292:
42:
60:
189:
323:ΦX174 encodes 11 genes, named as consecutive letters of the alphabet in the order they were discovered, with the exception of A* which is an alternative start codon within the large A genes. Only genes A* and K are thought to be non-essential, although there is some doubt about A* because its start codon could be changed to ATT but not any other sequence. It is now known that the ATT is still likely capable of producing protein within
707:
181:
694:
The ΦX174 genome was the first phage to be cloned in yeast, which provides a convenient drydock for genome modifications. ΦX174 was also the first genome to be fully decompressed, having all gene overlaps removed. The effect of these changes resulted in significantly reduced host attachment, protein
577:
protein complex. This translocates once around the genome and synthesizes a ssDNA from the positive original genome. ssDNA genomes to package into viruses are created from this by a rolling circle mechanism. This is the mechanism by which the double stranded supercoiled genome is nicked on the
568:
The DNA is ejected through a hydrophilic channel at the 5-fold vertex. It is understood that H protein resides in this area but experimental evidence has not verified its exact location. Once inside the host bacterium, replication of the ssDNA genome proceeds via
638:, especially the NC phage (e.g. NC1, NC7, NC11, NC16, NC37, NC5, NC41, NC56, NC51, etc.) and more distantly related to the G4-like phages and even more distantly related to the α3-like phage. Rokyta et al. 2006 presented a phylogenetic tree of their relationships.
622:. Based on recombination frequencies obtained in genetic crosses, a genetic map was constructed. Recombination in phi X174 is associated with high negative interference, i.e a positive correlation (negative interference) of recombinational events (see wikipedia
671:
due to its relatively small genome size in comparison to other organisms, its relatively balanced nucleotide content — about 23% G, 22% C, 24% A, and 31% T, i.e., 45% G+C and 55% A+T, see the accession NC_001422.1 for its 5,386 nucleotide long sequence.
582:(DNAP) to the site of cleavage. DNAP uses the negative strand as a template to make positive sense DNA. As it translocates around the genome it displaces the outer strand of already-synthesised DNA, which is immediately coated by
564:
H protein was required for optimal synthesis of other viral proteins. Mutations in H protein that prevent viral incorporation, can be overcome when excess amounts of protein B, the internal scaffolding protein, are supplied.
676:'s sequencing instruments use ΦX174 as a positive control, and a single Illumina sequencing run can cover the ΦX174 genome several million times over, making this very likely the most heavily sequenced genome in history.
350:
of ΦX174 was generated. Notable features of the ΦX174 transcriptome is a series of up to four relatively weak promoters in series with up to four Rho-independent (intrinsic) terminators and one Rho-dependent terminator.
334:
with eight out of 11 genes overlapping by at least one nucleotide. These overlaps have been shown to be non-essential although the refactored phage with all gene overlaps removed had decreased fitness from wild-type.
609:
rate of phiX174 is estimated to be 1.0 x 10 substitutions per base per round of copying, a value that is consistent with Drake's rule (0.003 mutations per genome per round of copying in DNA-based microorganisms).
1082:
Cherwa JE, Organtini LJ, Ashley RE, Hafenstein SL, Fane BA (September 2011). "In VITRO ASSEMBLY of the øX174 procapsid from external scaffolding protein oligomers and early pentameric assembly intermediates".
547:
content, making the protein structure very flexible and in addition, individual hydrogen atoms (the R group for glycines) are difficult to detect in protein crystallography. Additionally, H protein induces
266:
with collaborators identified the genes required to produce the enzymes to catalyze conversion of the single stranded form of the virus to the double stranded replicative form. In 2003, it was reported by
589:
As D protein is the most abundant gene transcript, it is the most abundant protein in the viral procapsid. Similarly, gene transcripts for F, J, and G are more abundant than for H as the
1194:"Alteration of the ATG start codon of the A protein of bacteriophage phi X174 into an ATT codon yields a viable phage indicating that A protein is not essential for phi X174 reproduction"
234:, from samples collected in Paris sewers. Its characterization and the study of its replication mechanism were carried out from the 1950s onwards. It was the first DNA-based
250:
used ΦX174 as a model to first prove that DNA synthesized in a test tube by purified enzymes could produce all the features of a natural virus, ushering in the age of
1355:
Wright BW, Ruan J, Molloy MP, Jaschke PR (November 2020). "Genome
Modularization Reveals Overlapped Gene Topology Is Necessary for Efficient Viral Reproduction".
