonebrake, T. C.; Cheng, W.; Zhang, M.; Ades, G.; Shaw, D.; Zhou, Y. (2019).

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Beck, Robin; Bininda-Emonds, Olaf; Cardillo, Marcel; Liu, Fu-Guo; Purvis, Andy (2006).

3252: 3235: 3146: 3115: 3008: 2982: 2977: 2952: 2866: 2817: 2784: 2707: 2638: 2585: 2513: 2471: 2430: 2218: 2154: 2094: 2055: 2004:(3rd ed.). Baltimore, Maryland, USA: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 530. 1950: 1837: 1384: 794: 590: 554: 543: 535: 282: 165: 5314:"Evaluating the feasibility of pangolin farming and its potential conservation impact" 4013:"Knowledge and uses of African pangolins as a source of traditional medicine in Ghana" 3909: 3816: 3676: 3274: 1339:

Pangolins are also hunted and eaten in Ghana and are one of the more popular types of

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Spotlight: Pangolin conservationists call for ban on illegal trade of mammal products

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are even closer relatives to pangolins, being classified with pangolins in the clade

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mammals in the world. As of January 2020, there are eight species of pangolin whose

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Kondrashov, Peter; Agadjanian, Alexandre K. (2012). "A nearly complete skeleton of

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World Pangolin Day: Conservationists demand greater protection to stop extinction

4819: 4037: 3430: 2736: 2723:"Behavioural descriptions of Indian pangolins (Manis crassicaudata) in captivity" 2544: 1968: 1714: 1692: 1593: 1552:

secrete milk. The supposed health effects of pangolin meat and scales claimed by

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within Pholidota suggests the group originated in Eurasia, consistent with their

1190: 1148: 830: 819: 815: 627: 235: 5500: 5475: 5338: 5313: 3992:"First ivory, now pangolin scales: Vietnam remains wildlife trafficking hotspot" 1938: 1173:), but recent genetic evidence indicates their closest living relatives are the 488:

pangolin species are also known. In September 2023, nine species were reported.

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Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora

3964: 3674: 3377: 3311: 2454: 1696: 1688: 1511: 1303: 1269: 1257: 1089: 951: 774: 650: 634: 560: 523: 4519: 4496:"Probable Pangolin Origin of SARS-CoV-2 Associated with the COVID-19 Outbreak" 4471: 4446: 4307: 4290: 3522: 3116:"Captive breeding of pangolins: current status, problems and future prospects" 2494:

Spearman, R.I.C. (2008). "On the nature of the horny scales of the pangolin".

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are based on their consumption of ants, long tongues, and protective scales.

1307: 1186: 1080: 915: 611: 531: 150: 90: 3482: 3223: 1771: 1343:, while local healers use the pangolin as a source of traditional medicine. 6477: 6466: 6169:(Lorises, lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, apes (including humans) and relatives) 6073: 6003: 5904: 5859: 5600: 5297: 5240: 4888: 4680: 4594: 4537: 4480: 4401: 4342: 4187:"Chinese vessel on Philippine coral reef caught with illegal pangolin meat" 4142: 4056: 3541: 3490: 3385: 3339: 3320: 3282: 3231: 3155: 3017: 2826: 2552: 2480: 1946: 1639: 1589: 1530: 1522: 1507: 1226: 1154: 1040: 844:

animals which use their well-developed sense of smell to find insects. The

834: 762:. They have short legs, with sharp claws which they use for burrowing into 720: 158: 5279: 4872: 4138:"'Noah's Ark' of 5,000 rare animals found floating off the coast of China" 3778: 3364:; Smuts, 1832) and phylogenetic position of the Pholidota (Weber, 1904)". 2976:

Davit-Béal, Tiphaine; Tucker, Abigail S.; Sire, Jean-Yves (1 April 2009).

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taken from pangolins was found to be a 99% match with SARS coronavirus 2 (

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Species endangered by human consumption for medicinal or magical purposes

7073: 6980: 6779: 6768: 6711: 6374: 6366: 6303: 6113: 6035: 5953: 5425: 5119: 5102: 4662: 4420: 4272: 3572:"The Use and Prescription of Pangolin in Traditional Vietnamese Medicine" 1654: 1611: 1533:, the notion of penetrating and clearing blockages was emphasized in the 1398: 1355: 1050: 904: 874: 733: 65: 5615:"Taiwanese Researchers Collaborate With Locals In Pangolin Conservation" 5449:"It's not too late – yet – to save the Philippine pangolin, study finds" 6399: 6142: 5995: 5838: 5795: 5779: 5722: 5012:"Did China really ban the pangolin trade? Not quite, investigators say" 4220:"Boat Filled With 22,000 Pounds Of Pangolin Hits Endangered Coral Reef" 3857: 3840: 2807: 2642: 1597: 1545: 1465: 1461: 1402: 1194: 1097: 1037: 919: 862: 462: 447: 110: 75: 5363: 5348: 5232: 4382: 3867: 1278:

Confiscated black market pangolin scales, which are in high demand in

7078: 7047: 6753: 6574: 6504: 6150: 6097: 5974: 5966: 5846: 5812: 5264:"Pangolin genomes and the evolution of mammalian scales and immunity" 4982:"Pangolins receive surprising lifeline with new protections in China" 4756: 4731: 3996: 3403:(Mammalia, Palaeanodonta) from Mongolia: morphofunctional analysis". 2845:

Xenarthra and Pholidota (Armadillos, Anteaters, Sloths and Pangolins)

2197: 2172: 1635: 1549: 1502:

exists for the efficacy of those practices, and they have no logical

1414: 1347: 1206: 1174: 1170: 1158: 1027: 966: 885: 849: 841: 744: 740: 704: 515:, though the two are not closely related; they have merely undergone 512: 500: 182: 115: 59: 6942: 5654: 4815:

Global Technological Change: From Hard Technology to Soft Technology

4447:"Isolation of SARS-CoV-2-related coronavirus from Malayan pangolins" 3777:

Haenlein, Alexandria; Reid, Cathy; Keatinge, Tom (10 October 2018).

3570:

Sexton, Rebecca; Nguyen, Trang; Roberts, David L. (1 January 2021).

2634: 1785: 7065: 7052: 6965: 6316: 6242: 5945: 5773: 3648: 3557:"Change the List: The Most Trafficked Mammal You've Never Heard Of" 2536: 1833: 1671:), a species that is only found on the island province of Palawan. 1557: 1541: 1406: 1340: 1283: 1162: 1061: 900: 855: 773:

The tongues of pangolins are extremely long, and like those of the

737: 709: 508: 202: 105: 100: 85: 80: 70: 1626:

Pangolins (in rectangular cages) in an illegal wildlife market in

1294:

because their scales are believed to have medicinal properties in

6443: 6432: 6418: 6329: 6166: 6043: 5875: 5785: 4246:"Indonesian man arrested as 650 pangolins found dead in freezers" 3745:"Tiger Eyes, Crocodile Penis: It's What's For Dinner in Malaysia" 3587: 2001:

Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference

1659: 1627: 1573: 1367: 1359: 1291: 1122: 1112: 1071: 999: 955: 947: 943: 908: 889: 790: 767: 729: 492: 485: 468: 451: 401: 154: 146: 120: 95: 5217: 4647:"Newly identified viral genomes in pangolins with fatal disease" 4417:"1st known case of coronavirus traced back to November in China" 4291:"Pangolins in south-west Nigeria – current status and prognosis" 1786:"Scientific names of mammal orders: from descriptive to uniform" 1328:. All pangolin species are currently listed under Appendix I of 6248: 6236: 6158: 6134: 5982: 5829: 5767: 5754: 5650:

Pangolin: Wildlife summary from the African Wildlife Foundation

2281:. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. p. 604. 2120: 1998:

Schlitter, Duane A. (2005). Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. (eds.).

