Philippine Revolution

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conclusion of a treaty of peace, which shall determine the control, disposition, and government of the Philippines." After conclusion of this agreement, U.S. President McKinley proclaimed a suspension of hostilities with Spain. General Merritt received news of the August 12 peace protocol on August 16, three days after the surrender of Manila. Admiral Dewey and General Merritt were informed by a telegram dated August 17 that the president of the United States had directed that the United States should have full control over Manila, with no joint occupation permissible. After further negotiations, insurgent forces withdrew from the city on September 15.

981: 968: 475: 388: 2776:, who called himself "Conde Filipino" (Earl of the Philippines). This was the first time that a colonist called himself a Filipino rather than a Spanish subject. With the increasing economic and political stability in the Philippines, the middle class began demanding that the churches in the Philippines be nationalized through a process known as Secularization. In this process, control of Philippine parishes were to be passed from the religious orders to the secular priests, particularly Philippine-born priests. The religious orders, or friars, reacted negatively and a political struggle between the friars and secular priests began. 937: 912: 893: 874: 855: 836: 817: 798: 779: 760: 741: 722: 539: 454: 375: 362: 349: 3173: 75: 95: 4668: 703: 684: 665: 646: 627: 608: 583: 558: 514: 268: 4793:, there was no mention of independence, or of any conditions on which Aguinaldo was to cooperate. In a July 28 communication, Pratt stated that no promises had been made to Aguinaldo regarding U.S. policy, with the concept aimed at facilitating the occupation and administration of the Philippines, while preventing a possible conflict of action. On June 16, Day cabled Pratt with instructions to avoid unauthorized negotiations, along with a reminder that Pratt had no authority to enter into arrangements on behalf of the U.S. government. Filipino scholar 3352: 253: 106: 956: 10722: 9447: 3265: 4395: 283: 4071: 10663: 5164:

Filipino people had united around the United States, declaring "unmistakably in favor of peace", and said, "a complete termination of hostilities and lasting peace are not only desirable, but absolutely essential to the welfare of the Philippine Islands." The U.S. president responded to this on July 4 by proclaiming a full and complete pardon and amnesty to all persons in the Philippine archipelago who have participated in the insurrection against U.S. sovereignty over the Philippines.

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on Saturday, the 29th of the current month, the revolution shall commence according to our agreement. For this purpose, it is necessary for all towns to rise simultaneously and attack Manila at the same time. Anybody who obstructs this sacred ideal of the people will be considered a traitor and an enemy, except if he is ill; or is not physically fit, in which case he shall be tried according to the regulations we have put in force. Mount of Liberty, 28 August 1896 – ANDRÉS BONIFACIO

593: 568: 524: 10674: 4728:, except for Manila and the port of Cavite, was under Filipino control, after General Monet's retreat to Manila with his remaining force of 600 men and 80 wounded. The revolutionaries were laying siege to Manila and cutting off its food and water supply. With most of the archipelago under his control, Aguinaldo decided it was time to establish a Philippine government. When Aguinaldo arrived from Hong Kong, he had brought with him a copy of a plan drawn by 4832:

mock battle and simple surrender, the insurgents made an independent attack of their own, which led to confrontations with the Spanish in which some American soldiers were killed and wounded. The Spanish formally surrendered Manila to U.S. forces. There was some looting by Insurgent forces in portions of the city they occupied. Aguinaldo demanded joint occupation of the city, however U.S. commanders pressed Aguinaldo to withdraw his forces from Manila.

949: 930: 905: 886: 867: 848: 829: 810: 791: 772: 753: 734: 715: 696: 677: 658: 639: 620: 601: 576: 551: 532: 507: 240: 66: 4277: 86: 6811: 4917: 2521: 3591: 3536:. Additionally, due to the scant military resources Spain had in the Philippines, the governor called for the participation of civilians in the defence of Spanish sovereingty and established the Loyal Volunteers' Battalion in Manila, following the example of similar units created in Cuba and Puerto Rico between the 1850s and the 1860s. More similar units were created in Manila and other areas under Spanish control. 3194:. Patiño was engaged in a bitter dispute over pay with a co-worker, Katipunero member Apolonio de la Cruz, and exposed the Katipunan in revenge. La Font led a Spanish police lieutenant to the shop and to the desk of Apolonio, where they "found Katipunan paraphernalia such as a rubber stamp, a little book, ledgers, membership oaths signed in blood, and a membership roster of the Maghiganti chapter of the Katipunan." 4681:, commander of the Eighth Corps' 2nd Division (U.S. brigade and division numbers of the era were not unique throughout the army). General Anderson wrote to Aguinaldo, requesting his cooperation in military operations against the Spanish forces. Aguinaldo responded, thanking General Anderson for his amicable sentiments, but saying nothing about military cooperation. General Anderson did not renew the request. 3950: 3942: 2741:, the Junta General de Reformas, was established in Manila. It consisted of five Filipinos, eleven Spanish civilians and five Spanish friars. They had the ability to vote on reforms, subject to ratification by the Home Government. However, none of the reforms were put into effect, due to the friars fearing that the reforms would diminish their influence. The Assembly ceased to exist after the 1874 3934: 3656:, wherein he decried the use of his name "as a war-cry among certain people who were up in arms", stated that "for reforms to bear fruit, they must come from above, since those that come from below will be irregular and uncertain shocks", and affirmed that he "condemn, this absurd, savage insurrection". However, the text was suppressed on the recommendation of the Judge-Advocate General. 4828:. The negotiating parties made a secret agreement to stage a mock battle in which the Spanish forces would be defeated by the American forces, but the Filipino forces would not be allowed to enter the city. This plan minimized the risk of unnecessary casualties on all sides, while the Spanish would also avoid the shame of possibly having to surrender Intramuros to the Filipino forces. 2813: 3564:

signals were never arranged. Other factors for the Katipunan defeat include the capture of Bonifacio's battle plans by Spanish intelligence. The Spanish concentrated their forces in the Manila area while pulling out troops in other provinces (which proved beneficial for rebels in other areas, particularly Cavite). The authorities also transferred a regiment of 500 native troops to

1835:, effectively seizing control of the area surrounding Manila. On May 19, Aguinaldo, unofficially allied with the United States, returned to the Philippines and resumed attacks against the Spaniards. By June, the rebels had gained control of nearly the entirety of the countryside, while the cities remained under Spanish control. On June 12, Aguinaldo issued the 3892:, refused to supply provisions, Bonifacio ordered it to be burned. When Aguinaldo learned about the Naic Military Agreement and the reports of abuse, he ordered the arrest of Bonifacio and his soldiers (without Bonifacio's knowledge) on April 27, 1897. Colonel Agapito Bonzon met with Bonifacio in Limbon and attacked him the next day. Bonifacio and his brother 1788:. Bonifacio nullified the results after a Magdalo member questioned his election as the Secretary of the Interior. This resulted in a schism, with Bonifacio's supporters alleging that the elections was fraudulent, with Bonifacio himself refusing to recognize the results. In April 1897, Aguinaldo ordered the arrest of Bonifacio. A trial was set in 3555:, but instead attacked garrisons in their own locales. Some historians have argued that the Katipunan defeat in the Manila area was (partly) the fault of the Cavite rebels due to their absence, as their presence would have proved crucial. In their memoirs, Cavite rebel leaders justified their absence in Manila by claiming 3133:. Most of the members, called Katipuneros, came from the lower and middle classes. The Katipunan had "its own laws, bureaucratic structure and elective leadership". The Katipunan Supreme Council (Kataas-taasang Kapulungan, of which Bonifacio was a member, and eventually head) coordinated provincial councils ( 4461:: "Order the squadron ...to Hong Kong. Keep full of coal. In the event of declaration of war Spain, your duty will be to see that the Spanish squadron does not leave the Asiatic coast, and then offensive operations in Philippine Islands." Dewey's squadron departed on April 27 for the Philippines, reaching 4020:), a fort was constructed at Kakarong de Sili that was like a miniature city. It had streets, an independent police force, a military band, a military arsenal with factories for bolos and artillery, and repair shops for rifles and cartridges. The Kakarong Republic had a complete set of officials, with 4897:

Under the military government, an American-style school system was introduced, initially with soldiers as teachers; civil and criminal courts were reestablished, including a supreme court; and local governments were established in towns and provinces. The first local election was conducted by General

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wrote in 1927: "A few of the principal facts, however, seem quite clear. Aguinaldo was not made to understand that, in consideration of Filipino cooperation, the United States would extend its sovereignty over the Islands, and thus in place of the old Spanish master a new one would step in. The truth

2187:, who had returned from voluntary exile on May 19, announced in Cavite, "...I return to assume command of all the forces for the attainment of our lofty aspirations, establishing a dictatorial government which will set forth decrees under my sole responsibility, ...". On June 12, Aguinaldo proclaimed 4831:

On the evening of August 12, the Americans notified Aguinaldo to forbid the insurgents under his command from entering Manila without American permission. On August 13, unaware of the peace protocol signing, U.S. forces assaulted and captured the Spanish positions in Manila. While the plan was for a

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park. However, these claims have been dismissed as "historical mythology"; as reasoned by historians, if they were really waiting for signals before marching on Manila, they would have arrived "too late for the fray". Bonifacio's command for a simultaneous attack is interpreted as evidence that such

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This manifesto is for all of you. It is absolutely necessary for us to stop at the earliest possible time the nameless oppositions being perpetrated on the sons of the country who are now suffering the brutal punishment and tortures in jails, and because of this please let all the brethren know that

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founded the Katipunan (in full, Kataas-taasang, Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan, "Supreme and Venerable Society of the Children of the Nation") in Manila on July 7, 1892. The organization, advocating independence through armed revolt against Spain, was influenced by the rituals and

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began to change the political landscape of Europe, as it ended absolute monarchy in France. The power passed from the king to the people through representation in parliament. People in other European countries began asking for representation, as well. In the Philippines, this idea spread through the

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Shortly after the opening of Manila to world trade, the Spanish merchants began to lose their commercial supremacy in the Philippines. In 1834, restrictions against foreign traders were relaxed when Manila became an open port. By the end of 1859, there were 15 foreign firms in Manila. Seven of these

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to appeal for an end to the fighting, but Otis rejected it, insisting that "fighting, having begun, must go on to the grim end." On June 2, the Governing Council of the Philippine Republic declared in a proclamation that it "has concluded to continue the war" against the Americans. Fighting quickly

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had been signed in Washington that afternoon between the U.S. and Spain, suspending hostilities between the two nations. The full text of the protocol was not made public until November 5, but Article III read: "The United States will occupy and hold the City, Bay, and Harbor of Manila, pending the

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assuming civil authority of the Philippines. American generals suspected Aguinaldo was attempting to take Manila without American assistance, had restricted supplies to American forces, and was secretly negotiating with Spanish authorities while informing them of American troop movements. Aguinaldo

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On August 21, Katipuneros were already congregating in Balintawak in Caloocan. Late in the evening, amidst heavy rain, the rebels moved to Kangkong in Caloocan, and arrived there past midnight. As a precaution, the rebels moved to Bahay Toro or Pugad Lawin on August 23. Agoncillo places the Cry and

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began organizing activities which demanded that control of Philippine parishes be returned to the Filipino seculars. Father Peláez, who was Archbishop of the Manila Cathedral, died in an earthquake, while Father Gómez retired to private life. The next generation of Insular activists included Father

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on June 23, 1869. On the night of July 12, 1869, Filipino leaders, priests and students gathered and serenaded de la Torre at Malacañan Palace to express their appreciation for his liberal policies. The serenade was led by prominent residents of Manila, including José Cabezas de Herrera (the Civil

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Aguinaldo and his party arrived in Hong Kong with MXN$ 400,000. The funds were deposited in bank account controlled by Aguinaldo. The exiles were convinced that the Spaniards would never give the rest of the money promised. After their arrival, Isabelo Artacho, a revolutionary who had not been

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The goals of the Propaganda Movement included legal equality of Filipinos and Spaniards, restoration of Philippine representation in the Spanish Cortes, "Filipinization" of the Catholic parishes, and the granting of individual liberties to Filipinos, such as freedom of speech, freedom of press,

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The revolution essentially ended with the capture of Emilio Aguinaldo by American Forces on March 23, 1901, though fighting continued for some time in a few areas. Aguinaldo declared allegiance to the United States on April 1 and issued a proclamation on April 19 acknowledging that most of the

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Material prosperity at the start of 19th century produced an enlightened middle class in the Philippines, consisting of well-to-do farmers, teachers, lawyers, physicians, writers, and government employees. Many of them were able to buy and read books originally withheld from the lowly

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and nobility, and were granted special rights and privileges such as positions in local government and the right to vote, though they were lower than the peninsulares and insulares in social standing. Many members of the Philippine Revolution belonged to the principalía class, like

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and prepared and hosted the election, as most of the Magdalo faction was occupied by battle preparations. Bonifacio chaired the election and stated that the election results were to be respected. When the voting ended, Bonifacio had lost and the leadership turned over to

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to foreign trade, the Spanish authorities discouraged foreign merchants from residing in the colony and engaging in business. The royal decree of February 2, 1800, prohibited foreigners from living in the Philippines. as did the royal decrees of 1807 and 1816. In 1823,

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with regards to the Philippines. This was announced in the Philippines on January 4, 1899. Under this policy, the Philippines was to come under the sovereignty of the United States, with American forces instructed to declare themselves as friends rather than invaders.

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Before the start of the Philippine Revolution, Filipino society was subdivided into social classifications that were based on the economic status of a person. Background, ancestry, and economic status played a huge role in determining standing in the social hierarchy.

2891:, which were being fired for the feast of St. Sebastian, as the signal to start a long-planned national uprising. The colonial government used the incident to spread a reign of terror and to eliminate subversive political and church figures. Among these were priests 5100:, the U.S. military commander, with the message that the firing had been against his orders. According to Aguinaldo, Otis replied, "The fighting, having begun, must go on to the grim end." The Philippines declared war against the United States on June 2, 1899, with 2996:

also included leading Spanish liberals, such as Miguel Morayta. The Propaganda Movement in Europe resulted in the Spanish legislature passing some reforms for the islands, but the colonial government did not implement them. After being published from 1889 to 1895,

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The Consejo de Guerra (War Council) sentenced Andrés and Procopio to death on May 10, 1897, for committing sedition and treason. Aguinaldo supported deportation of Andrés and Procopio rather than execution, but withdrew his decision as a result of pressure from

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Aguinaldo arrived on May 19 and, after a brief meeting with Dewey, resumed revolutionary activities against the Spanish. On May 24, Aguinaldo issued a proclamation in which he assumed command of all Philippine forces and announced his intention to establish a

4028:, also known by his nom-de-guerre "Maestrong Sebio", then head of the Katipunan local organization, as Brigadier General of the Army of the Republic. The fort was attacked and completely destroyed on January 1, 1897, by a large Spanish force headed by General 3961:, played a vital and historical role in the fight for Philippine independence. Pandi is historically known for the Real de Kakarong de Sili Shrine – Inang Filipina Shrine, the site where the bloodiest revolution in Bulacan took place, where more than 3,000 2191:. On June 18, Aguinaldo issued a decree proclaiming a Dictatorial Government led by himself. On June 23, Aguinaldo issued another decree, which replaced the Dictatorial Government with a Revolutionary Government. In 1898, between June and September 10, the 5040:

as president. Its finalized constitution includes an article essentially authorizing the president to rule by decree, "while the country needs to fight for its independence".{{efn|Two days later, the Philippine Republic (also called the First Republic and

5024:, finished the draft. However, Aguinaldo, who always placed Mabini in high esteem and heeded most of his advice, refused to sign the draft when the latter objected. On January 21, 1899, after some modifications were made to suit Mabini's arguments, the 2799:

born in the Philippines). In the 300 years of colonial rule, the criollos had been accustomed to being semi-autonomous with the governor-general, who was the only Spaniard (peninsulares) government official. The criollos demanded representation in the

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only lasted for a few hours, and ending with no loss of life among the American forces. While the naval victory was decisive, the small fleet lacked the numbers needed to capture Manila. The U.S. squadron took control of the arsenal and navy yard at

4775:. He instead urged Aguinaldo to create a revolutionary government. Aguinaldo refused to do so; however, Mabini was eventually able to convince him. On June 23, Aguinaldo issued another decree, this time replacing the dictatorial government with a 2256:" in the late 19th century, paved the way for a united Filipino people. However, the growth of nationalism was slow because of the difficulty in social and economic intercourse among the Filipinos. In a dated letter written by the Filipino writer 4224:) to the revolutionaries in three installments: $ 200,000 (Mexican peso) upon leaving the country, $ 100,000 (Mexican peso) upon the surrender of at least 700 firearms, and another $ 200,000 (Mexican peso) upon the declaration of general amnesty. 4955:, signed in December 1898, formally ended the Spanish–American War. Its provisions included the cession of the archipelago to the United States, for which $ 20 million would be paid as compensation. This agreement was clarified through the 7799: 3289:

On the morning of August 25, the rebels came under attack by a Spanish civil guard unit, with the rebels having greater numbers but the Spanish being better armed. The forces disengaged after a brief skirmish and some casualties on both sides.

3218:(community tax certificates) accompanied by patriotic cries. The exact date and location are disputed, but two possibilities have been officially endorsed by the Philippine government: initially August 26 in Balintawak, and later August 23 in 1796:

guilty of treason, sentencing both of them to death. Despite calls for commuting the sentence for the sake of national unity, the brothers were executed in May 1897. Later that year, Aguinaldo's government and Spanish authorities signed the

2425:, to the Philippines in order to conduct an economic survey of the Philippines and submit recommendations. After an intensive investigation of colonial affairs in the Philippines, Mas submitted his official report to the Crown. The report, 3305:

merchants— done by bandits who had attached themselves to the rebels—came across a group of Katipuneros and briefly engaged them. The commander of the guards, Lieutenant Ros, reported the encounter to the authorities, and the report drove

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in the Philippines. At the same time, a royal decree ordered the secularization of Philippine churches, and many parishes were turned over to Philippine-born priests. Halfway through the process, it was aborted due to the return of the

2116:(The Filipino League), a Filipino association organized to seek reforms in the colonial government. When the Spaniards learned that Rizal was in the Philippines, they arrested and deported him a few days after the Liga was established. 7952: 3153:) of the Katipunan and was the head of its Supreme Council. Some historians estimate that there were between 30,000 and 400,000 members by 1896; other historians argue that there were only a few hundred to a few thousand members. 8004: 3841:. It called for the election of officers for the revolutionary government, which was in need of united military forces, as there was a pending Spanish offensive against the Magdalo faction. The Magdiwang faction allied with 5087:

On February 4, 1899, hostilities between Filipino and American forces began when an American sentry patrolling between Filipino and American lines shot a Filipino soldier. The Filipino forces returned fire, thus igniting a

3450:, where they proceeded to attack these areas. They captured the areas, but were driven back by Spanish counterattacks, and Bonifacio eventually ordered a retreat to Balara. On the way, Bonifacio was nearly killed shielding 3850:, who was away fighting in Pasong Santol. Bonifacio also lost other positions to members of his Magdiwang faction. Instead, he was elected as Director of the Interior, but his qualifications were questioned by a Magdalo, 1742:. Katipunan soon gained influence across the islands, and sought an armed revolution. However, that revolution started prematurely in August 1896 upon its discovery by Spanish authorities in Manila. The organization soon 4372:

exiled, arrived in Hong Kong and demanded the funds as payment for his services, threatening legal action which would tie up the funds. On advice from Felipe Agoncillo, Aguinaldo and two aides fled under false names to

3201:, colonial authorities made several arrests and used torture to identify other Katipunan members. Despite having no involvement in the secessionist movement, many of them were executed, notably Don Francisco Roxas. 3750:. Aguinaldo, speaking for the Magdalo ruling council, issued a manifesto proclaiming a provisional and revolutionary government after his early successes, despite the existence of Bonifacio's Katipunan government. 4043:

In memory of the 1,200 Katipuneros who perished in the battle, the Kakarong Lodge No. 168 of the Legionarios del Trabajo erected a monument of the Inang Filipina Shrine (Mother Philippines Shrine) in 1924 in the

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captain, declared the Philippines to be independent from Spain and crowned himself Emperor of the Philippines. In January 1872, the Insular uprisings began when soldiers and workers of the Cavite Arsenal of

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to obtain Rizal's support, but Rizal refused to participate in an armed revolution. On August 19, 1896, Katipunan was discovered by a Spanish friar, which resulted in the start of the Philippine Revolution.

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American trade supremacy did not last long. In the face of stiff British competition, they gradually lost their control over the Philippine business market. This decline was due to lack of support from the

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was signed between Spain and the United States, formally ending Spanish rule to the islands and the Spanish-American war. Despite attempts by the Filipino government, there were no Filipinos in the treaty.

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with fresh reinforcements of about 12,000 men. This battle eventually liberated Cavite from Spanish colonial control and led to the first time the modern flag of the Philippines being unfurled in victory.

2556:, Baldomero Roxas, Moises Salvador, Modesto Reyes, Gaudencio Juanengo, Pablo Rianzares Bautista; Seated from left: Dr. Santamaria, Candido Morada, Damaso Ponce, Ariston Bautista, Pedro Serrano Lactao, and 3795:

to be the movement's head because of his successes in the battlefield compared to Bonifacio's record of personal defeats. Meanwhile, the Spanish troops, now under the command of the new Governor-General

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were held by the Revolutionary Government, resulting in Emilio Aguinaldo being elected as President of the Philippines. On February 2, 1899, hostilities broke out between U.S. and Filipino forces. The

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had not intervened. Invoking his position of Supremo of the Katipunan, Bonifacio declared the election void and stomped out in anger. Aguinaldo took his oath of office as president the next day in

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This battle marked the end of Filipino-American collaboration, as the American action of preventing Filipino forces from entering the captured city of Manila was deeply resented by the Filipinos.

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had verbally assured him that "the United States would at least recognize the independence of the Philippines under the protection of the United States Navy". In an April 28 message from Pratt to

3383:. The Spaniards, outnumbered, fought a delaying battle until reinforcements arrived. Once reinforced, the Spaniards drove Bonifacio's forces back with heavy casualties. Elsewhere, rebels attacked 2362:) catapulted the Spanish king to open Manila to world trade. In a royal decree issued on September 6, 1834, the privileges of the company were revoked and the port of Manila was opened to trade. 1770:

won early major victories. This disparity in success, along with multiple factors, contributed to the eventual power struggle from within Katipunan's leadership. Two factions formed: Bonifacio's

7057: 3997:. In recognition thereof, these three "Republics" established in Bulacan have been incorporated in the provincial seal. The Kakarong Republic, established in late 1896, grew out of the local 4894:

was the final military governor. The position of military governor was abolished in July 1902, after which the civil governor-general became the sole executive authority in the Philippines.

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warned that American troops should not disembark in places conquered by the Filipinos without first communicating in writing, and did not offer his full service to arriving American forces.

