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three forged treatises of
Pythagoras. Burkert's arguments (1972a, 238–277), supported by further study (Huffman 1993), have led to a consensus that some 11 fragments are genuine (Frs. 1–6, 6a, 7, 13, 16 and 17 in the numbering of Huffman 1993) and derive from Philolaus' book On Nature (Barnes 1982; Kahn 1993 and 2001; Kirk, Raven and Schofield 1983; Nussbaum 1979; Zhmud 1997). Fragments 1, 6a and 13 are identified as coming from the book On Nature by ancient sources. Stobaeus cites fragments 2 and 4–7 as coming from a work On the Cosmos, but this appears to be an alternate title for On Nature, which probably arose because the chapter heading in Stobaeus under which the fragments are cited is 'On the Cosmos.'
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essence was not the internal foundation of the principles of which the world was founded, that is, of the limiting and unlimited elements. Now since these principles are not mutually similar, neither of similar nature, it would be impossible that the order of the world should have been formed by them, unless the harmony intervened .
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Philolaus is trying to show how the ordered universe that we know came into its present condition. It arose, he says, by the action of harmony on a basic substance, which we do not know but must infer. This substance consisted of different primary elements, and harmony fitted these together in such a
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as a book for teaching theology by means of mathematics. It appears, in fact, from this, as well as from the extant fragments, that the first book of the work contained a general account of the origin and arrangement of the universe. The second book appears to have been an exposition of the nature of
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Philolaus argued at the foundation of everything is the part played by the ideas of limit and the unlimited. One of the first declarations in the work of
Philolaus was that all things in the universe result from a combination of the unlimited and the limiting; for if all things had been unlimited,
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It is implied that these books were not by
Philolaus himself, and it seems likely that the statement refers to three spurious works assigned to Pythagoras at D.L. VIII 6 (Burkert 1972a, 224–5). The story of Plato's purchase of these books from Philolaus was probably invented to authenticate the
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This is the state of affairs about nature and harmony. The essence of things is eternal; it is a unique and divine nature, the knowledge of which does not belong to Man. Still it would not be possible that any of the things that are, and are known by us, should arrive to our knowledge, if this
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collected in a written form some of the principal
Pythagorean doctrines, which were handed down as heirlooms in their families, under strict injunctions that they should not be made public. But amid the different and inconsistent accounts of the matter, the first publication of the Pythagorean
515:, who purchased it from Philolaus, who was at the time in deep poverty. Other versions of the story represent Plato as purchasing it himself from Philolaus or his relatives when in Sicily. Out of the materials which he derived from these books Plato is said to have composed his
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Philolaus says that there is fire in the middle at the centre and again more fire at the highest point and surrounding everything. By nature the middle is first, and around it dance ten divine bodies—the sky, the planets, then the sun, next the moon, next the earth, next the
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developed a school of philosophy that was dominated by both mathematics and mysticism. Most of what is known today about the
Pythagorean astronomical system is derived from Philolaus's views. He may have been the first to write about Pythagorean doctrine. According to
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philosopher. He was born in a Greek colony in Italy and migrated to Greece. Philolaus has been called one of three most prominent figures in the
Pythagorean tradition and the most outstanding figure in the Pythagorean school.
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As to his death, Diogenes Laërtius reports a dubious story that
Philolaus was put to death at Croton on account of being suspected of wanting to be the tyrant; a story which Diogenes Laërtius even chose to put into verse.
778:"The most likely date for Philolaus' birth would then appear to be around 470, although he could have been born as early as 480 or as late as 440. He appears to have lived into the 380s and at the very least until 399."
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According to
Stobaeus, Philolaus did away with the ideas of fixed direction in space and developed one of the first non-geocentric views of the universe and in his new way of thinking, the universe revolved around a
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It has been pointed out, however, that
Stobaeus betrays a tendency to confound the dogmas of the early Ionian philosophers, and in his accounts, he occasionally mixes up Platonism with Pythagoreanism.