1976: 1883:"The Zoologist: a monthly journal of natural history. (Vol. 1)" 1679: 1351: 896: 786: 496: 269: 212: 192: 127: 3201: 1572:

Indonesia and northern Myanmar. Indigenous people in southern

1494:

Pangolin scales and flesh are used as ingredients for various

7039: 6257: 6027: 4439: 4437: 3503: 3295: 2883: 2789: 2352: 1329: 1182: 1178: 1166: 782: 759: 755: 456: 222: 5310: 2925:. Pinetown, South Africa: 30° South Publishers. p. 36. 2922:

The South African Bushveld: A Field Guide from the Waterberg

137: 3907: 2256: 1483: 1435: 1321: 950:

island group. It is threatened by illegal poaching for the

504: 438: 432: 5070:"Meat and medicine: historic and contemporary use in Asia" 5038:"Meat and medicine: historic and contemporary use in Asia" 4946:"Meat and medicine: historic and contemporary use in Asia" 4434: 4010: 3837: 2690:

Wilson, Amelia E. (January 1994). "Husbandry of pangolins

1540:

In the 21st century, the main uses of pangolin scales are

417: 6081: 5473: 4289:

Sodeinde, Olufemi A.; Adedipe, Segun R. (24 April 2009).

4100: 3947:"'Asian unicorn' and scaly anteater make endangered list" 3644:"Over a million pangolins slaughtered in the last decade" 3359: 763: 423: 3392: 2566: 2369: 1529:("Arcane Essentials from the Imperial Library"). In the 1362:, where the animal is on the verge of extinction due to 4943: 4589:(7). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: 1810. 4494:

Zhang, Tao; Wu, Qunfu; Zhang, Zhigang (19 March 2020).

3884:"The world's most-trafficked mammal – and the scaliest" 3714:"Crime Blotter: Pangolin Scales, Tiger Skins, and More" 2419:, translated A. F. Scholfield 1959 vol. 3, pp. 266-268. 1544:

practices based on unproven claims the scales dissolve

1241:

from the small arboreal African pangolins of the genus

3467: 958:, where it is regarded as a luxury medicinal delicacy. 5553:"Mortality and morbidity in wild Taiwanese pangolin ( 5175:

How China is combating wildlife trafficking in Africa

4861:

The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine

3169:

Dickman, Christopher R. (1984). MacDonald, D. (ed.).

3064:"All hope is not lost for vanishing Palawan pangolin" 2526: 1820:

Cope, E. D. (1889). "The Edentata of North America".

414: 6222: 4948:. In Challender, D.; Nash, H.; Waterman, C. (eds.). 3944: 3776: 3398: 2975: 1898:, London, Day and Son, Ltd., XVI + 420 pp., 101 maps 1460:

In 2020, two novel RNA viruses distantly related to

754:

Pangolins can emit a noxious-smelling chemical from

435: 429: 420: 4973: 4072:"No Species Is Safe From Burgeoning Wildlife Trade" 3569: 3298:"A higher-level MRP supertree of placental mammals" 3092:. University of Wisconsin–La Crosse. Archived from 1290:Pangolins are in high demand in southern China and 426: 6108:(Horses, zebras, donkeys, rhinoceroses and tapirs) 4903: 4445:Chen, Wu; Xiao, Lihua; Shen, Yongyi (7 May 2020). 4097:"The Most Trafficked Mammal You've Never Heard Of" 3170: 2376:. Washington, D.C.: Island Publishing House, Inc. 1153:The order Pholidota was long considered to be the 4703:"Quackery and superstition: species pay the cost" 4320: 4318: 3779:"What's the secret to saving this rare creature?" 7171: 6427: 5261: 4857: 4700: 4443: 4284: 4282: 3772: 3770: 3548: 3246: 3034:The Princeton Field Guide to Prehistoric Mammals 1909:"A manual of the anatomy of vertebrated animals" 1662:: Jackie Chan & Pangolins (Kung Fu Pangolin) 781:, the root of the tongue is not attached to the 37:"Pholidota" redirects here. For the orchid, see 5803: 5376: 4952:(First ed.). Academic Press. p. 233. 4288: 3450: 3448: 3289: 2669:. New York City: Arch Cape Press. p. 252. 2241: 2239: 2237: 1005: 4778: 4315: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3349: 2939: 2912: 2782: 2721:Mohapatra, Rajesh K.; Panda, Sudarsen (2014). 2720: 1967: 1809:(in German). Vol. T.3. Berlin: G. Reimer. 1772:"A corrected classification of the edentates." 1517:The first record of pangolin scales occurs in 600:International Union for Conservation of Nature 526:(for their meat and scales, which are used in 6208: 5738: 5550: 5366:. Pangolins.org/Annamiticus. 26 October 2011. 5194:"Pangolins – Species we work with at TRAFFIC" 4636: 4279: 3803: 3801: 3799: 3767: 3113: 2292:Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1940). 1592:from India, presented in 1875–76 to the then 1393:of a specific receptor-binding domain of the 1209:of extant Manidae separates Asian pangolins ( 884:. They also lack teeth. They rely heavily on 724:Schematic drawing of pangolin scale histology 5074:Pangolins: Science, Society and Conservation 5042:Pangolins: Science, Society and Conservation 4950:Pangolins: Science, Society and Conservation 4811: 4493: 3445: 3024: 2838: 2836: 2660: 2658: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2487: 2428: 2338: 2336: 2291: 2234: 2081: 2018: 1449: 534:of their natural habitats, and are the most 476:comprises four species found in Asia, while 4772: 4363: 3497: 3461: 3346: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3103: 3087: 2759: 1783: 618: 6215: 6201: 5745: 5731: 5413: 4632: 4630: 4184: 3796: 3090:"Rollin' With the Pangolin – Reproduction" 2918: 2842: 1657:made a public service announcement called 1468:have been detected in the genomes of dead 499:, depending on the species. Pangolins are 268: 136: 5590: 5580: 5499: 5347: 5337: 5287: 5118: 4939: 4937: 4935: 4933: 4931: 4851: 4755: 4670: 4610: 4527: 4470: 4391: 4381: 4324: 4306: 4119:"23 tonnes of pangolins seized in a week" 4046: 4036: 3945:Agence France-Presse (19 November 2010). 3866: 3856: 3595: 3531: 3521: 3329: 3319: 3145: 3135: 3007: 2833: 2816: 2806: 2744: 2714: 2664: 2649: 2497:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 2470: 2342: 2333: 2196: 2140: 2087: 1997: 758:near the anus, similar to the spray of a 6076:(Hedgehogs, shrews, moles and relatives) 5752: 5100: 4069: 3881: 3668: 3100: 3062:Fabro, Keith Anthony S. (10 June 2019). 3030: 2520: 2493: 2310: 1911:, New York, d, Appleton and Co., 431 pp. 1896:"The geographic distribution of mammals" 1621: 1583: 1282:, set to be destroyed by authorities in 1273: 929: 825: 814: 719: 703: 7205:Species endangered by human consumption 4805: 4781:"What Is Traditional Chinese Medicine?" 4627: 4364:Liu, P.; Chen, W.; Chen, J.-P. (2019). 4217: 3626: 3168: 2583: 2363: 2315:(10th ed.). Oxfordshire, England: 2214:"A Struggle to Save the Scaly Pangolin" 2088:Incorvala, Darren (25 September 2023). 1802: 1774:Science, new ser., vol. 31, pp. 913-914 610:The name of order Pholidota comes from 14: 7172: 5712:Coronavirus: Revenge of the Pangolins? 5704:Nature: The World's Most Wanted Animal 4928: 4696: 4694: 4692: 4690: 4572: 4566: 4414: 4174:from the original on 22 February 2015. 4125:from the original on 26 November 2014. 4094: 4084:from the original on 22 February 2015. 3742: 3711: 3554: 2772:from the original on 23 December 2014. 2689: 2604:from the original on 21 December 2014. 2573:from the original on 22 February 2015. 2349:A Malay-English dictionary (romanised) 2102:from the original on 25 September 2023 2024: 1864: 1806:Systematische Phylogenie: Wirbelthiere 1512:pangolin poaching, hunting and trading 6947: 6946: 6196: 5726: 4979: 4901: 4135: 4107:from the original on 2 February 2015. 3957: 3641: 3255:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 3061: 3055: 2276: 2211: 1590:armour made of gilded pangolin scales 1568:key ingredient in various medicines. 1548:, promote blood circulation, or help 1378: 732:, the same material from which human 5221:Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 4408: 4276:(Nigeria), Saturday 18 February 2017 4185:Carrington, Damian (15 April 2013). 4150:from the original on 3 October 2014. 3882:Fletcher, Martin (5 February 2015). 3656:from the original on 8 December 2014 3177:. New York: Facts on File. pp. 2906:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1997.101-89101.x 2614: 2304: 1920: 1871:. Duke University Press. p. 24. 1819: 1634:are susceptible to diseases such as 1506:, their popularity still drives the 564:) are critically endangered, three ( 503:, and their diet consists of mainly 4732:"Chinese Medicine and the Pangolin" 4687: 4552:"Civet Cat Slaughter To Fight SARS" 4070:Wassener, Bettina (12 March 2013). 3989: 3919:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 3686:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 3162: 2853:10.1002/9780470015902.a0001556.pub2 2843:Rose, K. D.; Gaudin, T. J. (2010). 2279:The Composition of Scientific Words 2270: 2252:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2173:"Chinese Medicine and the Pangolin" 2142:10.3897/natureconservation.39.47879 1142: 633:The name "pangolin" comes from the 24: 7200:Extant Paleocene first appearances 5421:"Jackie Chan fights for pangolins" 4836:from the original on 20 March 2017 4793:from the original on 15 April 2014 4779:Steven Novella (25 January 2012). 4701:Mariëtte Le Roux (25 March 2018). 4226:from the original on 18 April 2013 4199:from the original on 16 April 2013 3406:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2762:"Rollin' With the Pangolin – Diet" 2708:10.1111/j.1748-1090.1994.tb03578.x 2514:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1967.tb00508.x 2025:Gaudin, Timothy (28 August 2009). 1738:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25: 7221: 5638: 5567:(2). Pingtung, Taiwan: e0198230. 5262:Choo, S. W.; et al. 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(1988). 1489: 1324:, while three are classified as 1200: 641:meaning "one who rolls up" from 410: 169: 63: 5555:Manis pentadactyla pentadactyla 5480:Global Ecology and Conservation 5318:Global Ecology and Conservation 5149:Xinhua News (21 November 2018) 5062: 5030: 5004: 4895: 4724: 4544: 4487: 4357: 4264: 4238: 4218:Molland, Judy (16 April 2013). 4211: 4178: 4154: 4136:Watts, Jonathan (25 May 2007). 