315:
is 44% and 95% of nucleotides belong to coding genes. Because of the balance base pattern of the genome, it is used as the control DNA for
Illumina sequencers.
570:
1949:
850:
Fiers W, Sinsheimer RL (October 1962). "The structure of the DNA of bacteriophage phi-X174. III. Ultracentrifugal evidence for a ring structure".
2166:
799:
Sanger F, Air GM, Barrell BG, Brown NL, Coulson AR, Fiddes CA, et al. (February 1977). "Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA".
552:
of the bacterial host at high concentrations as the predicted N-terminal transmembrane helix easily pokes holes through the bacterial wall. By
1178:
1605:"Uncoupling the functions of a multifunctional protein: the isolation of a DNA pilot protein mutant that affects particle morphogenesis"
338:
Phage ΦX174 has been used to try to establish the absence of undiscovered genetic information through a "proof by synthesis" approach.
529:
on the bacterial host cell surface. H protein (or the DNA Pilot
Protein) pilots the viral genome through the bacterial membrane of
573:
intermediate. This is done as the phage genome supercoils and the secondary structure formed by such supercoiling attracts a
246:
and Robert
Sinsheimer had already demonstrated the physical, covalently closed circularity of ΦX174 DNA. Nobel prize winner
884:
National
Library of Medicine Profiles in Science. The Arthur Kornberg Papers. "Creating Life in the Test Tube," 1959-1970.
2157:
1527:
Jazwinski SM, Lindberg AA, Kornberg A (July 1975). "The lipopolysaccharide receptor for bacteriophage phiX174 and S13".
1511:
291:
664:
1498:
Fane BA, Brentlinger KL, Burch AD, Chen M, Hafenstein S, Moore E, Novak CR, Uchiyama A (2006). "ɸX174 et al., the
1953:
1017:"Generating a synthetic genome by whole genome assembly: phiX174 bacteriophage from synthetic oligonucleotides"
560:
domains which has a significant homology to known transcription factors. Additionally, it was determined that
17:
885:
680:
593:
for these structural proteins is 5:5:5:1. The primosomes are protein complexes which attach/bind the enzyme
539:
helix. However, it has become apparent that H protein is a multifunctional protein. This is the only viral
59:
1646:"The expression of N-terminal deletion DNA pilot proteins inhibits the early stages of phiX174 replication"
543:
protein of ΦX174 to lack a crystal structure for a couple of reasons. It has low aromatic content and high
686:ΦX174 has also been modified to enable peptide display (phage display) from the viral capsid G protein.
387:
1693:
McKenna R, Xia D, Willingmann P, Ilag LL, Krishnaswamy S, Rossmann MG, et al. (January 1992).
586:
proteins. The A protein cleaves the complete genome every time it recognises the origin sequence.
2201:
275:
from synthesized oligonucleotides. The ΦX174 virus particle has also been successfully assembled
227:
1975:
1695:"Atomic structure of single-stranded DNA bacteriophage phi X174 and its functional implications"
740:
2171:
2119:
966:"Conversion of phiX174 viral DNA to double-stranded form by purified Escherichia coli proteins"
623:
41:
2196:
1241:
Hecht A, Glasgow J, Jaschke PR, Bawazer LA, Munson MS, Cochran JR, et al. (April 2017).
619:
1192:
Baas PD, Liewerink H, van
Teeffelen HA, van Mansfeld AD, van Boom JH, Jansz HS (June 1987).
