164:
143:", "to mix". In the ideal personality, the complementary characteristics were exquisitely balanced among warm-cool and dry-moist. In four less-ideal types, one of the four qualities was dominant over all the others. In the remaining four types, one pair of qualities dominated the complementary pair; for example, warm and moist dominated cool and dry. These last four were the temperamental categories which Galen named "sanguine", "choleric", "melancholic", and "phlegmatic" after the bodily humours. Each was the result of an excess of one of the humours which produced the imbalance in paired qualities.
46:
1523:
115:) who developed it into a medical theory. He believed that certain human moods, emotions, and behaviours were caused by an excess or lack of body fluids (called "humours"), which he classified as blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm. Each of which was responsible for different patterns in personalities, as well as how susceptible you were to getting a disease.
466:, wherein high concern for production relates to hot, low concern for production relates to cold, high concern for people relates to moist, and low concern for people relates to dry. If one were to make the same Punnett square of these characters, one can find a Team Management, a Country Club Management, a Task Management, or an Ineffective Management individual.
456:, wherein active relates to hot, passive relates to cold, positive relates to moist, and negative relates to dry. If one were to make a Punnett square of these characters, one can find an Active–Positive, Passive–Positive, Active–Negative, or Passive–Negative individual. This diagram was made after an influential study of the U.S. presidency, hence the name.
188:(1616–1654) suggested that the humors acted as governing principles in bodily health, with astrological correspondences, and explained their influence upon physiognomy and personality. He proposed that some people had a single temperament, while others had an admixture of two, a primary and secondary temperament.
154:
These properties were considered the basis of health and disease. This meant that having a balance and good mixture of the humours defined good health, while an imbalance or separation of the humours led to disease. Because the humours corresponded to certain seasons, one way to avoid an imbalance or
159:
and purges to get rid of excess blood. Even Galen proposed a theory of the importance of proper digestion in forming healthy blood. The idea was that the two most important factors when digesting are the types of food and the person's body temperature. This meant that if too much heat were involved,
150:
The properties of these humours also corresponded to the four seasons. Thus blood, which was considered hot and wet, corresponded to spring. Yellow bile, considered hot and dry, corresponded to summer. Black bile, cold and dry, corresponded to autumn. And finally, phlegm, cold and wet, corresponded
146:
For example, if a person tends to be too happy or "sanguine", one can assume they have too much blood in proportion to the other humours, and can medically act accordingly. Likewise for being too calm and reserved or "phlegmatic" from too much phlegm; excessively sad or "melancholic" from too much
1909:. "In this work a distinguished scholar of Islamic religion examines the mysticism and psychological thought of the great eleventh-century Persian philosopher and physician Avicenna (Ibn Sina), author of over a hundred works on theology, logic, medicine, and mathematics."
1915:, p. 52. "Most important of these initially was the massive Book of Healing (Al-Shifa) of the eleventh-century Persian Avicenna, the parts of which labeled in Latin as De anima and De generatione having been translated in the second half of the twelfth century."
1925:. "The Persian polymath Ibn Sina (981–1037) consolidated all of this learning, along with Ancient Greek and Indian knowledge, into his The Canon of Medicine (1025), a work still taught in European medical schools in the seventeenth century."
160:
then the blood would become "overcooked." This meant that it would contain too much of the yellow bile, and the patient would become feverish. If there were not enough heat involved, this would cause there to be too much phlegm.
253:
Other researchers developed similar systems, many of which did not use the ancient temperament names, and several paired extraversion with a different factor which would determine relationship and task-orientation. Examples are
87:, that four bodily fluids affect human personality traits and behaviours. Modern medical science does not define a fixed relationship between internal secretions and personality, although some psychological
1801:
250:, where three main properties were identified: (1) strength, (2) mobility of nervous processes and (3) balance between excitation and inhibition and derived four types based on these three properties.
442:
believe that the temperaments help to understand personality. They also believe that they are useful for education, helping teachers understand how children learn. Christian writer
1611:
184:, which was a standard medical text at many medieval universities. He applied them to "emotional aspects, mental capacity, moral attitudes, self-awareness, movements and dreams."
79:. Most formulations include the possibility of mixtures among the types where an individual's personality types overlap and they share two or more temperaments. Greek physician
239:(E), the tendency to enjoy positive events, especially social ones. By pairing the two dimensions, Eysenck noted how the results were similar to the four ancient temperaments.