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The writings of much later writers are the sources of further reports about his life. They are scattered and of dubious value in reconstructing his life. Apparently, he lived for some time at
620:) in the world-order (cosmos) was fitted together out of things which are unlimited and out of things which are limiting, both the world-order as a whole and everything in it.
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466:. It might have been one treatise divided into three books. Plato is said to have procured a copy of his book. Later, it was claimed that Plato composed much of his
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Pythagoras and his earliest successors do not appear to have committed any of their doctrines to writing. According to
Porphyrius (Vit. Pyth. p. 40)
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is the only authority for the claim that shortly after the death of Socrates, Plato traveled to Italy where he met with Philolaus and
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The system that Philolaus described predated the idea of spheres by hundreds of years, however. Nearly two-thousand years later,
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required a tenth. However, Greek scholar George Burch asserts his belief that Aristotle was lampooning Philolaus's addition.
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He composed a work on the Pythagorean philosophy in three books, which Plato is said to have procured at the cost of 100
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nothing could have been the object of knowledge. Limiters and unlimiteds are combined in a harmony (
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and from which he has preserved a series of passages. Other writers refer to a work entitled
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as the center of the universe and that spheres (including the Sun) revolved around it.
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speaks of Philolaus composing one book, but elsewhere he speaks of three books, as do
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He argued that at the foundation of everything is the part played by the limiting and
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who is mentioned in the context and did have such a death." Carl A. Huffman, (1993)
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Not to be confused with the first burning of the meeting place, in the lifetime of
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numbers, which in the Pythagorean theory are the essence and source of all things.
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that Philolaus already knew about the Earth's revolution around a central fire.
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13, although the account given by Plutarch involves great inaccuracies
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Philolaos des Pythagoreers Lehren nebst den Bruchstücken seines Werkes
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settlers). It is most likely that he came from Croton. He migrated to
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takes place, in 399 BC. That would make him a contemporary of
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Discussion of Philolaus in a book by Charles Peter Mason (1870)
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1173:. Osirus, vol. 11. Saint Catherines Press, 1954. p. 267-294
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Various reports give the birthplace of Philolaus as either
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30:"Philolaos" redirects here. For the Greek sculptor, see
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Pythagoras Lehren nebst den Bruchstücken seines Werkes.
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doctrines is pretty uniformly attributed to Philolaus.
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Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology
402:. The pupils of Philolaus were said to have included
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Robert Scoon explained Philolaus' universe in 1922:
294:, but rather that the Sun is. Philolaus discussed a
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1329:. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 414.
1147:Philolaus, Fragment 6, Diels. Stobaeus i. 21. 460
681:, Philolaus added a tenth unseen body, he called
612:The book by Philolaus begins with the following:
529:Philolaus' Book: Genuine Fragments and Testimonia
4457:
985:Philolaus of Croton: Pythagorean and Presocratic
892:Philolaus of Croton: Pythagorean and Presocratic
784:Philolaus of Croton: Pythagorean and Presocratic
61:and Philolaus conducting musical investigations
1248:(Two volume ed.). Loeb Classical Library.
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271:, Philolaus was the successor of Pythagoras.
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1209:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
655:In Philolaus's system a sphere of the fixed
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802:. In der Vossischen Buchhandlung. p.
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996:Diogenes Laërtius, iii. p. 84; cf. Suda,
935:Apollodorus ap. Diogenes Laërtius, ix. 38
475:One of the works of Philolaus was called
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836:, p. 267; Diogenes Laërtius, viii, p. 46
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786:, pages 5–6. Cambridge University Press
767:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
760:
547:Pythagoreanism § Music and harmony
14:
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2893:Latin translations of the 12th century
495:. However, it has been mentioned that
27:Greek philosopher (c. 470 – c. 385 BC)
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2588:Incircle and excircles of a triangle
479:. It seems to be the same work that
3153:Ancient Greek schools of philosophy
1310:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
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1055:Diogenes Laërtius, iii. 9, viii. 15
877:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
525:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
24:
987:, p. 6. Cambridge University Press
894:, p. 6. Cambridge University Press
472:based upon the book by Philolaus.
