753:
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Breeding programs for forage grasses and especially timothy have been focusing on the improvement of dry matter yield, resistance to disease, dry matter digestibility, and nutritional value, which depends on target species and environment. Due to high phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity in
764:. Hurd named the grass "hurd grass" but a farmer named Timothy Hanson began to promote cultivation of it as a hay about 1720, and the grass has been known by its present name since then. Timothy has now become naturalized throughout most of the US and Canada.
779:. It is relatively high in fiber, especially when cut late. It is considered a harsh, coarse grass little relished by livestock if cut earlier. It is considered part of the standard mix for grass hay and provides quality
1664:
971:
648:
799:, often making up the bulk of their diet. Timothy hay is rich in long fiber and its abrasive texture helps to grind down the teeth, keeping both the teeth and jaw in good order.
1310:
602:
up to 43 cm (17 in) long and 1.3 cm (0.5 in) broad. The leaves are hairless, rolled rather than folded, and the lower sheaths turn dark brown.
825:
Plants persist through the winter. Dead, straw-colored flowering stems may persist, but only for a short time, and are recognized by the distinctive spike-like
624:
is 70–152 mm (2.75–6 in) long and 6.4–12.7 mm (0.25–0.5 in) broad, with densely packed spikelets. It flowers from June until
September. The
926:
1362:
2031:
638:
It grows well in heavy soil, and is noted for its resistance to cold and drought, and thus ability to grow in dry upland or poor sandy soils. In
1337:"Grazax standardised allergen extract of grass pollen from Timothy grass (Phleum pratense) 75,000 SQ-T sublingual tablets blister foil (267955)"
760:
Timothy was unintentionally introduced to North
America by early settlers, and was first described in 1711 by John Hurd from plants growing in
2106:
864:
838:
1837:
2191:
672:
1956:
1549:
Nelson HS (November 2014). "Oral/sublingual Phleum pretense grass tablet (Grazax/Grastek) to treat allergic rhinitis in the USA".
2057:
1982:
1388:
2129:
1117:
2062:
1199:
1033:
individual plants, and the polyploidy of many species, breeding programs for timothy are accompanied by some difficulties.
1105:
2349:
901:
1594:
1871:
1832:
2354:
2334:
1514:
Kay AB (December 2007). "An extract of
Timothy-grass pollen used as sublingual immunotherapy for summer hay fever".
2324:
2286:
2255:
874:
2111:
2329:
2319:
2018:
956:
882:
17:
2250:
2134:
2209:
2093:
1049:). Timothy flowers later, from June until August, whereas meadow foxtail flowers from April until June. The
1938:
1912:
999:
1798:
2359:
2044:
1886:
1788:
1783:
1760:
1285:
1610:
2204:
1987:
1416:"Grazax: a sublingual immunotherapy vaccine for Hay fever treatment: from concept to commercialization"
1162:
1157:
2339:
2291:
2121:
1721:
919:
1235:
660:
69:
2085:
1629:
1465:"Critical appraisal of Timothy grass pollen extract Grazax in the management of allergic rhinitis"
2196:
1933:
1925:
1824:
912:
854:
2265:
2036:
1907:
1683:
1086:
822:). It also grows in roadsides and abandoned fields but generally requires nutrient-rich soils.
654:
Close-up of flower head showing purple stamen (3 per floret) and feathery stigma (2 per floret)
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752:
196:
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2010:
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8:
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Scaparrotta A, Attanasi M, Petrosino MI, Di
Filippo P, Di Pillo S, Chiarelli F (2015).
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it tends to be overwhelmed by more competitive grasses. After cutting it grows slowly.
220:
64:
1899:
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2155:
1806:
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1195:
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30:"Timothy hay" redirects here. For the author who used Timothy Hay as a pen name, see
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1578:
715:. Larger, to 150 cm (59 in) tall. Widespread. Native to the Mediterranean.
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1311:"Prescription medicines: registration of new chemical entities in Australia, 2017"
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107:
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2098:
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Barber D, Rico P, Blanco C, Fernandez-Rivas M, Ibañez MD, Escribese MM (2019).