302:
surveys the historical literature of the 'four humors' and related discussions extensively and in depth and proposes a psychoanalytic integration of the material.
1572:
155:
disease was to change health-related habits depending on the season. Some physicians did this by regulating a patient's diet, while some used remedies such as
2269:
1776:
191:
Modern medical science has rejected the theories of the four temperaments, though their use persists as a metaphor within certain psychological fields.
2357:
2334:
1560:
839:
2097:
1619:
1967:, transcribed and annotated by Deborah Houlding. Skyscript, 2009 (retrieved 16 November 2011). Originally published in Culpeper's
1476:(Op.16) is subtitled "The Four Temperaments", each of the four movements being inspired by a sketch of a particular temperament.
30:
This article is about the "four humours" in Greco-Roman medicine, a specific form of the more universal proto-medical concept of
2554:
interactive workbook format that includes a temperament assessment; accompanying teaching videos available through the free app.
2477:
2286:
2107:
1922:
247:
1828:
Jouanna, Jacques (2012-01-01), "The Legacy of the
Hippocratic Treatise The Nature of Man: The Theory of the Four Humours",
219:(1916–1997) was one of the first psychologists to analyse personality differences using a psycho-statistical method called
2023:(1988). "Metaphorical equivalence of elements and temperaments: Empirical studies of Bachelard's theory of imagination".
215:(1947) all theorised on the four temperaments (with different names) and greatly shaped modern theories of temperament.
2527:
2511:
889:
223:, and his research led him to believe that temperament is biologically based. The factors that he proposed in his book
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2180:
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2003:
1946:
1847:
1738:
1443:
1421:
1566:
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2296:
1216:
279:
1780:
139:
between the qualities, yielding a total of nine temperaments. The word "temperament" itself comes from Latin "
49:
18th-century depiction of the four temperaments, Phlegmatic and choleric above, sanguine and melancholic below
1542:
797:
2545:
163:
1536:
627:
2123:
259:
17:
1507:
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1473:
123:, and searched for physiological reasons for different behaviours in humans. He classified them as
39:
2557:
2054:
58:
2072:
2066:
704:
271:
83:(c. 460 – c. 370 BC) described the four temperaments as part of the ancient medical concept of
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1482:
180:
136:
35:
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1413:
1407:
738:
718:
708:
295:
291:
287:
8:
1495:
1071:
728:
283:
1645:
Merenda, P. F. (1987). "Toward a Four-Factor Theory of
Temperament and/or Personality".
2335:"Paul Hindemith, Theme and Variations, 'Die vier Temperamente' (The Four Temperaments)"
2307:
2250:
2170:
1883:
1853:
1554:
449:
1487:
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2473:
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2410:
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2200:
2176:
2103:
2076:
1999:
1942:
1857:
1843:
1734:
1662:
1528:
1491:
1439:
1432:
1417:
435:
185:
132:
1569: – Psychological factor analysis measurement including behavior and temperament
2032:
2020:
1833:
1706:
1654:
1067:
232:
208:
88:
119:(AD 129 – c. 200) developed the first typology of temperament in his dissertation
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2404:
2377:
1962:
1728:
1096:
999:
772:
459:
255:
220:
204:
168:
1599:
Physiognomische
Fragmente zur Beförderung der Menschenkenntnis und Menschenliebe
167:
Choleric, sanguine, melancholic, and phlegmatic temperaments: 17c., part of the
2036:
1906:
1658:
1477:
1838:
2566:
2246:
1688:
1480:'s Theme and Four Variations for string orchestra and piano is also known as
1168:
1121:
511:
439:
196:
192:
1502:
1680:
1666:
1469:
961:
864:
236:
216:
200:
446:
has attempted to repopularize the ancient temperaments through his books.
1334:
986:
936:
243:
228:
212:
108:
104:
80:
71:
61:
theory which suggests that there are four fundamental personality types:
2469:
The Rise of
Western Power: A Comparative History of Western Civilization
2254:
2230:
1887:
2519:
I Said This, You Heard That: How Your Wiring Colors Your
Communication.
