281:
31:
49:
178:
312:ΦX174 encodes 11 genes, named as consecutive letters of the alphabet in the order they were discovered, with the exception of A* which is an alternative start codon within the large A genes. Only genes A* and K are thought to be non-essential, although there is some doubt about A* because its start codon could be changed to ATT but not any other sequence. It is now known that the ATT is still likely capable of producing protein within
696:
170:
683:
The ΦX174 genome was the first phage to be cloned in yeast, which provides a convenient drydock for genome modifications. ΦX174 was also the first genome to be fully decompressed, having all gene overlaps removed. The effect of these changes resulted in significantly reduced host attachment, protein
566:
protein complex. This translocates once around the genome and synthesizes a ssDNA from the positive original genome. ssDNA genomes to package into viruses are created from this by a rolling circle mechanism. This is the mechanism by which the double stranded supercoiled genome is nicked on the
557:
The DNA is ejected through a hydrophilic channel at the 5-fold vertex. It is understood that H protein resides in this area but experimental evidence has not verified its exact location. Once inside the host bacterium, replication of the ssDNA genome proceeds via
627:, especially the NC phage (e.g. NC1, NC7, NC11, NC16, NC37, NC5, NC41, NC56, NC51, etc.) and more distantly related to the G4-like phages and even more distantly related to the α3-like phage. Rokyta et al. 2006 presented a phylogenetic tree of their relationships.
611:. Based on recombination frequencies obtained in genetic crosses, a genetic map was constructed. Recombination in phi X174 is associated with high negative interference, i.e a positive correlation (negative interference) of recombinational events (see wikipedia
660:
due to its relatively small genome size in comparison to other organisms, its relatively balanced nucleotide content — about 23% G, 22% C, 24% A, and 31% T, i.e., 45% G+C and 55% A+T, see the accession NC_001422.1 for its 5,386 nucleotide long sequence.
571:(DNAP) to the site of cleavage. DNAP uses the negative strand as a template to make positive sense DNA. As it translocates around the genome it displaces the outer strand of already-synthesised DNA, which is immediately coated by
553:
H protein was required for optimal synthesis of other viral proteins. Mutations in H protein that prevent viral incorporation, can be overcome when excess amounts of protein B, the internal scaffolding protein, are supplied.
665:'s sequencing instruments use ΦX174 as a positive control, and a single Illumina sequencing run can cover the ΦX174 genome several million times over, making this very likely the most heavily sequenced genome in history.
339:
of ΦX174 was generated. Notable features of the ΦX174 transcriptome is a series of up to four relatively weak promoters in series with up to four Rho-independent (intrinsic) terminators and one Rho-dependent terminator.
323:
with eight out of 11 genes overlapping by at least one nucleotide. These overlaps have been shown to be non-essential although the refactored phage with all gene overlaps removed had decreased fitness from wild-type.
598:
rate of phiX174 is estimated to be 1.0 x 10 substitutions per base per round of copying, a value that is consistent with Drake's rule (0.003 mutations per genome per round of copying in DNA-based microorganisms).
1071:
Cherwa JE, Organtini LJ, Ashley RE, Hafenstein SL, Fane BA (September 2011). "In VITRO ASSEMBLY of the øX174 procapsid from external scaffolding protein oligomers and early pentameric assembly intermediates".
536:
content, making the protein structure very flexible and in addition, individual hydrogen atoms (the R group for glycines) are difficult to detect in protein crystallography. Additionally, H protein induces
255:
with collaborators identified the genes required to produce the enzymes to catalyze conversion of the single stranded form of the virus to the double stranded replicative form. In 2003, it was reported by
578:
As D protein is the most abundant gene transcript, it is the most abundant protein in the viral procapsid. Similarly, gene transcripts for F, J, and G are more abundant than for H as the
1183:"Alteration of the ATG start codon of the A protein of bacteriophage phi X174 into an ATT codon yields a viable phage indicating that A protein is not essential for phi X174 reproduction"
223:, from samples collected in Paris sewers. Its characterization and the study of its replication mechanism were carried out from the 1950s onwards. It was the first DNA-based
239:
used ΦX174 as a model to first prove that DNA synthesized in a test tube by purified enzymes could produce all the features of a natural virus, ushering in the age of
1344:
Wright BW, Ruan J, Molloy MP, Jaschke PR (November 2020). "Genome
Modularization Reveals Overlapped Gene Topology Is Necessary for Efficient Viral Reproduction".