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in 1762–1764 made Spain realize the impossibility of isolating the colony from world intercourse and commerce. In 1789, foreign vessels were given permission to transport Asian goods to the

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It was not long before the issue of leadership was debated. The Magdiwang faction recognized Bonifacio as supreme leader, being the head of the Katipunan. The Magdalo faction agitated for

3769:, where they won their first major victory over the Spaniards. However, rivalries between command and territory soon developed, and they refused to cooperate with each other in battle. 2252:

nationalism was slow, but inevitable. Abuses by the Spanish government, military and clergy prevalent during three centuries of colonial rule, and the exposure of these abuses by the "

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The conventional view among Filipino historians is that Bonifacio did not carry out the planned Katipunan attack on Manila the following day and instead attacked a powder magazine at

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class. Mabini objected to the call for a constitutional assembly; when he did not succeed, he drafted a constitution of his own, which also failed. A draft by an ilustrado lawyer,

1478: 2382:. These became two of the leading business firms. At first, Americans had an edge over their British competitors, because they offered high prices for Philippine exports such as 2311:

in 1840. A royal decree issued in 1844 prohibited foreigners from traveling to the provinces under any pretext whatsoever, and in 1857, several anti-foreigner laws were renewed.

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of the Philippine Expedition) and his staff arrived at Cavite on July 25. The 1st Brigade of the corps' 2nd Division arrived on July 30, under the command of Brigadier General

8150: 5731: 2063:. These people met fellow Filipino students and other exiles who had escaped from penal colonies. Bound together by common fate, they established an organization known as the 4036:

was only a lieutenant at that time, and the Battle of Kakarong de Sili was his first "baptism of fire". This was where he was first wounded and escaped to Manatal, a nearby

2379: 1859:. Aguinaldo immediately declared war, ordering "that peace and friendly relations with the Americans be broken and that the latter be treated as enemies". In June 1899, the 4879:, the procedure developed that as parts of the country were pacified and placed firmly under American control, responsibility for the area would be passed to the civilian. 2307:

promulgated an edict prohibiting foreign merchants from engaging in retail trade and visiting the provinces for the purpose of trading. It was reissued by Governor-General

4996:. This followed the recommendations of the decree that established the revolutionary government, and the Congreso Revolucionario (Revolutionary Congress) was assembled at 3344:. However, more recent studies have advanced the view that the planned attack did occur; according to this view, Bonifacio's battle at San Juan del Monte (now called the " 5498: 3282:

was planned for August 29. Bonifacio appointed generals to lead rebel forces in Manila. Before hostilities erupted, Bonifacio also reorganized the Katipunan into an open

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tell that the Kakarong Republic was the first truly organized revolutionary government established in the country to overthrow the Spaniards, antedating even the famous

3012:, and the Liga was soon disbanded. Ideological differences had contributed to its dissolution. Conservative upper-class members favoring reform, under the leadership of 1539: 1235: 9626: 3241:

Upon the discovery of the Katipunan, Bonifacio called all Katipunan councils to a meeting in Balintawak or Kangkong to discuss their situation. According to historian

2097:, 1891), exposed Spanish abuses in socio-political and religious aspects. The publication of his first novel brought the infamous agrarian conflict in his hometown of 1181: 1150: 3379:, which they attacked at about 4 a.m. on the 30th. Bonifacio planned to capture the San Juan del Monte powder magazine along with a water station which supplied 2248:

The Philippine Revolution was an accumulation of ideas and exposition to the international community, which led to the start of nationalistic endeavours. The rise of

1343: 10688: 9621: 3238:. Furthermore, at the time, "Balintawak" referred not only to a specific place, but also a general area that included some of the proposed sites, such as Kangkong. 7626: 5337: 4959:, which stated that Spanish territories in the archipelago which lay outside the geographical boundaries noted in the Treaty of Paris were also ceded to the U.S. 8926: 4867:

acting as military governor. During military rule (1898–1902), the U.S. military commander governed the Philippines under the authority of the U.S. president as

3788:(present-day Rizal) province to mediate between the factions. Perhaps due to his kinship ties with their leader, Bonifacio was seen as partial to the Magdiwang. 2593:, or criollo people, were Spaniards who were born in the colonies. The principalía was a hereditary class of local Indios who descended from precolonial datus, 10710: 3001:

began to run out of funds, and it had not accomplished concrete changes in the Philippines. José Rizal decided to return to the Philippines, where he founded

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class. They discussed political problems and sought government reforms, and eventually, they were able to send their children to colleges and universities in

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The Spanish people as well as native descendants of precolonial nobility belonged to the upper class, and they were further subdivided into more classes: the

6814: 2880: 3137:). The provincial councils were in charge of "public administration and military affairs on the supra-municipal or quasi-provincial level". Local councils ( 10774: 8956: 8952: 1604: 1554: 1358: 3188:

eventually became known to the colonial authorities through Teodoro Patiño, who revealed it to the Spaniard La Font, general manager of the printing shop

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telegraphed that since the insurrection against the United States had ended and provincial civil governments had been established throughout most of the

4021: 3970: 2866:. On the political front, Insular activists included Joaquín Pardo de Tavera and Jacobo Zobel. The unrest escalated into a large insurgency in 1823 when 1473: 1368: 1318: 4876: 9413: 8771: 4191:, declaring "I can take Biak-na-Bato. Any army can capture it. But I cannot end the rebellion", proffered peace to the revolutionaries. A lawyer named 2407: 2403: 1620: 1388: 1323: 3977:

by about 6,000 Katipuneros from various towns of Bulacan, headed by Brigadier General Eusebio Roque (better known as "Maestrong Sebio or Dimabungo").

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had earlier expressed reservations about starting an uprising due to their lack of firearms and preparation. As a result, they did not send troops to

1953: 8005:"Today in Filipino history, April 19, 1901, Aguinaldo issued Peace Manifesto after his capture and after his oath of allegiance to the United States" 4951:, which could serve as harbours and communication links, President McKinley later wired instructions to demand the entire archipelago. The resultant 2963: 1559: 1534: 1383: 7662:"Annual report of Maj. Gen. E.S. Otis, U.S.V., commanding Department of the Pacific and 8th Army Corps, military governor in the Philippine Islands" 5930: 10612: 9553: 3293:

Another skirmish took place on August 26, which sent the rebels retreating toward Balara. At noon, Bonifacio and some of his men briefly rested in

2795:(Spaniards born in Spain) began pouring into the colony and started to occupy the various government positions traditionally held by the criollos ( 2411: 1630: 1584: 1418: 3454:

from a Spanish bullet that grazed his collar. Despite his retreat, Bonifacio was not completely defeated and was still considered to be a threat.

10477: 10166: 9937: 9018: 4025: 3226:" or "Cry of Balintawak". However, the issue is further complicated by other possible dates such as August 24 and 25 and other locations such as 1599: 1564: 1488: 1328: 1228: 10977: 10255: 10243: 9477: 8476: 8295: 8246: 8986: 10000: 9808: 5139:, and declared the centennial anniversary of that date as a national working holiday and as a special non-working holiday in the Province of 4428: 4424: 3493: 3356: 7953:"Speech of President Arroyo during the Commemoration of the Centennial Celebration of the end of the Philippine-American War April 16, 2002" 3547:. The lack of guns has been proposed as a possible reason why the Manila attack allegedly never succeeded. Also, the Katipunan leaders from 10889: 10005: 9699: 9043: 5387:

The Americans in the Philippines: A History of the Conquest and First Years of Occupation, with an Introductory Account of the Spanish Rule

5215: 3231: 5028:

was finally approved by the Congress and signed by Aguinaldo. Two days later, the Philippine Republic (also called the First Republic and

3331:. There, he held meetings to finalize plans for the Manila attack the following day. Bonifacio issued the following general proclamation: 10497: 10070: 9963: 9927: 5060:

erupted between Filipino and American forces. Fighting escalated quickly, developing from a continuance of the revolution into into the

5021: 4798:

was that nobody at the time ever thought that the end of the war would result in the retention of the Philippines by the United States."

4776: 4719: 3965:

revolutionaries died. Likewise, it is on this site where the 'Republic of Real de Kakarong de Sili' of 1896, one of the first Philippine

379: 208: 10703: 10043: 9905: 9803: 9798: 9783: 9778: 9435: 9038: 8413: 5200: 1754:

led by Bonifacio himself, which ultimately failed. However, revolutionaries in the neighboring provinces fared better, particularly in

1696: 1221: 7978: 4863:

On August 14, 1898, two days after the capture of Manila, the U.S. established a military government in the Philippines, with General

3746:, won prestige through defeating Spanish troops in "set piece" battles, while other rebels like Bonifacio and Llanera were engaged in 2718: 2374:

In 1834, some American merchants settled in Manila and invested heavily in business. Two American business firms were established—the

1957: 1843:. Although this signified the end date of the revolution, neither Spain nor the United States recognized Philippine independence. The 10718: 10211: 9910: 9770: 9154: 9132: 8950:

Coats, Steven D. (2006). "Gathering at the Golden Gate: Mobilizing for War in the Philippines, 1898". Combat studies Institute Press.

7177:

cc=philamer, rgn=full%20text, idno=afj2233.0001.001, didno=AFJ2233.0001.001, view=image, seq=120, page=root, size=s, frm=frameset 100

5294:

The funds were denominated in Mexican dollars, which were worth at the time to about 50 US cents — equivalent to about $ 18.31 today.

4989: 4737: 4715: 4342: 4266: 2849:, the richest parish in the islands, which had been under the control of Philippine-born priests. In the early 19th century, Fathers 2192: 2143:. The Katipunan obtained overwhelming number of members and attracted the lowly classes. In June 1896, Bonifacio sent an emissary to 366: 9611: 4604:

local Spanish army units to join Aguinaldo's command and the Philippine Revolution against Spain resumed. Soon, many cities such as

4048:

of Kakarong in Pandi, Bulacan. The actual site of the Battle of Kakarong de Sili is now a part of the barangay of Real de Kakarong.

3834:

favored retention of the Katipunan, arguing that it was already a government in itself. The assembly dispersed without a consensus.

2215:. U.S. forces captured Aguinaldo on March 23, 1901, and he swore allegiance to the U.S. on April 1. On July 4, 1902, U.S. President 10038: 4524: 2429:, was published at Madrid in 1843. Mas recommended the following: opening of more ports to promote foreign trade, encouragement of 10487: 10328: 9917: 5364: 4168:

Aguinaldo and his men retreated northward, from one town to the next, until they finally settled in Biak-na-Bato, in the town of

3866:, as did the rest of the officers, except for Bonifacio. Bonifacio repudiated the election results and moved his headquarters tp 3559:

failed to execute pre-arranged signals to begin the uprising, such as setting balloons loose and extinguishing the lights at the

3214: 2804:

where they could express their grievances. This, together with the secularization issues, gave rise to the Criollo insurgencies.

2711: 2391: 8390: 7882: 7863: 4992:

were held by the revolutionary government between June and September 10, resulting in the seating of a legislature known as the

2641:, the masses only enjoyed a few civil rights and privileges. The highest political office that they could possibly hold was the 10982: 10161: 9868: 9790: 9164: 8344:

The Philippine Islands: A Political, Geographical, Ethnographical, Social, and Commercial History of the Philippine Archipelago

7535: 5510: 4756: 4709: 4298: 1836: 1716: 173: 2495: 10696: 10492: 10350: 10226: 9841: 9112: 8888: 8812: 8792: 8761: 8741: 8690: 8651: 8622: 8582: 8562: 8542: 8522: 8433: 8314: 8219: 8199: 8179: 8138: 7776: 6598: 5472: 5441: 5245: 5240: 4569:

again arrived in Hong Kong on May 15 bearing such orders and departed Hong Kong with Aguinaldo aboard on May 17, arriving in

3177: 2828: 1909:, followed by a royal decree in 1834 which officially opened the city to world trade. The Philippines had been governed from 1704: 1363: 432: 330: 17: 2236: 2163:, where towns were gradually liberated during the early months of the uprising. In 1896 and 1897, successive conventions at 1518: 10877: 10872: 10549: 10532: 10384: 10367: 10231: 9978: 9900: 9747: 9547: 7072: 5761: 3253:

tearing of certificates at the house of Juan Ramos, which was in Pugad Lawin. Alvarez writes that they met at the house of

1700: 427: 325: 1889:

in the Pacific. The country finally became fully independent on July 4, 1946, 50 years after the start of the revolution.

1823:, the United States declared war against the Spanish Empire, starting the Spanish-American War. On May 1, the U.S. Navy's 10726: 10564: 10321: 10274: 10087: 10031: 9742: 9737: 9559: 9011: 7661: 6938: 4017: 2734:, Maximo Paterno, Manuel Genato, Joaquín Pardo de Tavera, Ángel Garchitorena, Andrés Nieto and Jacóbo Zóbel y Zangroniz. 2722: 2301: 1961: 9443: 10527: 10372: 9888: 9376: 6919: 5679: 5464: 5210: 4981: 4767:

was played for the first time. On June 18, Aguinaldo issued a decree formally establishing his dictatorial government.

4479:

with a fleet of nine U.S. ships. Upon arriving on May 1, Dewey encountered a fleet of nine Spanish ships commanded by

4435:

to issue an ultimatum to Spain on April 19, 1898. Spain found it had no diplomatic support in Europe, but nevertheless

1293: 8934: 5111:, and the United States never formally declared war, the conflict was not concluded by a treaty. On July 2, 1902, the 4118:

with little resistance. The Spanish planned war, including the concentration of rebel relatives and friends in camps.

3261:

and the meeting there on August 24. The rebels continued to congregate, and by August 24, there were over a thousand.

2976:, a newspaper that pressed for reforms in the Philippines and spread ideas of revolution. This effort is known as the 1976: 10957: 10937: 10333: 10250: 9922: 9878: 9856: 8837: 8380: 8360: 8159: 8118: 8042: 7905: 7742: 5124: 4324: 3278:

On August 24, it was decided to notify the Katipunan councils of the surrounding towns that an attack on the capital

3212:, where the group decided to start a nationwide armed revolution against Spain. The event included a mass tearing of 2304: 2268:

There is, then, in the Philippines, a progress or improvement which is individual, but there is no national progress.

1353: 5315: 4943:

While the initial instructions of the American commission undertaking peace negotiators with Spain was to seek only

4684:

The 2nd Brigade and the 2nd Division of the Eighth Corps arrived on July 17, under the command of Brigadier General

4306: 3765:, Emilio's cousin). At first, these two Katipunan councils cooperated with each other in the battlefield, as in the 10952: 10947: 10942: 10345: 10338: 10196: 10191: 10082: 9895: 9883: 9692: 9381: 9260: 9066: 5230: 5016:, was instead presented, and this became the framework upon which the assembly drafted the first constitution, the 4349:

until a more suitable one was created. Armed conflicts resumed, this time coming from almost every province in the

4133:

This tragedy smothered the enthusiasm for the revolutionary cause, and hastened the failure of the insurrection in

3257:(known as "Tandang Sora", and mother of Juan Ramos) in Bahay Toro on that date. Agoncillo places Aquino's house in 2353: 1579: 7522:"Protocol of Peace : Embodying the Terms of a Basis for the Establishment of Peace Between the Two Countries" 6751: 5412:

Gates, J. M. (1984). War-Related Deaths in the Philippines, 1898-1902. Pacific Historical Review, 53(3), 367–378.

4094:, then offered amnesty to all who would surrender and accept Spanish authority. In May 1897, the Spanish captured 2980:, and the result was the founding of secret societies in villages. Among the pioneering editors of the paper were 2674:

The leading intellectuals of the country came from the enlightened middle class. They later called themselves the

10972: 10653: 10582: 10457: 10409: 10306: 10201: 10099: 9983: 9968: 9836: 9235: 6733: 5025: 4446: 4353:. The colonial authorities, on the other hand, continued the arrest and torture of those suspected of committing 2500: 2402:

went into bankruptcy, followed by Peele, Hubbell & Company in 1887. Soon after, British merchants, including

2261: 1882: 8443: 7596: 7552: 7508: 7192: 7160: 6860: 6575: 5892: 5611: 3205:

had forged their signatures in Katipunan documents, hoping that they would be forced to support the revolution.

10932: 10379: 10181: 10156: 9988: 9757: 9732: 9428: 9004: 8804:

Little brown brother: how the United States purchased and pacified the Philippine Islands at the century's turn

7444: 7287: 7254: 7238: 7223: 7208: 7144: 7128: 7041: 7025: 5394: 5112: 4413:. American attention was focused on the issue after the mysterious explosion that sank the American battleship 4302: 3986: 2188: 1408: 130: 8976: 7366: 5268:

intruded into the unresolved revolution and efforts to establish independence following its conclusion in the

2417:

In 1842, alarmed by the domination of foreign merchants in the economy of Manila, the Spanish government sent

2345: 2199:

was adopted in a session convened on September 15, 1898. It was promulgated on January 21, 1899, creating the

10997: 10992: 10809: 10804: 10799: 10602: 10507: 10296: 10291: 10015: 9873: 9765: 9297: 9266: 6721: 4743:

It was under this dictatorship On June 12, 1898, Aguinaldo proclaimed the independence of the Philippines at

3766: 3754: 1864: 1338: 353: 8905: 8081: 8077: 8055: 4824:. Admiral Dewey and General Merritt were able to work out a bloodless solution with acting governor-general 4515:

The unexpected rapidity and completeness of Dewey's victory in the first engagement of the war prompted the

3246: 1423: 745: 10987: 10429: 10424: 10394: 10357: 10316: 10260: 10077: 10053: 9973: 9824: 9565: 9189: 4633: 3734:, an engineer, to plan the defense and logistics of the revolution in Cavite. His first victory was in the 3435: 3345: 2841:. The religious orders began retaking Philippine parishes. One instance that enraged the Insulares was the 2330: 2204: 1975:

led to the replacement of de la Torre in 1871. In 1872, the government of the succeeding governor-general,

1283: 8980: 4820:

By June, U.S. and Filipino forces had taken control of most of the islands, except for the walled city of

4125:

and others, the succession of defeats for the rebels could be attributed to discontent that resulted from

4098:, forcing the Government of the Philippine Republic to move to Mt. Buntis. By June, the Spanish had taken 3896:

were wounded, while their brother Ciriaco was killed on April 28. They were taken to Naic to stand trial.

10855: 10419: 10414: 10286: 10221: 10176: 10060: 9951: 9932: 9861: 9685: 9215: 8449:

The Story of the Philippines and Our New Possessions, Including the Ladrones, Hawaii, Cuba and Porto Rico

7634: 7477: 5934: 5907: 5273: 5082: 5070: 5061: 4956: 4752: 4733: 3758: 2695: 2375: 2212: 1995:. Seven days after the mutiny, many people were arrested and tried. Three of these were secular priests: 1941: 1918: 1856: 192: 5433:

Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, 4th ed

2139:, while more conservative members led by Domingo Franco and Numeriano Adriano would later establish the 10648: 10449: 10404: 10311: 10238: 10144: 10048: 10026: 9851: 9846: 9717: 8990: 8711: 8596: 5205: 5135:

proclaimed that the Philippine–American War had ended on April 16, 1902, with the surrender of General

4872: 4200: 3928: 2699: 1881:

during the revolution, assuming presidency. The Philippines was intended to become independent after a

1403: 9345: 8962: 8600: 7568: 7464: 7460: 7425: 6995: 5176:

project estimates that both sides suffered over 2000 combat deaths while losing many more to disease.

2079: 10784: 10544: 10467: 10362: 10216: 10186: 10171: 10065: 9421: 9174: 8461: 5716:

Cubans in the Confederacy: Jose Agustin Quintero, Ambrosio Jose Gonzales, and Loreta Janeta Velazquez

5042: 5029: 4976: 4693: 4406: 3614: 2863: 2541: 2200: 2071:

used their writings primarily to condemn Spanish abuses and seek reforms to the colonial government.

1860: 1708: 459: 212: 5013: 3419:. Balintawak in Caloocan saw intense fighting. Rebel troops tended to gravitate towards fighting in 1635: 10850: 10522: 10512: 10482: 10434: 10399: 10301: 9144: 9127: 6827: 5265: 4932: 4410: 4389: 4287: 4188: 4177: 4061: 3707:

for the rebel guerillas, though his prestige suffered when he lost battles that he personally led.

3652:

for permission to make a statement on the rebellion. His petition was granted, and Rizal wrote the

2876: 2832:(or Insulares, "islanders", as they were locally called) writers began spreading the ideals of the 2323: 2180: 2172: 1988: 1910: 1868: 1712: 1037: 287: 52: 7176: 4677:

The first contingent of American troops arrived on June 30 under the command of Brigadier General

3649: 3367:

Hostilities in the area started on the evening of August 29, when hundreds of rebels attacked the

3310: 3172: 2773: 1013: 10819: 10759: 10587: 10462: 10119: 9541: 9530: 9388: 9292: 9240: 9230: 7974: 7627:"Proclamation 483—Granting Pardon and Amnesty to Participants in Insurrection in the Philippines" 5132: 5089: 5057: 4963: 4815: 4787: 4760: 4291: 4029: 3966: 3738:

on September 1, 1896, defeating the Spanish forces under General Ernesto Aguirre with the aid of

3533: 3482: 2816:

Priests Mariano Gómez, Jacinto Zamora, and José Burgos (L-R, remembered in Philippine history as

2326: 1852: 1589: 1544: 1508: 1278: 1085: 33: 3874:, essentially resolving to establish a government separate from the one established at Tejeros. 2981: 2783:. Church power was declining, and friars began coming to the Philippines, ending hopes that the 1917:. Increased competition with foreign traders brought the galleon trade to an end in 1815. After 10617: 10126: 9995: 9594: 9583: 9210: 7800:"Treaty Between Spain and the United States for Cession of Outlying Islands of the Philippines" 5269: 5116: 4952: 4928: 4911: 4629: 3420: 3376: 3341: 2892: 2854: 2000: 1929:

and to find new sources of revenue to pay for the colonial administration. At this point, post-

1844: 1720: 1594: 187: 48: 7925: 7732: 7410: 7390: 6909: 6787: 6772: 6682: 6360: 6267: 2175:

was established, and the insurgent government promulgated a constitution. On May 1, 1898, the

1719:. However, it was not recognized by Spain, which sold the islands to the United States in the 1166: 1135: 10502: 9518: 9326: 9194: 9107: 7766: 6678: 5790: 5684: 5235: 5190: 5104:, President of the Congress of the First Philippine Republic, issuing a Proclamation of War. 4887: 4697: 4685: 3994: 3859: 3731: 3613:. He had volunteered, and been accepted, for medical service in the Spanish Army fighting in 2651:, the secret organization that would trigger the revolution, mainly consisted of the masses. 1433: 1273: 257: 74: 8369:

Guerrero, Milagros; Custodio, Teresa Ma.; Dalisay, Jose Y. (1998), "Reform and Revolution",

7850: 4664:

provinces, were liberated by the Filipinos and the port of Dalahican in Cavite was secured.