2196:
2166:
2148:
1964:
An
Astrologo-Physical Discourse of the Human Virtues in the Body of Man
1871:
1193:
734:
714:
443:
275:
156:
1284:
1259:
724:
100:
84:
31:
2552:
I Said This, You Heard That (A Group Study in the Four
Temperaments)
2551:
2517:
1577:
1337:
1234:
979:
267:
175:
1383:
1052:"Accepting" Dogs (feel asleep) (Low Excitation, High Inhibition)
642:
White > Green (Most
Selfless; Relaxed, Friendly, & Loyal)
430:
147:
black bile; and too angry or "choleric" from excess yellow bile.
2267:
1551: – Model of the human psyche used as a personality typology
1498:, using the theory of the temperaments as a point of departure.
1159:
So-Eum (SE; Little Yang); Conservative (Unstable & Passive)
263:
262:, whose four temperaments were based largely on the Greek gods
45:
34:. For the music by Hindemith choreographed by Balanchine, see
1539: – Personality model consisting of five broad dimensions
1434:
Please
Understand Me II: Temperament, Character, Intelligence
1309:
1222:
1210:
1204:
1197:
116:
112:
1156:
Tae-Yang (TY; Big Yang); Originative (Stable & Active)
918:
1150:
So-Yang (SY; Little Yang); Active (Unstable & Active)
927:
Low Extraversion, High Neuroticism (Unstable-Introverted)
99:
Temperament theory has its roots in the ancient theory of
91:
systems use categories similar to the Greek temperaments.
1490:, the score was ultimately completed as a commission for
178:(980–1037 AD) extended the theory of temperaments in his
1982:
Semeiotica Urania, or Astrological Judgement of Diseases
1939:
The Rise of Experimental Biology: An Illustrated History
1872:"Old English Wæta and the Medical Theory of the Humours"
1409:
People Patterns: A Modern Guide to the Four Temperaments
1153:
Tae-Eum (TE; Big Yin); Organized (Stable & Passive)
924:
High Extraversion, Low Neuroticism (Stable-Extraverted)
258:
and social styles. One of the most popular today is the
921:
Low Extraversion, Low Neuroticism (Stable-Introverted)
639:
Yellow (Social Butterflies; Creative & Optimistic)
1802:"Judy Duchan's History of Speech – Language Pathology"
1777:"Temperament: Developmental and Ecological Dimensions"
1573:
Table of similar systems of comparison of temperaments
1545: – Pseudoscience linking character and blood type
1055:
High-spirited Dogs (High Excitation, High Inhibition)
2451:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
1058:"Weak" Dogs (whiny) (Low Excitation, Low Inhibition)
2018:
1518:
1505:
used the four temperaments as a basis for his novel
636:
Blue (Keen Minds; Analytical & Detail-oriented)
1984:. London: 1655. Reprint, Nottingham: Ascella, 1994.
1405:
2489:Cambridge History of Medieval Philosophy, Volume 1
2406:Balanchine's Complete Stories of the Great Ballets
1431:
2359:Theme and Four Variations (The Four Temperaments)
1294:Dianoetic (Reasoning & Logical Investigator)
2564:
2382:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 231–232.
1486:: although originally conceived as a ballet for
877:Perceiving (P); "Enthusiastic & Insightful"
2402:
2053:, Foreign Languages Publication House: Moscow.
1561:Fundamental interpersonal relations orientation
2504:Passions and Tempers: A History of the Humours
2228:
2068:Alfred-Adler's Basic Concepts and Implications
1971:(English Physician). London: Peter Cole, 1652.
1429:
871:Judging (J); "Practical & Matter of Fact"
431:Modern views, implementations and restatements
306:Relation of various four temperament theories
2365:. New York City: Associated Music Publishers.
1876:The Journal of English and Germanic Philology
1730:Galen's Prophecy: Temperament In Human Nature
1412:(1st ed.). Archer Publications. p.
1049:Angry Dogs (High Excitation, Low Inhibition)
2487:Pasnau, Robert; Dyke, Christina Van (2010).
2025:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
1438:(1st ed.). Prometheus Nemesis Book Co.
2403:Balanchine, George; Mason, Francis (1977).