4129: 4111: 4088: 4063: 4004: 3983: 3938: 3901: 3875: 3831: 3736: 3705: 3635: 3620: 3563: 3195: 3081: 2969: 2877: 2776: 2753: 2683: 2608: 2577: 2559: 2422: 2402: 2285: 2212:Goode, Emilia (31 March 2015). 2205: 2165: 2114: 2044:Springer Science+Business Media 1991: 1961: 1914: 1901: 1579: 925: 688:In ancient India, according to 657:). However, the modern name is 649:"to roll"; it was used for the 5161:China Plus (18 February 2017) 4902:Boyle, Louise (30 June 2020). 4121:. Traffic.org. 17 March 2008. 3743:Cruise, Adam (18 April 2015). 3642:Hance, Jeremy (29 July 2014). 3555:Sutter, John D. (April 2014). 3469:Trafficked Mammals on Earth". 2847:. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 2373:Interesting Philippine Animals 2035:Journal of Mammalian Evolution 1888: 1875: 1865:Pearse, Arthur Sperry (1936). 1858: 1848: 1813: 1796: 1777: 1764: 1758:10.1080/02724634.1994.10011592 1726: 1607:Red List of Threatened Species 1117:Gaudin, Emry & Wible, 2009 1066:Gaudin, Emry & Wible, 2009 1055:Gaudin, Emry & Wible, 2009 1032:Gaudin, Emry & Wible, 2009 699: 596:Red List of Threatened Species 27:Mammals of the order Pholidota 13: 1: 7180:Critically endangered animals 5107:Global Environmental Politics 3576:Tropical Conservation Science 3275:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00118-0 2504:(310). Oxfordshire, England: 2357:National Library of Australia 2277:Brown, Roland Wilbur (1956). 1720: 5582:10.1371/journal.pone.0198230 5399:10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109002 5364:"World Pangolin Day – About" 4742:(3558): 72. 1 January 1938. 4583:Emerging Infectious Diseases 4038:10.1371/journal.pone.0117199 3431:10.1080/02724634.2012.694319 3031:Prothero, Donald R. (2016). 2797:. Corte Madera, California: 2545:10.1016/j.actbio.2016.05.028 2311:Pearsall, Judy, ed. (2002). 2183:(3558): 72. 1 January 1938. 1907:Huxley, Thomas Henry (1872) 1496:traditional Chinese medicine 1419:traditional Chinese medicine 1318:Zoological Society of London 1280:traditional Chinese medicine 1137: 1006:Classification and phylogeny 903:, they ingest small stones ( 810: 605: 7: 5501:10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01395 5453:Mongabay Environmental News 5339:10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00714 5016:Mongabay Environmental News 3173:The Encyclopedia of Mammals 3088:Grosshuesch, Craig (2012). 2760:Grosshuesch, Craig (2012). 2625:(2). Oxfordshire, England: 1939:10.1126/science.32.810.56.a 1770:Lane, Henry Higgins (1910) 1703: 1409:and is responsible for the 1373: 1205:The first dichotomy in the 1010: 10: 7226: 6145:(Rabbits, hares and pikas) 6100:(Dogs, cats and relatives) 6006:(Tenrecs and golden moles) 5645:ZSL Pangolin Conservation 5173:Xinhua News (8 June 2018) 4554:. CBSNews. 11 January 2004 4335:10.1038/d41586-020-00364-2 3378:10.1016/j.gene.2014.08.040 3039:Princeton University Press 2886:African Journal of Ecology 2696:International Zoo Yearbook 2455:10.1038/s41598-020-71513-w 2300:. Perseus Digital Library. 2042:(4). Heidelberg, Germany: 1486:from a diseased pangolin. 1405:), the virus which causes 1382: 1267: 1263: 1213:) from African pangolins ( 1146: 1084:Szalay & Schrenk 1998 1044:Szalay & Schrenk, 1994 914:Some species, such as the 582:) are endangered and two ( 299:Szalay & Schrenk, 1994 36: 29: 6955: 6899: 6869: 6831: 6807: 6789: 6763: 6729: 6675: 6651: 6633: 6585: 6563: 6549: 6514: 6498: 6487: 6461: 6413: 6384: 6350: 6325: 6312: 6299: 6286: 6275: 6231: 6125: 6064: 6055: 5994: 5965: 5944: 5931:(Kangaroos and relatives) 5887: 5858: 5837: 5828: 5794: 5762: 5693:25 September 2015 at the 5655:Tree of Life of Pholidota 5101:Shibaike, Takumi (2021). 4520:10.1016/j.cub.2020.03.022 4472:10.1038/s41586-020-2313-x 4308:10.1017/S0030605300028283 3951:The Sydney Morning Herald 3523:10.1186/s12864-017-4140-5 3037:. Princeton, New Jersey: 2052:10.1007/s10914-009-9119-9 1790:Visnyk of Lviv University 1674: 1177:, with which they form a 880:Pangolins have very poor 833:defending itself against 770:mounds and for climbing. 685:(with the same meaning). 619: 288: 281: 277:Ranges of living species 276: 267: 263: 258: 166:Scientific classification 164: 144: 135: 51: 32:Pangolin (disambiguation) 6841:(paraphyletic subfamily) 6643:(paraphyletic subfamily) 5923:(Bilbies and bandicoots) 5180:30 November 2020 at the 3990:Sen (18 February 2020). 3597:10.1177/1940082920985755 3413:(5). Bethesda Maryland: 3303:BMC Evolutionary Biology 3137:10.3897/zookeys.507.6970 2919:Gutteridge, Lee (2008). 2764:. La Crosse, Wisconsin: 2535:. Oxfordshire, England: 1784:Zagorodniuk, I. (2008). 617:– "clad in scales" from 594:) are vulnerable on the 145:Pangolins from families 5815:(Platypus and echidnas) 5675:23 October 2018 at the 5379:Biological Conservation 4167:The Wall Street Journal 3224:10.1126/science.1067179 2627:Oxford University Press 2596:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: 2584:Andrews, James (2011). 2569:. Pangolins.org. 2015. 2506:Oxford University Press 2317:Oxford University Press 2298:A Greek-English Lexicon 2247:"Manidae Family search" 1984:Encyclopædia Britannica 1885:, London, J. Van Voorst 1803:Haeckel, Ernst (1895). 1638:and the development of 1498:preparations. While no 868: 585:Phataginus tetradactyla 7185:Myrmecophagous mammals 6046:(Dugongs and manatees) 5985:(Anteaters and sloths) 4786:Science-Based Medicine 4595:10.3201/eid2707.et2707 4573:Partin, Clyde (2021). 3965:"The CITES Appendices" 3627:van Uhm, D.P. (2016). 3321:10.1186/1471-2148-6-93 3310:(1). London, England: 2598:University of Michigan 2417:Loeb Classical Library 1894:Murray, Andrew (1866) 1792:. Biology (48): 33–43. 1630: 1601: 1287: 1229:to a clade comprising 1221:). Within the former, 959: 938:pup and its mother, a 837: 823: 779:tube-lipped nectar bat 725: 717: 692:, it was known as the 524:threatened by poaching 7152:Paleobiology Database 6799:(paraphyletic family) 5915:(Quolls and dunnarts) 5707:. United States: PBS. 5660:29 April 2021 at the 5529:The Reporter (Taiwan) 5280:10.1101/gr.203521.115 4873:10.1089/acm.2011.0315 4812:Zhouying Jin (2005). 3631:. New York: Springer. 3483:10.1093/jhered/esx097 2992:John Wiley & Sons 2955:. 2015. p. 215. 2948:Wildlife of the World 1881:Edward Newman (1843) 1734:"Abstracts of Papers" 1710:Mammal classification 1625: 1587: 1535:Taiping sheng hui fan 1391:nucleic acid sequence 1326:critically endangered 1277: 1197:(million years) ago. 940:critically endangered 933: 829: 818: 723: 707: 396:, sometimes known as 5120:10.1162/glep_a_00623 4711:Agence France-Presse 3926:: e.T12764A123585318 3845:Conservation Letters 3693:: e.T12763A123584856 3590:: 1940082920985755. 3415:Taylor & Francis 3096:on 23 December 2014. 2990:(4). New York City: 2618:Journal of Mammalogy 2594:Animal Diversity Web 2567:"Meet the Pangolin!" 2069:on 25 September 2015 1921:Gill, Theo. (1910). 918:, use their strong, 846:long-tailed pangolin 822:in defensive posture 785:bone, but is in the 671:Philippine languages 567:Phataginus tricuspis 528:traditional medicine 517:convergent evolution 454:, has three genera: 30:For other uses, see 6875:Propalaeanodontinae 5670:video of a pangolin 5668:National Geographic 5623:. 25 September 2019 5573:2019PLoSO..1498230S 5492:2020GEcoC..2401395A 5391:2021BCons.25509002C 5330:2019GEcoC..2000714C 4986:National Geographic 4748:1938Natur.141R..72. 4512:2020CBio...30E1346Z 4506:(7): 1346–1351.e2. 