304:
is 44% and 95% of nucleotides belong to coding genes. Because of the balance base pattern of the genome, it is used as the control DNA for
Illumina sequencers.
559:
1938:
839:
Fiers W, Sinsheimer RL (October 1962). "The structure of the DNA of bacteriophage phi-X174. III. Ultracentrifugal evidence for a ring structure".
2155:
788:
Sanger F, Air GM, Barrell BG, Brown NL, Coulson AR, Fiddes CA, et al. (February 1977). "Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA".
541:
of the bacterial host at high concentrations as the predicted N-terminal transmembrane helix easily pokes holes through the bacterial wall. By
1167:
1594:"Uncoupling the functions of a multifunctional protein: the isolation of a DNA pilot protein mutant that affects particle morphogenesis"
327:
Phage ΦX174 has been used to try to establish the absence of undiscovered genetic information through a "proof by synthesis" approach.
518:
on the bacterial host cell surface. H protein (or the DNA Pilot
Protein) pilots the viral genome through the bacterial membrane of
562:
intermediate. This is done as the phage genome supercoils and the secondary structure formed by such supercoiling attracts a
235:
and Robert
Sinsheimer had already demonstrated the physical, covalently closed circularity of ΦX174 DNA. Nobel prize winner
873:
National
Library of Medicine Profiles in Science. The Arthur Kornberg Papers. "Creating Life in the Test Tube," 1959-1970.
2146:
1516:
Jazwinski SM, Lindberg AA, Kornberg A (July 1975). "The lipopolysaccharide receptor for bacteriophage phiX174 and S13".
1500:
280:
653:
1487:
Fane BA, Brentlinger KL, Burch AD, Chen M, Hafenstein S, Moore E, Novak CR, Uchiyama A (2006). "ɸX174 et al., the
1942:
1006:"Generating a synthetic genome by whole genome assembly: phiX174 bacteriophage from synthetic oligonucleotides"
549:
domains which has a significant homology to known transcription factors. Additionally, it was determined that
874:
669:
582:
for these structural proteins is 5:5:5:1. The primosomes are protein complexes which attach/bind the enzyme
528:
helix. However, it has become apparent that H protein is a multifunctional protein. This is the only viral
48:
1635:"The expression of N-terminal deletion DNA pilot proteins inhibits the early stages of phiX174 replication"
532:
protein of ΦX174 to lack a crystal structure for a couple of reasons. It has low aromatic content and high
675:ΦX174 has also been modified to enable peptide display (phage display) from the viral capsid G protein.
376:
1682:
McKenna R, Xia D, Willingmann P, Ilag LL, Krishnaswamy S, Rossmann MG, et al. (January 1992).
575:
proteins. The A protein cleaves the complete genome every time it recognises the origin sequence.
2190:
264:
from synthesized oligonucleotides. The ΦX174 virus particle has also been successfully assembled
216:
1964:
1684:"Atomic structure of single-stranded DNA bacteriophage phi X174 and its functional implications"
729:
2160:
2108:
955:"Conversion of phiX174 viral DNA to double-stranded form by purified Escherichia coli proteins"
612:
30:
2185:
1230:
Hecht A, Glasgow J, Jaschke PR, Bawazer LA, Munson MS, Cochran JR, et al. (April 2017).
608:
1181:
Baas PD, Liewerink H, van
Teeffelen HA, van Mansfeld AD, van Boom JH, Jansz HS (June 1987).
1695:
1114:"A fully decompressed synthetic bacteriophage øX174 genome assembled and archived in yeast"
1017:
899:
797:
525:
43:
8:
506:
Identification of all ΦX174 proteins using mass spectrometry has recently been reported.
1895:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
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2006:
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2055:
2040:"Engineering Modular Viral Scaffolds for Targeted Bacterial Population Editing"
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1299:
1010:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
959:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
892:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
701:
657:
641:
568:
542:
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Inhibits host cell DNA replication; blocks superinfecting phage; not essential
244:
2091:
1357:
1085:
888:"Enzymatic synthesis of DNA, XXIV. Synthesis of infectious phage phi-X174 DNA"
2179:
1307:
753:
579:
484:
Binds to new single-stranded phage DNA; accompanies phage DNA into procapsid
336:
289:
202:
1842:"Horizontal gene transfer and the evolution of microvirid coliphage genomes"
1405:
1030:
971:
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on the template. Primosomes gives RNA primers for DNA synthesis to strands.