2277:. II. Instrumental Music. Vol. 2. The
2049:Rokhin, L, Pavlov, I and Popov, Y. (1963),
1464:composed a trio sonata in C minor known as
325:(Different publishers use different names)
2486:
2231:"The Persistence of the Four Temperaments"
1912:
1563: – W. Schutz's social behavior theory
1300:Noetic (Intuitive, Sensibility, Morality)
880:Feeling (F); "Sympathetic & Friendly"
248:types and properties of the nervous system
2369:
2355:
2332:
2326:
1993:
1837:
1753:
1494:, who subsequently choreographed it as a
278:, and were mapped to the 16 types of the
2229:DOODY, JOHN A.; IMMERWAHR, JOHN (1983).
2172:Your Temperament: Discover Its Potential
1830:Greek Medicine from Hippocrates to Galen
1700:
1698:
1291:Pistic (Common sense & Care-taking)
874:Thinking (T); "Logical & Ingenious"
579:Linda V. Berens' four Interaction Styles
162:
44:
38:. For the symphony by Carl Nielsen, see
2295: 979-0-66134-000-3. Archived from
2235:Soundings: An Interdisciplinary Journal
2095:
1827:
1679:
1644:
14:
2565:
2446:
2333:Corleonis, Adrian (19 November 2007).
2224:
2222:
2195:
2165:
2147:
2064:
1998:. Wessex Astrologer. pp. 42, 91.
1996:Temperament: Astrology's Forgotten Key
1902:
1869:
1823:
1821:
1726:
1695:
1175:Energetic & Emotional (Choleric)
2465:
2375:
1936:
1930:
1918:
1720:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1597:Woodcut from Johann Kaspar Lavater,
1460:The 18th-century classical composer
1181:Energetic & Balanced (Sanguine)
2466:Daly, Jonathan (19 December 2013).
2219:
1994:Greenbaum, Dorian Gieseler (2005).
1297:Iconic (Artistic & Art-making)
1184:Weak & Emotional (Melancholic)
24:
2496:
2449:Avicenna and the visionary recital
1863:
1818:
1704:
1269:Dialogike (Logical Investigation)
998:William Marston and John G. Geier
890:California Psychological Inventory
25:
2584:
2533:
2379:The Cambridge Companion to Ballet
2153:The Spirit Controlled Temperament
1685:Essays in the History of Medicine
1647:Journal of Personality Assessment
1633:
1604:
1468:(Wq 161/1). In the 20th century,
1178:Weak & Balanced (Phlegmatic)
2268:Foltmann, Niels Bo, ed. (1998).
1580:– The theory of the four humours
1567:Two-factor models of personality
1521:
1266:Propraieteri (Acquiring Assets)
819:LIFO's four Orientations to Life
633:Red (Leaders; Bold & Brash)
231:(N), the tendency to experience
2558:Shakespeare and the Four Humors
2423:
2396:
2349:
2261:
2189:
2159:
2141:
2124:"What Are the Four DISC Types?"
2116:
2089:
2058:
2043:
2012:
1987:
1974:
1955:
1894:
1707:"Early Medicine and Physiology"
1501:The 19th-century French author
1430:Keirsey, David (May 1, 1998) .
1378:
1329:
1304:
1254:
1229:
1188:
1116:
1091:
1062:
859:
696:Keirsey/Bates four temperaments
691:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
2440:
2071:. Taylor and Francis. p.
2051:Psychopathology and Psychiatry
1794:
1769:
1747:
1673:
1591:
1087:Hyperesthetic (oversensitive)
1008:Conscientiousness (C); Yellow
608:Thinking (Strategic Thinking)
13:
1:
2491:. Cambridge University Press.
2376:Kant, Marion (June 7, 2007).
2337:. American Symphony Orchestra
2128:DISC Personality Testing Blog
1612:"The Four Human Temperaments"
1584:
1557: – Ancient Egyptian gods
1543:Blood type personality theory
1225:(Inspiring & Passionate)
1219:(Impulsive & Changeable)
975:Getting/Leaning (Phlegmatic)
282:(MBTI). They were renamed as
107:, but it was Greek physician
103:. It may have originated in
1941:. Humana Press. p. 60.
1406:Montgomery, Stephen (2002).