4463:2020Natur.583..286X 4029:2015PLoSO..1017199B 3755:on 20 December 2015 3749:National Geographic 3724:on 22 December 2015 3718:National Geographic 3471:Journal of Heredity 3423:2012JVPal..32..983K 3267:2003MolPE..28..225A 3216:2001Sci...294.2348M 3210:(5550): 2348–2351. 3128:2015ZooK..507...99H 2951:. London, England: 2898:1997AfJEc..35..361R 2746:10.1155/2014/795062 2735:. London, England: 2447:2020NatSR..1014566L 2189:1938Natur.141R..72. 2128:Nature Conservation 1822:American Naturalist 1750:1994JVPal..14S...1. 1504:mechanism of action 1500:scientific evidence 1479:Amblyomma javanense 1421:was suggested as a 1300:Vietnamese medicine 1296:traditional Chinese 936:Philippine pangolin 840:Most pangolins are 714:Museum of Osteology 573:Manis crassicaudata 540:conservation status 5899:(Monito del monte) 5716:The New York Times 5076:(First ed.). 4663:10.1093/ve/veaa020 4645:(1 January 2020). 4162:"Asia in Pictures" 4077:The New York Times 3912:Manis pentadactyla 3858:10.1111/conl.12389 3813:www.pangolinsg.org 3584:University of Kent 3362:Smutsia temminckii 2983:Journal of Anatomy 2953:Dorling Kindersley 2908:– via EBSCO. 2808:10.7717/peerj.4140 2529:Acta Biomaterialia 2435:Scientific Reports 2219:The New York Times 2095:The New York Times 1631: 1602: 1556:practitioners and 1474:Manis pentadactyla 1385:Origin of COVID-19 1379:COVID-19 infection 1350:or cure cancer or 1313:Manis pentadactyla 1288: 1223:Manis pentadactyla 960: 838: 824: 726: 718: 591:Smutsia temminckii 7167: 7166: 7139:Open Tree of Life 6949:Taxon identifiers 6940: 6939: 6936: 6935: 6932: 6931: 6895: 6894: 6842: 6800: 6725: 6724: 6721: 6720: 6644: 6578: 6545: 6544: 6541: 6540: 6457: 6456: 6453: 6452: 6409: 6408: 6338:See in template: 6223:Mammals of clade 6190: 6189: 6186: 6185: 6182: 6181: 6178: 6177: 6170: 6162: 6154: 6146: 6138: 6117: 6109: 6101: 6093: 6085: 6077: 6047: 6039: 6031: 6023: 6015: 6014:(Elephant shrews) 6007: 5986: 5978: 5959: 5940: 5939: 5932: 5924: 5916: 5908: 5907:(Marsupial moles) 5905:Notoryctemorphia 5900: 5879: 5871: 5868:Paucituberculata 5852: 5824: 5823: 5816: 5455:. 27 January 2021 5274:(10): 1312–1322. 5233:10.1638/2019-0019 5087:978-0-12-815506-6 5055:978-0-12-815506-6 4829:978-1-84150-124-6 4457:(7815): 286–289. 4383:10.3390/v11110979 4222:. London: Care2. 3188:978-0-87196-871-5 3048:978-1-4008-8445-2 2962:978-1-4654-4959-7 2932:978-1-920143-13-8 2326:978-0-19-860572-0 2011:978-0-8018-8221-0 1973:Lydekker, Richard 1669:Manis culionensis 1650:about pangolins. 1519:Ben Cao Jinji Zhu 1432:Asian palm civets 1413:. Researchers in 1411:COVID-19 pandemic 1368:timber harvesting 1304:trafficked animal 1127: 1118: 1103: 1085: 1076: 1067: 1056: 1045: 1033: 1022: 549:Manis culionensis 542:is listed in the 391: 390: 317:Zagorodniuk, 2008 292:list of synonyms: 254: 16:(Redirected from 7217: 7160: 7159: 7147: 7146: 7134: 7133: 7121: 7120: 7108: 7107: 7095: 7094: 7082: 7081: 7069: 7068: 7056: 7055: 7043: 7042: 7030: 7029: 7017: 7016: 7004: 7003: 6991: 6990: 6989: 6976: 6975: 6974: 6944: 6943: 6840: 6837:Metacheiromyinae 6805: 6804: 6798: 6795:Metacheiromyidae 6769:Escavadodontidae 6649: 6648: 6642: 6583: 6582: 6572: 6561: 6560: 6496: 6495: 6425: 6424: 6323: 6322: 6310: 6309: 6297: 6296: 6284: 6283: 6217: 6210: 6203: 6194: 6193: 6168: 6160: 6152: 6144: 6136: 6127:Euarchontoglires 6115: 6107: 6099: 6091: 6083: 6075: 6062: 6061: 6045: 6037: 6029: 6021: 6013: 6005: 5984: 5976: 5963: 5962: 5958: 5957: 5949: 5930: 5922: 5921:Peramelemorphia 5914: 5906: 5898: 5877: 5876:Didelphimorphia 5870:(Shrew opossums) 5869: 5856: 5855: 5851: 5850: 5842: 5835: 5834: 5814: 5805:Australosphenida 5801: 5800: 5747: 5740: 5733: 5724: 5723: 5708: 5633: 5632: 5630: 5628: 5611: 5605: 5604: 5594: 5584: 5548: 5542: 5541: 5539: 5537: 5520: 5514: 5513: 5503: 5471: 5465: 5464: 5462: 5460: 5445: 5439: 5438: 5436: 5434: 5429:. 23 August 2017 5417: 5411: 5410: 5374: 5368: 5367: 5360: 5354: 5353: 5351: 5341: 5308: 5302: 5301: 5291: 5259: 5253: 5252: 5215: 5209: 5208: 5206: 5204: 5190: 5184: 5171: 5165: 5159: 5153: 5147: 5141: 5140: 5122: 5098: 5092: 5091: 5066: 5060: 5059: 5034: 5028: 5027: 5025: 5023: 5008: 5002: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4988:. Archived from 4977: 4971: 4970: 4968: 4966: 4941: 4926: 4925: 4923: 4921: 4907: 4899: 4893: 4892: 4855: 4849: 4848: 4843: 4841: 4809: 4803: 4802: 4800: 4798: 4776: 4770: 4769: 4759: 4757:10.1038/141072b0 4728: 4722: 4721: 4719: 4717: 4707:The Jakarta Post 4698: 4685: 4684: 4674: 4643:Zhang, Yong-Zhen 4639:Holmes, Edward C 4634: 4625: 4624: 4614: 4570: 4564: 4563: 4561: 4559: 4548: 4542: 4541: 4531: 4491: 4485: 4484: 4474: 4441: 4432: 4431: 4429: 4427: 4412: 4406: 4405: 4395: 4385: 4361: 4355: 4354: 4322: 4313: 4312: 4310: 4286: 4277: 4268: 4262: 4261: 4259: 4257: 4252:. 26 August 2016 4242: 4236: 4235: 4233: 4231: 4215: 4209: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4192:Associated Press 4182: 4176: 4175: 4158: 4152: 4151: 4133: 4127: 4126: 4115: 4109: 4108: 4092: 4086: 4085: 4067: 4061: 4060: 4050: 4040: 4008: 4002: 4001: 3987: 3981: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3961: 3955: 3954: 3942: 3936: 3935: 3933: 3931: 3905: 3899: 3898: 3896: 3894: 3879: 3873: 3872: 3870: 3860: 3835: 3829: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3815:. Archived from 3805: 3794: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3774: 3765: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3751:. Archived from 3740: 3734: 3733: 3731: 3729: 3720:. Archived from 3709: 3703: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3672: 3666: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3639: 3633: 3632: 3624: 3618: 3617: 3599: 3567: 3561: 3560: 3552: 3546: 3545: 3535: 3525: 3501: 3495: 3494: 3465: 3459: 3452: 3443: 3442: 3396: 3390: 3389: 3357: 3344: 3343: 3333: 3323: 3293: 3287: 3286: 3250: 3244: 3243: 3199: 3193: 3192: 3176: 3166: 3160: 3159: 3149: 3139: 3111: 3098: 3097: 3085: 3079: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3059: 3053: 3052: 3028: 3022: 3021: 3011: 2973: 2967: 2966: 2943: 2937: 2936: 2916: 2910: 2909: 2881: 2875: 2874: 2840: 2831: 2830: 2820: 2810: 2780: 2774: 2773: 2757: 2751: 2750: 2748: 2718: 2712: 2711: 2687: 2681: 2680: 2662: 2647: 2646: 2612: 2606: 2605: 2590:: tree pangolin" 2581: 2575: 2574: 2563: 2557: 2556: 2524: 2518: 2517: 2491: 2485: 2484: 2474: 2426: 2420: 2406: 2400: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2390:on 27 March 2020 2386:. Archived from 2367: 2361: 2360: 2340: 2331: 2330: 2319:. p. 1030. 2308: 2302: 2301: 2289: 2283: 2282: 2274: 2268: 2267: 2265: 2263: 2243: 2232: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2209: 2203: 2202: 2200: 2198:10.1038/141072b0 2169: 2163: 2162: 2144: 2118: 2112: 2111: 2109: 2107: 2085: 2079: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2068: 2062:. Archived from 2031: 2022: 2016: 2015: 1995: 1989: 1988: 1987:(11th ed.). 1980: 1978:"Pangolin" 1969:Thomas, Oldfield 1965: 1959: 1958: 1918: 1912: 1905: 1899: 1892: 1886: 1879: 1873: 1872: 1862: 1856: 1852: 1846: 1845: 1828:(272): 657–664. 