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85:
73:
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990:
939:
730:"Vladimir Sertić: forgotten pioneer of virology and bacteriophage therapy"
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positive strand by a virus-encoded A protein, also attracting a bacterial
2140:
1650:
1389:"Definitive demonstration by synthesis of genome annotation completeness"
1247:
1112:
Jaschke PR, Lieberman EK, Rodriguez J, Sierra A, Endy D (December 2012).
817:
546:
248:
228:
206:
177:
1282:
Wright, Bradley W.; Molloy, Mark P.; Jaschke, Paul R. (5 October 2021).
379:; ligates ends of linear phage DNA to form single-stranded circular DNA
260:
group that the genome of ΦX174 was the first to be completely assembled
1039:
301:
297:
1633:
Ruboyianes MV, Chen M, Dubrava MS, Cherwa JE, Fane BA (October 2009).
1232:"Measurements of translation initiation from all 64 codons in E. coli"
1180:
734:
Notes and Records: the Royal Society Journal of the History of Science
1707:
921:
809:
563:
399:
2102:
2125:
1891:"Experimental evolution of viruses: Microviridae as a model system"
595:
583:
1790:
1791:
Benbow RM, Hutchison CA, Fabricant JD, Sinsheimer RL (May 1971).
533:
349:
1991:"PhiXing-it, displaying foreign peptides on bacteriophage ΦX174"
1004:
Smith HO, Hutchison CA, Pfannkoch C, Venter JC (December 2003).
1387:
Jaschke PR, Dotson GA, Hung KS, Liu D, Endy D (November 2019).
1111:
1070:
529:
520:
224:
1989:
Christakos KJ, Chapman JA, Fane BA, Campos SK (January 2016).
1003:
538:
438:
60:
1840:
Rokyta DR, Burch CL, Caudle SB, Wichman HA (February 2006).
1440:"A high-resolution map of bacteriophage ϕX174 transcription"
695:
426:
External scaffolding protein involved in procapsid assembly
404:
Internal scaffolding protein involved in procapsid assembly
1988:
1632:
1495:(2nd ed.). New York: Oxford Univ. Press. p. 130.
572:
319:
The first half of the ΦX174 genome features high levels of
1229:
215:. This virus was isolated in 1935 by Nicolas Bulgakov in
169:
1681:
1515:
885:
293:
1839:
1486:
1343:
284:
Genome of the bacteriophage ΦX174 showing its 11 genes
272:
can be fully decompressed and still remain functional.
886:
Goulian M, Kornberg A, Sinsheimer RL (December 1967).
1553:"The HMMTOP transmembrane topology prediction server"
1284:"Overlapping genes in natural and engineered genomes"
787:
728:
Lacković, Zdravko; Toljan, Karlo (20 December 2020).
2038:
Ando H, Lemire S, Pires DP, Lu TK (September 2015).
1386:
691:
1281:
1931:
1738:
316:and therefore this gene may in fact be essential.
2037:
1939:"Using a PhiX Control for HiSeq® Sequencing Runs"
1153:
1151:
1149:
16:A single-stranded DNA virus that infects bacteria
2177:
684:expression dysregulation, and heat sensitivity.
524:bacteria most likely via a predicted N-terminal
1591:
838:
1741:"Point mutation rate of bacteriophage PhiX174"
1739:Cuevas JM, Duffy S, Sanjuán R (October 2009).
1146:
952:
727:
618:
1786:
1784:
1168:National Center for Biotechnology Information
668:ΦX174 is also used to test the resistance of
1888:
1550:
1437:
227:to be sequenced. This work was completed by
1592:Cherwa JE, Young LN, Fane BA (March 2011).
832:
473:DNA pilot protein (or minor spike protein)
1781:
946:
29:
2063:
2014:
1914:
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1764:
1715:
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1609:
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1404:
1315:
1255:
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514:Infection begins when G protein binds to
2089:
279:
176:
168:
545:, this protein contains four predicted
268:. In 2012, it was shown how its highly
2178:
1793:"Genetic Map of Bacteriophage phiX174"
1551:Tusnády GE, Simon I (September 2001).