1374:Earth (Persephone/Aidoneus)
1207:(Industrious & Guarded)
896:Leader/Implementer (Alphas)
242:In the field of physiology,
7:
2546:episode on the four humours
1832:, BRILL, pp. 335–359,
1537:Big Five personality traits
1514:
1466:Sanguineus et Melancholicus
1404:Adapted and modified from:
972:Ruling/Dominant (Choleric)
785:Undue Attention or Service
700:Keirsey's four temperaments
628:Hartman Personality Profile
280:Myers–Briggs Type Indicator
10:
2589:
2516:Edelman, Kathleen (2019).
2202:Why You Act the Way You Do
2065:Lundin, Robert W. (1989).
2037:10.1037/0022-3514.55.5.836
1659:10.1207/s15327752jpa5103_4
1616:www.thetransformedsoul.com
1352:Black Bile (Cold and Dry)
1343:Yellow Bile (Hot and Dry)
1272:Hedone (Sensual Pleasure)
454:The Presidential Character
372:Conscientiousness/Cautious
260:Keirsey Temperament Sorter
94:
29:
27:Proto-psychological theory
2548:in MP3 format, 45 minutes
1961:Nicholas Culpeper (1653)
1839:10.1163/9789004232549_017
1733:. New York: Basic Books.
1462:Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach
1403:
1262:four sources of happiness
1081:Anesthetic (insensitive)
792:
788:Inadequacy or Deficiency
614:Relating (Relationships)
225:Dimensions of Personality
2356:Hindemith, Paul (1948).
2281:, Royal Danish Library.
1754:Osborn L. Ac., David K.
1549:Enneagram of Personality
1455:
1386:'s four living creatures
687:Intuition & Empathy
684:Vision & Creativity
621:Erikson's behavior types
611:Impacting (Influencing)
111:(460–370 BC) (and later
40:Symphony No. 2 (Nielsen)
2522:North Point Resources.
2096:Riemann, Fritz (2008).
1937:Lutz, Peter L. (2002).
1691:. pp. 67, 87, 104.
1137:Dogmatic (Doctrinaire)
949:Marketing (Exchanging)
782:Revenge or Retaliation
498:Melancholic temperament
329:Physical manifestation
55:four temperament theory
2573:Personality typologies
2447:Corbin, Henry (2016).
2205:. Tyndale Publishing.
2175:. Tyndale Publishing.
1913:Pasnau & Dyke 2010
1756:"INHERENT TEMPERAMENT"
1727:Kagan, Jerome (1998).
1687:. Medical Life Press,
1346:Phlegm (Cold and Wet)
1275:Ethikos (Moral Value)
964:'s four Styles of Life
952:Receptive (Accepting)
946:Hoarding (Preserving)
943:Exploitative (Taking)
681:Process & Routine
488:Phlegmatic temperament
171:
135:. There could also be
50:
2502:Arikha, Noga (2007).
2155:. Tyndale Publishing.
2019:Martindale, Anne E.;
1483:The Four Temperaments
1368:Water (Pluto/Nestis)
1213:(Curious & Calm)
1131:Agnostic (Skeptical)
1099:four* value attitudes
1014:Steadiness (S); Blue
1011:Influence (I); Green
968:Temperament by LaHaye
717:(Technological) >
623:are a 2014 revision)
605:Striving (Executing)
349:Steadiness/Supportive
166:
48:
36:The Four Temperaments
2279:Carl Nielsen Edition
1870:Ayoub, Lois (1995).
1806:www.acsu.buffalo.edu
1349:Blood (Hot and Wet)
1171:'s four temperaments
905:Visualizer (Deltas)
678:Logic & Results
493:Sanguine temperament
483:Choleric temperament
2302:on 16 October 2014.
2102:. Reinhardt Ernst.
1980:Nicholas Culpeper,
1705:Boeree, C. George.
1496:neoclassical ballet
1396:Eagle (Far-seeing)
1103:Economic/Political
1005:Dominance (D); Red
902:Innovator (Gammas)
826:Conserving-Holding
823:Controlling-Taking
775:four mistaken goals
653:Personality Styles
508:Octopus Temperament
464:The Managerial Grid
424:Liver/Gall Bladder
395:Influence/Inspiring
307:
300:Psychological Types
298:(NT).. C.G. Jung's
59:proto-psychological
1890:– via JSTOR.
1555:Four sons of Horus
899:Supporter (Betas)
832:Supporting-Giving
779:Power or Defiance
592:Behind the Scenes
450:James David Barber
305:
172:
51:
2479:978-1-4411-1851-6
2472:. A&C Black.