322:(the name of the coastal areas of
25:
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4466:5th-century BC Greek philosophers
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1241:Lives of the Eminent Philosophers
600:turns out to be an ordered world
4481:Ancient Greek political refugees
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627:hypothetical astronomical object
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1244:. Vol. 2:8. Translated by
1235:"Pythagoreans: Philolaus"
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551:Pythagorean astronomical system
2925:A History of Greek Mathematics
2438:The Quadrature of the Parabola
1109:Gaffurius, Franchinus (1492).
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582:Philolaus, Fragment DK 44B 6a.
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4521:4th-century BC mathematicians
4516:5th-century BC mathematicians
4496:Pythagoreans of Magna Graecia
1754:Inferior and superior planets
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540:
239:
81:
70:
4471:Ancient Greek mathematicians
2706:Intersecting secants theorem
386:, where he was the pupil of
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2701:Intersecting chords theorem
2568:Doctrine of proportionality
1046:Diogenes Laërtius, viii. 85
970:Diogenes Laërtius, viii. 46
708:
429:
355:, he was the instructor of
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2397:On the Sphere and Cylinder
2350:On the Sizes and Distances
1831:Medieval Islamic astronomy
1628:On the Sizes and Distances
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4491:Presocratic philosophers
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3992:Alexander of Aphrodisias
2770:Aristarchus's inequality
2343:On Conoids and Spheroids
1160:Burch, George Bosworth.
1081:DK 44 B 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
1023:(1870). "Philolaus". In
890:Carl A. Huffman, (1993)
748:
4101:Lucius Annaeus Cornutus
3834:Thrasymachus of Corinth
3512:Metrodorus of Lampsacus
2878:Ancient Greek astronomy
2691:Inscribed angle theorem
2681:Greek geometric algebra
2336:Measurement of a Circle
1546:Sosigenes of Alexandria
1365:Ancient Greek astronomy
1326:Encyclopædia Britannica
1206:Encyclopædia Britannica
531:, noted the following:
97:Pre-Socratic philosophy
4486:Ancient Thebes, Greece
3758:Aristippus the Younger
3112:Mathematics portal
2898:Non-Euclidean geometry
2853:Mouseion of Alexandria
2726:Tangent-secant theorem
2676:Geometric mean theorem
2661:Exterior angle theorem
2656:Angle bisector theorem
2360:On Sizes and Distances
1618:On Sizes and Distances
1264:Quotations related to
1150:. Classical Philology.
1144:Scoon, Robert (1922).
796:Böckh, August (1819).
761:Huffman, Carl (2020),
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622:
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585:
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367:, around the time the
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4235:Eudorus of Alexandria
3806:Asclepiades of Phlius
3763:Theodorus the Atheist
2800:Pappus's area theorem
2736:Theorem of the gnomon
2613:Quadratrix of Hippias
2536:Circles of Apollonius
2484:Problem of Apollonius
2462:Constructible numbers
2286:Archimedes Palimpsest
1729:Deferent and epicycle
1658:Antikythera mechanism
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379:were contemporaries.
4169:Diogenes of Oenoanda
3016:prehistoric counting
2813:Ptolemy's inequality
2754:Apollonius's theorem
2593:Method of exhaustion
2563:Diophantine equation
2553:Circumscribed circle
2370:On the Moving Sphere
1800:Babylonian astronomy
1491:Hippocrates of Chios
1295:at Wikimedia Commons
1099:(Böckh, I.e. p. 22.)
394:calls him) Arcesus.