1163:"Complete genome: accession NC_001422"
292:has a sense circular single-stranded
2107:
2106:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1277:
1275:
953:Wickner S, Hurwitz J (October 1974).
1889:Wichman HA, Brown CJ (August 2010).
1438:Logel DY, Jaschke PR (August 2020).
1107:
1105:
1103:
783:
781:
678:
495:Optimizes burst size; not essential
38:Electron micrograph of phage ΦX174
13:
1332:
1272:
623:ΦX174 is closely related to other
509:
14:
2202:
2083:
1100:
778:
694:
647:
602:
589:
330:
47:
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1982:
1957:
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1858:10.1128/JB.188.3.1134-1142.2006
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1732:
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1585:
1570:10.1093/bioinformatics/17.9.849
1544:
1509:
1480:
1431:
1380:
1223:
1174:
1171:. Retrieved on 30 January 2016.
644:in many evolution experiments.
231:and his team in 1977. In 1962,
173:Structure of phage ΦX174 capsid
1064:
997:
879:
867:
721:
1:
1965:"PPE-Info – Standard Details"
1157:Enterobacteria phage phiX174
853:10.1016/S0022-2836(62)80031-X
715:
670:personal protective equipment
652:ΦX174 is regularly used as a
187:Phix174microvirus
2117:Enterobacteria phage phiX174
2090:Goodsell D (February 2000).
1809:10.1128/JVI.7.5.549-558.1971
1530:10.1016/0042-6822(75)90197-x
1200:10.1016/0014-5793(87)81030-x
1074:Journal of Molecular Biology
841:Journal of Molecular Biology
7:
2007:10.1016/j.virol.2015.11.021
1757:10.1534/genetics.109.106005
1611:10.1016/j.virol.2010.12.026
1457:10.1016/j.virol.2020.05.008
1131:10.1016/j.virol.2012.09.020
687:
619:Phylogenetics and diversity
607:PhiX174 is able to undergo
501:
343:
183:Sinsheimervirus
10:
2207:
2056:10.1016/j.cels.2015.08.013
1941:. Illumina. Archived from
1300:10.1038/s41576-021-00417-w
377:rolling circle replication
205:is a single-stranded DNA (
2147:Escherichia virus phiX174
2115:
1358:10.1021/acssynbio.0c00323
1086:10.1016/j.jmb.2011.07.070
640:ΦX174 has been used as a
375:Nicks RF DNA to initiate
275:
42:
37:
28:
21:
1491:". In Calender R (ed.).
307:
2092:"Bacteriophage phiX174"
1846:Journal of Bacteriology
1406:10.1073/pnas.1905990116
1288:Nature Reviews Genetics
1031:10.1073/pnas.2237126100
972:10.1073/pnas.71.10.4120
672:to bloodborne viruses.
630:
181:Schematic drawing of a
160:Escherichia virus ΦX174
23:Escherichia virus ΦX174
1907:10.1098/rstb.2010.0053
1236:Nucleic Acids Research
913:10.1073/pnas.58.6.2321
746:10.1098/rsnr.2019.0010
636:Experimental evolution
613:crossover interference
285:
190:
174:
2096:Molecule of the Month
1346:ACS Synthetic Biology
609:genetic recombination
451:Major capsid protein
283:
219:'s laboratory at the
209:) virus that infects
180:
172:
1651:10.1128/JVI.01077-09
526:transmembrane domain
462:Major spike protein
44:Virus classification
1700:1992Natur.355..137M
1639:Journal of Virology
1399:(48): 24206–24213.
1161:, complete genome.
1022:2003PNAS..10015440S
904:1967PNAS...58.2321G
802:1977Natur.265..687S
516:lipopolysaccharides
1901:(1552): 2495–501.
1493:The Bacteriophages
1248:10.1093/nar/gkx070
560:negative sense DNA
286:
270:overlapping genome
191:
175:
111:Malgrandaviricetes
2171:
2170:
2109:Taxon identifiers
1945:on 9 January 2019
1352:(11): 3079–3090.