4585:

with himself as dictator, saying that he would resign in favor of a duly elected president.

3427:. South of Manila, a thousand-strong rebel force attacked a small force of civil guards. In 3313:

to prepare for coming hostilities. General Blanco had about 10,000 Spanish regulars and the

94: 10884: 10824: 10677: 10517: 10104: 10092: 9577: 9352: 9338: 9332: 9137: 7982: 6299: 5195: 5185: 5017: 4825: 4550: 4527:—a military unit which would consist of 10,844 soldiers under the command of Major General 4487: 4398: 4204: 4181: 4169: 4065: 2985: 2955: 2754: 2725:. Filipino and Spanish liberals residing in the country welcomed him with a banquet at the 2545: 2509: 2196: 2176: 1945: 1933:

ideas entered the country through literature, which resulted in the rise of an enlightened

1832: 1798: 1569: 1448: 1428: 1373: 126: 4499:, stating that although he controlled Manila Bay, he needed 5,000 additional men to seize 4195:

volunteered to be negotiator between the two sides. For four months, he travelled between

4091: 2433:

immigration to stimulate agricultural development, and abolition of the tobacco monopoly.

1897:

The main influx of the revolutionary ideas came at the start of the 19th century when the

1098: 1073: 650: 8: 10754: 10627: 10539: 9571: 9287: 9220: 9071: 7657: 5097: 4883: 4667: 4592:

on May 28, 1898, Aguinaldo raided the last remaining stronghold of the Spanish Empire in

4338: 3831: 3797: 3773: 3762: 3715: 3368: 3024:

in Europe. Other, more radical members belonging to the middle and lower classes, led by

3008:

Only days after its founding, Rizal was arrested by colonial authorities and deported to

2977: 2764: 2760: 2742: 2683: 2344:, had visited Manila regardless of anti-foreigner regulations. In 1790, Governor-General 2064: 1771: 1763: 1684: 1498: 1468: 1333: 1025: 878: 764: 413: 311: 7538:. United States Government. August 12, 1898 – via The American Presidency Project. 4126: 3908: 3883: 3842: 3556: 3272: 3202: 3058: 3025: 2726: 2553: 2536:; Standing clockwise from left: Vicente Francisco, Cajigas, José Abreu, Mariano Abella, 2128: 1727: 1049: 518: 125:, Filipino soldiers during the near end of the Revolution, Filipino negotiators for the 10967: 10829: 10667: 10389: 9535: 9500: 9494: 9488: 9184: 9122: 9097: 9076: 8574:

Daily Lives of Civilians in Wartime Asia: From the Taiping Rebellion to the Vietnam War

8335:

The Philippines: To the End of the Commission Government, a Study in Tropical Democracy

8266: 5915: 5131:

to those who had participated in the conflict. On April 9, 2002, Philippine President

5120: 4868: 4837: 4678: 4671: 4625: 4520: 4458: 4442: 4436: 4346: 4241: 4115: 4033: 4009: 3974: 3893: 3838: 3813: 3492:

By August 30, the revolt had spread to eight provinces. On that date, Governor-General

3223: 3074: 2371:

were British, three were American, two were French, two were Swiss and one was German.

2216: 2208: 2168: 1980: 1902: 1793: 1779: 1743: 1739: 1625: 1549: 1378: 1303: 1288: 1268: 916: 859: 272: 10814: 8130:

The katipunan and the revolution: memoirs of a general: with the original Tagalog text

4180:, with a constitution drafted by Isabelo Artacho and Felix Ferrer, based on the first 3711: 2682:

branch of the Filipino society. From the Ilustrados rose the prominent members of the

2544:, Flaviano Cordecruz, a Tuazon from Malabon, Alejandro Yance de Lara, Lauro Dimayuga, 2537: 1964:. The leadership of de la Torre introduced the idea of liberalism to the Philippines. 1759: 1061: 707: 10607: 9319: 9282: 9179: 8966: 8884: 8870:

Philippine Political and Cultural History: The Philippines Since the British Invasion

8833: 8808: 8788: 8757: 8737: 8686: 8647: 8618: 8592: 8578: 8558: 8538: 8518: 8470: 8429: 8407: 8376: 8356: 8310: 8289: 8240: 8215: 8195: 8175: 8155: 8134: 8114: 8038: 8031: 8026: 7901: 7772: 7738: 7629:. United States Government. July 4, 1902 – via The American Presidency Project. 6915: 6604: 6594: 5468: 5437: 5390: 5225: 5173: 5152: 4768: 4637: 4142: 4122: 3823: 3747: 3727: 3521: 3431:, Katipuneros attacked the parish church, making the parish priest run for his life. 3392: 3351: 3286:, with himself as president and the Supreme Council of the Katipunan as his cabinet. 3242: 3090: 3013: 2833: 2768: 2108:

fell into trouble of submitting government taxes. In 1892, after his return from the

2089: 2020: 1972: 1968: 1930: 1806: 1775: 1703:

was one of the last major colonies of the Spanish Empire, which had already suffered

1656: 1574: 1483: 1463: 1453: 1393: 1313: 9657: 9482: 9451: 8370: 4427:

and certain industrialists built up for war, the U.S. Congress forced the reluctant

4233: 840: 10769: 10744: 10577: 10472: 9471: 9277: 9169: 8676: 8486: 8228: 8051: 7824: 6828:"Secessionist insurgency in south Philippines – 1969/2008 updated at February 2008" 6734:"Divisions and dynasty: the Bonifacio documents that reveal our painful beginnings" 5342: 5093: 5050: 5037: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4920: 4899: 4783: 4744: 4589: 4554: 4516: 4496: 4483: 4469: 4454: 4432: 4414: 4377: 4237: 4162: 4049: 3990: 3847: 3792: 3743: 3704: 3700: 3684: 3668: 3630: 3447: 3443: 3424: 3388: 3307: 3283: 3190: 3062: 3002: 2884: 2441: 2437: 2418: 2184: 2156: 2113: 1886: 1872: 1824: 1813: 1767: 1731: 1670: 1513: 1458: 1443: 1438: 1413: 1348: 1193: 1185: 543: 134: 8514:

Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor, Volume 1

7335: 7312: 4732:, calling for the establishment of a revolutionary government. Upon the advice of 3901: 3781: 3348:") was only a part of a bigger "battle for Manila" hitherto unrecognized as such. 3327:

From August 27 to 28, Bonifacio moved from Balara to Mt. Balabak in Hagdang Bato,

2637:

class, where the members enjoyed high public offices and recommendations from the

2257: 1784: 821: 726: 10597: 10592: 10572: 10554: 10206: 10114: 10109: 9394: 9149: 8971: 8878: 8802: 8782: 8751: 8700: 8680: 8660: 8641: 8612: 8572: 8552: 8532: 8512: 8447: 8423: 8333: 8304: 8270: 8209: 8189: 8169: 8128: 8099: 8059: 7876: 6590:

Volunteers of the Empire : War, Identity, and Spanish Imperialism, 1855-1898

5641: 5458: 5431: 5108: 4764: 4661: 4366: 4229: 4107: 3871: 3855: 3777: 3719: 3692: 3486: 3254: 2943: 2643: 2557: 2399: 2365: 2102: 2098: 2027:

Many Filipinos who were arrested for possible rebellion were deported to Spanish

1802: 941: 897: 802: 7864:

The 1899 Malolos Constitution in Spanish with a side-by-side English translation

7076: 5765: 5565:

Disasters and Tragic Events: An Encyclopedia of Catastrophes in American History

4985:

Map of the Philippines during the inauguration of the First Philippine Republic.

3375:, just as hundreds of other rebels personally led by Bonifacio were amassing in 2850: 1750:. Early battles and skirmishes were centered around sieging the capital city of 10860: 10789: 10779: 9642: 9512: 9359: 9225: 9102: 8865: 8853: 8113:, Madison: Center for Southeast Asia Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 7521: 6942: 5220: 5148: 4864: 4790: 4689: 4528: 4510: 4245: 4207:

was signed. Consisting of three documents, it called for the following agenda:

4154: 4111: 4103: 4099: 4002: 3958: 3912: 3735: 3451: 3302: 3167: 2972: 2921: 2900: 2888: 2871: 2867: 2801: 2679: 2575: 2487: 2457: 2449: 2430: 2288: 2028: 2007: 1922: 1914: 1913:

since 1565, with colonial administrative costs sustained by subsidies from the

1692: 1493: 1308: 985: 960: 631: 122: 105: 7478:"WAR SUSPENDED, PEACE ASSURED; President Proclaims a Cessation of Hostilities" 6608: 6279: 4394: 4149:, who were fighting for the province (of Cavite), were demoralized and quit... 3919:. Andrés and Procopio were buried in a shallow grave, marked only with twigs. 3264: 3208:

On August 24, 1896, Bonifacio called Katipunan members to a mass gathering in

2896: 2859: 2731: 1996: 1934: 1208:

Many Filipino civilians dead from both Spanish troops and Katipunan atrocities

10926: 10894: 10794: 10764: 10749: 9117: 7981:. Manila: Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Archived from 5689: 5144: 5136: 5101: 4759:, and read this document in Spanish that day at Aguinaldo's house. The first 4729: 4621: 4535: 4420: 4192: 4158: 4013: 3851: 3809: 3785: 3696: 3672: 3642: 3458: 3198: 3070: 3066: 2959: 2939: 2707: 2638: 2610:

enjoyed the same social power, as they both belonged to the upper class, the

2513: 2349: 2315: 2164: 2152: 2136: 1840: 1820: 1398: 783: 688: 612: 592: 587: 567: 523: 480: 393: 183: 8614:

Benevolent Assimilation: The American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899–1903

7898:

Benevolent Assimilation: The American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899–1903

5365:"Why We Remember Andres Bonifacio, Father of the Brave, Every November 30th" 4771:, Aguinaldo's closest adviser, opposed Aguinaldo's decision to establish an 4577:

soldiers employed by the Spanish army, crossed over to Aguinaldo's command.

4519:

administration to make the decision to capture Manila from the Spanish. The

3594: 3583: 2989: 2633:. This class included all poor commoners, peasants and laborers. Unlike the 2599: 2549: 2505: 2120: 2074: 2015: 1735: 562: 10867: 9616: 8872:, vol. II (1957 Revised ed.), Manila: McCullough Printing Company 8661:

Volunteers of the Empire. War, Identity, and Spanish Imperialism, 1855-1898

8254: 6855:

The Mexican dollar at the time was worth about 50 U.S. cents, according to

6588: 5595:

Empire's Proxy: American Literature and U.S. Imperialism in the Philippines

5056:

On February 4, less than two weeks after the establishment ceremonies, the

4891: 4794: 4582: 4472: 4450: 4221: 4070: 3126: 3118: 2967: 2792: 2569: 2483: 2341: 2319: 2068: 1877: 1828: 1503: 1298: 972: 920: 669: 8715: 4617: 4613: 4337:

Not all the revolutionary generals complied with the treaty. One, General

3489:, attacked the Spanish garrison on September 2–4, but they were repulsed. 10909: 10730: 10721: 9708: 9455: 9446: 8827: 8753:

The Making of a Nation: Essays on Nineteenth-century Filipino Nationalism

8456: 8392:

The laws of the first Philippine Republic (the laws of Malolos) 1898–1899

7635:"GENERAL AMNESTY FOR THE FILIPINOS; Proclamation Issued by the President" 6963: 6911:

Theodore Roosevelt and his times: a chronicle of the progressive movement

5908:"General amnesty for the Filipinos; proclamation issued by the President" 5065: 4802: 4649: 4350: 4203:. His hard work finally bore fruit when, on December 14 to 15, 1897, the 3915:, executed the Bonifacio brothers at the foothills of Mount Buntis, near 3826:

insisted on the establishment of revolutionary government to replace the

3638: 3622: 3529: 3497: 3474: 3384: 3328: 3258: 3235: 3219: 3110: 3079: 2581: 2491: 2445: 2241: 2011: 1898: 1871:

of the United States. A commonwealth government was formed in 1935, with

1801:, which temporarily reduced hostilities. Filipino revolutionary officers 1730:, the Katipunan was formed in secrecy in 1892 in the wake of the nascent 216: 157: 8996: 8682:

The Philippine revolution of 1896: ordinary lives in extraordinary times

6283: 4600:

Public jubilation marked Aguinaldo's return. Many Filipino enlisted men

4409:

as demanded by the United States government was the basic cause for the

4228:

Aguinaldo and eighteen other top officials of the revolution, including

4090:

on March 25, 1897. The head of the Spanish expeditionary force, General

2942:

of 1872, and the subsequent deportation of criollos and mestizos to the

2678:, which means "erudite ones". They also considered themselves to be the 1213: 10904: 9677: 9506: 9401: 7668:. Vol. 2. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. p. 146. 6941:. Department of the Navy — Naval Historical Center. Archived from 5509:(2), National Commission for Culture and the Arts: 3–12, archived from 4821: 4570: 4504: 4462: 4095: 3916: 3739: 3598: 3560: 3540: 3122: 3114: 2842: 2788: 2767:

succeeded, it was in a relatively isolated area. In 1789, however, the

2703: 2668: 2334: 1949: 1789: 3532:. They would later be represented as the eight rays of the sun in the 3085:

From Manila, the Katipunan expanded into several provinces, including

2950:, created a colony of Filipino expatriates in Europe, particularly in 2791:, the voyage between Spain and the Philippines was made shorter. More 1863:

formally declared war against the United States, which ended with the

1715:

and the Spanish soon capitulated. In June, Philippine revolutionaries

9666: 9272: 8306:

Crimes Against Humanity: A Shocking History of U.s. Crimes Since 1776

5956: 5009: 4842: 4772: 4601: 4574: 4558: 4542: 4373: 4249: 3998: 3962: 3827: 3626: 3618: 3360: 3268: 3185: 3051: 2796: 2738: 2675: 2656: 2648: 2589:

were people who were Spanish-born, but lived in the Philippines. The

2525: 2473: 2453: 2249: 2220: 2132: 2040: 2032: 1984: 1688: 244: 118: 5338:"Recognition sought for Bonifacio as 1st Tagalog Republic president" 4782:

Writing retrospectively in 1899, Aguinaldo claimed that U.S. Consul

4276: 10899: 9588: 9081: 8211:

The War of 1898, and U.S. interventions, 1898–1934: an encyclopedia

5580:

World and Its Peoples: Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Brunei

5497:

Guererro, Milagros; Encarnacion, Emmanuel; Villegas, Ramon (1996),

5140: 5005: 4916: 4641: 4354: 4146: 4037: 4008:

According to available records, including the biography of General

3569: 3525: 3513: 3496:

declared a "state of war" in these provinces and placed them under

3462: 3439: 3428: 3408: 3404: 3396: 3298: 3245:, the meeting occurred on August 19; however, revolutionary leader 3227: 3209: 3130: 3102: 3086: 2909: 2907:

on February 18, 1872. They are remembered in Philippine history as

2846: 2818: 2461: 2422: 2318:

doctrines in the later part of the 18th century, Spain relaxed its

2109: 2105: 2036: 1747: 1738:

and others in Spain with goals of Philippine representation to the

148:

August 23, 1896 – January 23, 1899 (2 years and 5 months)

85: 65: 27:

1896–1898 Philippine war of independence against the Spanish Empire

6810: 5413: 3590: 2926: 2520: 2440:'s recommendations, more ports were opened by Spain. The ports of 2352:

open Manila to world commerce. Furthermore, the bankruptcy of the

2283: 2223:

who had participated in the conflict, effectively ending the war.

9302: 7805:. University of the Philippines. November 7, 1900. Archived from 5128: 5046: 5033: 4645: 4480: 4439:; the U.S. followed on April 25 with its own declaration of war. 4380:, learned that war had been declared between the U.S. and Spain. 4173: 4024:

as Supreme Chief and Captain General of the military forces, and

3688: 3505: 3400: 3314: 3294: 3098: 3009: 2904: 2838: 2144: 2124: 4962:

On December 21, 1898, President McKinley proclaimed a policy of

3664: 2667:. The material progress was primarily due to the opening of the 7734:

The Rescue of Cuba: An Episode in the Growth of Free Government

6865: 4657: 4653: 4609: 4593: 4546: 4500: 4492: 4476: 4196: 4138: 4134: 4083: 4045: 3889: 3863: 3680: 3606: 3565: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3517: 3509: 3501: 3478: 3470: 3416: 3412: 3380: 3279: 3142: 3106: 3094: 2951: 2947: 2780: 2664: 2660: 2395: 2338: 2296: 2160: 2056: 2052: 2048: 1926: 1906: 1755: 1751: 8151:

Under Three Flags: Anarchism and the Anti-Colonial Imagination

5745: 5732:

Under Three Flags: Anarchism and the Anti-Colonial Imagination

5577: 3957:

The battle of Kakarong de Sili took place on January 1, 1897.

3949: 3941: 3575: 2366:

Economic surveys, port openings and admission of foreign firms

10622: 10439: 8635:(in Spanish), vol. 1–3, Madrid: Imprenta de Manuel Tello 8325:

Memoria sobre el comercio y navegacion de las islas Filipinas

5119:, the office of military governor was terminated. On July 4, 4944: 4924: 4748: 4725: 4079: 3933: 3723: 3610: 3466: 3372: 3040:

freedom of assembly, and freedom to petition for grievances.

2784: 2479: 2060: 2044: 2004: 1992: 1792:, where the Magdalo-led jury found Bonifacio and his brother 177: 7935: 7933: 6412: 6410: 6408: 4561:

expecting to be transported to Manila by the Americans, but

4511:

Preparation for land-based operations and Aguinaldo's return

3969:, was established. It was also in Kakarong de Sili that the 3082:; Bonifacio and other leading members were also Freemasons. 2922:

La Solidaridad, La Liga Filipina and the Propaganda Movement

2759:

In 1776, the first major challenge to monarchy in centuries

5664:

Bautista, Ma. Lourdes S; Bolton, Kingsley (November 2008).

5496: 5389:. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. p. 85. 5107:

As the First Philippine Republic was never recognized as a

4948: 4886:

as military governor, who in turn was succeeded by General

4859:

United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands

4605: 4405:

The failure of Spain to engage in active social reforms in

4087: 3867: 3819: 3753:

The Katipunan in Cavite was divided into two councils: the

3634: 2812: 2594: 2383: 2014:. Their execution had a profound effect on many Filipinos; 8702:

Agosto 29-30, 1896: ang pagsalakay ni Bonifacio sa Maynila

7822: 7586: 7000: 6646: 6644: 6642: 3679:

By December, there were three major centers of rebellion:

1695:

from 1896 to 1898. It was the culmination of the 333-year

8171:

The 1900s : American popular culture through history

7930: 7536:"Proclamation 422 – Suspension of Hostilities with Spain" 7328: 6405: 5020:. On November 29, the assembly, now popularly called the 4012:, entitled "Life and Death of a Boy General" (written by 3539:

The rebels had few firearms; they were mostly armed with

1948:

to an end. The conservative government was replaced by a

8617:(4th edition, reprint ed.), Yale University Press, 7895: 7878:

A National Weekly Journal of Politics ..., Volumes 30-31

5456: 4153:

In other areas, some of Bonifacio's associates, such as

3854:. Bonifacio felt insulted and would have shot Tirona if 2155:. The armed resistance eventually spread throughout the 2131:

and his fellows established a secret organization named

1855:

between the Filipino and American forces, beginning the

8903: 8820:

Decolonizing the History of the Philippine–American War

8368: 8127:

Alvarez, Santiago V.; Malay, Paula Carolina S. (1992),

7436: 7434: 7279: 7277: 7275: 6831: 6639: 6627: 6615: 6531: 6529: 6527: 6525: 6523: 6521: 6519: 6506: 6504: 6502: 6445: 6443: 6441: 5551: 4923:

was the Filipino representative to the negotiations in

4740:

was established on May 24, with Aguinaldo as dictator.

4507:

while reinforcements were sent from the United States.

2686:, who stirred the very first flames of the revolution. 2337:. Even before the 1780s, many foreign ships, including 2171:

decided the new republic's fate. In November 1897, the

7666:

Annual Report of the Major-General Commanding the Army

7017: 7015: 5460:

Ethnic and Racial Minorities in the U.S. Military: A-L

4376:. There, Aguinaldo met clandestinely with U.S. Consul 3648:

While incarcerated, Rizal petitioned Governor-General

2787:

would relinquish their posts. With the opening of the

2427:

Informe sobre el estado de las Islas Filipinas en 1842

8395:, Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Library 7542: 7498: 7415: 7380: 7182: 7150: 5957:"The Death of Gomburza & The Propaganda Movement" 5831: 5829: 5728: 5285:

30,000 Spanish, 25,000 Kapampangans and other natives

5123:, who had succeeded to the U.S. presidency after the 5064:. Aguinaldo sent emissary to the American commander, 4248:

left Biak-na-Bato on December 24, 1897, for exile in

4214:

Amnesty for those who participated in the revolution.

1169: 1138: 8732:

Sagmit, Rosario S.; Sagmit-Mendosa, Lourdes (2007),

8194:(illustrated ed.), Greenwood Publishing Group, 7558: 7450: 7431: 7272: 7244: 7228: 7213: 7198: 7134: 7118: 6516: 6499: 6438: 6288:. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress. 1991. 6241: 6239: 6237: 6235: 5868: 5866: 4211:

The surrender of all weapons of the revolutionaries.