53:Medieval woodcut by
32:Philolaos (sculptor)
4293:Apollonius of Tyana
4240:Philo of Alexandria
4043:Agrippa the Skeptic
3982:Strato of Lampsacus
3102: •
2908:Neusis construction
2828:Spiral of Theodorus
2721:Pythagorean theorem
2666:Euclidean algorithm
2608:Lune of Hippocrates
2477:Squaring the circle
2233:Theon of Alexandria
1908:Aristaeus the Elder
1571:Theon of Alexandria
1021:Charles Peter Mason
694:Nicolaus Copernicus
18:Philolaus of Croton
4501:Ancient Crotonians
4368:Plutarch of Athens
4308:Numenius of Apamea
4298:Moderatus of Gades
3768:Hegesias of Cyrene
2795:Menelaus's theorem
2785:Irrational numbers
2598:Parallel postulate
2573:Euclidean geometry
2541:Apollonian circles
2083:Isidore of Miletus
1805:Egyptian astronomy
1719:Circle of latitude
1276:Works by or about
1246:Hicks, Robert Drew
1230:Laërtius, Diogenes
1168:2013-10-29 at the
948:; comp. Plutarch,
912: 509 BC
715:Alcmaeon of Croton
565:
440:
267:(1819), who cites
247: 385 BC
107:Western philosophy
55:Franchino Gaffurio
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2823:Ptolemy's theorem
2696:Intercept theorem
2546:Apollonian gasket
2472:Doubling the cube
2445:The Sand Reckoner
1839:
1838:
1714:Celestial spheres
1320:"Philolaus"
1291:Media related to
1201:Stobaeus, Joannes
1163:The Counter-Earth
1134:Fragment DK 44B 3
1125:Fragment DK 44B 1
699:De revolutionibus
696:would mention in
456:Diogenes Laërtius
396:Diogenes Laërtius
180:
179:
16:(Redirected from
4528:
4408:Second Sophistic
4383:Ammonius Hermiae
4288:Nigidius Figulus
4202:Philo of Larissa
4184:Academic Skeptic
4048:Sextus Empiricus
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2805:Problem II.8 of
2775:Crossbar theorem
2731:Thales's theorem
2671:Euclid's theorem
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2519:Axiomatic system
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3987:Lyco of Troas
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3231:
3221:
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3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
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3183:
3179:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3158:
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3147:
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3135:
3133:
3128:
3127:
3124:
3114:
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3100:
3087:
3077:
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3069:
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3059:
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3041:
3037:
3029:
3026:
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3017:
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3009:
3005:
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2997:
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2717:
2716:Pons asinorum
2714:
2712:
2709:
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2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
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2686:Hinge theorem
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2353:(Aristarchus)
2351:
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2327:
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2277:
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2264:
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2259:
2258:Zeno of Sidon
2256:
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2209:
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2139:
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1765:
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1760:
1759:Metonic cycle
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1744:Heliocentrism
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1724:Counter-Earth
1722:
1720:
1717:
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1631:(Aristarchus)
1629:
1625:
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1198:
1193:
1192:public domain
1179:
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1010:
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993:
986:
982:
976:
967:
958:
951:
950:de Gen. Socr.