1706:
1125:"A fully decompressed synthetic bacteriophage øX174 genome assembled and archived in yeast"
1028:
910:
808:
536:
54:
8:
517:
Identification of all ΦX174 proteins using mass spectrometry has recently been reported.
1906:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
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2017:
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1621:
1604:
1467:
1450:
1141:
1124:
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2066:
2051:"Engineering Modular Viral Scaffolds for Targeted Bacterial Population Editing"
1404:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1310:
1021:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
970:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
903:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
712:
668:
652:
579:
553:
401:
Inhibits host cell DNA replication; blocks superinfecting phage; not essential
255:
2102:
1368:
1096:
899:"Enzymatic synthesis of DNA, XXIV. Synthesis of infectious phage phi-X174 DNA"
2190:
1318:
764:
590:
495:
Binds to new single-stranded phage DNA; accompanies phage DNA into procapsid
347:
300:
213:
1853:"Horizontal gene transfer and the evolution of microvirid coliphage genomes"
1416:
1041:
982:
597:
on the template. Primosomes gives RNA primers for DNA synthesis to strands.
2084:
2035:
1935:
1917:
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1837:
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144:
132:
120:
108:
96:
84:
1736:
1548:
1219:
1001:
950:
741:"Vladimir Sertić: forgotten pioneer of virology and bacteriophage therapy"
578:
positive strand by a virus-encoded A protein, also attracting a bacterial
2151:
1661:
1400:"Definitive demonstration by synthesis of genome annotation completeness"
1258:
1123:
Jaschke PR, Lieberman EK, Rodriguez J, Sierra A, Endy D (December 2012).
828:
557:
259:
239:
217:
188:
1293:
Wright, Bradley W.; Molloy, Mark P.; Jaschke, Paul R. (5 October 2021).
390:; ligates ends of linear phage DNA to form single-stranded circular DNA
271:
group that the genome of ΦX174 was the first to be completely assembled
1050:
312:
308:
1644:
Ruboyianes MV, Chen M, Dubrava MS, Cherwa JE, Fane BA (October 2009).
1243:"Measurements of translation initiation from all 64 codons in E. coli"
1191:
745:
Notes and Records: the Royal Society Journal of the History of Science
1718:
932:
820:
574:
410:
2113:
2136:
1902:"Experimental evolution of viruses: Microviridae as a model system"
606:
594:
1801:
1802:
Benbow RM, Hutchison CA, Fabricant JD, Sinsheimer RL (May 1971).
544:
360:
2002:"PhiXing-it, displaying foreign peptides on bacteriophage ΦX174"
1015:
Smith HO, Hutchison CA, Pfannkoch C, Venter JC (December 2003).
1398:
Jaschke PR, Dotson GA, Hung KS, Liu D, Endy D (November 2019).
1122:
1081:
540:
531:
235:
2000:
Christakos KJ, Chapman JA, Fane BA, Campos SK (January 2016).
1014:
549:
449:
71:
1851:
Rokyta DR, Burch CL, Caudle SB, Wichman HA (February 2006).
1451:"A high-resolution map of bacteriophage ϕX174 transcription"
706:
437:
External scaffolding protein involved in procapsid assembly
415:
Internal scaffolding protein involved in procapsid assembly
1999:
1643:
1506:(2nd ed.). New York: Oxford Univ. Press. p. 130.
583:
330:
The first half of the ΦX174 genome features high levels of
1240:
226:. This virus was isolated in 1935 by Nicolas Bulgakov in
180:
1692:
1526:
896:
304:
1850:
1497:
1354:
295:
Genome of the bacteriophage ΦX174 showing its 11 genes
283:
can be fully decompressed and still remain functional.
897:
Goulian M, Kornberg A, Sinsheimer RL (December 1967).
1564:"The HMMTOP transmembrane topology prediction server"
1295:"Overlapping genes in natural and engineered genomes"
798:
739:
Lacković, Zdravko; Toljan, Karlo (20 December 2020).
2049:
Ando H, Lemire S, Pires DP, Lu TK (September 2015).