2429:Zola, Preface to
2288:978-87-598-0913-6
2109:978-3-497-02043-0
2021:Martindale, Colin
1529:Psychology portal
1492:George Balanchine
1453:
1452:
1237:four temperaments
1112:Religious/Social
978:Socially Useful (
939:four orientations
885:1948, 1957, 1987
829:Adapting-Dealing
589:Get Things Going
586:Chart the Course
436:Waldorf education
428:
427:
233:negative emotions
186:Nicholas Culpeper
181:Canon of Medicine
174:Persian polymath
16:(Redirected from
2580:
2492:
2483:
2462:
2434:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2373:
2367:
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2353:
2347:
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2330:
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2317:
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2301:
2276:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2226:
2217:
2216:
2193:
2187:
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2163:
2157:
2156:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2062:
2056:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2016:
2010:
2009:
1991:
1985:
1978:
1972:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1934:
1928:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1841:
1825:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1779:. Archived from
1773:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1702:
1693:
1692:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1642:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1627:
1618:. Archived from
1608:
1602:
1595:
1531:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1449:
1437:
1427:
1399:Man (Spiritual)
1124:four world views
838:David Merrill, "
567:Improvisor (SP)
561:Stabilizer (SJ)
469:
468:
418:Dominance/Direct
308:
304:
209:Ernst Kretschmer
121:De temperamentis
89:personality type
21:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2577:
2563:
2562:
2536:
2499:
2497:Further reading
2480:
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2401:
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2304:
2299:
2289:
2274:
2266:
2262:
2227:
2220:
2213:
2194:
2190:
2183:
2164:
2160:
2146:
2142:
2133:
2131:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2110:
2094:
2090:
2083:
2063:
2059:
2048:
2044:
2017:
2013:
2006:
1992:
1988:
1979:
1975:
1969:Complete Herbal
1960:
1956:
1949:
1935:
1931:
1899:
1895:
1868:
1864:
1850:
1826:
1819:
1810:
1808:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1786:
1784:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1760:
1758:
1752:
1748:
1741:
1725:
1721:
1711:
1709:
1703:
1696:
1678:
1674:
1643:
1634:
1625:
1623:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1527:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1488:LĂ©onide Massine
1458:
1446:
1424:
1312:four characters
1000:DiSC assessment
737:(Soulful) >
707:(Dutiful) >
651:Tony Alessandra
601:StrengthsFinder
564:Theorists (NT)
460:Robert R. Blake
433:
389:Socially Useful
256:DISC assessment
246:studied on the
221:factor analysis
205:Eduard Spranger
169:Grande Commande
131:taken from the
97:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2586:
2576:
2575:
2561:
2560:
2555:
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2535:
2534:External links
2532:
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2528:978-1943535415
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2512:978-0060731175
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2271:Symphony No. 2
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2241:(3): 348–359.
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827:
824:
821:
817:Stuart Atkins
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790:
789:
786:
783:
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769:
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764:
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760:Collaborating
758:
757:Accommodating
755:
752:
747:
743:
742:
732:
727:(Artful) >
722:
712:
702:
693:
689:
688:
685:
682:
679:
676:
671:
667:
666:
663:
660:
657:
654:
648:
644:
643:
640:
637:
634:
631:
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616:
615:
612:
609:
606:
603:
598:
594:
593:
590:
587:
584:
581:
576:
572:
571:
570:Catalyst (NF)
568:
565:
562:
559:
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550:
549:
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543:
540:
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532:
528:
527:
524:
521:
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432:
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373:
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367:
364:
361:
357:
356:
353:
350:
347:
344:
341:
338:
334:
333:
330:
327:
321:
318:
315:
312:
96:
93:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2585:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2543:(BBC Radio 4)
2542:
2538:
2537:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2506:. Harpers.
2505:
2501:
2500:
2490:
2485:
2481:
2475:
2471:
2470:
2464:
2460:
2458:9780691630540
2454:
2450:
2445:
2444:
2432:
2426:
2418:
2416:9780385113816
2412:
2409:. Doubleday.