1336:
1228:
1085:) grows above 1,800 m (6,000 feet). A "wild Timothy" was found to grow in
1078:
1072:
575:
563:
in the early 18th century. Upon his recommendation it became a major source of
94:
1148:
1099:), another species with a similar cylindrical panicle, is toxic to livestock.
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1961:
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458:(Litard. & Maire) Rivas Mart., A.Asensi, Molero Mesa & F.Valle
1642:
Scribner, F. Lampson, "Grasses of
Mountain Meadows and Deer Parks" in
1462:
2000:
1969:
1894:
1858:
1021:
868:
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1647:
Proceedings of the
Society for the Promotion of Agricultural Science
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1700:
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163:
2023:
1863:
551:
It is probably named after
Timothy Hanson, an American farmer and
548:, consisting of about 15 species of annual and perennial grasses.
1819:
1363:"Prescription medicines and biologicals: TGA annual summary 2017"
1054:
1053:
of timothy are twin hornlike projections arranged in cylindrical
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Reader's Digest Nature Lover's
Library Wild Flowers of Britain
776:
81:
599:
598:
Timothy grows to 48–150 cm (19–59 in) tall, with
1089:
at the time of its discovery but may have been a foxtail.
772:
564:
1389:"Grastek- timothy grass pollen allergen extract tablet"
1278:
1111:Close-up of flower head showing hornlike spikelets
1027:
2306:
1192:The Observer's Book of Grasses, Sedge and Rushes
783:. Timothy hay is a staple food for domestic pet
1036:
1020:Timothy grass pollen allergen is used to treat
270:(Salis) Gamisans, A.T.Romero & C.Morales
900:
678:Showing bulbous base and brown leaf sheaths
47:
1490:
1480:
1439:
1007:
875:Micromedex Detailed Consumer Information
751:
526:native to most of Europe except for the
1643:
1621:
1420:Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics
1249:Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary
839:Timothy grass pollen allergen extract (
747:
14:
2307:
1673:Timothy - US Department of Agriculture
1548:
1367:Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA)
1341:Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA)
1315:Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA)
1202:, published by Frederick Warne and Co.
1682:
1681:
1071:) prefers lighter soils and grows on
1057:, whereas foxtail has a soft, single
978:
891:
873:
2256:f06b2181-20ad-4801-99dc-ef1b5631df54
2122:6dec4992-8d8f-4974-9535-079cb0fdf0b7
1622:Bunnell, Lafayette Houghton (1880).
1551:Expert Review of Clinical Immunology
1469:Drug Design, Development and Therapy
938:
1601:; description, retrieved 2010-12-1.
1513:
24:
1286:"Phleum pratense subsp. pratense*"
25:
2371:
1658:
1194:by Francis Rose, page 112, 1976,
965:
806:use it as a food plant, e.g. the
2210:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:415868-1
1234:
1116:
1104:
683:
671:
659:
647:
555:said to have introduced it from
422:(Litard. & Maire) Kerguélen
262:(Litard. & Maire) Kerguélen
68:
1636:
1615:
1604:
1585:
1542:
1507:
1456:
1407:
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1329:
832:
1611:Jepson Manual - Phleum alpinum
1528:10.1358/dot.2007.43.12.1162079
1303:
1266:
1254:
1242:
1205:
1185:
1176:
1141:
1028:Breeding objectives in timothy
593:
542:. It is a member of the genus
13:
1:
1628:. Fleming H. Revell. p.
1432:10.1080/21645515.2019.1622976
1134:
695:
574:Timothy can be confused with
567:and cattle fodder to British
326:Boiss. & Heldr. ex Nyman
1644:Lazenby, William R. (1889).
1563:10.1586/1744666X.2014.963556
1217:The Louisville Daily Courier
1037:Confusion with other species
771:feed and, in particular, as
7:
10:
2376:
2350:Medicinal plants of Europe
1182:Clause 5.3.2.2.3 BS 7370-5
1163:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
1158:Plants of the World Online
1041:It is often confused with
725:. Smaller, to 70 cm (
362:(Janka) Serb. & Nyár.
350:(Schur) Serb. & Nyár.