1397:
702:
1292:
1942:
1749:
327:and therefore this gene may in fact be essential.
2048:
1950:"Using a PhiX Control for HiSeq® Sequencing Runs"
1164:
1162:
1160:
27:A single-stranded DNA virus that infects bacteria
2188:
695:expression dysregulation, and heat sensitivity.
535:bacteria most likely via a predicted N-terminal
1602:
849:
1752:"Point mutation rate of bacteriophage PhiX174"
1750:Cuevas JM, Duffy S, Sanjuán R (October 2009).
1157:
963:
738:
629:
1797:
1795:
1179:National Center for Biotechnology Information
679:ΦX174 is also used to test the resistance of
1899:
1561:
1448:
238:to be sequenced. This work was completed by
1603:Cherwa JE, Young LN, Fane BA (March 2011).
843:
484:DNA pilot protein (or minor spike protein)
1792:
957:
40:
2074:
2025:
1925:
1876:
1827:
1775:
1726:
1669:
1620:
1579:
1466:
1425:
1415:
1326:
1266:
1209:
1140:
1058:
1040:
991:
981:
940:
922:
772:
646:
525:Infection begins when G protein binds to
2100:
290:
187:
179:
556:, this protein contains four predicted
279:. In 2012, it was shown how its highly
14:
2189:
1804:"Genetic Map of Bacteriophage phiX174"
1562:Tusnády GE, Simon I (September 2001).
1174:"Complete genome: accession NC_001422"
303:has a sense circular single-stranded
2118:
2117:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1288:
1286:
964:Wickner S, Hurwitz J (October 1974).
1900:Wichman HA, Brown CJ (August 2010).
1449:Logel DY, Jaschke PR (August 2020).
1118:
1116:
1114:
794:
792:
689:
506:Optimizes burst size; not essential
49:Electron micrograph of phage ΦX174
24:
1343:
1283:
634:ΦX174 is closely related to other
520:
25:
2213:
2094:
1111:
789:
705:
658:
613:
600:
341:
58:
2042:
1993:
1968:
1893:
1869:10.1128/JB.188.3.1134-1142.2006
1844:
1743:
1686:
1637:
1596:
1581:10.1093/bioinformatics/17.9.849
1555:
1520:
1491:
1442:
1391:
1234:
1185:
1182:. Retrieved on 30 January 2016.
655:in many evolution experiments.
242:and his team in 1977. In 1962,
184:Structure of phage ΦX174 capsid
1075:
1008:
890:
878:
732:
13:
1:
1976:"PPE-Info – Standard Details"
1168:Enterobacteria phage phiX174
864:10.1016/S0022-2836(62)80031-X
726:
681:personal protective equipment
663:ΦX174 is regularly used as a
198:Phix174microvirus
2128:Enterobacteria phage phiX174
2101:Goodsell D (February 2000).
1820:10.1128/JVI.7.5.549-558.1971
1541:10.1016/0042-6822(75)90197-x
1211:10.1016/0014-5793(87)81030-x
1085:Journal of Molecular Biology
852:Journal of Molecular Biology
7:
2018:10.1016/j.virol.2015.11.021
1768:10.1534/genetics.109.106005
1622:10.1016/j.virol.2010.12.026
1468:10.1016/j.virol.2020.05.008
1142:10.1016/j.virol.2012.09.020
698:
630:Phylogenetics and diversity
618:PhiX174 is able to undergo
512:
354:
194:Sinsheimervirus
10:
2218:
2067:10.1016/j.cels.2015.08.013
1952:. Illumina. Archived from
1311:10.1038/s41576-021-00417-w
388:rolling circle replication
216:is a single-stranded DNA (
2158:Escherichia virus phiX174
2126:
1369:10.1021/acssynbio.0c00323
1097:10.1016/j.jmb.2011.07.070
651:ΦX174 has been used as a
386:Nicks RF DNA to initiate
286:
53:
48:
39:
32:
1502:". In Calender R (ed.).