947:
941:
932:
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919:
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764:
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733:
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728:
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723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
712:
706:
703:
701:
700:
695:
690:
688:
687:number theory
684:
683:Counter-Earth
680:
679:
675:, writing in
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
649:
643:
641:
634:
632:
628:
621:
619:
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460:Aulus Gellius
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397:
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354:
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348:
345:According to
343:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
320:Magna Graecia
318:—all part of
317:
313:
309:
299:
297:
293:
289:
285:
284:heliocentrism
281:
277:
272:
270:
266:
261:
256:
252:
237:
229:
228:Ancient Greek
223:
184:
175:
169:
165:
163:
162:Counter-Earth
160:
158:
155:
154:
152:
149:Notable ideas
146:
140:
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135:
132:
131:
129:
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120:
117:
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108:
105:
101:
98:
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91:
87:
80:
76:
69:
65:
60:
56:
50:
45:
38:
33:
19:
4436:Philostratus
4323:Neoplatonist
3977:Theophrastus
3651:Dionysodorus
3608:Thrasymachus
3346:
3234:Pre-Socratic
3103:
3090:
2932:Thomas Heath
2923:
2806:
2790:Law of sines
2646:
2578:Golden ratio
2443:
2436:
2427:
2421:(Theodosius)
2417:
2409:
2402:
2395:
2388:
2379:
2369:
2363:(Hipparchus)
2359:
2349:
2341:
2334:
2325:
2315:
2307:
2302:(Apollonius)
2298:
2290:
2278:
2253:Zeno of Elea
2142:
2013:Eratosthenes
2003:Dionysodorus
1637:
1627:
1621:(Hipparchus)
1617:
1608:Catasterismi
1607:
1597:
1520:
1456:Eratosthenes
1324:
1308:
1268:at Wikiquote
1239:
1204:
1178:
1161:
1156:
1146:
1139:
1130:
1121:
1111:
1104:
1095:
1086:
1077:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1051:
1028:
997:
992:
984:
975:
966:
957:
949:
945:
944:Iamblichus,
940:
931:
923:
918:
899:
891:
886:
875:
849:, pp. 266–67
846:
845:Iamblichus,
841:
833:
832:Iamblichus,
828:
820:
819:Iamblichus,
815:
807:
798:
791:
783:
774:
766:
756:
743:Pythagoreans
736:Protrepticus
735:
704:
697:
691:
676:
654:
640:counterearth
636:
631:Central Fire
623:
615:
611:
601:
593:
590:
586:
575:
569:
566:
560:
559:A page from
534:
528:
524:
516:
506:
500:
488:
485:On the World
484:
476:
474:
467:
453:
441:
424:
381:
368:
350:
344:
305:
296:Central Fire
273:
265:August Böckh
255:pre-Socratic
235:
182:
181:
166:discounting
157:Central Fire
57:, depicting
4038:Aenesidemus
4011:Hellenistic
3959:Peripatetic
3877:Clinomachus
3715:Antisthenes
3329:Pythagorean
3280:Heraclitean
3265:Anaximander
3182:Seven Sages
2999:mathematics
2807:Arithmetica
2404:Ostomachion
2373:(Autolycus)
2292:Arithmetica
2068:Hippocrates
1998:Dinostratus
1983:Dicaearchus
1913:Aristarchus
1739:Geocentrism
1651:Instruments
1641:(Aristotle)
1446:Cleostratus
1411:Aristarchus
1391:Anaximander
1373:Astronomers
1301:"Philolaus"
1068:; Tzetzes,
868:"Philolaus"
763:"Philolaus"
738:(Aristotle)
678:Metaphysics
659:, the five
650:, i. 22. 1d
420:Polymnastus
280:geocentrism
251:Pythagorean
168:Geocentrism
134:Metaphysics
4460:Categories
4393:Simplicius
4358:Iamblichus
4303:Nicomachus
4192:Arcesilaus
4159:Philodemus
4149:Metrodorus
4091:Posidonius
4081:Chrysippus
4020:Pyrrhonist
3944:Xenocrates
3939:Speusippus
3912:Panthoides
3753:Aristippus
3656:Euthydemus
3593:Protagoras
3566:Democritus
3529:Empedocles
3502:Anaxagoras
3453:Parmenides
3430:Xenophanes
3387:Hermotimus
3337:Pythagoras
3288:Heraclitus
3270:Anaximenes
3172:Pherecydes
3167:Epimenides
3051:Babylonian
2951:arithmetic
2917:History of
2746:Apollonius
2431:(Menelaus)
2390:On Spirals
2309:Catoptrics
2248:Xenocrates
2243:Thymaridas
2228:Theodosius
2213:Theaetetus
2193:Simplicius
2183:Pythagoras
2168:Posidonius
2153:Philonides
2113:Nicomachus
2108:Metrodorus
2098:Menaechmus
2053:Hipparchus
2043:Heliodorus
1993:Diophantus
1978:Democritus
1958:Chrysippus
1928:Archimedes
1923:Apollonius
1893:Anaxagoras
1885:(timeline)
1814:Influenced
1793:Influences
1764:Octaeteris
1693:Triquetrum
1581:Timocharis
1566:Theodosius
1526:Posidonius
1486:Hipparchus
1476:Heraclides
1416:Aristyllus
1401:Apollonius
1396:Andronicus
1282:Wikisource
1217:References
905:Pythagoras
730:Parmenides
725:Nicomachus
545:See also:
541:Philosophy
527:, Chapter
464:Iamblichus
412:Echecrates
404:Xenophilus
377:Democritus
330:that were
316:Metapontum
269:Nicomachus
260:Pythagoras
245: – c.
