765:
465:
53:
1280:. In the story, Ardashir makes off with much Ardavan's treasure, as well as Ardavan's favourite concubine, and is being chased by Ardavan and his troops. On the road, Ardavan and his contingent are overtaken by an enormous ram, which is also following Ardashir. Ardavan's religious advisors explain that the ram is the manifestation of the
546:
concept literally denoting "glory" or "splendour" but understood as a divine mystical force or power projected upon and aiding the appointed. The neuter noun thus also connotes "(divine) royal glory", reflecting the perceived divine empowerment of kings. The term also carries a secondary meaning of
1128:
60.2, the family priest is seen to request joy and blessings for the righteous, good nature, truth, prosperity, power, and glory for the house in which he offers prayers. The hymn to Mithra speaks of the divinity as the "dispenser of
1397:"The fundamental motif of Iranian kingship, a hereditary dynastic charisma , which, could however be lost, was at the root of ideas that were widespread in the Hellenistic and Roman periods." For example, as the
1334:
by placing the crown on the head of a false ruler. Another ubiquitous motif in
Sassanian art is the symbol of a boar, which is a representation of the protection of the
1436:
circulated in the same areas and have many characteristics in common, it is possible that the
Mesopotamian concept influenced the Zoroastrian one. On the other hand,
741:
and its loss usually led to the monarch's imminent death or overthrow in
Georgian kingship. Many of the monarchs had names based on this etymological root like
1352:. This is also the case for the ring held by the bearded figure in the Achaemenid winged sun-disk symbol that is traditionally considered to represent a
493:
208:
1538:
Rapp, S. H. Jr. (2016) The
Sasanian World Through Georgian Eyes, Caucasia and the Iranian Commonwealth in Late Antique Georgian Literature,
1024:, that is, itself "worthy of worship." The same hymn includes a list of divinities and mortals who perform their duties due to the power of
633:
1319:
is also attested in the
Paikuli inscription of Narseh, which describes the punishment meted out to an individual who has been "driven by
1786:
1373:– in addition to its significance as "royal fortune" – also signified "fortune" in a general sense is demonstrated by the use of an
1239:
I.25, I.35-36), but its primary function is in its role as the divine glory of kings, the continuation of the
Avestan notion of the
1603:
1578:
1551:
1272:, includes (4.11.16 and 4.11.22-23) a tale in which Ardashir – who at that point in the story is still a vassal of the
901:, the oldest hymns of Zoroastrianism and considered to have been composed by the prophet himself. The one instance of Gathic
1570:
The
Iranian Expanse: Transforming Royal Identity through Architecture, Landscape, and the Built Environment, 550 BCE–642 CE
486:
554:-era inscriptions as well as in the 9th- to 12th-century texts of Zoroastrian tradition, the word appears as Zoroastrian
415:
1839:
831:
signified a "position of a Buddha," that is, with "dignity" or "high position." This meaning subsequently passed into
1834:
1742:
de Jong, Albert (2004), "Sub Specie
Maiestatis: Reflections on Sasanian Court Rituals", in Stausberg, Michael (ed.),
1362:). The Achaemenid winged sun-disk has in its entirety also been occasionally been interpreted as a representation of
1596:
The
Sasanian World through Georgian Eyes: Caucasia and the Iranian Commonwealth in Late Antique Georgian Literature
479:
1811:
Sprache und Kultur. Akten der X. Fachtagung der
Indogermanischen Gesellschaft Innsbruck, 22.-28. September 1996
1260:
714:. The hypothesis has since been shown to be untenable, and the proto-Iranian form is today reconstructed as
1539:
750:
1117:, together with which it plays a seminal role in the legend of the birth of Zoroaster. In these passages,
445:
425:
1348:
The ring of kingship that appears in Sassanian investiture reliefs is often identified as representing
1273:
1284:
of the ancient Iranian kings, which is leaving Ardavan and the Parthians in favor of a new emperor.
400:
36:
17:
1225:
3.75). In these later texts, the glory appears to be acquirable through learning and knowledge (
1809:
Lubotsky, Alexander (1998), "Avestan xᵛarənah-: the etymology and concept", in Meid, W. (ed.),
1448:
in which kingship is likewise associated with the bright splendor and power of light and fire.
163:
450:
353:
819:, though in these languages the word does not necessarily signify "glory" or "fortune": In
589:. These variants, which are assumed to be learned borrowings from the Avestan, are the only
1794:
405:
348:
8:
1098:
832:
746:
734:
640:
375:
1711:
911:
51.18, where the word appears to mean royal glory. The primary source of information on
881:
1773:
788:
547:"(good) fortune"; those who possess it are able to complete their mission or function.