318:
2103:"Bacteriophage phiX174"
1857:Journal of Bacteriology
1417:10.1073/pnas.1905990116
1299:Nature Reviews Genetics
1042:10.1073/pnas.2237126100
983:10.1073/pnas.71.10.4120
683:to bloodborne viruses.
641:
192:Schematic drawing of a
171:Escherichia virus ΦX174
34:Escherichia virus ΦX174
1918:10.1098/rstb.2010.0053
1247:Nucleic Acids Research
924:10.1073/pnas.58.6.2321
757:10.1098/rsnr.2019.0010
647:Experimental evolution
624:crossover interference
296:
201:
185:
2107:Molecule of the Month
1357:ACS Synthetic Biology
620:genetic recombination
462:Major capsid protein
294:
230:'s laboratory at the
220:) virus that infects
191:
183:
1662:10.1128/JVI.01077-09
537:transmembrane domain
473:Major spike protein
55:Virus classification
1711:1992Natur.355..137M
1650:Journal of Virology
1410:(48): 24206–24213.
1172:, complete genome.
1033:2003PNAS..10015440S
915:1967PNAS...58.2321G
813:1977Natur.265..687S
527:lipopolysaccharides
1912:(1552): 2495–501.
1504:The Bacteriophages
1259:10.1093/nar/gkx070
571:negative sense DNA
297:
281:overlapping genome
202:
186:
122:Malgrandaviricetes
2182:
2181:
2120:Taxon identifiers
1956:on 9 January 2019
1363:(11): 3079–3090.
721:Bacteriophage MS2
690:Synthetic Biology
510:
509:
359:ΦX174 encodes 11
252:synthetic biology
232:Pasteur Institute
178:
177:
16:(Redirected from
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807:(5596): 687–95.
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665:positive control
434:240 in procapsid
366:
365:
307:genome of 5,386
254:. In 1972–1974,
223:Escherichia coli
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228:Félix d'Hérelle
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158:Sinsheimervirus
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2095:External links
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2061:(3): 187–196.
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1863:(3): 1134–42.
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599:
580:DNA polymerase
554:bioinformatics
522:
519:
514:
511:
508:
507:
504:
501:
497:
496:
493:
490:
486:
485:
482:
479:
475:
474:
471:
468:
464:
463:
460:
457:
453:
452:
446:
443:
439:
438:
435:
432:
428:
427:
426:DNA packaging
424:
421:
417:
416:
413:
407:
403:
402:
399:
396:
392:
391:
384:
381:
377:
376:
373:
370:
356:
353:
343:
340:
320:
317:
288:
285:
269:Craig Venter's
256:Jerard Hurwitz
176:
175:
168:
166:
162:
161:
154:
150:
149:
142:
138:
137:
130:
126:
125:
118:
114:
113:
106:
102:
101:
94:
90:
89:
82:
75:
74:
69:
65:
64:
51:
50:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
18:Phi-X174 phage
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2214:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2185:
2173:
2168:
2164:
2159:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2138:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2116:
2108:
2104:
2099:
2098:
2086:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2045:
2037:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1996:
1981:
1977:
1971:
1955:
1951:
1945:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1896:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1847:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1814:(5): 549–58.
1813:
1809:
1805:
1798:
1796:
1787:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1746:
1738:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1689:
1681:
1677:
1672:
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1663:
1659:
1655:
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1647:
1640:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1599:
1591:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1574:(9): 849–50.
1573:
1569:
1565:
1558:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1535:(1): 268–82.
1534:
1530:
1523:
1515:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1494:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1445:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1394:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1289:
1287:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1237:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1204:(1): 119–25.
1203:
1199:
1195:
1188:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1135:(2): 278–84.
1134:
1130:
1126:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1091:(3): 387–96.
1090:
1086:
1078:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1011:
1003:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
975:
971:
967:
960:
952:
948:
943:
938:
934:
930:
925:
920:
916:
912:
909:(6): 2321–8.
908:
904:
900:
893:
887:
881:
873:
869:
865:
861:
858:(4): 424–34.