2291:

was carried in galleons for two and a half centuries

1809:. However, the hostilities never completely ceased. 8227: 7031: 7012: 6135: 6129: 6123: 6117: 6034: 6022: 6016: 4531:—in preparation for deployment to the Philippines. 3985:History and researchers, as well as records of the 3625:, on October 3, 1896. After a brief confinement at 3145:

level." By 1895, Bonifacio was the supreme leader (

2278: 1925:was forced to govern the Philippines directly from 8037:(8th ed.), Quezon City: Garotech Publishing, 8030: 7915: 7672: 7293: 6076: 6028: 5923: 5826: 5636: 5634: 5336: 3617:. The mailboat left on September 3 and arrived in 2614:considered themselves as socially superior to the 1782:, which saw Emilio Aguinaldo elected as president 1734:, an organization created by Filipino nationalist 1175: 1144: 6593:. London: Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 191–202. 6301:The Project Gutenberg eBook: Kartilyang Makabayan 6232: 5882: 5863: 5425: 5423: 5421: 5357: 5329: 5308: 4255: 4176:. Here they established what became known as the 3922: 3005:, the Manila chapter of the Propaganda Movement. 2219:proclaimed a complete pardon and amnesty for all 1867:in July 1902. As a result, the islands become an 10924: 8375:, vol. 5, Asia Publishing Company Limited, 8355:, National Commission for Culture and the Arts, 7973: 7823:President William McKinley (December 21, 1898), 7106: 6973: 6964:The Battle of Manila Bay by Admiral George Dewey 6158: 6156: 5849: 5847: 5812: 5810: 4220:Payment by the Spanish government of $ 400,000 ( 4082:, government troops recaptured several towns in 3355:Portrait of Governor-General of the Philippines 3141:) were in charge of affairs "on the district or 8829:The Philippines: Past and Present (vol. 1 of 2) 8630: 7959:. Government of the Philippines. Archived from 7826:McKinley's Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation 7618: 7616: 7260: 6815:1897 Constitution of Biak-na-Bato (Philippines) 6259: 6257: 6010: 5631: 5408: 5406: 4573:on May 19. Several revolutionaries, as well as 3837:On March 22, 1897, another meeting was held in 3641:instead. Upon his return, he was imprisoned in 2748: 1901:was opened for world trade. In 1809, the first 8675: 8667:Regidor, Antonio M.; Mason, J. Warren (1905), 8372:Kasaysayan: The History of the Filipino People 8353:The Philippines After The Revolution 1898–1945 8097: 7874: 7696: 7684: 7166: 6933: 6931: 6871: 6752:"History of Pandi & The Kakarong Republic" 6674: 6586: 6180: 6006: 6004: 5902: 5900: 5663: 5418: 5316:"Revisiting Bonifacio's controversial history" 4703: 4074:The flag used by the Republic of Biak-na-Bato. 2031:. Some of them, however, managed to escape to 2018:, the national hero, would dedicate his novel 1831:, decisively defeated the Spanish Navy in the 1664: 182:Spain cedes control of the Philippines to the 10704: 9693: 9429: 9012: 8979:covers the Revolution in Cebu (archived from 8773:A history of the Spanish–American War of 1898 8669:Commercial Progress in the Philippine Islands 8597:"CHAPTER VIII: First Stage of the Revolution" 7768:Desertion and the American Soldier, 1776–2006 6541: 6168: 6153: 6064: 6040: 5989: 5844: 5807: 5547: 5004:on September 15. All of the delegates to the 4549:, bringing reports of Dewey's victory in the 4161:, never subjected their military commands to 2357: 1678: 1229: 8769: 8666: 8646:, Continuum International Publishing Group, 8126: 7967: 7613: 6991: 6400: 6280:"10. José Rizal and the Propaganda Movement" 6254: 6141: 6111: 5801: 5729:O'Gorman Anderson, Benedict Richard (2005). 5709: 5707: 5562: 5545: 5543: 5541: 5539: 5537: 5535: 5533: 5531: 5529: 5527: 5492: 5490: 5488: 5486: 5484: 5403: 5216:List of weapons of the Philippine revolution 4970: 4905: 3818:On December 31, an assembly was convened in 3605:When the revolution broke out, Rizal was in 2721:, a member of the Spanish Army, as the 91st 2414:, dominated the financial sector in Manila. 2207:. On June 12, 1899, Aguinaldo promulgated a 2010:, who were hanged by Spanish authorities in 1812:On April 21, 1898, after the sinking of the 8906:"True Version of the Philippine Revolution" 8822:, by Paul A. Kramer dated December 8, 2005) 8322: 8265: 7337:The World of 1898: the Spanish–American War 7314:The World of 1898: The Spanish–American War 6928: 6901: 6662: 6490: 6488: 6486: 6484: 6482: 6480: 6478: 6396: 6394: 6392: 6390: 6388: 6335: 6333: 6331: 6223: 6221: 6219: 6217: 6215: 6094: 6082: 6001: 5897: 5666:Philippine English: Linguistic and Literary 4852: 4720:Revolutionary Government of the Philippines 4305:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3742:. The Cavite revolutionaries, particularly 3576:Final statement and execution of José Rizal 3161: 2862:, who organized the student rallies in the 209:Revolutionary Government of the Philippines 10711: 10697: 9700: 9686: 9436: 9422: 9019: 9005: 8749: 8712:"Historical Setting—Outbreak of War, 1898" 8475:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 8294:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 8245:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 8075: 8050: 7112: 6979: 6844: 6830:. bippi.org. February 2008. Archived from 6476: 6474: 6472: 6470: 6468: 6466: 6464: 6462: 6460: 6458: 6386: 6384: 6382: 6380: 6378: 6376: 6374: 6372: 6370: 6368: 6356: 6329: 6327: 6325: 6323: 6321: 6319: 6317: 6315: 6313: 6311: 6213: 6211: 6209: 6207: 6205: 6203: 6201: 6199: 6197: 6195: 6107: 6105: 6103: 5499:"Andres Bonifacio and the 1896 Revolution" 5429: 5076: 3870:where he and other signatories issued the 3629:prison, Rizal was told by Captain-General 1236: 1222: 10014: 9026: 8825: 8550: 8481:. An English translation under the title 8418:(English translation by Sulpicio Guevara) 8350: 8187: 8083:True Version of the Philippine Revolution 8061:True Version of the Philippine Revolution 8025: 7939: 7921: 7650: 7580: 7564: 7456: 7440: 7421: 7299: 7283: 7234: 7219: 7204: 7188: 7140: 7124: 7021: 7006: 6705: 6693: 6559: 6535: 6510: 6449: 6433: 6416: 5888: 5704: 5524: 5481: 4882:General Merritt was succeeded by General 4716:Dictatorial Government of the Philippines 4325:Learn how and when to remove this message 4267:Central Executive Committee (Philippines) 4052:visited this ground in his late fifties. 3877: 3297:. In the afternoon, civil guards sent to 2689: 2504:Leaders of the reform movement in Spain: 1243: 1203:Unknown; heavy. Many more lost to disease 9707: 8770:Titherington, Richard Handfield (1900), 8441: 8191:Neocolonialism American Style, 1960–2000 8147: 8056:"Chapter II. The Treaty of Biak-na-bató" 7592: 7548: 7504: 7386: 7250: 7156: 7037: 6856: 6650: 6633: 6621: 5668:. Hong Kong University Press. p. 2. 5646:, MSC Schools, Philippines, June 2, 1899 5607: 5158: 4980: 4915: 4666: 4541:, an American dispatch boat, arrived in 4423:. As public political pressure from the 4393: 4069: 3948: 3940: 3932: 3784:, called Bonifacio, who was fighting in 3710:Meanwhile, in Cavite, Katipuneros under 3703:, under Bonifacio). Bonifacio served as 3663: 3589: 3350: 3263: 3171: 2925: 2887:. The soldiers mistook the fireworks in 2811: 2779:The 19th century was also a new era for 2647:, or the town executive. The members of 2519: 2499: 2282: 2235: 1687:waged by the revolutionary organization 8698: 8388: 8341: 8331: 8279: 8253: 8144:, Translated by Paula Carolina S. Malay 8108: 7764: 7607: 7574: 7097: 7053: 6907: 6494: 6455: 6429: 6427: 6425: 6365: 6339: 6308: 6245: 6227: 6192: 6147: 6100: 6058: 6052: 5981:"Letters and Addresses of Jose Rizal", 5835: 5746:Institut Kajian Dasar Malaysia (1996). 5592: 5578:Marshall Cavendish Corporation (2007). 4383: 4217:Exile for the revolutionary leadership. 3659: 2807: 1885:but was cut short in the advent of the 404: 302: 14: 10963:History of the Philippines (1565–1898) 10925: 9382:"Evolution of the Philippine Flag" set 8731: 8610: 8591: 8530: 8496:The Development of Philippine Politics 8421: 8412:: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default ( 7730: 7708: 7702: 7690: 7402: 7266: 7065: 7059:Philippine Declaration of Independence 6798: 6792: 6783: 6768: 6717: 5713: 5430:Clodfelter, Micheal (April 24, 2017). 5288: 5201:History of the Philippines (1521–1898) 5096:sent a ranking member of his staff to 4757:Philippine Declaration of Independence 4710:Philippine Declaration of Independence 3904:and other officers of the revolution. 3822:to settle the leadership dispute. The 3772:To unite the Katipunan in Cavite, the 3249:stated that it occurred on August 22. 2625:The lowest of the two classes was the 2151:The revolution initially flared up in 1837:Philippine Declaration of Independence 1194: 174:Philippine Declaration of Independence 10978:Rebellions against the Spanish Empire 10692: 9681: 9417: 9000: 8949: 8876: 8864: 8852: 8800: 8780: 8756:, Ateneo de Manila University Press, 8685:, Ateneo de Manila University Press, 8492: 8455: 8351:Gatbonton, Esperanza B., ed. (2000), 8207: 8133:, Ateneo de Manila University Press, 7846: 7737:. Silver, Burdett. pp. 170–172. 7714: 7678: 7406: 7172: 6895: 6883: 6547: 6186: 6174: 6162: 6070: 6046: 5995: 5872: 5853: 5816: 5750:. Institut Kajian Dasar. p. 193. 5714:Tucker, Phillip Thomas (March 2002). 5622: 5563:Newton-Matza, Mitchell (March 2014). 5552:Guerrero, Custodio & Dalisay 1998 5384: 5246:Spanish American wars of independence 5241:Timeline of the Philippine Revolution 4260: 3803: 3714:, Bonifacio's uncle by marriage, and 3572:, where the soldiers later rebelled. 3178:University of the Philippines Diliman 2772:writings of criollo writers, such as 2698:overthrew the autocratic monarchy of 2231: 1217: 8659:Padilla Angulo, Fernando J. (2023). 8570: 8510: 8284:(in Spanish), vol. 1–55, Madrid 8275:, Self-published, Tala Pub. Services 7656: 7601: 7359:"Our flag is now waving over Manila" 6587:Padilla Angulo, Fernando J. (2023). 6571: 6422: 6263: 5786: 5748:José Rizal and the Asian renaissance 5378: 4898:Harold W. Lawton on May 7, 1899, in 4809: 4303:adding citations to reliable sources 4270: 3980: 3438:, Bonifacio's troops regrouped near 3176:Monument for the 1896 Revolution in 2879:mutinied. They were led by sergeant 2702:, which was replaced by a civil and 2394:and lack of U.S. trade bases in the 428:Captaincy General of the Philippines 326:Captaincy General of the Philippines 8679:; Rodríguez, Felice Noelle (2001), 8631:Montero y Vidal, Jose (1887–1895), 8422:Halili, Maria Christine N. (2004), 8346:, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 8098:Aguinaldo, E.; Pacis, V.A. (1957), 7875:Thompson, R.E.; Barker, W. (1899). 5643:Pedro Paterno's Proclamation of War 5582:. Marshall Cavendish. p. 1181. 4937:outstanding first Filipino diplomat 4801:On July 15, Aguinaldo issued three 4779:(and naming himself as president). 4018:National Library of the Philippines 4005:, called the Balangay Dimas-Alang. 3945:Panorama of the Park and the Shrine 3609:, awaiting the monthly mailboat to 2723:Governor-General of the Philippines 2516:. Photo was taken in Spain in 1890. 24: 9377:Flags of the Philippine Revolution 8927:"Opening of Manila to World Trade" 8924: 8607:, Translated by Leon Ma. Guerrero. 8551:Lacsamana, Leodivico Cruz (2006), 8444:"XII. The American Army in Manila" 8280:de Moya, Francisco Javier (1883), 6939:"Battle of Manila Bay, 1 May 1898" 5211:Influence of the French Revolution 4935:. He has been referred to as the " 3767:battles of Binakayan and Dalahican 1778:. This struggle culminated in the 25: 11009: 8897: 8860:, Manila: The Modern Book Company 8720:, Washington: Library of Congress 8611:Miller, Stuart Creighton (1984), 8554:Philippine history and government 8272:The Philippines: A Past Revisited 8259:A Visit to the Philippine Islands 8233:The Philippine Islands, 1493–1898 8076:Aguinaldo y Famy, Emilio (1899), 7896:Miller, Stuart Creighton (1982). 7771:. Algora Publishing. p. 83. 5457:Alexander M. Bielakowski (2013). 5125:assassination of William McKinley 4557:had recently returned there from 4187:The new Spanish Governor-General 3888:When Limbon in Indang, a town in 3633:that he would not be going on to 3222:. Thus, the event is called the " 2761:occurred in the American Colonies 2717:The next year, Serrano appointed 1711:, and in 1898, the United States 10720: 10673: 10672: 10661: 9445: 9261:American Anti-Imperialist League 8880:The Philippines: A Unique Nation 8787:, University of Nebraska Press, 8705:, Quezon City: Miranda Bookstore 8605:, National Historical Commission 8485:was printed in London, 1875, by 8231:; Robertson, James (1903–1909), 8086:, Authorama: Public Domain Books 8064:, Authorama: Public Domain Books 7997: 7945: 7889: 7868: 7856: 7840: 7816: 7792: 7758: 7724: 7528: 7514: 7470: 7396: 7351: 7305: 7091: 6809: 5231:Philippine revolts against Spain 4275: 3973:was organized shortly after the 3637:, but would be sent back to the 2916: 2467: 2354:Royal Company of the Philippines 2279:Opening of Manila to world trade 2211:against the U.S., beginning the 1092: 1079: 1067: 1055: 1043: 1031: 1019: 1007: 979: 966: 954: 947: 935: 928: 910: 903: 891: 884: 872: 865: 853: 846: 834: 827: 815: 808: 796: 789: 777: 770: 758: 751: 739: 732: 720: 713: 701: 694: 682: 675: 663: 656: 644: 637: 625: 618: 606: 599: 591: 581: 574: 566: 556: 549: 537: 530: 522: 512: 505: 473: 452: 421: 406: 386: 373: 360: 347: 319: 304: 281: 266: 251: 238: 104: 93: 84: 73: 64: 9236:Commonwealth of the Philippines 9231:Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916 8921:(page 1 of 20 linked web pages) 8826:Worcester, Dean Conant (1914), 8643:Saving Christianity from empire 8640:Nelson-Pallmeyer, Jack (2005), 8599:, in Guerrero, Leon Ma. (ed.), 8493:Kalaw, Maximo Manguiat (1927), 8332:Elliott, Charles Burke (1917), 8104:, Makers of history, R. Speller 8019: 7979:"Proclamation No. 173. s. 2002" 6985: 6957: 6889: 6877: 6849: 6838: 6820: 6803: 6777: 6762: 6744: 6726: 6711: 6699: 6687: 6668: 6656: 6580: 6565: 6553: 6350: 6344: 6292: 6272: 6136:Blair & Robertson 1903–1909 6124:Blair & Robertson 1903–1909 6088: 6035:Blair & Robertson 1903–1909 6023:Blair & Robertson 1903–1909 5974: 5949: 5795: 5780: 5754: 5739: 5722: 5672: 5657: 5616: 5601: 5586: 5571: 5556: 5414:https://doi.org/10.2307/3639234 4447:Assistant Secretary of the Navy 4078:Augmented by new recruits from 4055: 2244:at the end of the 19th century. 9267:Iglesia Filipina Independiente 8987:Another site on the Revolution 8972:Centennial Site: The Katipunan 8883:, All-Nations Publishing Co., 8663:. London: Bloomsbury Academic. 8577:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 8389:Guevara, Sulpico, ed. (1972), 8261:, London: Smith, Elder and Co. 8188:Blanchard, William H. (1996), 8174:, Greenwood Publishing Group, 8033:History of the Filipino People 5919:. New York City. July 4, 1902. 5450: 5279: 5258: 5113:United States Secretary of War 4565:had no orders regarding this. 4503:itself. The fleet remained in 4256:Second Phase of the revolution 3987:National Historical Commission 3923:The Battle of Kakarong de Sili 3597:'s execution in what was then 3473:rebelled a few days after. In 3457:South of Manila, the towns of 2400:Russell, Sturgis & Company 2376:Russell, Sturgis & Company 1705:a massive decline in the 1820s 13: 1: 10983:Rebellions in the Philippines 10810:Second Battle of San Salvador 9298:Philippine Revolutionary Army 9113:Kapampangan Counterrevolution 8910:Authorama Public Domain Books 8904:Don Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy. 8832:, Macmillan, pp. 75–89, 8633:Historia general de Filipinas 7731:Draper, Andrew Sloan (1899). 7075:. DLSU-Manila. Archived from 6970:. Retrieved October 10, 2007. 5985:, Manila: 315, December 1915. 5301: 5167: 4875:. After the appointment of a 3654:Manifesto á Algunos Filipinos 2530: 2456:was opened in 1860, and both 2226: 1956:. In 1869, Serrano appointed 32:For the 1986 revolution, see 10805:First Battle of San Salvador 10770:Conspiracy of the Maharlikas 10167:Business process outsourcing 9190:Federal State of the Visayas 8750:Schumacher, John N. (1991), 8734:The Filipino Moving Onward 5 8717:Philippines: A Country Study 8671:, London: Dunn & Chidley 8557:, Phoenix Publishing House, 8323:Díaz Arenas, Rafaél (1838), 6285:Philippines: A Country Study 5762:"Nationalista Party History" 4724:By June 1898, the island of 4465:on the evening of April 30. 3726:), won early victories. The 3436:Battle of San Juan del Monte 3043: 3020:, which attempted to revive 2749:Rise of Filipino nationalism 2663:and abroad, particularly to 2380:Peele, Hubbell & Company 2314:With the wide acceptance of 2260:to Father Vicente García of 1883:ten-year commonwealth period 117:Surviving Spanish troops in 7: 9165:Declaration of Independence 8714:, in Seekins, Dolan (ed.), 8710:Seekins, Donald M. (1991), 8282:Las Islas Filipinas en 1882 8235:, vol. 1–55, Cleveland 8208:Beede, Benjamin R. (1994), 8148:Anderson, Benedict (2005), 8078:"Chapter III. Negotiations" 5179: 4763:was again unfurled and the 4753:Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista 4734:Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista 4704:Declaration of Independence 4360: 4343:Central Executive Committee 3911:, upon orders from General 2346:Félix Berenguer de Marquina 1369:Ilocos Norte and Ilocos Sur 10: 11014: 8784:The war with Spain in 1898 8483:Travels in the Philippines 8428:, Manila: Rex Book Store, 8327:(in Spanish), Cádiz, Spain 7340:, U.S. Library of Congress 7317:, U.S. Library of Congress 6872:Aguinaldo & Pacis 1957 6675:Rodao & Rodríguez 2001 5680:"Spanish Colony 1565–1898" 5436:. McFarland. p. 240. 5206:History of the Philippines 5080: 4974: 4909: 4873:United States Armed Forces 4856: 4813: 4713: 4707: 4387: 4364: 4264: 4059: 3929:Battle of Kakarong de Sili 3926: 3881: 3807: 3800:, steadily gained ground. 