288:
218:
764:
1777:
1599:
1574:
1564:
1547:
877:
795:
781:
754:
654:
590:
1105:
is also associated with the waters in other texts; with the world-sea Vourukasha in
1829:
1765:
1295:
also appears in Sassanian crowns as a bird with a pearl in its beak. Depictions of
802:
706:
form was believed to represent a specific Median sound-law change of proto-Iranian
524:
380:
203:
198:
1756:: lautliche, morphologische und etymologische Probleme. Zum Stand der Forschung",
1291:
as a ram reappears on Sassanid seals and as an ornament in Sassanid architecture.
1137:
10.16, 10.128, 10.141). Other texts describe Mithra as "most endowed with glory" (
843:
signified "luck" and was a designator of the "first luminary". Manichean Parthian
1456:
1385:
and post-Sassanid periods. The custom of using this Aramic ideogram to represent
1269:
684:
469:
1476:
film "ФАРН" (en:Farn) produced for North Ossetian Television by Murat Dzhusoyty.
1440:
may also be a facet of Zoroastrianism's Indo-Iranian cultural inheritance since
1121:
has a seminal and germinal implication, being both fiery fluid and living seed.
1085:
13.14, the waters flow, the plants spring forth, and the winds blow through the
1769:
1414:
1205:
730:
666:
624:
562:
555:
543:
303:
298:
248:
188:
44:
1823:
1418:
1051:
860:
420:
213:
118:
780:
In the Iranian languages of the Middle Period, the word is also attested as
593:
forms with an initial 'xᵛ-'. In all other dialects, the word has an initial
1320:
867:
836:
646:"to shine". Other proposals suggest a linguistic relationship with Avestan
308:
293:
253:
183:
178:
143:
1401:
the saving grace (luck) of fortune of a king; and probably also the royal
1338:
1312:
1311:(MP: Jamshid), a metamorphosis similar to that of the yazata of victory,
1277:
1047:
991:
980:
688:
673:
583:
338:
193:
68:
1265:
1217:
1155:
1067:
852:
632:
with the same meaning, and together descending from Proto-Indo-Iranian
283:
173:
83:
1181:
At the final renovation of the world, the royal glory will follow the
1543:
1182:
1171:
848:
742:
333:
328:
93:
73:
52:
1491:
1410:
1382:
1354:
1143:
1090:
1071:
820:
769:
551:
464:
238:
233:
138:
1793:, vol. 9, Costa Mesa: Mazda, pp. 312–316, archived from
1568:
1486:
1473:
1374:
1308:
1078:
assumes the shape of a bird when leaving Yima. (19.35-36, 19.82)
1059:
972:
885:, but with a greater range of meaning than in Iranian languages.
809:
572:
539:
358:
278:
258:
98:
1167:
1063:
1055:
1020:
1001:
922:
898:
410:
368:
363:
223:
168:
123:
1211:) is a spiritual force that exists before the creation of the
1324:
1114:
996:
934:
917:
907:
856:
243:
228:
133:
128:
1158:, the demon of "evil purpose" attempts (but fails) to seize
1036:
s) – who are rulers through the grace of, and empowered by,
963:), glory that both divinities and mortals should strive for.
925:
collection of 21 hymns dedicated to individual divinities.
88:
78:
1276:– escapes from the court of the last Arsacid king,
1011:
1463:) in the culture, philosophy and epics of Islamic Iran.
1028:. Among these are the mythological Kayanian kings – the
994:
and that is "full of milk and pastures," vanquishes the
679:
then derives. In other Iranian dialects the word has an
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1200:
In the 9th-12th century texts of Zoroastrian tradition
1643:
1641:
1639:
1653:
533:
1683:
1459:, and remained a central motif (for instance as the
1636:
1520:
1508:
1264:, a collection of hagiographic legends related to
873:signified "peace, happiness, abundance, fortune."
1821:
1612:
598:
1624:
1573:. University of California Press. p. 114.
1299:as a bird are allusions to the Avestan myth of
1235:continues to be identified with astral bodies (
975:, is a short 9-verse ode to a third variant of
1109:19.51 and 19.56-57; with the Helmand river in
604:
1670:
1668:
1389:is probably inherited from Achaemenid times.
487:
1752:Gnoli, Gherardo (1996), "Über das iranische
1746:, Numen 102, Leiden: Brill, pp. 345–365
1243:. New in tradition is an identification of
657:in which the word is attested, the initial
1665:
1101:are invoked to bestow radiance and glory.
1046:is however also glory held by divinities:
494:
480:
51:
1455:survived the 7th century downfall of the
1409:of the various Hellenistic rulers of the
1808:
1618:
1251:-bestowing force of the pure religion" (
876:The term also appears as a borrowing in
763:
1741:
1659:
1392:
1341:(MP: Wahram) given to rulers that hold
1307:takes the shape of a bird as it leaves
1174:- the demoness of "sloth" – powerless (
613:is probably derived from Proto-Avestan
27:Divine mystical power in Zoroastrianism
14:
1822:
1563:
1784:
1751:
1731:
1698:
1677:
1647:
1630:
1526:
1514:
694:, from which Middle- and New Persian
1593:
1444:appears to have a parallel in Indic
1170:, the hypostasis of prayer, render
1113:19.66ff. It is also identified with
1010:19, which is nominally dedicated to
971:18, although nominally dedicated to
1381:in the Middle Persian texts of the
528:
416:Zoroastrianism in the United States
24:
1813:, Innsbruck: IBS, pp. 479–488
25:
1851:
753:. The word was borrowed into the
617:"to shine", nominalized with the
1598:. Routledge. pp. 151, 228.