29:
1690:
1261:Oxford English Dictionary
1219:. July 9, 1859. p. 4
998:
993:
955:
950:
925:
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853:
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767:It is commonly grown for
666:Ligule is short and blunt
571:in the mid-18th century.
226:
219:
202:
195:
65:Scientific classification
63:
55:
46:
41:
2355:Plants described in 1753
2335:Flora of Northern Europe
1275:, p. 430, published 1988
2325:Flora of Eastern Europe
1263:, s.v. "timothy grass".
374:(Ruiz ex Nyman) Malag.
2330:Flora of Middle Europe
2320:Bunchgrasses of Europe
1065:Purple-stem cat's-tail
757:
584:purple-stem cat's-tail
530:. It is also known as
1625:Discovery of Yosemite
755:
495:Stelephuros pratensis
267:Phleum brachystachyum
1251:, 11th ed., p. 1310.
1126:Alopecurus pratensis
1093:Timothy canary grass
1047:Alopecurus pratensis
781:nutrition for horses
748:Cultivation and uses
635:is short and blunt.
580:Alopecurus pratensis
528:Mediterranean region
434:Asch. & Graebn.
307:Phleum microstachyum
250:Litard. & Maire
235:Achnodonton bulbosum
1482:10.2147/DDDT.S70432
1395:. 19 September 2022
974:(Prescription only)
845:
820:Melanargia galathea
487:Plantinia pratensis
447:Phleum stoloniferum
32:Margaret Wise Brown
2360:Grasses of Lebanon
1597:2011-07-17 at the
837:
812:Thymelicus lineola
758:
482:Chase & Niles
439:Phleum roshevitzii
323:Phleum parnassicum
255:Phleum bertolonii
2302:
2301:
2156:Open Tree of Life
1684:Taxon identifiers
1426:(12): 2887–2895.
1018:
1017:
982:
969:
894:
540:common cat's tail
536:meadow cat's-tail
519:) is an abundant
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338:(Salis) Gamisans
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16:(Redirected from
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1123:Meadow foxtail (
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1097:Phalaris angusta
1079:Mountain timothy
1069:Phleum phleoides
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588:Phleum phleoides
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463:Phleum tuberosum
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427:Phleum pratense
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403:Phleum pratense
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238:(Gouan) J.Woods
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1599:Wayback Machine
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1213:"Timothy Grass"
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1151:Phleum pratense
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859:Grazax, Grastek
841:Phleum pratense
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719:Phleum pratense
709:Phleum pratense
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596:
561:southern states
553:agriculturalist
516:Phleum pratense
504:
471:Phleum villosum
466:Panz. ex Trin.
455:Phleum trabutii
428:
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380:
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332:
286:Roem. ex Trin.
275:Phleum bulbosum
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243:Phleum alpinum
229:
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206:Phleum pratense
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1659:External links
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1541:
1516:Drugs of Today
1506:
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1369:. 21 June 2022
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1317:. 21 June 2022
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1229:Newspapers.com
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1083:Phleum alpinum
1073:chalk downland
1043:meadow foxtail
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576:meadow foxtail
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479:Phleum vulgare
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335:brachystachyum
328:
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315:Phleum nodosum
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299:Phleum maximum
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283:Phleum deckeri
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166:
161:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
141:
137:
136:
131:
124:
123:
118:
111:
110:
105:
98:
97:
92:
85:
84:
79:
75:
74:
61:
60:
56:Habitus, ssp.
53:
52:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2372:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2293:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2261:
2257:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2238:
2234:
2228:
2224:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2166:
2162:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2117:
2113:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1748:
1744:
1738:
1734:
1728:
1723:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1702:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1662:
1649:
1648:
1639:
1631:
1627:
1626:
1618:
1612:
1607:
1600:
1596:
1593:
1588:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1545:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1522:(12): 841–8.