1817: 1811: 1810: 1800: 1794: 1793: 1781: 1775: 1768: 1762: 1761: 1730: 1685:Yanping Township 1644:intestinal worms 1442:showed that the 1440:genetic analysis 1364:overexploitation 1231:M. crassicaudata 1143:Among placentals 1125: 1116: 1101: 1083: 1074: 1065: 1054: 1043: 1031: 1020: 997: 996: 992: 989: 983: 982: 978: 975: 806: 805: 801: 622: 621: 579:Smutsia gigantea 445: 444: 441: 440: 437: 434: 431: 428: 425: 422: 419: 416: 384: 378: 372: 366: 360: 354: 348: 345:Pholidotiformes 342: 336: 330: 324: 318: 312: 306: 300: 272: 249: 174: 173: 140: 125: 62: 55:Temporal range: 49: 48: 21: 7225: 7224: 7220: 7219: 7218: 7216: 7215: 7214: 7195:Rolling animals 7170: 7169: 7168: 7163: 7155: 7150: 7142: 7137: 7129: 7124: 7116: 7111: 7103: 7098: 7090: 7085: 7077: 7072: 7064: 7059: 7051: 7046: 7038: 7033: 7025: 7020: 7012: 7007: 6999: 6994: 6985: 6984: 6979: 6970: 6969: 6964: 6951: 6941: 6928: 6906: 6891: 6877: 6872: 6865: 6843: 6839: 6834: 6827: 6801: 6797: 6792: 6785: 6771: 6766: 6759: 6737: 6732: 6717: 6687: 6685: 6671: 6645: 6641: 6639:Epoicotheriinae 6636: 6629: 6579: 6571: 6569:Epoicotheriidae 6566: 6557: 6552: 6537: 6529:Pholidota sp. ( 6521: 6510: 6492: 6491:representatives 6490: 6483: 6469: 6467:Eurotamanduidae 6464: 6449: 6435: 6430: 6421: 6416: 6405: 6391: 6380: 6358: 6353: 6346: 6332: 6328: 6319: 6315: 6306: 6302: 6293: 6289: 6280: 6278:Pholidotamorpha 6271: 6267:Pholidotamorpha 6227: 6225:Pholidotamorpha 6221: 6191: 6174: 6121: 6106:Perissodactyla 6051: 5990: 5951: 5950: 5948: 5936: 5913:Dasyuromorphia 5897:Microbiotheria 5889:Australidelphia 5883: 5844: 5843: 5841: 5820: 5790: 5758: 5751: 5719:, 6 March 2020. 5700: 5695:Wayback Machine 5677:Wayback Machine 5662:Wayback Machine 5641: 5636: 5626: 5624: 5613: 5612: 5608: 5549: 5545: 5535: 5533: 5522: 5521: 5517: 5472: 5468: 5458: 5456: 5447: 5446: 5442: 5432: 5430: 5419: 5418: 5414: 5375: 5371: 5362: 5361: 5357: 5309: 5305: 5268:Genome Research 5260: 5256: 5216: 5212: 5202: 5200: 5198:www.traffic.org 5192: 5191: 5187: 5182:Wayback Machine 5172: 5168: 5160: 5156: 5148: 5144: 5099: 5095: 5088: 5068: 5067: 5063: 5056: 5036: 5035: 5031: 5021: 5019: 5010: 5009: 5005: 4995: 4993: 4992:on 10 June 2020 4978: 4974: 4964: 4962: 4960: 4942: 4929: 4919: 4917: 4910:The Independent 4900: 4896: 4867:(12): 1108–20. 4856: 4852: 4839: 4837: 4830: 4820:Intellect Books 4810: 4806: 4796: 4794: 4777: 4773: 4730: 4729: 4725: 4715: 4713: 4699: 4688: 4651:Virus Evolution 4635: 4628: 4571: 4567: 4557: 4555: 4550: 4549: 4545: 4500:Current Biology 4492: 4488: 4442: 4435: 4425: 4423: 4413: 4409: 4362: 4358: 4323: 4316: 4287: 4280: 4269: 4265: 4255: 4253: 4244: 4243: 4239: 4229: 4227: 4216: 4212: 4202: 4200: 4183: 4179: 4170:. 27 May 2012. 4160: 4159: 4155: 4134: 4130: 4117: 4116: 4112: 4093: 4089: 4068: 4064: 4023:(1): e0117199. 4009: 4005: 3988: 3984: 3974: 3972: 3963: 3962: 3958: 3943: 3939: 3929: 3927: 3906: 3902: 3892: 3890: 3880: 3876: 3836: 3832: 3822: 3820: 3819:on 10 July 2017 3807: 3806: 3797: 3787: 3785: 3775: 3768: 3758: 3756: 3741: 3737: 3727: 3725: 3710: 3706: 3696: 3694: 3673: 3669: 3659: 3657: 3640: 3636: 3625: 3621: 3568: 3564: 3553: 3549: 3502: 3498: 3466: 3462: 3453: 3446: 3397: 3393: 3358: 3347: 3294: 3290: 3251: 3247: 3200: 3196: 3189: 3167: 3163: 3122:(507): 99–114. 3112: 3101: 3086: 3082: 3072: 3070: 3060: 3056: 3049: 3041:. p. 118. 3029: 3025: 2974: 2970: 2963: 2945: 2944: 2940: 2933: 2917: 2913: 2882: 2878: 2863: 2841: 2834: 2781: 2777: 2758: 2754: 2737:Wiley-Blackwell 2719: 2715: 2688: 2684: 2677: 2663: 2650: 2635:10.2307/1382356 2613: 2609: 2588:Manis tricuspis 2582: 2578: 2565: 2564: 2560: 2525: 2521: 2492: 2488: 2427: 2423: 2407: 2403: 2393: 2391: 2384: 2368: 2364: 2341: 2334: 2327: 2309: 2305: 2290: 2286: 2275: 2271: 2261: 2259: 2245: 2244: 2235: 2225: 2223: 2222:. New York City 2210: 2206: 2171: 2170: 2166: 2119: 2115: 2105: 2103: 2086: 2082: 2072: 2070: 2066: 2029: 2023: 2019: 2012: 1996: 1992: 1966: 1962: 1919: 1915: 1906: 1902: 1893: 1889: 1880: 1876: 1863: 1859: 1853: 1849: 1818: 1814: 1801: 1797: 1782: 1778: 1769: 1765: 1732: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1715:Pholidotamorpha 1706: 1677: 1594:Prince of Wales 1582: 1550:lactating women 1492: 1458: 1387: 1381: 1376: 1272: 1266: 1258:laurasiatherian 1203: 1191:Pholidotamorpha 1151: 1149:Pholidotamorpha 1145: 1140: 1041:Eurotamanduidae 1013: 1008: 994: 990: 987: 985: 980: 976: 973: 971: 928: 871: 831:Indian pangolin 820:Ground pangolin 813: 803: 799: 798: 702: 608: 555:M. pentadactyla 413: 409: 398:scaly anteaters 387: 382: 376: 370: 364: 358: 352: 346: 340: 334: 328: 322: 316: 310: 304: 298: 294: 293: 248: 236:Pholidotamorpha 168: 159:Eurotamanduidae 131: 124: 123: 118: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 57: 56: 53: 45: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7223: 7213: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7187: 7182: 7165: 7164: 7162: 7161: 7148: 7135: 7122: 7109: 7096: 7083: 7070: 7057: 7044: 7031: 7018: 7005: 6992: 6977: 6961: 6959: 6953: 6952: 6938: 6937: 6934: 6933: 6930: 6929: 6927: 6926: 6918: 6909: 6907: 6903:Incertae sedis 6900: 6897: 6896: 6893: 6892: 6890: 6889: 6886:Propalaeanodon 6880: 6878: 6870: 6867: 6866: 6864: 6863: 6855: 6846: 6844: 6832: 6829: 6828: 6826: 6825: 6817: 6808: 6802: 6790: 6787: 6786: 6784: 6783: 6774: 6772: 6764: 6761: 6760: 6758: 6757: 6749: 6740: 6738: 6735:Ernanodontidae 6730: 6727: 6726: 6723: 6722: 6719: 6718: 6716: 6715: 6707: 6699: 6690: 6688: 6676: 6673: 6672: 6670: 6669: 6661: 6652: 6646: 6634: 6631: 6630: 6628: 6627: 6619: 6611: 6603: 6595: 6586: 6580: 6564: 6558: 6550: 6547: 6546: 6543: 6542: 6539: 6538: 6536: 6535: 6524: 6522: 6518:Incertae sedis 6515: 6512: 6511: 6509: 6508: 6499: 6493: 6488: 6485: 6484: 6482: 6481: 6472: 6470: 6462: 6459: 6458: 6455: 6454: 6451: 6450: 6448: 6447: 6438: 6436: 6428: 6422: 6414: 6411: 6410: 6407: 6406: 6404: 6403: 6394: 6392: 6388:Incertae sedis 6385: 6382: 6381: 6379: 6378: 6370: 6361: 6359: 6351: 6348: 6347: 6345: 6344: 6335: 6333: 6326: 6320: 6313: 6307: 6300: 6294: 6287: 6281: 6276: 6273: 6272: 6270: 6269: 6260: 6251: 6245: 6239: 6232: 6229: 6228: 6220: 6219: 6212: 6205: 6197: 6188: 6187: 6184: 6183: 6180: 6179: 6176: 6175: 6173: 6172: 6164: 6156: 6148: 6140: 6131: 6129: 6123: 6122: 6120: 6119: 6111: 6103: 6095: 6087: 6079: 6070: 6068: 6066:Laurasiatheria 6059: 6053: 6052: 6050: 6049: 6041: 6033: 6025: 6020:Tubulidentata 6017: 6012:Macroscelidea 6009: 6000: 5998: 5992: 5991: 5989: 5988: 5980: 5971: 5969: 5960: 5942: 5941: 5938: 5937: 5935: 5934: 5929:Diprotodontia 5926: 5918: 5910: 5902: 5893: 5891: 5885: 5884: 5882: 5881: 5873: 5864: 5862: 5853: 5832: 5826: 5825: 5822: 5821: 5819: 5818: 5809: 5807: 5798: 5792: 5791: 5789: 5788: 5782: 5776: 5770: 5763: 5760: 5759: 5750: 5749: 5742: 5735: 5727: 5721: 5720: 5709: 5698: 5685: 5679: 5664: 5652: 5647: 5640: 5639:External links 5637: 5635: 5634: 5606: 5543: 5532:. 23 June 2019 5515: 5466: 5440: 5412: 5369: 5355: 5303: 5254: 5227:(3): 678–687. 5210: 5185: 5166: 5154: 5142: 5093: 5086: 5078:Academic Press 5061: 5054: 5046:Academic Press 5029: 5003: 4972: 4958: 4927: 4894: 4850: 4828: 4822:. p. 36. 4804: 4771: 4723: 4686: 4657:(1): veaa020. 4626: 4577:Sunda pangolin 4565: 4543: 4486: 4433: 4407: 4356: 4314: 4278: 4263: 4237: 4210: 4177: 4153: 4128: 4110: 4087: 4062: 4003: 3982: 3956: 3937: 3900: 3874: 3830: 3795: 3766: 3735: 3704: 3679:Manis javanica 3667: 3634: 3619: 3562: 3547: 3496: 3477:(4): 347–359. 3460: 3444: 3391: 3345: 3312:BioMed Central 3288: 3261:(2): 225–240. 3245: 3194: 3187: 3161: 3099: 3080: 3054: 3047: 3023: 2968: 2961: 2938: 2931: 2911: 2892:(4): 361–369. 2876: 2862:978-0470015902 2861: 2832: 2799:O'Reilly Media 2775: 2752: 2713: 2702:(1): 248–251. 2682: 2676:978-0517667910 2675: 2648: 2607: 2576: 2558: 2519: 2486: 2421: 2401: 2382: 2362: 2332: 2325: 2303: 2284: 2269: 2233: 2204: 2164: 2113: 2080: 2017: 2010: 1990: 1960: 1913: 1900: 1887: 1874: 1857: 1847: 1834:10.1086/274985 1812: 1795: 1776: 1763: 1744:: 1–58. 