710:Bacteriophage MS2
679:Synthetic Biology
499:
498:
348:ΦX174 encodes 11
241:synthetic biology
221:Pasteur Institute
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423:240 in procapsid
355:
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296:genome of 5,386
243:. In 1972–1974,
212:Escherichia coli
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486:
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479:
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471:
468:
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457:
453:
452:
449:
446:
442:
441:
435:
432:
428:
427:
424:
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416:
415:DNA packaging
413:
410:
406:
405:
402:
396:
392:
391:
388:
385:
381:
380:
373:
370:
366:
365:
362:
359:
345:
342:
332:
329:
309:
306:
277:
274:
258:Craig Venter's
245:Jerard Hurwitz
165:
164:
157:
155:
151:
150:
143:
139:
138:
131:
127:
126:
119:
115:
114:
107:
103:
102:
95:
91:
90:
83:
79:
78:
71:
64:
63:
58:
54:
53:
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2203:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2174:
2162:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2127:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2087:
2075:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2034:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1985:
1970:
1966:
1960:
1944:
1940:
1934:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1885:
1877:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1836:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1803:(5): 549–58.
1802:
1798:
1794:
1787:
1785:
1776:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1735:
1727:
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1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
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1617:
1612:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1588:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1563:(9): 849–50.
1562:
1558:
1554:
1547:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1524:(1): 268–82.
1523:
1519:
1512:
1504:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1483:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1453:
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1434:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
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1398:
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1383:
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1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
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1327:
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1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1226:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1193:(1): 119–25.
1192:
1188:
1184:
1177:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1160:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1124:(2): 278–84.
1123:
1119:
1115:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1080:(3): 387–96.
1079:
1075:
1067:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1023:
1019:
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1007:
1000:
992:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
964:
960:
956:
949:
941:
937:
932:
927:
923:
919:
914:
909:
905:
901:
898:(6): 2321–8.
897:
893:
889:
882:
876:
870:
862:
858:
854:
850:
847:(4): 424–34.
846:
842:
835:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
784:
782:
773:
769:
764:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
724:
720:
711:
708:
707:
703:
697:
692:
685:
676:
673:
671:
666:
664:
659:
655:
648:Biotechnology
645:
643:
628:
626:
616:
614:
610:
603:Recombination
600:
597:
590:Mutation rate
587:
585:
581:
580:stoichiometry
576:
574:
570:
565:
561:
555:
552:
548:
544:
540:
535:
531:
527:
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522:
517:
507:
494:
491:
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351:
341:
338:
337:transcriptome
335:In 2020, the
331:Transcriptome
328:
325:
322:
317:
315:
305:
303:
300:. The genome
299:
295:
291:
290:bacteriophage
282:
273:
271:
267:
263:
259:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
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204:
203:bacteriophage
200:
196:
188:
184:
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96:
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84:
81:
80:
77:
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72:
69:
66:
65:
62:
59:
56:
55:
50:
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
24:
20:
2186:Microviridae
2173:
2116:
2095:
2047:
2044:Cell Systems
2043:
2033:
1998:
1994:
1984:
1972:. Retrieved
1969:wwwn.cdc.gov
1968:
1959:
1947:. Retrieved
1943:the original
1933:
1898:
1894:
1884:
1849:
1845:
1835:
1800:
1796:
1751:(2): 747–9.
1748:
1744:
1734:
1691:
1687:
1677:
1642:
1638:
1628:
1601:
1597:
1587:
1560:
1556:
1546:
1521:
1517:
1511:
1492:
1489:Microviridae
1488:
1482:
1447:
1443:
1433:
1396:
1392:
1382:
1349:
1345:
1291:
1287:
1239:
1235:
1225:
1190:
1187:FEBS Letters
1186:
1176:
1166:
1158:
1121:
1117:
1077:
1073:
1066:
1013:
1009:
999:
962:
958:
948:
895:
891:
881:
869:
844:
840:
834:
793:
789:
737:
733:
723:
682:
674:
667:
651:
639:
625:microviridae
622:
606:
593:
577:
556:
550:
519:
513:
505:
481:60 in virion
470:12 in virion
459:60 in virion
448:60 in virion
347:
334:
326:
321:gene overlap
318:
313:
311:
287:
265:
261:
253:Reed Wickner
233:Walter Fiers
210:
198:
194:
192:
186:
182:
159:
158:
146:
145:
135:Microviridae
134:
123:Petitvirales
122:
110:
99:Phixviricota
98:
86:
75:Monodnaviria
74:
67:
57:(unranked):
22:
2141:Wikispecies
2098:. RCSB-PDB.
1604:(1): 9–14.