857:
853:
846:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
795:
793:
784:
780:
775:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
735:
731:
722:
719:
718:
714:
708:
703:
696:
687:
684:
682:
677:
675:
670:
666:
659:Biotechnology
656:
654:
639:
637:
627:
625:
621:
614:Recombination
611:
608:
601:Mutation rate
598:
596:
592:
591:stoichiometry
587:
585:
581:
576:
572:
566:
563:
559:
555:
551:
546:
542:
538:
534:
533:
528:
518:
505:
502:
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389:
385:
382:
379:
378:
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371:
368:
367:
364:
362:
352:
349:
348:transcriptome
346:In 2020, the
342:Transcriptome
339:
336:
333:
328:
326:
316:
314:
311:. The genome
310:
306:
302:
301:bacteriophage
293:
284:
282:
278:
274:
270:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
224:
219:
215:
214:bacteriophage
211:
207:
199:
195:
190:
182:
173:
172:
167:
164:
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155:
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128:
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119:
116:
115:
112:
111:
107:
104:
103:
100:
99:
95:
92:
91:
88:
87:
83:
80:
77:
76:
73:
70:
67:
66:
61:
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
35:
31:
19:
2197:Microviridae
2184:
2127:
2106:
2058:
2055:Cell Systems
2054:
2044:
2009:
2005:
1995:
1983:. Retrieved
1980:wwwn.cdc.gov
1979:
1970:
1958:. Retrieved
1954:the original
1944:
1909:
1905:
1895:
1860:
1856:
1846:
1811:
1807:
1762:(2): 747–9.
1759:
1755:
1745:
1702:
1698:
1688:
1653:
1649:
1639:
1612:
1608:
1598:
1571:
1567:
1557:
1532:
1528:
1522:
1503:
1500:Microviridae
1499:
1493:
1458:
1454:
1444:
1407:
1403:
1393:
1360:
1356:
1302:
1298:
1250:
1246:
1236:
1201:
1198:FEBS Letters
1197:
1187:
1177:
1169:
1132:
1128:
1088:
1084:
1077:
1024:
1020:
1010:
973:
969:
959:
906:
902:
892:
880:
855:
851:
845:
804:
800:
748:
744:
734:
693:
685:
678:
662:
650:
636:microviridae
633:
617:
604:
588:
567:
561:
530:
524:
516:
492:60 in virion
481:12 in virion
470:60 in virion
459:60 in virion
358:
345:
337:
332:gene overlap
329:
324:
322:
298:
276:
272:
264:Reed Wickner
244:Walter Fiers
221:
209:
205:
203:
197:
193:
170:
169:
157:
156:
146:Microviridae
145:
134:Petitvirales
133:
121:
110:Phixviricota
109:
97:
86:Monodnaviria
85:
78:
68:(unranked):
33:
2152:Wikispecies
2109:. RCSB-PDB.
1615:(1): 9–14.
558:coiled-coil
309:nucleotides
260:Sue Wickner
240:Fred Sanger
98:Sangervirae
2191:Categories
1985:8 February
1170:sensu lato
727:References
448:Host cell
313:GC-content
2012:: 242–8.
1960:8 January
1485:219459208
1461:: 47–56.