1994. 1724: 1722: 1719: 1718: 1717: 1712: 1705: 1702: 1676: 1673: 1581: 1578: 1527:Wai Tai Mi Yao 1491: 1488: 1470:Manis javanica 1457: 1448: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1270:Pangolin trade 1265: 1262: 1202: 1199: 1144: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1135: 1134: 1133: 1132: 1131: 1130: 1129: 1128: 1110:Superfamily: † 1108: 1107: 1106: 1105: 1104: 1090:Incertae sedis 1086: 1077: 1046: 1034: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1004: 952:pangolin trade 927: 924: 873:Pangolins are 870: 867: 812: 809: 775:giant anteater 701: 698: 655:Manis javanica 651:Sunda pangolin 607: 604: 522:Pangolins are 389: 388: 386: 385: 379: 373: 367: 361: 355: 349: 343: 339:Pholidotheria 337: 331: 325: 319: 313: 307: 301: 291: 290: 289: 286: 285: 279: 278: 274: 273: 265: 264: 261: 260: 256: 255: 243: 239: 238: 233: 226: 225: 220: 216: 215: 210: 206: 205: 200: 196: 195: 190: 186: 185: 180: 176: 175: 162: 161: 142: 141: 133: 132: 119: 114: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 54: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7222: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7177: 7175: 7158: 7153: 7149: 7145: 7140: 7136: 7132: 7127: 7123: 7119: 7114: 7110: 7106: 7101: 7097: 7093: 7088: 7084: 7080: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7062: 7058: 7054: 7049: 7045: 7041: 7036: 7032: 7028: 7023: 7019: 7015: 7010: 7006: 7002: 6997: 6993: 6988: 6982: 6978: 6973: 6967: 6963: 6962: 6960: 6958: 6954: 6950: 6945: 6925: 6924: 6919: 6917: 6916: 6911: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6904: 6898: 6888: 6887: 6882: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6868: 6862: 6861: 6856: 6854: 6853: 6852:Metacheiromys 6848: 6847: 6845: 6838: 6830: 6824: 6823: 6818: 6816: 6815: 6810: 6809: 6806: 6803: 6796: 6788: 6782: 6781: 6776: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6762: 6756: 6755: 6750: 6748: 6747: 6742: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6728: 6714: 6713: 6708: 6706: 6705: 6700: 6698: 6697: 6696:Epoicotherium 6692: 6691: 6689: 6684: 6680: 6679:Epoicotherium 6674: 6668: 6667: 6666:Tetrapassalus 6662: 6660: 6659: 6658:Pentapassalus 6654: 6653: 6650: 6647: 6640: 6632: 6626: 6625: 6620: 6618: 6617: 6612: 6610: 6609: 6608:Auroratherium 6604: 6602: 6601: 6596: 6594: 6593: 6592:Alocodontulum 6588: 6587: 6584: 6581: 6576: 6570: 6562: 6559: 6556: 6555:Palaeanodonta 6548: 6534: 6532: 6526: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6519: 6513: 6507: 6506: 6501: 6500: 6497: 6494: 6486: 6480: 6479: 6474: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6460: 6446: 6445: 6440: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6426: 6423: 6420: 6412: 6402: 6401: 6396: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6389: 6383: 6377: 6376: 6371: 6369: 6368: 6363: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6356:Patriomanidae 6349: 6343: 6342: 6337: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6324: 6321: 6318: 6311: 6308: 6305: 6298: 6295: 6292: 6285: 6282: 6279: 6274: 6268: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6246: 6244: 6240: 6238: 6234: 6233: 6230: 6226: 6218: 6213: 6211: 6206: 6204: 6199: 6198: 6195: 6171: 6165: 6163: 6157: 6155: 6149: 6147: 6141: 6139: 6133: 6132: 6130: 6128: 6124: 6118: 6114:Artiodactyla 6112: 6110: 6104: 6102: 6096: 6094: 6088: 6086: 6080: 6078: 6074:Eulipotyphla 6072: 6071: 6069: 6067: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6057:Boreoeutheria 6054: 6048: 6042: 6040: 6034: 6032: 6026: 6024: 6018: 6016: 6010: 6008: 6004:Afrosoricida 6002: 6001: 5999: 5997: 5993: 5987: 5981: 5979: 5973: 5972: 5970: 5968: 5964: 5961: 5955: 5947: 5943: 5933: 5927: 5925: 5919: 5917: 5911: 5909: 5903: 5901: 5895: 5894: 5892: 5890: 5886: 5880: 5874: 5872: 5866: 5865: 5863: 5861: 5857: 5854: 5848: 5840: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5827: 5817: 5811: 5810: 5808: 5806: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5793: 5787: 5783: 5781: 5777: 5775: 5771: 5769: 5765: 5764: 5761: 5756: 5748: 5743: 5741: 5736: 5734: 5729: 5728: 5725: 5718: 5717: 5713: 5710: 5706: 5705: 5699: 5696: 5692: 5689: 5686: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5665: 5663: 5659: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5642: 5622: 5621: 5620:The News Lens 5616: 5610: 5602: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5556: 5547: 5531: 5530: 5525: 5519: 5511: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5470: 5454: 5450: 5444: 5428: 5427: 5422: 5416: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5373: 5365: 5359: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5307: 5299: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5258: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5219:Tricuspis)". 5214: 5199: 5195: 5189: 5183: 5179: 5176: 5170: 5164: 5158: 5152: 5146: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5097: 5089: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5065: 5057: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5033: 5017: 5013: 5007: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4976: 4961: 4959:9780128155073 4955: 4951: 4947: 4940: 4938: 4936: 4934: 4932: 4915: 4911: 4906: 4898: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4854: 4847: 4835: 4831: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4816: 4808: 4792: 4788: 4787: 4782: 4775: 4767: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4727: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4697: 4695: 4693: 4691: 4682: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4633: 4631: 4622: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4578: 4575:"Etymologia: 4569: 4553: 4547: 4539: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4490: 4482: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4440: 4438: 4422: 4418: 4411: 4403: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4360: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4321: 4319: 4309: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4285: 4283: 4275: 4274: 4267: 4251: 4247: 4241: 4225: 4221: 4214: 4198: 4194: 4193: 4188: 4181: 4173: 4169: 4168: 4163: 4157: 4149: 4145: 4144: 4139: 4132: 4124: 4120: 4114: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4091: 4083: 4079: 4078: 4073: 4066: 4058: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4007: 3999: 3998: 3993: 3986: 3970: 3966: 3960: 3952: 3948: 3941: 3925: 3921: 3920: 3915: 3913: 3904: 3889: 3885: 3878: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3851:(2): e12389. 