243: 470
59:Pythagoras
4426:Favorinus
4388:Damascius
4230:Antiochus
4197:Carneades
4164:Lucretius
4136:Epicurean
4111:Epictetus
4086:Panaetius
4076:Cleanthes
3967:Aristotle
3892:Dionysius
3887:Euphantus
3839:Eubulides
3801:Menedemus
3773:Anniceris
3679:Classical
3646:Lycophron
3641:Callicles
3561:Leucippus
3539:Pausanias
3507:Archelaus
3486:Pluralist
3382:Calliphon
3367:Brontinus
3347:Philolaus
3215:Cleobulus
3210:Periander
2512:Inscribed
2272:Treatises
2263:Zenodorus
2223:Theodorus
2198:Sosigenes
2143:Philolaus
2128:Oenopides
2123:Nicoteles
2118:Nicomedes
2078:Hypsicles
1973:Ctesibius
1963:Cleomedes
1948:Callippus
1933:Autolycus
1918:Aristotle
1898:Anthemius
1668:Astrolabe
1601:(Ptolemy)
1521:Philolaus
1511:Oenopides
1496:Hypsicles
1441:Cleomedes
1436:Callippus
1426:Autolycus
1381:Aglaonice
1293:Philolaus
1278:Philolaus
1266:Philolaus
998:Philolaus
782:, (1993)
673:Aristotle
477:On Nature
448:Archippus
390:, or (as
332:colonized
302:Biography
276:limitless
236:Philólaos
183:Philolaus
139:Astronomy
41:Philolaus
4373:Syrianus
4353:Porphyry
4341:students
4336:Plotinus
4260:Alcinous
4255:Apuleius
4245:Plutarch
4144:Epicurus
3926:Platonic
3907:Alexinus
3854:Pasicles
3849:Nicarete
3829:Ichthyas
3816:Megarian
3788:Eretrian
3745:Cyrenaic
3730:Menippus
3720:Diogenes
3697:Xenophon
3691:students
3687:Socrates
3598:Prodicus
3463:Melissus
3435:Xeniades
3397:Arignote
3362:Alcmaeon
3357:Lamiskos
3352:Archytas
3342:Hippasus
3306:Diogenes
3293:Cratylus
3252:Milesian
3200:Pittacus
3076:Japanese
3061:Egyptian
3004:timeline
2992:timeline
2980:timeline
2975:geometry
2968:timeline
2963:calculus
2956:timeline
2944:timeline
2647:Elements
2493:Concepts
2455:Problems
2428:Spherics
2418:Spherics
2383:(Euclid)
2329:(Euclid)
2326:Elements
2319:(Euclid)
2280:Almagest
2188:Serenus
2163:Porphyry
2103:Menelaus
2058:Hippasus
2033:Eutocius
2008:Domninus
1903:Archytas
1769:Solstice
1702:Concepts
1598:Almagest
1541:Seleucus
1501:Menelaus
1461:Euctemon
1232:(1925).
1166:Archived
823:, p. 148
709:See also
648:Stobaeus
645:—
616:Nature (
580:—
570:harmonia
511:through
493:Arignote
481:Stobaeus
430:Writings
392:Plutarch
384:Heraclea
373:Socrates
312:Tarentum
292:Universe
232:Φιλόλαος
4441:more...