2408:
2407:
2399:
2391:
2389:9781139827195
2385:
2381:
2380:
2372:
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2360:
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2336:
2329:
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2309:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2284:
2280:
2273:
2272:
2264:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2225:
2223:
2214:
2212:0-8423-8212-7
2208:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2192:
2184:
2182:0-8423-6220-7
2178:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2162:
2154:
2150:
2144:
2129:
2125:
2119:
2111:
2105:
2101:
2100:
2092:
2084:
2082:0-915202-83-2
2078:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2061:
2055:
2052:
2046:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2015:
2007:
2005:1-902405-17-X
2001:
1997:
1990:
1983:
1977:
1970:
1966:
1965:
1958:
1950:
1948:0-89603-835-1
1944:
1940:
1933:
1924:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1897:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1866:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1849:9789004232549
1845:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1824:
1822:
1807:
1803:
1797:
1783:on 2011-07-20
1782:
1778:
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1740:0-465-08405-2
1736:
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1682:
1681:Sudhoff, Karl
1676:
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1641:
1639:
1637:
1622:on 2022-07-07
1621:
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1613:
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1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
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1479:
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1467:
1463:
1447:
1445:1-885705-02-6
1441:
1436:
1435:
1425:
1423:1-885705-03-4
1419:
1415:
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1398:
1395:
1392:
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1385:
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1377:
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1370:
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1364:
1362:
1359:
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1340:
1339:
1336:
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1328:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
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1177:
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1172:
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1163:
1162:
1158:
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1133:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1048:
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1040:
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1035:
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1002:
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993:
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984:
981:
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965:
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938:
934:
931:
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926:
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904:
901:
898:
895:
893:
891:
887:
884:
883:
879:
876:
873:
870:
868:
867:Jungian types
866:
862:
858:
854:
851:
848:
845:
843:
841:
840:Social Styles
836:
835:
831:
828:
825:
822:
820:
816:
815:
811:
808:
805:
802:
800:
799:
798:Fritz Riemann
795:
791:
787:
784:
781:
778:
776:
774:
770:
767:
766:
762:
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736:
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629:
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582:
580:
577:
574:
573:
569:
566:
563:
560:
558:
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552:
551:
547:
545:Experimental
544:
541:
538:
536:
533:
530:
529:
525:
522:
519:
516:
513:
512:Sy Montgomery
509:
506:
503:
502:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
470:
467:
465:
461:
457:
455:
451:
447:
445:
441:
440:anthroposophy
437:
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257:
251:
249:
245:
240:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
203:(1879–1937),
202:
199:(1866–1925),
198:
197:Erich Adickes
195:(1724–1804),
194:
193:Immanuel Kant
189:
187:
183:
182:
177:
170:
165:
161:
158:
152:
148:
144:
142:
138:
134:
133:four elements
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
92:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
73:
68:
64:
60:
56:
47:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2540:
2518:
2503:
2488:
2468:
2448:
2430:
2425:
2405:
2398:
2378:
2371:
2358:
2351:
2339:. Retrieved
2328:
2297:the original
2270:
2263:
2238:
2234:
2201:
2191:
2171:
2161:
2152:
2143:
2132:. Retrieved
2130:. 2014-01-27
2127:
2118:
2098:
2091:
2067:
2060:
2050:
2045:
2028:
2024:
2014:
1995:
1989:
1981:
1976:
1968:
1963:
1957:
1938:
1932:
1896:
1879:
1875:
1865:
1829:
1809:. Retrieved
1805:
1796:
1785:. Retrieved
1781:the original
1771:
1759:. Retrieved
1749:
1729:
1722:
1710:. Retrieved
1684:
1675:
1650:
1646:
1624:. Retrieved
1620:the original
1615:
1606:
1598:
1593:
1506:
1500:
1481:
1470:Carl Nielsen
1465:
1459:
1433:
1408:
1393:Ox (Sturdy)
1390:Lion (Bold)
1382:
1365:Fire (Zeus)
1360:
1338:four humours
1335:Hippocrates'
1333:
1308:
1287:social order
1283:
1258:
1247:Spontaneous
1233:
1192:
1167:
1145:
1128:Traditional
1120:
1106:Theoretical
1095:
1068:Kretschmer's
1066:
1044:
1022:
997:
994:1928, 1970s
967:
962:Alfred Adler
960:
935:
913:
888:
863:
837:
818:
796:
771:
749:
699:
695:
673:
650:
626:
620:
600:
578:
556:
539:Controlling
534:
507:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
463:
458:
453:
448:
434:
324:
299:
252:
241:
237:extraversion
224:
217:Hans Eysenck
211:(1920), and
201:Alfred Adler
190:
179:
173:
153:
149:
145:
140:
128:
124:
120:
98:
76:
70:
66:
62:
54:
52:
2541:In Our Time
2441:Works cited
2316:|work=
2197:LaHaye, Tim
2167:LaHaye, Tim
2149:LaHaye, Tim
1903:Corbin 2016
1761:21 February
1712:21 February
1601:(1775–1778)
1371:Air (Hera)
1285:Aristotle's
1260:Aristotle's
1241:Historical
1217:salamanders
1194:Paracelsus'
1134:Innovative
1078:Depressive
987:melancholic
957:1935, 1966
852:Expressive
849:Analytical
809:Hysterical
692:1978, 1988
662:Socializer
548:Relational
542:Analytical
421:Yellow bile
337:Melancholic
244:Ivan Pavlov
229:neuroticism
213:Erich Fromm
151:to winter.