1521:
1517:
1510:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1459:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1410:
1394:
1390:
1384:
1368:
1364:
1358:
1343:. 26 May 2022
1342:
1338:
1332:
1316:
1312:
1306:
1291:
1287:
1281:
1274:
1269:
1262:
1257:
1250:
1245:
1237:
1230:
1223:September 20,
1218:
1214:
1208:
1201:
1200:0 7232 1533 2
1197:
1193:
1188:
1179:
1164:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1152:
1144:
1140:
1128:
1127:
1119:
1114:
1107:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1034:
1025:
1023:
1010:
1006:
1005:
1003:
1001:
997:
992:
986:
976:
973:
963:
962:
960:
958:
954:
949:
941:
936:
933:
932:
930:
928:
924:
921:
918:
916:
910:
903:
902:Timothy grass
898:
889:
888:
886:
884:
880:
876:
872:
870:
866:
862:
858:
856:
852:
849:Clinical data
847:
842:
830:
828:
827:inflorescence
823:
821:
817:
816:marbled white
813:
809:
808:Essex skipper
805:
800:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
765:
763:
762:New Hampshire
756:Inflorescence
754:
742:
724:
720:
717:
714:
710:
707:
706:
705:
703:
686:
681:
674:
669:
662:
657:
650:
645:
644:
643:
641:
636:
634:
629:
627:
623:
618:
616:
612:
608:
603:
601:
591:
589:
585:
581:
577:
572:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
549:
547:
546:
541:
537:
533:
532:timothy-grass
529:
525:
522:
518:
517:
512:
496:
493:
488:
485:
480:
477:
472:
469:
464:
461:
456:
453:
448:
445:
440:
437:
432:
425:
420:
413:
410:(Host) Rchb.
408:
401:
396:
389:
386:(L.) Dumort.
384:
377:
372:
371:microstachyum
365:
360:
353:
348:
341:
336:
329:
324:
321:
316:
313:
308:
305:
300:
297:
292:
291:Phleum fallax
289:
284:
281:
276:
273:
268:
265:
260:
253:
248:
241:
236:
233:
232:
231:
230:
225:
222:
218:
214:
209:
207:
201:
198:
197:Binomial name
194:
190:
189:
184:
181:
180:
177:
176:
172:
169:
168:
165:
162:
159:
158:
155:
152:
149:
148:
145:
142:
139:
138:
135:
132:
129:
126:
125:
122:
119:
116:
113:
112:
109:
106:
103:
100:
99:
96:
95:Tracheophytes
93:
90:
87:
86:
83:
80:
77:
76:
71:
66:
62:
59:
54:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
1691:
1666:
1646:
1638:
1624:
1617:
1606:
1587:
1554:
1550:
1544:
1519:
1515:
1509:
1475:: 5897–909.
1472:
1468:
1458:
1423:
1419:
1409:
1397:. Retrieved
1392:
1383:
1371:. Retrieved
1366:
1357:
1345:. Retrieved
1340:
1331:
1319:. Retrieved
1314:
1305:
1294:. Retrieved
1292:. 2010-07-06
1289:
1280:
1272:
1268:
1260:
1256:
1248:
1244:
1227:– via
1221:. Retrieved
1216:
1207:
1191:
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1178:
1166:. Retrieved
1156:
1150:
1143:
1124:
1096:
1091:
1082:
1077:
1068:
1063:
1046:
1040:
1031:
1019:
957:Legal status
951:Legal status
883:License data
840:
833:Medical uses
824:
819:
811:
804:caterpillars
801:
766:
759:
722:
718:
712:
708:
699:
637:
630:
619:
604:
597:
587:
579:
573:
550:
543:
539:
535:
531:
515:
514:
510:
509:
498:(L.) Lunell
494:
490:(L.) Bubani
486:
478:
470:
462:
454:
446:
438:
426:
414:
407:stoloniferum
402:
390:
378:
366:
354:
342:
330:
322:
314:
306:
298:
290:
282:
274:
266:
254:
242:
234:
205:
203:
187:
186:
174:
127:
114:
101:
88:
57:
36:
2081:NatureServe
1996:iNaturalist
1716:Wikispecies
1592:bsbi.org.uk
994:Identifiers
855:Trade names
793:chinchillas
789:guinea pigs
594:Description
557:New England
395:roshevitzii
160:Subfamily:
134:Commelinids
108:Angiosperms
2309:Categories
2263:WisFlora:
2184:kew-433846
2179:Plant List
1796:Calflora:
1296:2021-06-12
1135:References
1129:) spikelet
1009:65M88RW2EG
920:Sublingual
814:) and the
743:grassland.