1385:222300240
1319:1471-0064
765:0035-9149
575:primosome
411:procapsid
375:Function
206:phi X 174
165:Species:
93:Kingdom:
2172:11459739
2143:Q1063448
2137:Wikidata
2085:26973885
2036:26655242
2006:Virology
1936:20643739
1887:16428417
1838:16789129
1786:19652180
1756:Genetics
1680:19640994
1631:21227478
1609:Virology
1590:11590105
1529:Virology
1477:32560904
1455:Virology
1436:31719208
1377:33044064
1337:34611352
1277:28334756
1228:24174007
1151:23079106
1129:Virology
1105:21840317
1069:14657399
872:13945085
783:33177747
699:See also
674:Illumina
607:mutation
595:helicase
513:Proteome
361:proteins
355:Proteins
277:in vitro
273:in vitro
200:) virion
141:Family:
105:Phylum:
2076:4785837
2027:6191337
1927:2935103
1878:1347346
1808:J Virol
1777:2766332
1737:1370343
1728:4167681
1707:Bibcode
1671:2748053
1549:1094681
1427:6883844
1328:8490965
1268:5397182
1220:2954853
1051:3149024
1029:Bibcode
1002:4610569
951:4873588
911:Bibcode
837:4206886
809:Bibcode
774:7653334
562:de novo
545:glycine
369:Protein
325:E. coli
153:Genus:
129:Order:
117:Class:
2083:
2073:
2034:
2024:
1934:
1924:
1885:
1875:
1836:
1829:356162
1826:
1784:
1774:
1735:
1725:
1699:Nature
1678:
1668:
1629:
1588:
1547:
1510:
1483:
1475:
1434:
1424:
1383:
1375:
1335:
1325:
1317:
1275:
1265:
1226:
1218:
1149:
1103:
1067:
1060:307586
1057:
1049:
1000:
993:434340
990:
949:
942:223838
939:
931:
870:
835:
829:870828
827:
801:Nature
781:
771:
763:
541:capsid
532:E.coli
409:60 in
372:Copies
287:Genome
262:, and
236:genome
2167:IRMNG
1481:S2CID
1381:S2CID
1224:S2CID
1047:JSTOR
933:58720
929:JSTOR
833:S2CID
550:lysis
450:lysis
319:Genes
299:This
218:ssDNA
210:ΦX174
196:(aka
79:Realm
72:Virus
2081:PMID
2032:PMID
1987:2019
1962:2019
1932:PMID
1883:PMID
1834:PMID
1782:PMID
1733:PMID
1676:PMID
1627:PMID
1586:PMID
1545:PMID
1508:ISBN
1473:PMID
1432:PMID
1373:PMID
1333:PMID
1315:ISSN
1273:PMID
1216:PMID
1147:PMID
1101:PMID
1065:PMID
998:PMID
947:PMID
886:link
868:PMID
825:PMID
779:PMID
761:ISSN
642:Uses
605:The
584:SSBP
208:(or
204:The
2071:PMC
2063:doi
2022:PMC
2014:doi
2010:488
1922:PMC
1914:doi
1910:365
1873:PMC
1865:doi
1861:188
1824:PMC
1816:doi
1772:PMC
1764:doi
1760:183
1723:PMC
1715:doi
1703:355
1666:PMC
1658:doi
1617:doi
1613:411
1576:doi
1537:doi
1463:doi
1459:547
1422:PMC
1412:doi
1408:116
1365:doi
1323:PMC
1307:doi
1263:PMC
1255:doi
1206:doi
1202:218
1137:doi
1133:434
1093:doi
1089:412
1055:PMC
1037:doi
1025:100
988:PMC
978:doi
937:PMC
919:doi
860:doi
817:doi
805:265
769:PMC
753:doi
667:in
626:).
305:DNA
2193::
2169::
2154::
2139::
2105:.
2079:.
2069:.
2057:.
2053:.
2030:.
2020:.
2008:.
2004:.
1978:.
1930:.
1920:.
1908:.
1904:.
1881:.
1871:.
1859:.
1855:.
1832:.
1822:.
1810:.
1806:.
1794:^
1780:.
1770:.
1758:.
1754:.
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1570:.
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1531:.
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1471:.
1457:.
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1430:.
1420:.
1406:.
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1379:.
1371:.
1359:.
1345:^
1331:.
1321:.
1313:.
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1301:.
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1285:^
1271:.
1261:.
1251:45
1249:.
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1200:.
1196:.
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1159:^
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777:.
767:.
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395:A*
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2038:.
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1989:.
1964:.
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862::
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503:—
500:K
489:J
478:H
467:G
456:F
445:—
442:E
431:D
423:—
420:C
406:B
398:—
383:—
380:A
20:)
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