3581: 3301:to investigate attacks on 3165: 3156: 3049: 2826:In the late 18th century, 2752: 2700:Queen Isabella II of Spain 2477: 2471: 2262:Ateneo Municipal de Manila 2193:Malolos Congress elections 2179:took place as part of the 1905:firms were established in 1892: 354:Philippine Revolutionaries 31: 10838: 10737: 10644: 10563: 10448: 10282: 10273: 10152: 10143: 9959: 9950: 9832: 9823: 9756: 9725: 9716: 9652: 9635: 9627:2019 ("Red October" plot) 9604: 9462: 9369: 9311: 9253: 9203: 9175:First Philippine Republic 9090: 9067:Pre-revolutionary revolts 9059: 9052: 9034: 8963:The Philippine Revolution 8858:The Philippine Revolution 8776:, D. Appleton and Company 8602:The Philippine Revolution 8462:Weidmannsche Buchhandlung 7900:. Yale University Press. 4977:First Philippine Republic 4971:First Philippine Republic 4957:1900 Treaty of Washington 4906:Spanish–American War ends 4632:, as well as some entire 4419:on February 15, 1898, in 4016:, former director of the 3757:(led by Alvarez) and the 2864:University of Santo Tomas 2542:Francisco Tongio Liongson 2359:Real Compaña de Filipinas 2201:First Philippine Republic 1954:General Francisco Serrano 1919:Mexico became independent 1861:First Philippine Republic 1780:1897 elections in Tejeros 1255: 1207: 1200:Many more lost to disease 1157: 1108: 486: 460:First Philippine Republic 226: 213:First Philippine Republic 140: 58: 46: 41: 10958:19th-century revolutions 10938:1890s in the Philippines 10071:House of Representatives 9964:Administrative divisions 9395:Marcha nacional filipina 9160:Revolutionary Government 9128:Republic of Biak-na-Bato 8877:Zaide, Sonia M. (1994), 8781:Trask, David F. (1996), 8531:Karnow, Stanley (1990), 8442:Halstead, Murat (1898), 8214:, Taylor & Francis, 8111:Recalling the Revolution 8101:A Second Look at America 8052:Aguinaldo y Famy, Emilio 7975:Macapagal Arroyo, Gloria 7881:. The American. p. 7765:Fantina, Robert (2006). 6908:Howland, Harold (1921). 6401:Alvarez & Malay 1992 6112:Regidor & Mason 1905 5718:. McFarland. p. 95. 5597:. NYU Press. p. 39. 5567:. ABC-CLIO. p. 165. 5251: 5090:second battle for Manila 4853:U.S. military government 4777:revolutionary government 4679:Thomas McArthur Anderson 4189:Fernando Primo de Rivera 4178:Republic of Biak-na-Bato 4062:Republic of Biak-na-Bato 3459:San Francisco de Malabon 3324:by the end of November. 3284:revolutionary government 3162:Course of the Revolution 3149:) or supreme president ( 3018:Cuerpo de Compromisarios 2719:Carlos María de la Torre 2173:Republic of Biak-na-Bato 2159:region, particularly in 2141:Cuerpo de Compromisarios 1958:Carlos María de la Torre 1869:unincorporated territory 1699:in the archipelago. The 1294:San Francisco de Malabon 1176:{\displaystyle \approx } 1145:{\displaystyle \approx } 1038:Fernando Primo de Rivera 380:Revolutionary Government 291:(November–December 1897) 288:Republic of Biak-na-Bato 258:Sovereign Tagalog Nation 115:Clockwise from top left: 10953:1898 in the Philippines 10948:1897 in the Philippines 10943:1896 in the Philippines 10856:Philippine–American War 9656:No sign for successful 9389:Flag of the Philippines 9293:Philippine Constabulary 9216:Philippine–American War 9108:Katagalugan (Bonifacio) 8736:, Rex Bookstore, Inc., 8303:Dav, Chaitanya (2007), 8168:Batchelor, Bob (2002), 7363:San Francisco Chronicle 6756:sagippandi.blogspot.com 5274:Philippine–American War 5133:Gloria Macapagal Arroyo 5083:Philippine–American War 5077:Philippine–American War 5071:Philippine–American War 5062:Philippine–American War 4964:benevolent assimilation 4816:Battle of Manila (1898) 4788:U.S. Secretary of State 4445:, who was at that time 4001:chapter in the town of 3967:revolutionary republics 3862:(present-day Tanza) in 3500:. These provinces were 2903:, who were executed by 2213:Philippine–American War 2189:Philippine independence 1942:1868 Spanish Revolution 1857:Philippine–American War 1665: 1660: 1339:Binakayan and Dalahican 433:Province of La Pampanga 331:Province of La Pampanga 193:Philippine–American War 131:Battle of Zapote Bridge 34:People Power Revolution 10973:Philippine nationalism 10825:Cochinchina expedition 10668:Philippines portal 10212:Science and technology 9155:Dictatorial Government 8699:Salazar, Zeus (1994), 8571:Lone, Stewart (2007). 8511:Keat, Gin Ooi (2004), 8109:Alvarez, S.V. (1992), 6246:Joaquin, Nick (1990). 5961:Philippine-History.org 5117:Philippine archipelago 5014:Felipe Calderón y Roca 4986: 4940: 4929:Treaty of Paris (1898) 4912:Treaty of Paris (1898) 4877:civil governor-general 4674: 4583:dictatorial government 4523:began to assemble the 4402: 4151: 4075: 3954: 3946: 3938: 3878:Execution of Bonifacio 3676: 3602: 3434:After their defeat in 3364: 3346:Battle of Pinaglabanan 3338: 3275: 3181: 3032:alongside the revived 2935: 2823: 2690:Liberalism (1868–1874) 2560: 2517: 2386:, sugar, and tobacco. 2358: 2295:Before the opening of 2292: 2276: 2245: 2135:in a house located in 1937:class in the society. 1865:Philippine Organic Act 1758:, where rebels led by 1697:colonial rule of Spain 1679: 1674: 1177: 1146: 487:Commanders and leaders 367:Dictatorial Government 49:decolonization of Asia 10933:Philippine Revolution 10846:Philippine Revolution 10623:Sport and martial art 10039:Executive departments 9327:Kartilya ng Katipunan 9195:Republic of Zamboanga 9028:Philippine Revolution 8807:, History Book Club, 8499:, Oriental commercial 8027:Agoncillo, Teodoro C. 7622:Amnesty Proclamation 6968:The War Times Journal 5685:University of Alberta 5593:Wesling, Meg (2011). 5385:LeRoy, James (1914). 5236:Republic of Zamboanga 5191:Battle of Pasong Tamo 5159:End of the revolution 5143:and in the cities of 5058:1899 Battle of Manila 5045:) was established in 5032:) was established in 4984: 4919: 4670: 4397: 4131: 4129:death. Mabini wrote: 4073: 4060:Further information: 3995:Biak-na-Bato Republic 3952: 3944: 3937:Inang Filipina Shrine 3936: 3860:Santa Cruz de Malabon 3732:Edilberto Evangelista 3730:council commissioned 3667: 3593: 3357:Ramón Blanco y Erenas 3354: 3333: 3267: 3184:The existence of the 3175: 2929: 2815: 2774:Luis Rodríguez Varela 2730:Governor of Manila), 2548:, Gregorio Aguilera, 2523: 2503: 2478:Further information: 2464:were opened in 1873. 2452:were opened in 1855, 2348:recommended that the 2289:Manila-Acapulco Trade 2286: 2266: 2264:, Rizal states that: 2239: 2123:had been deported to 1851:On February 4, 1899, 1717:declared independence 1709:Cuba rebelled in 1895 1653:Philippine Revolution 1247:Philippine Revolution 1178: 1158:Casualties and losses 1147: 276:(March–November 1897) 207:Establishment of the 42:Philippine Revolution 18:Philippine revolution 10998:Wars of independence 10993:Wars involving Spain 10851:Spanish–American War 10488:Fashion and clothing 10329:Environmental issues 10256:Water and sanitation 10093:Regional Trial Court 9938:World Heritage Sites 9353:Pact of Biak-na-Bato 9333:Malolos Constitution 9145:Spanish–American War 8993:on October 13, 2007) 8983:on October 26, 2009) 8801:Wolff, Leon (2006), 8342:Foreman, J. (1906), 7985:on December 28, 2016 7963:on October 11, 2016. 7658:Otis, Elwell Stephen 7369:on December 24, 2008 7073:"Philippine History" 6740:. November 27, 2018. 6011:Montero y Vidal 1887 5983:Philippine Education 5931:"Spanish Occupation" 5735:. Verso. p. 57. 5513:on November 15, 2010 5463:. ABC-CLIO. p. 5266:Spanish–American War 5196:Bourgeois revolution 5186:American imperialism 5018:Malolos Constitution 4933:Spanish–American War 4835:On August 12, 1898, 4551:Battle of Manila Bay 4488:Battle of Manila Bay 4449:, ordered Commodore 4411:Spanish–American War 4399:Battle of Manila Bay 4390:Spanish–American War 4384:Spanish–American War 4299:improve this section 4205:Pact of Biak-na-Bato 4170:San Miguel de Mayumo 4137:, because many from 4066:Pact of Biak-na-Bato 3660:Revolution in Cavite 3359:by Filipino painter 2986:Marcelo H. del Pilar 2982:Graciano López Jaena 2956:Marcelo H. del Pilar 2808:Criollo insurgencies 2755:Filipino nationalism 2546:Marcelo H. del Pilar 2510:Marcelo H. del Pilar 2331:occupation of Manila 2197:Malolos Constitution 2181:Spanish–American War 2177:Battle of Manila Bay 2112:, Rizal established 2059:, and some parts of 1944:brought the rule of 1833:Battle of Manila Bay 1799:Pact of Biak-na-Bato 1666:Rebolusyong Pilipino 1661:Himagsikang Pilipino 1167: 1136: 127:Pact of Biak-na-Bato 53:Spanish–American War 10988:Separatism in Spain 10785:Cambodia expedition 10780:Cagayan and Dingras 10478:Cultural properties 10244:Tourist attractions 9791:Japanese occupation 9622:2019 (Bikoy videos) 9221:Katagalugan (Sakay) 9072:Propaganda Movement 8465:(in German), Berlin 8267:Constantino, Renato 6945:on October 14, 2007 5345:. November 29, 2013 5272:developed into the 5069:escalated into the 4339:Francisco Macabulos 3798:Camilo de Polavieja 3763:Baldomero Aguinaldo 3716:Baldomero Aguinaldo 3675:in the battlefield. 2978:Propaganda Movement 2881:Ferdinand La Madrid 2765:American Revolution 2684:Propaganda Movement 2065:Propaganda Movement 1977:Rafael de Izquierdo 1685:war of independence 1675:Revolución Filipina 1026:Camilo de Polavieja 879:Francisco Macabulos 765:Baldomero Aguinaldo 10800:Formosa expedition 10493:Historical markers 10351:Indigenous peoples 10227:Telecommunications 10001:Political families 9842:Biosphere reserves 9185:Republic of Negros 9123:Tejeros Convention 9098:Cry of Pugad Lawin 9077:Palmero Conspiracy 8931:Philippine Almanac 8925:Hisona, Harold T. 8866:Zaide, Gregorio F. 8593:Mabini, Apolinario 8425:Philippine History 7812:on March 26, 2012. 7681:, p. 279Ch.21 7642:The New York Times 7524:. August 12, 1898. 7485:The New York Times 7405:, pp. 123–4, 7079:on August 22, 2006 6834:on August 8, 2009. 6708:, pp. 177–179 6696:, pp. 176–177 6665:, pp. 179–180 6419:, pp. 171–172 6250:. Vera-Reyes, Inc. 5916:The New York Times 5804:, pp. 357–358 5121:Theodore Roosevelt 4987: 4941: 4869:commander-in-chief 4838:The New York Times 4694:Commander in Chief 4675: 4672:Thomas M. Anderson 4521:United States Army 4459:United States Navy 4443:Theodore Roosevelt 4403: 4347:interim government 4261:In the Philippines 4242:Gregorio del Pilar 4182:Cuban Constitution 4163:Emilio Aguinaldo's 4127:Andrés Bonifacio's 4076: 4034:Gregorio del Pilar 4030:José Olaguer Feliú 4010:Gregorio del Pilar 3975:Cry of Pugad Lawin 3955: 3947: 3939: 3814:Tejeros Convention 3804:Tejeros Convention 3677: 3621:, which was under 3603: 3421:San Juan del Monte 3377:San Juan del Monte 3365: 3342:San Juan del Monte 3276: 3224:Cry of Pugad Lawin 3182: 3151:Presidente Supremo 2936: 2824: 2710:principles led by 2561: 2518: 2293: 2246: 2232:Origins and causes 2217:Theodore Roosevelt 2209:declaration of war 2203:with Aguinaldo as 2119:Upon hearing that 1979:, experienced the 1952:government led by 1853:fighting broke out 1740:Spanish Parliament 1605:Visayas Expedition 1284:San Juan del Monte 1173: 1142: 1086:José Olaguer Feliú 917:Pantaleón Villegas 860:Gregorio del Pilar 273:Tejeros Government 261:(until March 1897) 195:started soon after 129:, Painting of the 10920: 10919: 10890:New People's Army 10873:Japanese invasion 10775:Eighty Years' War 10765:Borneo expedition 10686: 10685: 10640: 10639: 10636: 10635: 10550:Traditional games 10385:Income inequality 10368:Human trafficking 10269: 10268: 10232:Telephone numbers 10139: 10138: 10135: 10134: 10006:Political parties 9979:Foreign relations 9946: 9945: 9819: 9818: 9804:Marcos presidency 9795:Postcolonial era 9675: 9674: 9411: 9410: 9320:El filibusterismo 9288:Magdiwang faction 9249: 9248: 9180:Negros Revolution 8967:Apolinario Mabini 8937:on March 21, 2012 8890:978-971-642-071-5 8814:978-1-58288-209-3 8794:978-0-8032-9429-5 8763:978-971-550-019-7 8743:978-971-23-4154-0 8692:978-971-550-386-0 8677:Rodao, Florentino 8653:978-0-8264-1627-8 8624:978-0-300-03081-5 8584:978-0-313-33684-3 8564:978-971-06-1894-1 8544:978-0-7126-3732-9 8524:978-1-57607-770-2 8435:978-971-23-3934-9 8316:978-1-4343-0181-9 8255:Bowring, Sir John 8221:978-0-8240-5624-7 8201:978-0-313-30013-4 8181:978-0-313-31334-9 8154:, London: Verso, 8140:978-971-550-077-7 7977:(April 9, 2002). 7778:978-0-87586-454-9 7487:, August 12, 1898 6992:Titherington 1900 6874:, pp. 31–34. 6600:978-1-350-28121-9 5802:Titherington 1900 5474:978-1-59884-427-6 5443:978-1-4766-2585-0 5226:Negros Revolution 5174:Correlates of War 4810:Capture of Manila 4769:Apolinario Mabini 4738:autocratic regime 4686:Francis V. Greene 4525:Eighth Army Corps 4486:. The subsequent 4453:, commanding the 4335: 4334: 4327: 4123:Apolinario Mabini 4022:Canuto Villanueva 3981:Kakarong Republic 3971:Kakarong Republic 3907:On May 10, Major 3748:guerrilla warfare 3243:Teodoro Agoncillo 3139:Panguluhang Bayan 3135:Sangguniang Bayan 3014:Apolinario Mabini 2992:. The editors of 2834:French Revolution 2769:French Revolution 2712:Francisco Serrano 2090:El Filibusterismo 2024:to their memory. 2021:El filibusterismo 1946:Queen Isabella II 1931:French Revolution 1803:exiled themselves 1746:against Spain in 1648: 1647: 1643: 1642: 1212: 1211: 1099:José de Lachambre 1074:Diego de los Ríos 651:Gregoria de Jesús 222: 221: 16:(Redirected from 11005: 10895:Moro (1969−2019) 10861:Moro (1899−1913) 10725: 10724: 10713: 10706: 10699: 10690: 10689: 10676: 10675: 10666: 10665: 10664: 10446: 10445: 10400:Overseas workers 10322:Higher education 10280: 10279: 10150: 10149: 10088:Court of Appeals 10044:Executive office 10012: 10011: 9957: 9956: 9830: 9829: 9771:Pre-colonial era 9723: 9722: 9702: 9695: 9688: 9679: 9678: 9662:* attempted coup 9531:1986 (Feb 22–25) 9525:1986 (Feb 21–22) 9450: 9449: 9438: 9431: 9424: 9415: 9414: 9278:La Liga Filipina 9241:Treaty of Manila 9170:Malolos Congress 9057: 9056: 9021: 9014: 9007: 8998: 8997: 8951: 8946: 8944: 8942: 8933:. Archived from 8920: 8918: 8916: 8893: 8873: 8861: 8849: 8848: 8846: 8817: 8797: 8777: 8766: 8746: 8728: 8727: 8725: 8706: 8695: 8672: 8656: 8636: 8627: 8606: 8588: 8567: 8547: 8527: 8507: 8506: 8504: 8487:Chapman and Hall 8480: 8474: 8466: 8452: 8438: 8417: 8411: 8403: 8402: 8400: 8385: 8365: 8347: 8338: 8328: 8319: 8299: 8293: 8285: 8276: 8262: 8250: 8244: 8236: 8224: 8204: 8184: 8164: 8143: 8123: 8105: 8094: 8093: 8091: 8072: 8071: 8069: 8047: 8036: 8013: 8012: 8011:. December 2011. 8001: 7995: 7994: 7992: 7990: 7971: 7965: 7964: 7957:Official Gazette 7949: 7943: 7937: 7928: 7919: 7913: 7911: 7893: 7887: 7886: 7872: 7866: 7862:Article 99 in * 7860: 7854: 7844: 7838: 7837: 7836: 7834: 7820: 7814: 7813: 7811: 7804: 7796: 7790: 7789: 7787: 7785: 7762: 7756: 7755: 7753: 7751: 7728: 7722: 7712: 7706: 7700: 7694: 7688: 7682: 7676: 7670: 7669: 7654: 7648: 7645: 7639: 7630: 7620: 7611: 7605: 7599: 7590: 7584: 7578: 7572: 7562: 7556: 7546: 7540: 7539: 7532: 7526: 7525: 7518: 7512: 7502: 7496: 7495: 7494: 7492: 7482: 7474: 7468: 7454: 7448: 7438: 7429: 7419: 7413: 7400: 7394: 7384: 7378: 7377: 7376: 7374: 7365:, archived from 7355: 7349: 7348: 7347: 7345: 7332: 7326: 7325: 7324: 7322: 7309: 7303: 7297: 7291: 7281: 7270: 7264: 7258: 7248: 7242: 7232: 7226: 7217: 7211: 7202: 7196: 7186: 7180: 7170: 7164: 7154: 7148: 7138: 7132: 7122: 7116: 7110: 7104: 7095: 7089: 7088: 7086: 7084: 7069: 7063: 7051: 7045: 7035: 7029: 7019: 7010: 7009:, pp. 192–4 7004: 6998: 6989: 6983: 6977: 6971: 6961: 6955: 6954: 6952: 6950: 6935: 6926: 6925: 6905: 6899: 6893: 6887: 6881: 6875: 6869: 6863: 6853: 6847: 6842: 6836: 6835: 6824: 6818: 6813: 6807: 6801: 6796: 6790: 6781: 6775: 6766: 6760: 6759: 6748: 6742: 6741: 6730: 6724: 6715: 6709: 6703: 6697: 6691: 6685: 6672: 6666: 6663:Constantino 1975 6660: 6654: 6648: 6637: 6631: 6625: 6619: 6613: 6612: 6584: 6578: 6569: 6563: 6557: 6551: 6545: 6539: 6533: 6514: 6508: 6497: 6492: 6453: 6447: 6436: 6431: 6420: 6414: 6403: 6398: 6363: 6354: 6348: 6342: 6337: 6306: 6305: 6296: 6290: 6289: 6276: 6270: 6261: 6252: 6251: 6248:Manila,My Manila 6243: 6230: 6225: 6190: 6184: 6178: 6172: 6166: 6160: 6151: 6145: 6139: 6133: 6127: 6121: 6115: 6114:, pp. 19–29 6109: 6098: 6095:Diaz Arenas 1838 6092: 6086: 6083:Diaz Arenas 1838 6080: 6074: 6068: 6062: 6056: 6050: 6044: 6038: 6032: 6026: 6020: 6014: 6008: 5999: 5993: 5987: 5986: 5978: 5972: 5971: 5969: 5967: 5953: 5947: 5946: 5944: 5942: 5933:. Archived from 5927: 5921: 5920: 5912: 5904: 5895: 5886: 5880: 5870: 5861: 5851: 5842: 5833: 5824: 5814: 5805: 5799: 5793: 5784: 5778: 5777: 5775: 5773: 5768:on June 27, 2007 5764:. Archived from 5758: 5752: 5751: 5743: 5737: 5736: 5726: 5720: 5719: 5711: 5702: 5701: 5699: 5697: 5688:. Archived from 5676: 5670: 5669: 5661: 5655: 5654: 5653: 5651: 5638: 5629: 5620: 5614: 5605: 5599: 5598: 5590: 5584: 5583: 5575: 5569: 5568: 5560: 5554: 5549: 5522: 5521: 5520: 5518: 5494: 5479: 5478: 5454: 5448: 5447: 5427: 5416: 5410: 5401: 5400: 5382: 5376: 5375: 5373: 5371: 5361: 5355: 5354: 5352: 5350: 5343:The Manila Times 5340: 5333: 5327: 5326: 5324: 5322: 5312: 5295: 5292: 5286: 5283: 5277: 5262: 5127:, proclaimed an 5051:Emilio Aguinaldo 5043:Malolos Republic 5038:Emilio Aguinaldo 5030:Malolos Republic 5022:Malolos Congress 5002:Malolos, Bulacan 4998:Barasoain Church 4994:Malolos Congress 4927:that led to the 4921:Felipe Agoncillo 4900:Baliuag, Bulacan 4890:. Major General 4841:reported that a 4784:E. Spencer Pratt 4698:Arthur MacArthur 4688:. Major General 4590:Battle of Alapan 4555:Emilio Aguinaldo 4534:On May 7, 1898, 4484:Patricio Montojo 4455:Asiatic Squadron 4433:William McKinley 4425:Democratic Party 4378:E. Spencer Pratt 4345:to serve as the 4341:, established a 4330: 4323: 4319: 4316: 4310: 4279: 4271: 4238:Benito Natividad 4092:José de Lacambre 4050:Emilio Aguinaldo 3991:Malolos Republic 3909:Lázaro Makapagal 3884:Andrés Bonifacio 3793:Emilio Aguinaldo 3744:Emilio Aguinaldo 3685:Emilio Aguinaldo 3669:Emilio Aguinaldo 3631:Eulogio Despujol 3308:Governor-General 3273:Andrés Bonifacio 3247:Santiago Álvarez 3191:Diario de Manila 3078:organization of 3063:Deodato Arellano 3059:Andrés Bonifacio 3026:Andrés Bonifacio 3003:La Liga Filipina 2727:Malacañan Palace 2706:government with 2671:to world trade. 