4398:more...
4378:Proclus
4313:more...
4270:more...
4212:more...
4174:more...
4126:more...
4053:more...
3997:more...
3949:more...
3778:more...
3735:more...
3661:more...
3636:Gorgias
3628:Italian
3618:more...
3603:Hippias
3576:Sophist
3553:Atomist
3521:Italian
3445:Eleatic
3422:Skeptic
3412:more...
3407:Eurytus
3320:Italian
3056:Chinese
3011:numbers
2939:algebra
2867:Related
2841:Centers
2637:Results
2507:Central
2178:Ptolemy
2173:Proclus
2138:Perseus
2093:Marinus
2073:Hypatia
2063:Hippias
2038:Geminus
2028:Eudoxus
2018:Eudemus
1988:Diocles
1673:Dioptra
1536:Pytheas
1531:Ptolemy
1481:Hicetas
1471:Geminus
1466:Eudoxus
1421:Attalus
1386:Agrippa
1307:(ed.).
1194::
1070:Chiliad
1027:(ed.).
922:Plato,
874:(ed.).
720:Apeiron
661:planets
563:(1492)
517:Timaeus
501:Bacchae
497:Proclus
489:Bacchae
469:Timaeus
416:Diocles
400:Eurytus
357:Simmias
326:on the
4431:Lucian
4363:Julian
4348:Origen
4207:Cicero
4116:Arrian
4096:Seneca
4028:Pyrrho
3859:Bryson
3844:Stilpo
3725:Crates
3585:Ionian
3495:Ionian
3372:Theano
3260:Thales
3243:Ionian
3220:Chilon
3190:Thales
3071:Indian
2848:Cyrene
2380:Optics
2299:Conics
2218:Theano
2208:Thales
2203:Sporus
2148:Philon
2133:Pappus
2023:Euclid
1953:Carpus
1943:Bryson
1784:Zodiac
1734:Equant
1683:Gnomon
1561:Thales
1556:Strabo
1406:Aratus
1227:
1188:
1018:
926:, 61DE
924:Phaedo
663:, the
618:physis
604:κόσμος
549:, and
521:Thebes
483:calls
418:, and
408:Phanto
388:Aresas
369:Phaedo
365:Thebes
352:Phaedo
340:Greece
308:Croton
114:School
103:Region
84:385 BC
73:470 BC
4265:Galen
4250:Gaius
4063:Stoic
3934:Plato
3902:Philo
3707:Cynic
3613:Damon
3534:Acron
3476:Hippo
3195:Solon
3066:Incan
2987:logic
2763:Other
2531:Chord
2524:Axiom
2502:Angle
2158:Plato
2048:Heron
1968:Conon
1590:Works
1506:Meton
1451:Conon
1303:. In
870:. In
749:Notes
657:stars
596:φύσις
509:minae
444:Lysis
361:Cebes
347:Plato
336:Greek
314:, or
288:Earth
3458:Zeno
3402:Myia
3377:Damo
3205:Bias
3028:list
2316:Data
2088:Leon
1938:Bion
1431:Bion
981:Dion
669:Moon
462:and
446:and
359:and
253:and
78:Died
67:Born
2930:by
2644:In
1280:at
1203:".
665:Sun
572:):
363:at
349:'s
93:Era
4462::
1323:.
1238:.
1039:^
1004:^
909:c.
907:,
854:^
806:.
804:14
765:,
667:,
633:.
422:.
414:,
410:,
406:,
310:,
240:c.
238:;
234:,
230::
226:;
213:eɪ
82:c.
71:c.
3973:)
3969:(
3693:)
3689:(
3145:e
3138:t
3131:v
1865:e
1858:t
1851:v
1357:e
1350:t
1343:v
1313:.
1115:.
1033:.
880:.
608:.
222:/
219:s
216:ə
210:l
207:ˈ
204:ə
201:l
198:ɪ
195:f
192:ˌ
189:/
185:(
34:.
20:)
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