741:Calcareous
723:bertolonii
702:subspecies
696:Subspecies
628:are pink.
622:flowerhead
605:It has no
1970:GrassBase
1939:200025874
1913:200025874
1895:FloraBase
1290:AusGrass2
1051:spikelets
1022:hay fever
913:Routes of
869:Drugs.com
613:, and no
521:perennial
347:elongatum
182:Species:
78:Kingdom:
2315:Pooideae
2251:VicFlora
2240:VASCAN:
2223:25509875
2218:Tropicos
2168:PalDat:
2086:2.135574
2037:11192972
2024:415868-1
1975:imp07982
1833:eFloraSA
1773:BioLib:
1701:Wikidata
1595:Archived
1579:23698482
1571:25340426
1536:18174969
1501:26604688
1450:31157592
1393:DailyMed
1373:31 March
1087:Yosemite
1055:panicles
927:ATC code
897:DailyMed
713:pratense
615:auricles
611:rhizomes
419:trabutii
259:trabutii
247:trabutii
221:Synonyms
164:Pooideae
150:Family:
121:Monocots
58:pratense
42:Timothy
2345:Forages
2233:5407488
1962:9014945
1851:1114570
1820:Ecocrop
1707:Q256508
1492:4639524
1441:6930101
1399:9 April
1347:9 April
1321:9 April
943:)
937: (
935:V01AA02
899::
785:rabbits
734:⁄
721:subsp.
711:subsp.
640:pasture
607:stolons
569:farmers
559:to the
511:Timothy
442:Pavlov
431:vulgare
383:nodosum
170:Genus:
154:Poaceae
140:Order:
82:Plantae
2292:577519
2230:uBio:
2192:PLANTS
2161:578767
2148:139420
2119:NZOR:
1949:phlpra
1946:FoIO:
1887:phlpra
1884:FEIS:
1877:192408
1789:121043
1750:APDB:
1730:AoFP:
1577:
1569:
1534:
1499:
1489:
1448:
1438:
1198:
1168:29 May
985:℞-only
983:
970:
895:
795:, and
777:horses
769:cattle
633:ligule
626:stamen
600:leaves
545:Phleum
429:subsp.
417:subsp.
393:subsp.
381:subsp.
369:subsp.
359:fallax
333:subsp.
302:Pryor
294:Janka
278:Gouan
257:subsp.
245:subsp.
175:Phleum
144:Poales
2287:WoRMS
2197:PHPR3
2130:NZPCN
2112:15957
2063:41062
2050:40248
2032:IRMNG
2008:IPA:
2001:57190
1988:28019
1921:FoAO2
1872:EUNIS
1864:PHLPR
1812:4GFZQ
1776:42637
1766:82040
1753:54585
1740:APA:
1575:S2CID
802:Some
797:degus
690:Seeds
582:) or
524:grass
474:Opiz
450:Host
128:Clade
115:Clade
102:Clade
89:Clade
2266:4478
2243:7827
2205:POWO
2135:3030
2107:NCBI
2073:2183
2058:ITIS
2019:IPNI
2011:6179
1983:GRIN
1957:GBIF
1859:EPPO
1825:8516
1799:6431
1784:BOLD
1761:APNI
1743:4995
1733:1864
1567:PMID
1532:PMID
1497:PMID
1446:PMID
1401:2023
1375:2024
1349:2023
1323:2023
1225:2015
1196:ISBN
1170:2022
1000:UNII
865:AHFS
775:for
631:The
620:The
405:var.
2274:WFO
2094:NBN
2045:ISC
1934:FoC
1908:FNA
1900:554
1846:EoL
1807:CoL
1630:245
1559:doi
1524:doi
1487:PMC
1477:doi
1436:PMC
1428:doi
1059:awn
940:WHO
773:hay
609:or
590:).
565:hay
538:or
534:,
318:L.
2311::
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2276::
2253::
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972:S4
966:AU
892:US
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345:f.
213:L.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