2554:José Alejandrino 2535: 2532: 2442:Sual, Pangasinan 2438:Sinibaldo de Mas 2419:Sinibaldo de Mas 2408:Lawrence H. Bell 2404:James Adam Smith 2361: 2305:Mariano Ricafort 2302:Governor-General 2274: 2273:January 17, 1891 2185:Emilio Aguinaldo 2157:Southern Tagalog 2129:Andrés Bonifacio 2114:La Liga Filipina 1987:soldiers at the 1967:The election of 1962:governor-general 1887:Second World War 1873:Manuel L. Quezon 1825:Asiatic Squadron 1774:and Aguinaldo's 1768:Emilio Aguinaldo 1732:La Liga Filipina 1728:Andrés Bonifacio 1682: 1668: 1424:Perez Dasmariñas 1404:Kakarong de Sili 1258: 1257: 1250: 1248: 1238: 1231: 1224: 1215: 1214: 1196: 1190: 1183: 1182: 1180: 1179: 1174: 1152: 1151: 1149: 1148: 1143: 1101: 1097: 1096: 1095: 1084: 1083: 1082: 1072: 1071: 1070: 1060: 1059: 1058: 1050:Basilio Augustín 1048: 1047: 1046: 1036: 1035: 1034: 1024: 1023: 1022: 1012: 1011: 1010: 1001: 988: 984: 983: 982: 971: 970: 969: 959: 958: 957: 952: 951: 950: 940: 939: 938: 933: 932: 931: 915: 914: 913: 908: 907: 906: 896: 895: 894: 889: 888: 887: 877: 876: 875: 870: 869: 868: 858: 857: 856: 851: 850: 849: 839: 838: 837: 832: 831: 830: 820: 819: 818: 813: 812: 811: 801: 800: 799: 794: 793: 792: 782: 781: 780: 775: 774: 773: 763: 762: 761: 756: 755: 754: 746:Santiago Álvarez 744: 743: 742: 737: 736: 735: 725: 724: 723: 718: 717: 716: 706: 705: 704: 699: 698: 697: 687: 686: 685: 680: 679: 678: 668: 667: 666: 661: 660: 659: 649: 648: 647: 642: 641: 640: 630: 629: 628: 623: 622: 621: 611: 610: 609: 604: 603: 602: 595: 586: 585: 584: 579: 578: 577: 570: 561: 560: 559: 554: 553: 552: 544:Emilio Aguinaldo 542: 541: 540: 535: 534: 533: 526: 519:Andrés Bonifacio 517: 516: 515: 510: 509: 508: 499: 479: 477: 476: 458: 456: 455: 426: 425: 424: 416: 412: 410: 409: 392: 390: 389: 378: 377: 376: 365: 364: 363: 352: 351: 350: 324: 323: 322: 314: 310: 308: 307: 292: 286: 285: 284: 277: 271: 270: 269: 262: 256: 255: 254: 243: 242: 241: 142: 141: 135:Malolos Congress 108: 97: 88: 77: 68: 39: 38: 21: 11013: 11012: 11008: 11007: 11006: 11004: 11003: 11002: 10923: 10922: 10921: 10916: 10878:Allied invasion 10834: 10733: 10727:Armed conflicts 10719: 10717: 10687: 10682: 10662: 10660: 10632: 10559: 10528:Public holidays 10444: 10373:Sex trafficking 10265: 10131: 10049:Law enforcement 10010: 9942: 9906:Protected areas 9815: 9784:American period 9752: 9712: 9706: 9676: 9671: 9648: 9631: 9600: 9464: 9458: 9444: 9442: 9412: 9407: 9365: 9346:Noli Me Tángere 9339:Mi último adiós 9307: 9283:Magdalo faction 9245: 9211:Treaty of Paris 9199: 9150:Hong Kong Junta 9086: 9048: 9030: 9025: 8989:(archived from 8940: 8938: 8914: 8912: 8900: 8891: 8854:Zaide, Gregorio 8844: 8842: 8840: 8818:(Introduction, 8815: 8795: 8764: 8744: 8723: 8721: 8709: 8693: 8654: 8639: 8625: 8585: 8565: 8545: 8525: 8502: 8500: 8468: 8467: 8436: 8405: 8404: 8398: 8396: 8383: 8363: 8317: 8309:, AuthorHouse, 8302: 8287: 8286: 8238: 8237: 8222: 8202: 8182: 8167: 8162: 8141: 8121: 8089: 8087: 8067: 8065: 8045: 8022: 8017: 8016: 8003: 8002: 7998: 7988: 7986: 7972: 7968: 7951: 7950: 7946: 7938: 7931: 7920: 7916: 7908: 7894: 7890: 7873: 7869: 7861: 7857: 7845: 7841: 7832: 7830: 7821: 7817: 7809: 7802: 7798: 7797: 7793: 7783: 7781: 7779: 7763: 7759: 7749: 7747: 7745: 7729: 7725: 7713: 7709: 7701: 7697: 7689: 7685: 7677: 7673: 7655: 7651: 7644:. July 4, 1902. 7637: 7633: 7625: 7621: 7614: 7606: 7602: 7591: 7587: 7579: 7575: 7563: 7559: 7547: 7543: 7534: 7533: 7529: 7520: 7519: 7515: 7503: 7499: 7490: 7488: 7480: 7476: 7475: 7471: 7455: 7451: 7439: 7432: 7420: 7416: 7401: 7397: 7385: 7381: 7372: 7370: 7357: 7356: 7352: 7343: 7341: 7334: 7333: 7329: 7320: 7318: 7311: 7310: 7306: 7298: 7294: 7282: 7273: 7265: 7261: 7249: 7245: 7233: 7229: 7218: 7214: 7203: 7199: 7187: 7183: 7171: 7167: 7155: 7151: 7139: 7135: 7123: 7119: 7113:Aguinaldo 1899b 7111: 7107: 7096: 7092: 7082: 7080: 7071: 7070: 7066: 7052: 7048: 7036: 7032: 7020: 7013: 7005: 7001: 6990: 6986: 6980:Aguinaldo 1899b 6978: 6974: 6962: 6958: 6948: 6946: 6937: 6936: 6929: 6922: 6914:. p. 245. 6906: 6902: 6894: 6890: 6886:, pp. 56–8 6882: 6878: 6870: 6866: 6854: 6850: 6845:Aguinaldo 1899a 6843: 6839: 6826: 6825: 6821: 6808: 6804: 6797: 6793: 6782: 6778: 6767: 6763: 6758:. May 19, 2016. 6750: 6749: 6745: 6732: 6731: 6727: 6716: 6712: 6704: 6700: 6692: 6688: 6673: 6669: 6661: 6657: 6649: 6640: 6632: 6628: 6620: 6616: 6601: 6585: 6581: 6570: 6566: 6558: 6554: 6546: 6542: 6534: 6517: 6509: 6500: 6493: 6456: 6448: 6439: 6432: 6423: 6415: 6406: 6399: 6366: 6357:Schumacher 1991 6355: 6351: 6345: 6338: 6309: 6298: 6297: 6293: 6278: 6277: 6273: 6262: 6255: 6244: 6233: 6226: 6193: 6185: 6181: 6173: 6169: 6161: 6154: 6146: 6142: 6138:, p. 10453 6134: 6130: 6126:, p. 10315 6122: 6118: 6110: 6101: 6093: 6089: 6081: 6077: 6069: 6065: 6057: 6053: 6045: 6041: 6037:, p. 51071 6033: 6029: 6025:, p. 10296 6021: 6017: 6009: 6002: 5994: 5990: 5980: 5979: 5975: 5965: 5963: 5955: 5954: 5950: 5940: 5938: 5937:on July 7, 2011 5929: 5928: 5924: 5910: 5906: 5905: 5898: 5887: 5883: 5871: 5864: 5852: 5845: 5834: 5827: 5815: 5808: 5800: 5796: 5785: 5781: 5771: 5769: 5760: 5759: 5755: 5744: 5740: 5727: 5723: 5712: 5705: 5695: 5693: 5692:on May 14, 2016 5678: 5677: 5673: 5662: 5658: 5649: 5647: 5640: 5639: 5632: 5621: 5617: 5606: 5602: 5591: 5587: 5576: 5572: 5561: 5557: 5550: 5525: 5516: 5514: 5495: 5482: 5475: 5455: 5451: 5444: 5428: 5419: 5411: 5404: 5397: 5383: 5379: 5369: 5367: 5363: 5362: 5358: 5348: 5346: 5335: 5334: 5330: 5320: 5318: 5314: 5313: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5298: 5293: 5289: 5284: 5280: 5270:Treaty of Paris 5263: 5259: 5254: 5182: 5170: 5161: 5109:sovereign state 5085: 5079: 4979: 4973: 4953:Treaty of Paris 4914: 4908: 4861: 4855: 4826:Fermín Jáudenes 4818: 4812: 4803:organic decrees 4765:national anthem 4749:Cavite El Viejo 4722: 4712: 4706: 4656:, Tayabas (now 4513: 4495:. Dewey cabled 4392: 4386: 4369: 4367:Hong Kong Junta 4363: 4331: 4320: 4314: 4311: 4296: 4280: 4269: 4263: 4258: 4230:Mariano Llanera 4068: 4058: 3983: 3931: 3925: 3886: 3880: 3872:Acta de Tejeros 3856:Artemio Ricarte 3816: 3808:Main articles: 3806: 3778:Artemio Ricarte 3720:Cavite El Viejo 3712:Mariano Álvarez 3693:Mariano Llanera 3662: 3586: 3578: 3487:Mariano Llanera 3271:supreme leader 3255:Melchora Aquino 3170: 3164: 3159: 3054: 3046: 2964:Eduardo de Lete 2944:Mariana Islands 2924: 2919: 2877:Fort San Felipe 2810: 2763:. Although the 2757: 2751: 2737:An Assembly of 2692: 2644:gobernadorcillo 2618:and the native 2602:. Although the 2558:Teodoro Sandiko 2538:Dominador Gómez 2533: 2498: 2476: 2470: 2436:In response to 2392:U.S. government 2368: 2309:Luis Lardizábal 2281: 2275: 2272: 2234: 2229: 2161:Cavite province 2099:Calamba, Laguna 2080:Noli Me Tángere 1993:Cavite el Viejo 1989:Fort San Felipe 1973:throne of Spain 1969:Amadeo of Savoy 1895: 1845:Treaty of Paris 1760:Mariano Álvarez 1721:Treaty of Paris 1649: 1644: 1379:Motin de Manila 1251: 1246: 1244: 1242: 1199: 1186: 1168: 1165: 1164: 1163: 1137: 1134: 1133: 1132: 1131: 1127: 1126: 1124: 1118:100,000-400,000 1117: 1104: 1093: 1091: 1090: 1080: 1078: 1068: 1066: 1062:Fermin Jáudenes 1056: 1054: 1044: 1042: 1032: 1030: 1020: 1018: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1002: 997: 991: 980: 978: 977: 967: 965: 955: 953: 948: 946: 942:Arcadio Maxilom 936: 934: 929: 927: 911: 909: 904: 902: 898:Teresa Magbanua 892: 890: 885: 883: 873: 871: 866: 864: 854: 852: 847: 845: 835: 833: 828: 826: 816: 814: 809: 807: 803:Artemio Ricarte 797: 795: 790: 788: 778: 776: 771: 769: 759: 757: 752: 750: 740: 738: 733: 731: 721: 719: 714: 712: 708:Mariano Álvarez 702: 700: 695: 693: 683: 681: 676: 674: 664: 662: 657: 655: 645: 643: 638: 636: 626: 624: 619: 617: 607: 605: 600: 598: 582: 580: 575: 573: 557: 555: 550: 548: 538: 536: 531: 529: 513: 511: 506: 504: 501: 500: 495: 474: 472: 470: 453: 451: 447: 422: 420: 407: 405: 403: 387: 385: 374: 372: 361: 359: 348: 346: 345: 320: 318: 305: 303: 301: 290: 282: 280: 275: 267: 265: 260: 252: 250: 239: 237: 236: 203: 188:Treaty of Paris 160: 113: 112: 111: 110: 109: 100: 99: 98: 90: 89: 80: 79: 78: 70: 69: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11011: 11001: 11000: 10995: 10990: 10985: 10980: 10975: 10970: 10965: 10960: 10955: 10950: 10945: 10940: 10935: 10918: 10917: 10915: 10914: 10913: 10912: 10907: 10897: 10892: 10887: 10882: 10881: 10880: 10875: 10865: 10864: 10863: 10853: 10848: 10842: 10840: 10836: 10835: 10833: 10832: 10827: 10822: 10817: 10812: 10807: 10802: 10797: 10792: 10787: 10782: 10777: 10772: 10767: 10762: 10757: 10752: 10747: 10741: 10739: 10735: 10734: 10716: 10715: 10708: 10701: 10693: 10684: 10683: 10681: 10680: 10670: 10657: 10656: 10651: 10645: 10642: 10641: 10638: 10637: 10634: 10633: 10631: 10630: 10625: 10620: 10615: 10610: 10605: 10600: 10595: 10590: 10585: 10580: 10575: 10569: 10567: 10561: 10560: 10558: 10557: 10552: 10547: 10542: 10537: 10536: 10535: 10525: 10520: 10515: 10510: 10505: 10500: 10495: 10490: 10485: 10480: 10475: 10470: 10465: 10460: 10454: 10452: 10443: 10442: 10437: 10432: 10427: 10422: 10417: 10412: 10407: 10402: 10397: 10392: 10387: 10382: 10377: 10376: 10375: 10365: 10360: 10355: 10354: 10353: 10343: 10342: 10341: 10336: 10334:Climate change 10326: 10325: 10324: 10314: 10309: 10304: 10299: 10294: 10289: 10283: 10277: 10271: 10270: 10267: 10266: 10264: 10263: 10258: 10253: 10251:Transportation 10248: 10247: 10246: 10236: 10235: 10234: 10224: 10219: 10217:Stock exchange 10214: 10209: 10204: 10199: 10194: 10189: 10184: 10179: 10174: 10169: 10164: 10159: 10153: 10147: 10141: 10140: 10137: 10136: 10133: 10132: 10130: 10129: 10124: 10123: 10122: 10117: 10112: 10107: 10097: 10096: 10095: 10090: 10085: 10075: 10074: 10073: 10068: 10058: 10057: 10056: 10051: 10046: 10041: 10036: 10035: 10034: 10020: 10018: 10009: 10008: 10003: 9998: 9993: 9992: 9991: 9981: 9976: 9971: 9966: 9960: 9954: 9948: 9947: 9944: 9943: 9941: 9940: 9935: 9930: 9925: 9920: 9915: 9914: 9913: 9911:National parks 9903: 9898: 9893: 9892: 9891: 9881: 9879:Extreme points 9876: 9871: 9866: 9865: 9864: 9859: 9857:Climate change 9849: 9844: 9839: 9833: 9827: 9821: 9820: 9817: 9816: 9814: 9813: 9812: 9811: 9809:Fifth Republic 9806: 9801: 9799:Third Republic 9793: 9788: 9787: 9786: 9781: 9779:Spanish period 9773: 9768: 9762: 9760: 9754: 9753: 9751: 9750: 9745: 9740: 9735: 9729: 9727: 9720: 9714: 9713: 9711: articles 9705: 9704: 9697: 9690: 9682: 9673: 9672: 9670: 9669: 9663: 9660: 9653: 9650: 9649: 9647: 9646: 9643:Oakwood mutiny 9639: 9637: 9633: 9632: 9630: 9629: 9624: 9619: 9614: 9608: 9606: 9602: 9601: 9599: 9598: 9592: 9589:2001 (Apr–May) 9586: 9581: 9575: 9569: 9563: 9557: 9551: 9545: 9539: 9533: 9528: 9522: 9516: 9510: 9504: 9498: 9492: 9486: 9480: 9475: 9468: 9466: 9460: 9459: 9441: 9440: 9433: 9426: 9418: 9409: 9408: 9406: 9405: 9398: 9391: 9386: 9385: 9384: 9373: 9371: 9367: 9366: 9364: 9363: 9360:La Solidaridad 9356: 9349: 9342: 9335: 9330: 9323: 9315: 9313: 9309: 9308: 9306: 9305: 9300: 9295: 9290: 9285: 9280: 9275: 9270: 9263: 9257: 9255: 9251: 9250: 9247: 9246: 9244: 9243: 9238: 9233: 9228: 9226:Moro Rebellion 9223: 9218: 9213: 9207: 9205: 9201: 9200: 9198: 9197: 9192: 9187: 9182: 9177: 9172: 9167: 9162: 9157: 9152: 9147: 9142: 9141: 9140: 9135: 9125: 9120: 9115: 9110: 9105: 9103:Bonifacio Plan 9100: 9094: 9092: 9088: 9087: 9085: 9084: 9079: 9074: 9069: 9063: 9061: 9054: 9050: 9049: 9047: 9046: 9041: 9035: 9032: 9031: 9024: 9023: 9016: 9009: 9001: 8995: 8994: 8984: 8974: 8969: 8960: 8947: 8922: 8899: 8898:External links 8896: 8895: 8894: 8889: 8874: 8862: 8850: 8838: 8823: 8813: 8798: 8793: 8778: 8767: 8762: 8747: 8742: 8729: 8707: 8696: 8691: 8673: 8664: 8657: 8652: 8637: 8628: 8623: 8608: 8589: 8583: 8568: 8563: 8548: 8543: 8528: 8523: 8508: 8490: 8453: 8439: 8434: 8419: 8386: 8381: 8366: 8361: 8348: 8339: 8329: 8320: 8315: 8300: 8277: 8263: 8251: 8225: 8220: 8205: 8200: 8185: 8180: 8165: 8160: 8145: 8139: 8124: 8119: 8106: 8095: 8073: 8048: 8043: 8021: 8018: 8015: 8014: 7996: 7966: 7944: 7942:, p. 293. 7940:Worcester 1914 7929: 7922:Blanchard 1996 7914: 7906: 7888: 7867: 7855: 7839: 7815: 7791: 7777: 7757: 7743: 7723: 7707: 7695: 7683: 7671: 7649: 7647: 7646: 7631: 7612: 7600: 7585: 7581:Lacsamana 2006 7573: 7565:Worcester 1914 7557: 7541: 7527: 7513: 7497: 7469: 7457:Worcester 1914 7449: 7441:Worcester 1914 7430: 7422:Worcester 1914 7414: 7395: 7379: 7350: 7327: 7304: 7300:Agoncillo 1990 7292: 7284:Worcester 1914 7271: 7259: 7243: 7235:Worcester 1914 7227: 7220:Worcester 1914 7212: 7205:Worcester 1914 7197: 7189:Worcester 1914 7181: 7165: 7149: 7141:Worcester 1914 7133: 7125:Worcester 1914 7117: 7105: 7090: 7064: 7046: 7030: 7022:Worcester 1914 7011: 7007:Agoncillo 1990 6999: 6984: 6972: 6956: 6927: 6921:978-1279815199 6920: 6900: 6888: 6876: 6864: 6848: 6837: 6819: 6817:at Wikisource. 6802: 6791: 6776: 6761: 6743: 6725: 6710: 6706:Agoncillo 1990 6698: 6694:Agoncillo 1990 6686: 6667: 6655: 6653:, p. 163. 6638: 6636:, p. 162. 6626: 6624:, p. 161. 6614: 6599: 6579: 6564: 6560:Agoncillo 1990 6552: 6540: 6536:Agoncillo 1990 6515: 6511:Agoncillo 1990 6498: 6454: 6450:Agoncillo 1990 6437: 6434:Gatbonton 2000 6421: 6417:Agoncillo 1990 6404: 6364: 6349: 6343: 6307: 6291: 6271: 6253: 6231: 6191: 6179: 6167: 6152: 6140: 6128: 6116: 6099: 6087: 6075: 6063: 6051: 6039: 6027: 6015: 6000: 5988: 5973: 5948: 5922: 5896: 5889:Worcester 1914 5881: 5862: 5843: 5825: 5806: 5794: 5779: 5753: 5738: 5721: 5703: 5671: 5656: 5630: 5615: 5600: 5585: 5570: 5555: 5523: 5503:Sulyap Kultura 5480: 5473: 5449: 5442: 5417: 5402: 5395: 5377: 5356: 5328: 5306: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5297: 5296: 5287: 5278: 5256: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5249: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5221:Moro Rebellion 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5181: 5178: 5169: 5166: 5160: 5157: 5081:Main article: 5078: 5075: 5053:as president. 5008:were from the 4975:Main article: 4972: 4969: 4910:Main article: 4907: 4904: 4857:Main article: 4854: 4851: 4843:peace protocol 4814:Main article: 4811: 4808: 4791:William R. Day 4736:, however, an 4708:Main article: 4705: 4702: 4690:Wesley Merritt 4529:Wesley Merritt 4512: 4509: 4388:Main article: 4385: 4382: 4365:Main article: 4362: 4359: 4333: 4332: 4283: 4281: 4274: 4265:Main article: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4246:Vicente Lukban 4234:Tomás Mascardo 4226: 4225: 4218: 4215: 4212: 4155:Emilio Jacinto 4057: 4054: 4003:Pandi, Bulacan 3982: 3979: 3959:Pandi, Bulacan 3927:Main article: 3924: 3921: 3913:Mariano Noriel 3879: 3876: 3805: 3802: 3736:Battle of Imus 3661: 3658: 3655: 3588: 3587: 3582:Main article: 3577: 3574: 3452:Emilio Jacinto 3199:Terror of 1872 3168:Bonifacio Plan 3163: 3160: 3158: 3155: 3056: 3055: 3050:Main article: 3045: 3042: 3022:La Solidaridad 2999:La Solidaridad 2994:La Solidaridad 2973:La Solidaridad 2932:La Solidaridad 2923: 2920: 2918: 2915: 2901:Jacinto Zamora 2868:Andres Novales 2809: 2806: 2802:Spanish Cortes 2753:Main article: 2750: 2747: 2691: 2688: 2680:intelligentsia 2472:Main article: 2469: 2466: 2412:Robert P. Wood 2367: 2364: 2335:port of Manila 2322:policies. The 2280: 2277: 2270: 2233: 2230: 2228: 2225: 2127:, Liga member 2101:in 1888, when 2095:The Filibuster 2029:penal colonies 2008:Jacinto Zamora 1894: 1891: 1875:, Aguinaldo's 1693:Spanish Empire 1646: 1645: 1641: 1640: 1639: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1615: 1614: 1610: 1609: 1608: 1607: 1602: 1597: 1592: 1587: 1582: 1577: 1572: 1567: 1562: 1557: 1552: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1529: 1528: 1524: 1523: 1522: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1371: 1366: 1361: 1356: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1263: 1262: 1256: 1253: 1252: 1241: 1240: 1233: 1226: 1218: 1210: 1209: 1205: 1204: 1201: 1172: 1160: 1159: 1155: 1154: 1141: 1119: 1111: 1110: 1106: 1105: 1103: 1102: 1088: 1076: 1064: 1052: 1040: 1028: 1016: 996: 995: 994: 992: 990: 989: 986:Wesley Merritt 975: 963: 961:Aniceto Lacson 944: 925: 900: 881: 862: 843: 841:Tomás Mascardo 824: 805: 786: 767: 748: 729: 710: 691: 672: 653: 634: 632:Emilio Jacinto 615: 596: 571: 546: 527: 494: 493: 492: 489: 488: 484: 483: 464: 463: 462: 440: 439: 438: 437: 436: 435: 397: 384: 383: 370: 338: 337: 336: 335: 334: 333: 295: 294: 293: 278: 263: 229: 228: 224: 223: 220: 219: 211:and later the 205: 199: 198: 197: 196: 190: 180: 166: 162: 161: 156: 154: 150: 149: 146: 138: 137: 123:Siege of Baler 103: 102: 101: 92: 91: 83: 82: 81: 72: 71: 63: 62: 61: 60: 59: 56: 55: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11010: 10999: 10996: 10994: 10991: 10989: 10986: 10984: 10981: 10979: 10976: 10974: 10971: 10969: 10966: 10964: 10961: 10959: 10956: 10954: 10951: 10949: 10946: 10944: 10941: 10939: 10936: 10934: 10931: 10930: 10928: 10911: 10908: 10906: 10903: 10902: 10901: 10898: 10896: 10893: 10891: 10888: 10886: 10883: 10879: 10876: 10874: 10871: 10870: 10869: 10866: 10862: 10859: 10858: 10857: 10854: 10852: 10849: 10847: 10844: 10843: 10841: 10837: 10831: 10828: 10826: 10823: 10821: 10820:Manila (1762) 10818: 10816: 10813: 10811: 10808: 10806: 10803: 10801: 10798: 10796: 10793: 10791: 10788: 10786: 10783: 10781: 10778: 10776: 10773: 10771: 10768: 10766: 10763: 10761: 10760:Manila (1574) 10758: 10756: 10753: 10751: 10748: 10746: 10743: 10742: 10740: 10736: 10732: 10728: 10723: 10714: 10709: 10707: 10702: 10700: 10695: 10694: 10691: 10679: 10671: 10669: 10659: 10658: 10655: 10652: 10650: 10647: 10646: 10643: 10629: 10626: 10624: 10621: 10619: 10618:Sign language 10616: 10614: 10611: 10609: 10606: 10604: 10601: 10599: 10596: 10594: 10591: 10589: 10586: 10584: 10581: 10579: 10576: 10574: 10571: 10570: 10568: 10566: 10562: 10556: 10553: 10551: 10548: 10546: 10543: 10541: 10538: 10534: 10531: 10530: 10529: 10526: 10524: 10521: 10519: 10516: 10514: 10511: 10509: 10506: 10504: 10501: 10499: 10496: 10494: 10491: 10489: 10486: 10484: 10481: 10479: 10476: 10474: 10471: 10469: 10466: 10464: 10461: 10459: 10456: 10455: 10453: 10451: 10447: 10441: 10438: 10436: 10433: 10431: 10428: 10426: 10423: 10421: 10418: 10416: 10413: 10411: 10408: 10406: 10403: 10401: 10398: 10396: 10393: 10391: 10388: 10386: 10383: 10381: 10378: 10374: 10371: 10370: 10369: 10366: 10364: 10361: 10359: 10356: 10352: 10349: 10348: 10347: 10346:Ethnic groups 10344: 10340: 10339:Deforestation 10337: 10335: 10332: 10331: 10330: 10327: 10323: 10320: 10319: 10318: 10315: 10313: 10310: 10308: 10305: 10303: 10300: 10298: 10295: 10293: 10290: 