3850: 3846: 3842: 3834: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3809:"Action Plan" 3804: 3802: 3800: 3784: 3780: 3773: 3771: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3739: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3708: 3692: 3688: 3687: 3682: 3680: 3671: 3655: 3651: 3650: 3645: 3638: 3630: 3623: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3598: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3566: 3558: 3551: 3543: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3500: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3464: 3458: 3451: 3449: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3407: 3402: 3395: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3341: 3337: 3332: 3327: 3322: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3304: 3299: 3292: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3249: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3198: 3190: 3184: 3180: 3175: 3174: 3165: 3157: 3153: 3148: 3143: 3138: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3095: 3091: 3084: 3069: 3065: 3058: 3050: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3035: 3027: 3019: 3015: 3010: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2984: 2979: 2972: 2964: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2949: 2942: 2934: 2928: 2924: 2923: 2915: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2880: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2839: 2837: 2828: 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1964: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1917: 1910: 1904: 1897: 1891: 1884: 1878: 1870: 1869: 1861: 1851: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1816: 1808: 1807: 1799: 1791: 1787: 1780: 1773: 1767: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1729: 1725: 1716: 1713: 1711: 1708: 1707: 1701: 1698: 1695:townships in 1694: 1690: 1686: 1681: 1672: 1670: 1665: 1663: 1661: 1656: 1651: 1647: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1629: 1624: 1620: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1586: 1577: 1575: 1569: 1566: 1565:pharmacopoeia 1563:The official 1561: 1559: 1555: 1554:folk medicine 1551: 1547: 1543: 1538: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1515: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1490:Folk medicine 1487: 1485: 1481: 1480: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1456: 1452: 1447: 1445: 1444:spike protein 1441: 1437: 1433: 1428: 1427:coronaviruses 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1399:coronaviruses 1397:belonging to 1396: 1395:spike protein 1392: 1386: 1371: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1344: 1342: 1337: 1333: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1314: 1309: 1308:deforestation 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1285: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1261: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1246: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1201:Among Manidae 1198: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1187:Palaeanodonts 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1161:(neotropical 1160: 1156: 1150: 1124: 1120: 1119: 1115: 1114: 1109: 1100: 1099: 1094: 1093: 1092: 1091: 1087: 1082: 1081:Patriomanidae 1078: 1073: 1069: 1068: 1064: 1063: 1059:Superfamily: 1058: 1057: 1053: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1039: 1035: 1030: 1029: 1024: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1014: 1003: 1001: 968: 964: 957: 954:to China and 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 932: 923: 921: 917: 916:tree pangolin 912: 910: 906: 902: 898: 893: 891: 887: 883: 878: 876: 875:insectivorous 866: 864: 859: 857: 853: 851: 847: 843: 836: 835:Asiatic lions 832: 828: 821: 817: 808: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 771: 769: 765: 761: 757: 752: 750: 746: 742: 739: 735: 731: 722: 715: 711: 706: 697: 695: 691: 686: 684: 680: 676: 672: 669:; and in the 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 631: 629: 625: 616: 613: 612:Ancient Greek 603: 601: 597: 593: 592: 587: 586: 581: 580: 575: 574: 569: 568: 563: 562: 557: 556: 551: 550: 546:tier. Three ( 545: 541: 537: 533: 532:deforestation 529: 525: 520: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 489: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 470: 465: 464: 459: 458: 453: 449: 443: 407: 404:of the order 403: 399: 395: 383:Haeckel, 1895 380: 374: 368: 362: 356: 350: 344: 341:Haeckel, 1895 338: 332: 329:Haeckel, 1895 326: 323:Haeckel, 1895 320: 314: 311:Gervais, 1854 308: 302: 296: 295: 287: 284: 280: 275: 271: 266: 262: 257: 252: 247: 244: 241: 240: 237: 234: 231: 228: 227: 224: 221: 218: 217: 214: 211: 208: 207: 204: 201: 198: 197: 194: 191: 188: 187: 184: 181: 178: 177: 172: 167: 163: 160: 156: 152: 151:Patriomanidae 148: 143: 139: 134: 129: 122: 117: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 61: 50: 47: 43: 41: 33: 19: 6956: 6921: 6915:Arcticanodon 6913: 6901: 6884: 6858: 6850: 6820: 6814:Brachianodon 6812: 6778: 6752: 6746:Asiabradypus 6744: 6710: 6704:Molaetherium 6702: 6694: 6682: 6678: 6664: 6656: 6622: 6614: 6606: 6598: 6590: 6575:paraphyletic 6530: 6516: 6503: 6478:Eurotamandua 6476: 6442: 6415:Superfamily: 6398: 6386: 6373: 6365: 6339: 6314:Superfamily: 6290: 6262: 6253: 6153:(Treeshrews) 6089: 6036:Proboscidea 5977:(Armadillos) 5860:Ameridelphia 5813:Monotremata 5714: 5703: 5667: 5625:. 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Retrieved 2388:the original 2372: 2365: 2348: 2345:"tĕnggiling" 2312: 2306: 2297: 2287: 2278: 2272: 2260:. Retrieved 2250: 2224:. Retrieved 2217: 2207: 2180: 2176: 2167: 2132: 2126: 2116: 2106:26 September 2104:. Retrieved 2093: 2083: 2071:. Retrieved 2064:the original 2039: 2033: 2020: 2000: 1993: 1982: 1963: 1930: 1926: 1916: 1903: 1890: 1877: 1867: 1860: 1850: 1825: 1821: 1815: 1805: 1798: 1789: 1779: 1766: 1741: 1737: 1728: 1678: 1668: 1666: 1658: 1652: 1648: 1632: 1603: 1596:, the later 1580:Conservation 1570: 1562: 1539: 1534: 1531:Song dynasty 1526: 1523:Tang dynasty 1518: 1516: 1508:black market 1493: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1466:coltiviruses 1462:pestiviruses 1459: 1454: 1450: 1388: 1345: 1338: 1334: 1311: 1289: 1253: 1252:position of 1247: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1227:sister group 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1204: 1155:sister taxon 1152: 1126:Storch, 2003 1111: 1102:Filhol, 1893 1096: 1088: 1060: 1049: 1026: 1017: 965: 961: 926:Reproduction 913: 894: 879: 872: 860: 854: 839: 789:between the 772: 753: 727: 696:(φαττάγης). 693: 687: 682: 678: 674: 667:terenggiling 666: 658: 654: 646: 642: 638: 632: 623: 609: 589: 583: 577: 571: 565: 559: 553: 547: 530:) and heavy 521: 490: 481: 477: 473: 467: 461: 455: 450:family, the 405: 397: 393: 392: 371:Huxley, 1872 365:Murray, 1866 359:Newman, 1843 353:Pearse, 1936 351:Pholidotina 347:Kinman, 1994 297:Afredentata 245: 229: 58:47.8–0 46: 39: 7074:iNaturalist 6981:Wikispecies 6860:Palaeanodon 6780:Escavadodon 6712:Xenocranium 6683:Xenocranium 6375:Patriomanis 6367:Cryptomanis 6304:Eupholidota 6159:Dermoptera 6151:Scandentia 6143:Lagomorpha 6092:(Pangolins) 6082:Chiroptera 6038:(Elephants) 6028:Hyracoidea 6022:(Aardvarks) 5784:(unranked) 5426:China Daily 4840:18 February 4558:28 February 4421:LiveScience 4376:(11): 979. 4273:Daily Trust 3073:14 December 2994:: 477–501. 2629:: 472–480. 2508:: 267–273. 2394:14 December 2046:: 235–305. 1933:(810): 56. 1655:Jackie Chan 1612:trafficking 1546:blood clots 1434:during the 1356:Philippines 1260:phylogeny. 1235:M. javanica 1175:carnivorans 1051:Eupholidota 1021:Weber, 1904 905:gastroliths 807: in). 734:fingernails 700:Description 561:M. javanica 446:). The one 375:Squamigera 321:Manitheria 315:Maniformes 7174:Categories 6923:Melaniella 6871:Subfamily: 6833:Subfamily: 6635:Subfamily: 6616:Dipassalus 6600:Amelotabes 6419:Eomanoidea 6400:Necromanis 6098:Carnivora 6090:Pholidota 5996:Afrotheria 5975:Cingulata 5956:inclusive) 5878:(Opossums) 5849:inclusive) 5839:Metatheria 5796:Yinotheria 5780:Vertebrata 5778:Subphylum 5627:8 February 5536:8 February 5486:: e01395. 5459:27 January 5385:: 109002. 5349:2263/75894 5324:: e00714. 5203:10 January 4195:. London. 4146:. 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