547:coiled-coil
298:nucleotides
249:Sue Wickner
229:Fred Sanger
87:Sangervirae
2180:Categories
1974:8 February
1159:sensu lato
716:References
437:Host cell
302:GC-content
2001:: 242–8.
1949:8 January
1474:219459208
1450:: 47–56.
1374:222300240
1308:1471-0064
754:0035-9149
564:primosome
400:procapsid
364:Function
195:phi X 174
154:Species:
82:Kingdom:
2161:11459739
2132:Q1063448
2126:Wikidata
2074:26973885
2025:26655242
1995:Virology
1925:20643739
1876:16428417
1827:16789129
1775:19652180
1745:Genetics
1669:19640994
1620:21227478
1598:Virology
1579:11590105
1518:Virology
1466:32560904
1444:Virology
1425:31719208
1366:33044064
1326:34611352
1266:28334756
1217:24174007
1140:23079106
1118:Virology
1094:21840317
1058:14657399
861:13945085
772:33177747
688:See also
663:Illumina
596:mutation
584:helicase
502:Proteome
350:proteins
344:Proteins
266:in vitro
262:in vitro
189:) virion
130:Family:
94:Phylum:
2065:4785837
2016:6191337
1916:2935103
1867:1347346
1797:J Virol
1766:2766332
1726:1370343
1717:4167681
1696:Bibcode
1660:2748053
1538:1094681
1416:6883844
1317:8490965
1257:5397182
1209:2954853
1040:3149024
1018:Bibcode
991:4610569
940:4873588
900:Bibcode
826:4206886
798:Bibcode
763:7653334
551:de novo
534:glycine
358:Protein
314:E. coli
142:Genus:
118:Order:
106:Class:
2072:
2062:
2023:
2013:
1923:
1913:
1874:
1864:
1825:
1818:356162
1815:
1773:
1763:
1724:
1714:
1688:Nature
1667:
1657:
1618:
1577:
1536:
1499:
1472:
1464:
1423:
1413:
1372:
1364:
1324:
1314:
1306:
1264:
1254:
1215:
1207:
1138:
1092:
1056:
1049:307586
1046:
1038:
989:
982:434340
979:
938:
931:223838
928:
920:
859:
824:
818:870828
816:
790:Nature
770:
760:
752:
530:capsid
521:E.coli
398:60 in
361:Copies
276:Genome
251:, and
225:genome
2156:IRMNG
1470:S2CID
1370:S2CID
1213:S2CID
1036:JSTOR
922:58720
918:JSTOR
822:S2CID
539:lysis
439:lysis
308:Genes
288:This
207:ssDNA
199:ΦX174
185:(aka
68:Realm
61:Virus
2070:PMID
2021:PMID
1976:2019
1951:2019
1921:PMID
1872:PMID
1823:PMID
1771:PMID
1722:PMID
1665:PMID
1616:PMID
1575:PMID
1534:PMID
1497:ISBN
1462:PMID
1421:PMID
1362:PMID
1322:PMID
1304:ISSN
1262:PMID
1205:PMID
1136:PMID
1090:PMID
1054:PMID
987:PMID
936:PMID
875:link
857:PMID
814:PMID
768:PMID
750:ISSN
631:Uses
594:The
573:SSBP
197:(or
193:The
2060:PMC
2052:doi
2011:PMC
2003:doi
1999:488
1911:PMC
1903:doi
1899:365
1862:PMC
1854:doi
1850:188
1813:PMC
1805:doi
1761:PMC
1753:doi
1749:183
1712:PMC
1704:doi
1692:355
1655:PMC
1647:doi
1606:doi
1602:411
1565:doi
1526:doi
1452:doi
1448:547
1411:PMC
1401:doi
1397:116
1354:doi
1312:PMC
1296:doi
1252:PMC
1244:doi
1195:doi
1191:218
1126:doi
1122:434
1082:doi
1078:412
1044:PMC
1026:doi
1014:100
977:PMC
967:doi
926:PMC
908:doi
849:doi
806:doi
794:265
758:PMC
742:doi
656:in
615:).
294:DNA
2182::
2158::
2143::
2128::
2094:.
2068:.
2058:.
2046:.
2042:.
2019:.
2009:.
1997:.
1993:.
1967:.
1919:.
1909:.
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492:—
489:K
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467:H
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431:E
420:D
412:—
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395:B
387:—
372:—
369:A
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