10288: 10285: 10284: 10281: 10278: 10276: 10272: 10262: 10259: 10257: 10254: 10252: 10249: 10245: 10242: 10241: 10240: 10237: 10233: 10230: 10229: 10228: 10225: 10223: 10220: 10218: 10215: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10205: 10203: 10200: 10198: 10197:National debt 10195: 10193: 10192:Fiscal policy 10190: 10188: 10185: 10183: 10180: 10178: 10175: 10173: 10170: 10168: 10165: 10163: 10160: 10158: 10155: 10154: 10151: 10148: 10146: 10142: 10128: 10125: 10121: 10118: 10116: 10113: 10111: 10108: 10106: 10103: 10102: 10101: 10098: 10094: 10091: 10089: 10086: 10084: 10083:Supreme Court 10081: 10080: 10079: 10076: 10072: 10069: 10067: 10064: 10063: 10062: 10059: 10055: 10052: 10050: 10047: 10045: 10042: 10040: 10037: 10033: 10030: 10029: 10028: 10025: 10024: 10022: 10021: 10019: 10017: 10013: 10007: 10004: 10002: 9999: 9997: 9994: 9990: 9987: 9986: 9985: 9982: 9980: 9977: 9975: 9972: 9970: 9967: 9965: 9962: 9961: 9958: 9955: 9953: 9949: 9939: 9936: 9934: 9931: 9929: 9926: 9924: 9921: 9919: 9916: 9912: 9909: 9908: 9907: 9904: 9902: 9899: 9897: 9894: 9890: 9887: 9886: 9885: 9884:Island groups 9882: 9880: 9877: 9875: 9872: 9870: 9867: 9863: 9860: 9858: 9855: 9854: 9853: 9850: 9848: 9845: 9843: 9840: 9838: 9835: 9834: 9831: 9828: 9826: 9822: 9810: 9807: 9805: 9802: 9800: 9797: 9796: 9794: 9792: 9789: 9785: 9782: 9780: 9777: 9776: 9775:Colonial era 9774: 9772: 9769: 9767: 9764: 9763: 9761: 9759: 9755: 9749: 9746: 9744: 9741: 9739: 9736: 9734: 9731: 9730: 9728: 9724: 9721: 9719: 9715: 9710: 9703: 9698: 9696: 9691: 9689: 9684: 9683: 9680: 9668: 9664: 9661: 9659: 9655: 9654: 9651: 9644: 9641: 9640: 9638: 9634: 9628: 9625: 9623: 9620: 9618: 9615: 9613: 9610: 9609: 9607: 9603: 9596: 9593: 9590: 9587: 9585: 9582: 9579: 9576: 9573: 9570: 9567: 9564: 9561: 9558: 9555: 9552: 9549: 9546: 9543: 9540: 9537: 9534: 9532: 9529: 9526: 9523: 9520: 9517: 9514: 9511: 9508: 9505: 9502: 9499: 9496: 9493: 9490: 9487: 9484: 9481: 9479: 9476: 9473: 9470: 9469: 9467: 9463:Attempted and 9461: 9457: 9453: 9448: 9439: 9434: 9432: 9427: 9425: 9420: 9419: 9416: 9404: 9403: 9399: 9396: 9392: 9390: 9387: 9383: 9380: 9379: 9378: 9375: 9374: 9372: 9368: 9362: 9361: 9357: 9354: 9350: 9348: 9347: 9343: 9340: 9336: 9334: 9331: 9329: 9328: 9324: 9322: 9321: 9317: 9316: 9314: 9310: 9304: 9301: 9299: 9296: 9294: 9291: 9289: 9286: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9271: 9269: 9268: 9264: 9262: 9259: 9258: 9256: 9254:Organizations 9252: 9242: 9239: 9237: 9234: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9208: 9206: 9202: 9196: 9193: 9191: 9188: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9178: 9176: 9173: 9171: 9168: 9166: 9163: 9161: 9158: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9139: 9136: 9134: 9131: 9130: 9129: 9126: 9124: 9121: 9119: 9118:Imus Assembly 9116: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9106: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9096: 9095: 9093: 9089: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9064: 9062: 9058: 9055: 9051: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9037: 9036: 9033: 9029: 9022: 9017: 9015: 9010: 9008: 9003: 9002: 8999: 8992: 8988: 8985: 8982: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8964: 8961: 8959:(Ch. V–VIII). 8958: 8954: 8948: 8936: 8932: 8928: 8923: 8911: 8907: 8902: 8901: 8892: 8886: 8882: 8881: 8875: 8871: 8867: 8863: 8859: 8855: 8851: 8841: 8839:1-4191-7715-X 8835: 8831: 8830: 8824: 8821: 8816: 8810: 8806: 8805: 8799: 8796: 8790: 8786: 8785: 8779: 8775: 8774: 8768: 8765: 8759: 8755: 8754: 8748: 8745: 8739: 8735: 8730: 8719: 8718: 8713: 8708: 8704: 8703: 8697: 8694: 8688: 8684: 8683: 8678: 8674: 8670: 8665: 8662: 8658: 8655: 8649: 8645: 8644: 8638: 8634: 8629: 8626: 8620: 8616: 8615: 8609: 8604: 8603: 8598: 8594: 8590: 8586: 8580: 8576: 8575: 8569: 8566: 8560: 8556: 8555: 8549: 8546: 8540: 8536: 8535: 8529: 8526: 8520: 8516: 8515: 8509: 8498: 8497: 8491: 8488: 8484: 8478: 8472: 8464: 8463: 8458: 8457:Jagor, Feodor 8454: 8451: 8450: 8445: 8440: 8437: 8431: 8427: 8426: 8420: 8415: 8409: 8394: 8393: 8387: 8384: 8382:962-258-228-1 8378: 8374: 8373: 8367: 8364: 8362:971-814-004-2 8358: 8354: 8349: 8345: 8340: 8337: 8336: 8330: 8326: 8321: 8318: 8312: 8308: 8307: 8301: 8297: 8291: 8283: 8278: 8274: 8273: 8268: 8264: 8260: 8256: 8252: 8248: 8242: 8234: 8230: 8226: 8223: 8217: 8213: 8212: 8206: 8203: 8197: 8193: 8192: 8186: 8183: 8177: 8173: 8172: 8166: 8163: 8161:1-84467-037-6 8157: 8153: 8152: 8146: 8142: 8136: 8132: 8131: 8125: 8122: 8120:1-881261-05-0 8116: 8112: 8107: 8103: 8102: 8096: 8085: 8084: 8079: 8074: 8063: 8062: 8057: 8053: 8049: 8046: 8044:971-8711-06-6 8040: 8035: 8034: 8028: 8024: 8023: 8010: 8009:kahimyang.com 8006: 8000: 7984: 7980: 7976: 7970: 7962: 7958: 7954: 7948: 7941: 7936: 7934: 7927: 7923: 7918: 7909: 7907:0-300-03081-9 7903: 7899: 7892: 7884: 7880: 7879: 7871: 7865: 7859: 7852: 7848: 7843: 7828: 7827: 7819: 7808: 7801: 7795: 7780: 7774: 7770: 7769: 7761: 7746: 7744:9780722278932 7740: 7736: 7735: 7727: 7720: 7716: 7711: 7704: 7699: 7692: 7687: 7680: 7675: 7667: 7663: 7659: 7653: 7643: 7636: 7632: 7628: 7624: 7623: 7619: 7617: 7610:, p. 509 7609: 7604: 7598: 7594: 7593:Halstead 1898 7589: 7583:, p. 126 7582: 7577: 7570: 7566: 7561: 7554: 7550: 7549:Halstead 1898 7545: 7537: 7531: 7523: 7517: 7510: 7506: 7505:Halstead 1898 7501: 7486: 7479: 7473: 7466: 7462: 7458: 7453: 7446: 7442: 7437: 7435: 7427: 7423: 7418: 7412: 7408: 7404: 7399: 7392: 7388: 7387:Halstead 1898 7383: 7368: 7364: 7360: 7354: 7339: 7338: 7331: 7316: 7315: 7308: 7302:, p. 196 7301: 7296: 7289: 7285: 7280: 7278: 7276: 7269:, p. 123 7268: 7263: 7256: 7252: 7251:Halstead 1898 7247: 7240: 7236: 7231: 7225: 7221: 7216: 7210: 7206: 7201: 7194: 7190: 7185: 7178: 7174: 7169: 7162: 7158: 7157:Halstead 1898 7153: 7146: 7142: 7137: 7130: 7126: 7121: 7114: 7109: 7103: 7099: 7094: 7078: 7074: 7068: 7061: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7043: 7039: 7038:Halstead 1898 7034: 7027: 7023: 7018: 7016: 7008: 7003: 6997: 6993: 6988: 6981: 6976: 6969: 6965: 6960: 6944: 6940: 6934: 6932: 6923: 6917: 6913: 6912: 6904: 6898:, p. 148 6897: 6892: 6885: 6880: 6873: 6868: 6862: 6858: 6857:Halstead 1898 6852: 6846: 6841: 6833: 6829: 6823: 6816: 6812: 6806: 6800: 6795: 6789: 6785: 6780: 6774: 6770: 6765: 6757: 6753: 6747: 6739: 6735: 6729: 6723: 6719: 6714: 6707: 6702: 6695: 6690: 6684: 6680: 6676: 6671: 6664: 6659: 6652: 6651:Anderson 2005 6647: 6645: 6643: 6635: 6634:Anderson 2005 6630: 6623: 6622:Anderson 2005 6618: 6610: 6606: 6602: 6596: 6592: 6591: 6583: 6577: 6573: 6568: 6562:, p. 174 6561: 6556: 6550:, p. 115 6549: 6544: 6538:, p. 173 6537: 6532: 6530: 6528: 6526: 6524: 6522: 6520: 6513:, p. 172 6512: 6507: 6505: 6503: 6496: 6491: 6489: 6487: 6485: 6483: 6481: 6479: 6477: 6475: 6473: 6471: 6469: 6467: 6465: 6463: 6461: 6459: 6452:, p. 171 6451: 6446: 6444: 6442: 6435: 6430: 6428: 6426: 6418: 6413: 6411: 6409: 6402: 6397: 6395: 6393: 6391: 6389: 6387: 6385: 6383: 6381: 6379: 6377: 6375: 6373: 6371: 6369: 6362: 6358: 6353: 6347: 6341: 6336: 6334: 6332: 6330: 6328: 6326: 6324: 6322: 6320: 6318: 6316: 6314: 6312: 6303: 6302: 6295: 6287: 6286: 6281: 6275: 6269: 6265: 6260: 6258: 6249: 6242: 6240: 6238: 6236: 6229: 6224: 6222: 6220: 6218: 6216: 6214: 6212: 6210: 6208: 6206: 6204: 6202: 6200: 6198: 6196: 6189:, p. 107 6188: 6183: 6176: 6171: 6164: 6159: 6157: 6150:, p. 247 6149: 6144: 6137: 6132: 6125: 6120: 6113: 6108: 6106: 6104: 6096: 6091: 6084: 6079: 6072: 6067: 6061:, p. 183 6060: 6055: 6048: 6043: 6036: 6031: 6024: 6019: 6013:, p. 360 6012: 6007: 6005: 5997: 5992: 5984: 5977: 5962: 5958: 5952: 5936: 5932: 5926: 5918: 5917: 5909: 5903: 5901: 5894: 5890: 5885: 5878: 5874: 5869: 5867: 5859: 5855: 5850: 5848: 5841: 5837: 5832: 5830: 5822: 5818: 5813: 5811: 5803: 5798: 5792: 5788: 5783: 5767: 5763: 5757: 5749: 5742: 5734: 5733: 5725: 5717: 5710: 5708: 5691: 5687: 5686: 5681: 5675: 5667: 5660: 5645: 5644: 5637: 5635: 5628: 5624: 5619: 5613: 5609: 5608:Halstead 1898 5604: 5596: 5589: 5581: 5574: 5566: 5559: 5553: 5548: 5546: 5544: 5542: 5540: 5538: 5536: 5534: 5532: 5530: 5528: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5493: 5491: 5489: 5487: 5485: 5476: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5461: 5453: 5445: 5439: 5435: 5434: 5426: 5424: 5422: 5415: 5409: 5407: 5398: 5392: 5388: 5381: 5366: 5360: 5344: 5339: 5332: 5317: 5311: 5307: 5291: 5282: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5261: 5257: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5183: 5177: 5175: 5165: 5156: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5137:Miguel Malvar 5134: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5105: 5103: 5102:Pedro Paterno 5099: 5095: 5091: 5084: 5074: 5072: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5054: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4983: 4978: 4968: 4965: 4960: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4938: 4934: 4931:, ending the 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4913: 4903: 4901: 4895: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4880: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4860: 4850: 4847: 4844: 4840: 4839: 4833: 4829: 4827: 4823: 4817: 4807: 4804: 4799: 4796: 4792: 4789: 4785: 4780: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4761:Filipino flag 4758: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4741: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4730:Mariano Ponce 4727: 4721: 4717: 4711: 4701: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4682: 4680: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4598: 4595: 4591: 4586: 4584: 4578: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4539: 4532: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4508: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4489: 4485: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4471: 4468:On April 27, 4466: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4421:Havana Harbor 4418: 4417: 4412: 4408: 4400: 4396: 4391: 4381: 4379: 4375: 4368: 4358: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4329: 4326: 4318: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4294: 4293: 4289: 4284:This section 4282: 4278: 4273: 4272: 4268: 4253: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4223: 4219: 4216: 4213: 4210: 4209: 4208: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4193:Pedro Paterno 4190: 4185: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4166: 4164: 4160: 4159:Macario Sakay 4156: 4150: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4130: 4128: 4124: 4121:As argued by 4119: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4072: 4067: 4063: 4053: 4051: 4047: 4041: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4026:Eusebio Roque 4023: 4019: 4015: 4014:Teodoro Kalaw 4011: 4006: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3978: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3951: 3943: 3935: 3930: 3920: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3905: 3903: 3902:Pío del Pilar 3897: 3895: 3891: 3885: 3875: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3852:Daniel Tirona 3849: 3844: 3840: 3835: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3815: 3811: 3810:Imus Assembly 3801: 3799: 3794: 3789: 3787: 3783: 3782:Pío del Pilar 3779: 3775: 3770: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3751: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3708: 3706: 3702: 3699:(now part of 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3674: 3673:Generalissimo 3670: 3666: 3657: 3653: 3651: 3646: 3644: 3643:Fort Santiago 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3585: 3580: 3579: 3573: 3571: 3567: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3545:bamboo spears 3542: 3537: 3535: 3534:Filipino flag 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3490: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3455: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3432: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3411:, as well as 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3362: 3358: 3353: 3349: 3347: 3343: 3337: 3332: 3330: 3325: 3323: 3322:Isla de Luzon 3319: 3316: 3312: 3309: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3291: 3287: 3285: 3281: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3260: 3256: 3250: 3248: 3244: 3239: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3216: 3211: 3206: 3204: 3200: 3195: 3193: 3192: 3187: 3179: 3174: 3169: 3154: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3083: 3081: 3076: 3075:Valentín Díaz 3072: 3071:Teodoro Plata 3068: 3067:Ladislao Diwa 3064: 3060: 3053: 3048: 3047: 3041: 3037: 3035: 3031: 3028:, set up the 3027: 3023: 3019: 3016:, set up the 3015: 3011: 3006: 3004: 3000: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2974: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2960:Mariano Ponce 2957: 2954:. In Madrid, 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2940:Cavite Mutiny 2933: 2928: 2917:Organizations 2914: 2912: 2911: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2893:Mariano Gomez 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2856: 2855:Mariano Gomez 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2835: 2831: 2830: 2821: 2820: 2814: 2805: 2803: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2777: 2775: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2756: 2746: 2744: 2740: 2735: 2733: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2715: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2687: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2672: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2652: 2650: 2646: 2645: 2640: 2639:King of Spain 2636: 2632: 2628: 2623: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2583: 2578: 2577: 2572: 2571: 2565: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2528: 2527: 2522: 2515: 2514:Mariano Ponce 2511: 2507: 2502: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2475: 2468:Enlightenment 2465: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2434: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2415: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2387: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2372: 2363: 2360: 2355: 2351: 2350:King of Spain 2347: 2343: 2342:clipper ships 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2316:laissez-faire 2312: 2310: 2306: 2303: 2298: 2290: 2285: 2269: 2265: 2263: 2259: 2258:José P. Rizal 2255: 2251: 2243: 2238: 2224: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2183:. On May 24, 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2153:Central Luzon 2149: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2137:Tondo, Manila 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2117: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2091: 2086: 2082: 2081: 2076: 2072: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2025: 2023: 2022: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2006: 2002: 2001:Mariano Gomez 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1965: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1938: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1915:galleon trade 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1890: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1879: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1849: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1821:Havana Harbor 1818: 1817: 1810: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1786: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1724: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1681: 1680:Guerra Tagala 1676: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1618: 1617: 1616: 1612: 1611: 1606: 1603: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1593: 1591: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1573: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1532: 1531: 1530: 1526: 1525: 1520: 1519:Nueva Cáceres 1517: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1344:Calero Bridge 1342: 1340: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1290: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1266: 1265: 1264: 1260: 1259: 1254: 1249: 1239: 1234: 1232: 1227: 1225: 1220: 1219: 1216: 1206: 1202: 1197: 1191: 1189: 1184:28,646 1170: 1162: 1161: 1156: 1139: 1130: 1125:12,700–17,700 1123: 1120: 1116: 1113: 1112: 1107: 1100: 1089: 1087: 1077: 1075: 1065: 1063: 1053: 1051: 1041: 1039: 1029: 1027: 1017: 1015: 1005: 1004: 1000: 993: 987: 976: 974: 964: 962: 945: 943: 926: 924: 923: 918: 901: 899: 882: 880: 863: 861: 844: 842: 825: 823: 822:Pío del Pilar 806: 804: 787: 785: 784:Miguel Malvar 768: 766: 749: 747: 730: 728: 727:Mariano Trías 711: 709: 692: 690: 689:Macario Sakay 673: 671: 654: 652: 635: 633: 616: 614: 613:Ladislao Diwa 597: 594: 589: 588:Teodoro Plata 572: 569: 564: 547: 545: 528: 525: 520: 503: 502: 498: 491: 490: 485: 482: 481:United States 471: 469: 465: 461: 450: 449: 448: 446: 442: 441: 434: 431: 430: 429: 419: 418: 417: 415: 402: 398: 395: 394:United States 381: 371: 368: 358: 357: 356: 355: 344: 340: 339: 332: 329: 328: 327: 317: 316: 315: 313: 300: 296: 289: 279: 274: 264: 259: 249: 248: 247: 246: 235: 231: 230: 225: 218: 214: 210: 206: 201: 200: 194: 191: 189: 185: 184:United States 181: 179: 175: 172: 171: 170: 169:Inconclusive 167: 164: 163: 159: 155: 152: 151: 147: 144: 143: 139: 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 107: 96: 87: 76: 67: 57: 54: 50: 45: 40: 35: 30: 19: 10868:World War II 10845: 10738:Early modern 10654:Bibliography 10583:Coat of arms 10555:Value system 10458:Architecture 10410:Prostitution 10307:Demographics 10177:Central bank 10120:Marine Corps 10100:Armed Forces 9984:Human rights 9969:Constitution 9918:Ramsar sites 9400: 9358: 9344: 9325: 9318: 9265: 9027: 8991:the original 8981:the original 8955:(Ch. I–IV), 8939:. Retrieved 8935:the original 8930: 8915:November 16, 8913:. Retrieved 8909: 8879: 8869: 8857: 8843:, retrieved 