109:Hippocrates
105:Mesopotamia
81:Hippocrates
72:melancholic
2341:1 February
2134:2020-09-22
2031:(5): 836.
1921:, p.
1811:2023-03-30
1787:2010-03-26
1626:2018-01-03
1585:References
1503:Émile Zola
1361:Empedocles
1325:Intuitive
1319:Reasoning
1250:Spiritual
1244:Scholarly
1109:Aesthetic
1097:Spranger's
1084:Hypomanic
1033:Sensation
1027:Intuition
985:Avoiding (
812:Depressed
803:Obsessive
754:Competing
735:Apollonian
715:Promethean
705:Epimethean
583:In Charge
575:1999/2001
517:Assertive
452:developed
444:Tim LaHaye
392:Hysterical
360:Phlegmatic
352:Black bile
294:(NF), and
276:Prometheus
272:Epimetheus
157:phlebotomy
77:phlegmatic
18:Phlegmatic
2318:ignored (
2308:cite book
2247:0038-1861
1919:Daly 2013
1858:171176381
1322:Artistic
1316:Sensible
1235:Irenaeus'
1072:character
1030:Thinking
806:Schizoid
773:Dreikurs'
763:Avoiding
725:Dionysian
656:Director
473:Date (c.)
415:Obsessive
366:Avoiding
346:Depressed
311:Classical
141:temperare
101:humourism
85:humourism
32:humourism
2567:Category
2255:41178265
2199:(1988).
2169:(1984).
2151:(1966).
1907:Overview
1888:27711180
1689:New York
1683:(1926).
1667:16372840
1578:Humorism
1515:See also
1122:Adickes'
1036:Feeling
980:Sanguine
855:Amiable
846:Driving
750:Conflict
746:1973/74
739:Idealist
719:Rational
709:Guardian
674:Benziger
665:Relater
659:Thinker
520:Curious
462:created
406:Choleric
383:Sanguine
369:Schizoid
296:Rational
292:Idealist
288:Guardian
268:Dionysus
207:(1914),
176:Avicenna
125:hot/cold
67:choleric
63:sanguine
2099:Anxiety
1384:Ezekiel
1379:590 BC
1357:450 BC
1330:307 BC
1310:Plato's
1305:340 BC
1280:325 BC
1255:325 BC
1230:185 AD
1200:spirits
937:Fromm's
914:Eysenck
892:CPI 260
729:Artisan
698:(old),
526:Gentle
523:Joyful
401:Marrow
355:Spleen
343:Leaning
332:Source
320:Riemann
314:Element
284:Artisan
137:balance
129:dry/wet
95:History
2526:
2510:
2476:
2455:
2413:
2386:
2285:
2253:
2245:
2209:
2179:
2106:
2079:
2002:
1945:
1886:
1856:
1846:
1737:
1665:
1442:
1420:
1223:Nymphs
1211:Sylphs
1205:Gnomes
1146:Sasang
1074:styles
1045:Pavlov
1041:1920s
865:Myers'
793:1960s
619:1998 (
557:Berens
478:Author
412:Ruling
378:Lungs
375:Phlegm
290:(SJ),
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