8828: 8819: 8803: 8783: 8772: 8752: 8733: 8724:December 25, 8722:, retrieved 8716: 8701: 8681: 8668: 8642: 8632: 8613: 8601: 8573: 8553: 8534:In Our Image 8533: 8513: 8501:, retrieved 8495: 8482: 8460: 8448: 8424: 8397:, retrieved 8391: 8371: 8352: 8343: 8334: 8324: 8305: 8281: 8271: 8258: 8232: 8210: 8190: 8170: 8149: 8129: 8110: 8100: 8090:December 26, 8088:, retrieved 8082: 8066:, retrieved 8060: 8032: 8020:Bibliography 8008: 7999: 7989:December 25, 7987:. Retrieved 7983:the original 7969: 7961:the original 7956: 7947: 7917: 7897: 7891: 7877: 7870: 7858: 7842: 7833:February 10, 7831:, retrieved 7829:, msc.edu.ph 7825: 7818: 7807:the original 7794: 7782:. Retrieved 7767: 7760: 7748:. Retrieved 7733: 7726: 7710: 7705:, p. 24 7698: 7693:, p. 20 7686: 7674: 7665: 7652: 7641: 7608:Elliott 1917 7603: 7588: 7576: 7560: 7544: 7530: 7516: 7500: 7489:, retrieved 7484: 7472: 7452: 7417: 7398: 7382: 7373:December 20, 7371:, retrieved 7367:the original 7362: 7353: 7342:, retrieved 7336: 7330: 7319:, retrieved 7313: 7307: 7295: 7262: 7246: 7230: 7215: 7200: 7184: 7168: 7152: 7136: 7120: 7108: 7098:Guevara 1972 7093: 7081:. Retrieved 7077:the original 7067: 7058: 7054:Guevara 1972 7049: 7033: 7002: 6987: 6982:Chapter III. 6975: 6967: 6959: 6947:. Retrieved 6943:the original 6910: 6903: 6891: 6879: 6867: 6851: 6840: 6832:the original 6822: 6805: 6794: 6779: 6764: 6755: 6746: 6738:ABS-CBN News 6737: 6728: 6713: 6701: 6689: 6670: 6658: 6629: 6617: 6589: 6582: 6567: 6555: 6543: 6495:Salazar 1994 6352: 6346: 6340:Alvarez 1992 6300: 6294: 6284: 6274: 6247: 6228:Foreman 1906 6182: 6177:, p. 82 6170: 6165:, p. 81 6148:Bowring 1859 6143: 6131: 6119: 6097:, p. 10 6090: 6078: 6073:, p. 16 6066: 6059:de Moya 1883 6054: 6049:, p. 64 6042: 6030: 6018: 5998:, p. 63 5991: 5982: 5976: 5964:. Retrieved 5960: 5951: 5939:. Retrieved 5935:the original 5925: 5914: 5884: 5836:Guevara 1972 5797: 5782: 5770:. Retrieved 5766:the original 5756: 5747: 5741: 5730: 5724: 5715: 5694:. Retrieved 5690:the original 5683: 5674: 5665: 5659: 5648:, retrieved 5642: 5618: 5603: 5594: 5588: 5579: 5573: 5564: 5558: 5515:, retrieved 5511:the original 5506: 5502: 5459: 5452: 5432: 5386: 5380: 5368:. Retrieved 5359: 5347:. Retrieved 5331: 5319:. Retrieved 5310: 5290: 5281: 5260: 5171: 5162: 5106: 5098:Ellwell Otis 5086: 5066:General Otis 5055: 5026:constitution 4988: 4961: 4942: 4936: 4896: 4892:Adna Chaffee 4881: 4862: 4848: 4836: 4834: 4830: 4819: 4800: 4795:Maximo Kalaw 4781: 4742: 4723: 4683: 4676: 4630:San Fernando 4599: 4587: 4579: 4566: 4562: 4537: 4533: 4514: 4473:George Dewey 4467: 4451:George Dewey 4441: 4437:declared war 4415: 4404: 4370: 4336: 4321: 4312: 4297:Please help 4285: 4227: 4222:Mexican peso 4201:Biak-na-Bato 4186: 4167: 4152: 4132: 4120: 4100:Mendez Nunez 4077: 4056:Biak-na-Bato 4042: 4007: 3984: 3956: 3906: 3898: 3887: 3836: 3817: 3790: 3771: 3752: 3709: 3678: 3650:Ramón Blanco 3647: 3604: 3538: 3494:Ramón Blanco 3491: 3481:, rebels in 3456: 3433: 3371:garrison in 3366: 3339: 3334: 3326: 3321: 3318:Isla de Cuba 3317: 3311:Ramón Blanco 3292: 3288: 3277: 3251: 3240: 3213: 3207: 3197:As with the 3196: 3189: 3183: 3150: 3146: 3138: 3134: 3119:Ilocos Norte 3084: 3057: 3038: 3033: 3029: 3021: 3017: 3007: 2998: 2993: 2971: 2968:Antonio Luna 2937: 2934:(Solidarity) 2931: 2908: 2883:, a Spanish 2851:Pedro Peláez 2845:takeover of 2827: 2825: 2817: 2793:peninsulares 2778: 2758: 2736: 2716: 2693: 2673: 2669:Manila ports 2653: 2642: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2624: 2619: 2615: 2612:peninsulares 2611: 2607: 2604:peninsulares 2603: 2590: 2587:peninsulares 2586: 2580: 2574: 2570:peninsulares 2568: 2566: 2562: 2524: 2496:rizal-family 2484:Peninsulares 2435: 2426: 2421:, a Spanish 2416: 2388: 2373: 2369: 2320:mercantilist 2313: 2294: 2267: 2253: 2247: 2150: 2140: 2118: 2094: 2088: 2087:, 1887) and 2085:Touch Me Not 2084: 2078: 2073: 2026: 2019: 1966: 1960:as the 91st 1939: 1896: 1878:aide-de-camp 1876: 1850: 1829:George Dewey 1815: 1811: 1783: 1762:and cousins 1744:declared war 1725: 1691:against the 1652: 1650: 1449:Biak-na-Bato 1245: 1187: 1128: 1121: 1114: 1014:Ramón Blanco 998: 973:George Dewey 921: 670:Julio Nakpil 496: 467: 466: 444: 443: 400: 399: 342: 341: 298: 297: 233: 232: 227:Belligerents 215:, asserting 168: 114: 29: 10910:Vietnam War 10839:Late modern 10731:Philippines 10380:Immigration 10182:Child labor 10157:Agriculture 10127:Coast Guard 10061:Legislative 9996:Legal codes 9869:Earthquakes 9733:Archaeology 9709:Philippines 9456:Philippines 8845:February 7, 8537:, Century, 8517:, BC-CLIO, 8503:February 7, 8229:Blair, Emma 8068:February 7, 7849:, pp. 7784:January 29, 7750:January 29, 7717:, pp. 7703:Miller 1984 7691:Miller 1984 7595:, pp. 7491:February 6, 7459:, pp. 7403:Karnow 1990 7344:October 10, 7267:Karnow 1990 7175:, pp. 6994:, pp. 6949:October 10, 6799:Mabini 1969 6786:, pp. 6784:Halili 2004 6769:Halili 2004 6718:Sagmit 2007 6677:, pp. 6085:, p. 4 5966:November 3, 5941:November 3, 5875:, pp. 5856:, pp. 5819:, pp. 5696:October 20, 5650:October 17, 5625:, pp. 5349:December 4, 5321:December 4, 4660:), and the 4650:Nueva Ecija 4475:sailed for 4351:Philippines 4315:August 2021 4165:authority. 3639:Philippines 3623:martial law 3541:bolo knives 3530:Nueva Ecija 3498:martial law 3477:, north of 3475:Nueva Ecija 3385:Mandaluyong 3369:Civil Guard 3329:Mandaluyong 3259:Pasong Tamo 3236:Pasong Tamo 3220:Pugad Lawin 3111:Nueva Ecija 3080:Freemasonry 2897:José Burgos 2860:José Burgos 2743:Restoration 2732:José Burgos 2694:In 1868, a 2635:principalía 2620:principalía 2582:Principalía 2534: 1890 2529:in Madrid, 2492:Principalía 2398:. In 1875, 2242:Philippines 2240:Map of the 2077:'s novels, 1997:José Burgos 1991:arsenal in 1935:principalía 1899:Philippines 1785:in absentia 1701:Philippines 1434:Mount Purog 1304:Nueva Ecija 1274:Pasong Tamo 1269:Pugad Lawin 382:(from June) 217:sovereignty 202:Territorial 158:Philippines 10927:Categories 10905:Korean War 10885:Hukbalahap 10729:involving 10603:Great Seal 10540:Psychology 10503:Literature 10498:Inventions 10297:Corruption 10292:Censorship 10162:Automotive 10023:Executive 10016:Government 9874:Ecoregions 9766:Prehistory 9758:Chronology 9612:1987 (Jul) 9584:2001 (Jan) 9578:1990 (Oct) 9572:1990 (Mar) 9560:1987 (Aug) 9554:1987 (Apr) 9548:1987 (Jan) 9542:1986 (Nov) 9536:1986 (Jul) 9501:1896 (Dec) 9465:successful 9402:Spoliarium 9091:Concurrent 8977:Leon Kilat 8941:August 27, 7924:, p. 7847:Kalaw 1927 7721:Appendix D 7715:Kalaw 1927 7679:Zaide 1994 7567:, p. 7551:, p. 7507:, p. 7443:, p. 7424:, p. 7409:, p. 7407:Wolff 2006 7389:, p. 7286:, p. 7253:, p. 7237:, p. 7222:, p. 7207:, p. 7191:, p. 7173:Kalaw 1927 7159:, p. 7143:, p. 7127:, p. 7100:, p. 7083:August 21, 7040:, p. 7024:, p. 6896:Beede 1994 6884:Trask 1996 6859:, p. 6771:, p. 6720:, p. 6609:1371294587 6574:, p. 6548:Zaide 1954 6359:, p. 6266:, p. 6187:Zaide 1957 6175:Zaide 1957 6163:Zaide 1957 6071:Jagor 1873 6047:Zaide 1957 5996:Zaide 1957 5891:, p. 5873:Kalaw 1927 5860:Appendix C 5854:Kalaw 1927 5838:, p. 5823:Appendix A 5817:Kalaw 1927 5789:, p. 5623:Kalaw 1927 5610:, p. 5396:1548813206 5302:References 5168:Death toll 4822:Intramuros 4755:wrote the 4714:See also: 4571:Manila Bay 4505:Manila Bay 4497:Washington 4463:Manila Bay 4431:president 4429:Republican 4116:Magallanes 4096:Maragondon 4032:. General 3963:Katipunero 3917:Maragondon 3882:See also: 3776:, through 3740:Jose Tagle 3599:Bagumbayan 3584:José Rizal 3483:San Isidro 3232:Bahay Toro 3166:See also: 3123:Pangasinan 3115:Ilocos Sur 2990:José Rizal 2930:A copy of 2843:Franciscan 2789:Suez Canal 2739:Reformists 2708:Republican 2696:revolution 2676:Ilustrados 2600:José Rizal 2579:, and the 2550:José Rizal 2526:Ilustrados 2506:José Rizal 2254:ilustrados 2227:Background 2075:José Rizal 2016:José Rizal 2012:Bagumbayan 1790:Maragondon 1736:José Rizal 1713:intervened 1509:2nd Manila 1469:Santa Cruz 1374:San Rafael 1279:1st Manila 563:Román Basa 369:(May–June) 133:, and the 121:after the 10968:Katipunan 10755:Bangkusay 10533:Festivals 10518:Mythology 10430:Squatting 10425:Sexuality 10395:Languages 10317:Education 10261:ZIP codes 10105:Air Force 10054:President 9974:Elections 9928:Volcanoes 9901:Mountains 9825:Geography 9748:Political 9726:Overviews 9667:self-coup 9472:1587–1588 9312:Documents 9303:Pulajanes 9273:Katipunan 9133:Elections 8399:March 26, 8029:(1990) , 6572:Lone 2007 5787:Lone 2007 5094:Aguinaldo 5010:ilustrado 4990:Elections 4888:MacArthur 4773:autocracy 4745:his house 4662:Camarines 4634:provinces 4618:Las Piñas 4614:Parañaque 4567:McCulloch 4563:McCulloch 4559:Singapore 4543:Hong Kong 4538:McCulloch 4536:USS 4470:Commodore 4374:Singapore 4286:does not 4250:Hong Kong 4086:, taking 4064: and 3999:Katipunan 3848:Aguinaldo 3843:Bonifacio 3832:Magdiwang 3828:Katipunan 3774:Magdiwang 3755:Magdiwang 3705:tactician 3627:Montjuich 3619:Barcelona 3557:Bonifacio 3485:, led by 3448:Montalban 3444:San Mateo 3361:Juan Luna 3269:Katipunan 3203:Bonifacio 3186:Katipunan 3052:Katipunan 3044:Katipunan 3030:Katipunan 2797:Spaniards 2649:Katipunan 2474:Ilustrado 2450:Zamboanga 2221:Filipinos 2205:President 2133:Katipunan 2106:haciendas 2103:Dominican 2041:Singapore 2033:Hong Kong 1921:in 1821, 1807:Hong Kong 1772:Magdiwang 1764:Baldomero 1689:Katipunan 1626:Zamboanga 1621:Calaganan 1429:Montalban 1171:≈ 1140:≈ 299:1896–1897 245:Katipunan 234:1896–1897 119:Barcelona 10900:Cold War 10678:Category 10608:Language 10420:Religion 10415:Refugees 10358:Genetics 10287:Abortion 10222:Taxation 10078:Judicial 9952:Politics 9933:Wildlife 9862:Typhoons 9743:Military 9204:Epilogue 9082:Gomburza 8868:(1957), 8856:(1954), 8595:(1969), 8471:citation 8459:(1873), 8408:citation 8290:citation 8269:(1975), 8257:(1859), 8241:citation 8054:(1899), 7660:(1899). 7321:June 15, 6264:Keat2004 5772:July 30, 5370:July 12, 5180:See also 5145:Batangas 5141:Batangas 5006:congress 4642:Batangas 4636:such as 4626:Macabebe 4602:deserted 4575:Filipino 4517:McKinley 4361:In exile 4355:banditry 4147:Batangas 4038:barangay 3993:and the 3894:Procopio 3761:(led by 3722:(modern 3570:Mindanao 3526:Batangas 3514:Pampanga 3463:Noveleta 3440:Marikina 3429:Pandacan 3425:Sampaloc 3409:Caloocan 3405:Marikina 3397:Pandacan 3393:Sta. 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These 2037:Yokohama 1985:Filipino 1981:uprising 1827:, under 1794:Procopio 1748:Caloocan 1683:) was a 1657:Filipino 1613:Mindanao 1555:Balisong 1550:Talamban 1444:Paombong 1364:Pampanga 1334:Batangas 1289:Noveleta 1192:/ ( 1109:Strength 999:See list 497:See list 153:Location 47:Part of 10815:Sumuroy 10790:Magalat 10649:Outline 10565:Symbols 10473:Cuisine 10450:Culture 10405:Poverty 10390:Kinship 10312:Divorce 10275:Society 10239:Tourism 10145:Economy 10027:Cabinet 9889:islands 9852:Climate 9847:Borders 9738:Economy 9718:History 9636:Related 9605:Alleged 9454:in the 9370:Symbols 9060:Prelude 9039:Battles 7719:430–445 7597:110–112 7115:, Ch. 3 6788:145-146 5877:199–200 5858:423–429 5821:413–417 5627:199–200 5517:July 8, 5153:Tanauan 5129:amnesty 5047:Malolos 5034:Malolos 4871:of the 4865:Merritt 4646:Bulacan 4588:In the 4481:Admiral 4457:of the 4307:removed 4292:sources 4174:Bulacan 4108:Alfonso 3839:Tejeros 3824:Magdalo 3759:Magdalo 3728:Magdalo 3691:(under 3689:Bulacan 3683:(under 3506:Bulacan 3401:Pateros 3303:Chinese 3295:Diliman 3215:cedulas 3157:History 3147:Supremo 3099:Bulacan 3010:Dapitan 2905:garrote 2885:mestizo 2839:Jesuits 2829:Criollo 2704:liberal 2616:creoles 2608:creoles 2591:creoles 2576:creoles 2488:Creoles 2458:Legazpi 2431:Chinese 2327:capture 2324:British 2169:Tejeros 2145:Dapitan 2125:Dapitan 2069:émigrés 1971:to the 1950:liberal 1903:British 1893:Summary 1776:Magdalo 1726:Led by 1671:Spanish 1631:Misamis 1580:Antique 1527:Visayas 1514:Masbate 1499:Dagupan 1484:Tayabas 1474:Bolinao 1464:Calamba 1454:Camalig 1394:Pateros 1359:Bulacan 1324:Balayan 1319:Nasugbu 1314:Talisay 1188:† 1153:55,000 204:changes 186:in the 10830:Cavite 10795:Igorot 10750:Dagami 10745:Mactan 10593:Flower 10573:Anthem 10545:Sports 10468:Cinema 10363:Health 10187:Energy 10172:Census 10066:Senate 9923:Rivers 9645:(2003) 9053:Events 9044:People 8957:Part 2 8953:Part 1 8887: 8836: 8811: 8791: 8760: 8740: 8689: 8650: 8621: 8581: 8561: 8541: 8521: 8432: 8379: 8359: 8313: 8218: 8198: 8178: 8158: 8137: 8117: 8041: 7904: 7775: 7741: 6918: 6607: 6597: 5471: 5440: 5393: 4658:Quezon 4654:Bataan 4638:Laguna 4622:Morong 4610:Bacoor 4594:Cavite 4547:Manila 4501:Manila 4493:Cavite 4477:Manila 4244:, and 4197:Manila 4143:Laguna 4139:Manila 4135:Cavite 4112:Bailen 4104:Amadeo 4084:Cavite 4046:barrio 3953:Facade 3890:Cavite 3864:Cavite 3830:. The 3786:Morong 3697:Morong 3695:) and 3681:Cavite 3607:Cavite 3566:Marawi 3561:Luneta 3553:Manila 3549:Cavite 3528:, and 3522:Laguna 3518:Tarlac 3510:Cavite 3502:Manila 3479:Manila 3471:Cavite 3417:Taguig 3413:Makati 3407:, and 3381:Manila 3280:Manila 3143:barrio 3129:, and 3107:Tarlac 3095:Cavite 3091:Laguna 3073:, and 2988:, and 2966:, and 2952:Madrid 2948:Europe 2899:, and 2889:Quiapo 2872:creole 2785:friars 2781:Europe 2665:Madrid 2661:Manila 2631:Indios 2627:masses 2585:. The 2573:, the 2494:, and 2446:Iloilo 2396:Orient 2339:Yankee 2297:Manila 2057:Berlin 2053:Vienna 2049:London 1927:Madrid 1911:Mexico 1907:Manila 1756:Cavite 1752:Manila 1575:Negros 1570:Iloilo 1565:Lincud 1479:Baguio 1459:Alapan 1439:Aliaga 1414:Silang 1409:Zapote 1399:Tarlac 1389:Bacoor 1384:Bataan 1354:Morong 1349:Sambat 919: 590: 565: 521: 478: 457: 411: 391: 309: 165:Result 10613:Motto 10513:Music 10508:Media 10483:Dance 10440:Pinoy 10435:Women 10302:Crime 10202:Labor 10032:lists 9896:Lakes 9452:Coups 7912:p. 63 7810:(PDF) 7803:(PDF) 7638:(PDF) 7555:Ch.10 7511:Ch.15 7481:(PDF) 7393:Ch.10 7257:Ch.10 7163:Ch.28 7044:ch.10 6996:357–8 5911:(PDF) 5252:Notes 5049:with 5036:with 4945:Luzon 4925:Paris 4726:Luzon 4692:(the 4545:from 4416:Maine 4080:Spain 3724:Kawit 3701:Rizal 3671:as a 3611:Spain 3595:Rizal 3467:Kawit 3373:Pasig 3127:Bicol 2629:, or 2595:rajah 2480:Casta 2121:Rizal 2061:Spain 2045:Paris 2005:friar 1923:Spain 1841:Kawit 1816:Maine 1636:Davao 1590:Pilar 1560:Batan 1540:Capiz 1535:Aklan 1504:Vigan 1494:Baler 1299:Kawit 1261:Luzon 1129:1898: 1122:1896: 1115:1896: 414:Spain 396:(May) 312:Spain 178:Spain 176:from 10628:Tree 10588:Flag 10578:Bird 10523:Name 10463:Arts 10207:Peso 10115:Navy 10110:Army 9989:LGBT 9837:Bays 9658:coup 9617:2006 9595:2007 9566:1989 9519:1972 9513:1967 9507:1935 9495:1872 9489:1828 9483:1823 9478:1719 9138:Pact 8943:2011 8917:2007 8885:ISBN 8847:2008 8834:ISBN 8809:ISBN 8789:ISBN 8758:ISBN 8738:ISBN 8726:2007 8687:ISBN 8648:ISBN 8619:ISBN 8579:ISBN 8559:ISBN 8539:ISBN 8519:ISBN 8505:2008 8477:link 8430:ISBN 8414:link 8401:2008 8377:ISBN 8357:ISBN 8311:ISBN 8296:link 8247:link 8216:ISBN 8196:ISBN 8176:ISBN 8156:ISBN 8135:ISBN 8115:ISBN 8092:2007 8070:2008 8039:ISBN 7991:2016 7902:ISBN 7853:Ch.6 7835:2008 7786:2021 7773:ISBN 7752:2021 7739:ISBN 7571:Ch.3 7493:2008 7467:Ch.3 7447:Ch.3 7428:Ch.3 7375:2008 7346:2007 7323:2014 7290:Ch.3 7241:Ch.3 7195:Ch.7 7179:Ch.5 7147:Ch.2 7131:Ch.2 7085:2006 7028:Ch.3 6951:2007 6916:ISBN 6605:OCLC 6595:ISBN 5968:2009 5943:2009 5879:Ch.7 5774:2007 5698:2009 5652:2007 5519:2009 5469:ISBN 5438:ISBN 5391:ISBN 5372:2024 5351:2021 5323:2021 5264:The 5172:The 5151:and 5149:Lipa 4949:Guam 4947:and 4884:Otis 4718:and 4628:and 4606:Imus 4407:Cuba 4290:any 4288:cite 4199:and 4157:and 4145:and 4114:and 4088:Imus 3868:Naic 3820:Imus 3812:and 3780:and 3635:Cuba 3615:Cuba 3543:and 3465:and 3446:and 3423:and 3415:and 3320:and 3234:and 3034:Liga 2946:and 2938:The 2870:, a 2853:and 2512:and 2460:and 2454:Cebu 2448:and 2410:and 2384:hemp 2329:and 2287:The 2167:and 2165:Imus 2003:and 1940:The 1814:USS 1766:and 1651:The 1600:Jaro 1595:Sara 1585:Oton 1545:Cebu 1489:Lipa 1419:Naik 1329:Lian 1309:Imus 468:1899 445:1899 401:1898 343:1898 145:Date 51:and 10598:Gem 8965:by 7926:130 7883:210 7851:132 7569:121 7553:108 7509:177 7465:119 7461:115 7426:106 7411:119 7391:153 7193:154 7161:311 6861:126 6773:145 6722:158 6683:287 6361:196 6268:755 5893:180 5612:318 5465:204 5000:in 4747:in 4301:by 4172:in 3718:of 3687:), 3469:in 1983:of 1839:in 1819:in 1805:to 1677:or 1663:or 1195:DOW 10929:: 9665:‡ 8929:. 8908:. 8473:}} 8469:{{ 8446:, 8410:}} 8406:{{ 8292:}} 8288:{{ 8243:}} 8239:{{ 8080:, 8058:, 8007:. 7955:. 7932:^ 7664:. 7640:. 7615:^ 7483:, 7463:, 7445:69 7433:^ 7361:, 7288:55 7274:^ 7255:97 7239:63 7224:61 7209:60 7145:21 7129:19 7102:35 7056:, 7042:95 7026:57 7014:^ 6966:, 6930:^ 6754:. 6736:. 6681:, 6679:40 6641:^ 6603:. 6576:37 6518:^ 6501:^ 6457:^ 6440:^ 6424:^ 6407:^ 6367:^ 6310:^ 6282:. 6256:^ 6234:^ 6194:^ 6155:^ 6102:^ 6003:^ 5959:. 5913:. 5899:^ 5865:^ 5846:^ 5840:10 5828:^ 5809:^ 5791:42 5706:^ 5682:. 5633:^ 5526:^ 5505:, 5501:, 5483:^ 5467:. 5420:^ 5405:^ 5341:. 5155:. 5147:, 5092:. 5073:. 4939:." 4902:. 4751:. 4700:. 4652:, 4648:, 4644:, 4640:, 4624:, 4620:, 4616:, 4612:, 4608:, 4553:. 4357:. 4252:. 4240:, 4236:, 4232:, 4184:. 4141:, 4110:, 4106:, 4102:, 4040:. 3645:. 3568:, 3524:, 3520:, 3516:, 3512:, 3508:, 3504:, 3461:, 3442:, 3403:, 3399:, 3395:, 3391:, 3387:, 3230:, 3125:, 3121:, 3117:, 3113:, 3109:, 3105:, 3101:, 3097:, 3093:, 3089:, 3069:, 3065:, 3061:, 3036:. 2984:, 2962:, 2958:, 2913:. 2895:, 2745:. 2714:. 2622:. 2552:, 2540:, 2531:c. 2508:, 2490:, 2486:, 2482:, 2444:, 2406:, 2055:, 2051:, 2047:, 2043:, 2039:, 2035:, 1999:, 1723:. 1707:. 1673:: 1669:; 1659:: 10712:e 10705:t 10698:v 9701:e 9694:t 9687:v 9597:* 9591:* 9580:* 9574:* 9568:* 9562:* 9556:* 9550:* 9544:* 9538:* 9527:* 9521:‡ 9515:* 9509:* 9503:* 9497:* 9491:* 9485:* 9474:* 9437:e 9430:t 9423:v 9397:" 9393:" 9355:" 9351:" 9341:" 9337:" 9020:e 9013:t 9006:v 8945:. 8919:. 8587:. 8489:. 8479:) 8416:) 8298:) 8249:) 7993:. 7910:. 7885:. 7788:. 7754:. 7087:. 7062:. 6953:. 6924:. 6611:. 6304:. 5970:. 5945:. 5776:. 5700:. 5507:1 5477:. 5446:. 5399:. 5374:. 5353:. 5325:. 5276:. 4401:. 4328:) 4322:( 4317:) 4313:( 4309:. 4295:. 3601:. 3363:. 3180:. 2822:) 2356:( 2093:( 2083:( 1655:( 1237:e 1230:t 1223:v 1198:) 922:X 36:. 20:)

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