1247:with religion, as in "the great
628:is in turn related to Old Indic
463:
1704:
1315:. The crown as a repository of
1195:
888:
1744:Zoroastrian Rituals in Context
1587:
1557:
1532:
1399:tyche basileos, fortuna regia,
1054:have it (19.14-20), the other
702:derive. For many decades, the
13:
1:
1497:
1466:
897:is only attested once in the
1758:Altorientalische Forschungen
1736:, vol. 1, Leiden: Brill
1594:Rapp, Stephen H. Jr (2014).
1540:Sam Houston State University
1062:loses it thrice, in turn to
847:again signifies "glory." In
776:("ΦΑΡΡΟ"). Circa 152-192 CE.
661:is evident only as Avestan
639:"to shine", ultimately from
7:
1480:
726:in other Iranian dialects.
605:Etymology and related terms
534:
446:Criticism of Zoroastrianism
426:Persecution of Zoroastrians
10:
1856:
1770:10.1524/aofo.1996.23.1.171
1417:periods as well as of the
1014:"Earth", further typifies
718:, preserved in Avestan as
578:"fortune". Middle Persian
1840:Iranian words and phrases
1734:History of Zoroastrianism
1451:The concept of the royal
1303:19.35-36, 19.82 in which
1835:Ancient Iranian religion
1785:Gnoli, Gherardo (1999),
1424:Because the concepts of
199:101 Names of Ahura Mazda
737:were divinely assigned
550:In 3rd- to 7th-century
1287:The representation of
1050:has it (19.9-13), the
949:), the fortune of the
928:Two distinct forms of
777:
683:form, for instance as
621:suffix. Proto-Avestan
164:Zoroastrian literature
1791:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1268:, the founder of the
1097:68.11, the waters of
990:) that is created by
953:s, the Kayanian kings
768:Coin of Kushan ruler
767:
451:Zoroastrian cosmology
401:Zoroastrians in India
157:Scripture and worship
1732:Boyce, Mary (1975),
1393:Syncretic influences
1261:Kar-namag i Ardashir
1058:as well (19.21-24).
957:akhvaretem khvarenah
722:and dissimilated as
561:, rendered with the
406:Zoroastrians in Iran
272:Accounts and legends
1215:, the mortal body (
932:are discernible in
735:Pharnavazid dynasty
665:and as Zoroastrian
641:Proto-Indo-European
597:(see details under
470:Religion portal
322:History and culture
1565:Canepa, Matthew P.
988:airiianəm xᵛarənah
961:axᵛarətəm xᵛarənah
778:
289:Book of Arda Viraf
219:Cypress of Kashmar
1716:www.kino-teatr.ru
1633:, pp. 66–68.
1605:978-1-4724-2552-2
1580:978-0-520-96436-5
1552:978-1-4724-2552-2
1274:Arsacid Parthians
755:Georgian language
655:Iranian languages
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947:kauuaēm xᵛarənah
653:Of the numerous
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1241:kavam khvarenah
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921:s, the younger
915:comes from the
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1206:Middle Persian
1197:
1194:
1178:10.97, 13.4).
1162:. The Iranian
1052:Amesha Spentas
965:
964:
954:
890:
887:
827:and Khotanese
731:Georgian kings
729:Pre-Christian
667:Middle Persian
606:
603:
556:Middle Persian
530:𐬓𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬥𐬀𐬵
511:(also spelled
502:
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214:Adur Gushnasp
212:
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38:
34:
33:
30:
19:
1810:
1799:, retrieved
1795:the original
1790:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1743:
1733:
1725:Bibliography
1715:
1706:
1674:
1660:de Jong 2004
1655:
1626:
1614:
1595:
1589:
1569:
1559:
1534:
1522:
1510:
1461:farr-e elahi
1460:
1452:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1432:and Aramaic
1429:
1425:
1423:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1396:
1386:
1378:
1370:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1353:
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1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1222:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1201:
1199:
1196:In tradition
1189:
1183:
1180:
1175:
1163:
1159:
1151:
1149:
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1138:
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1130:
1125:
1123:
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1106:
1102:
1094:
1086:
1082:
1080:
1075:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1019:
1015:
1007:
1006:
995:
987:
983:
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968:
966:
960:
956:
950:
946:
942:
933:
929:
927:
916:
912:
906:
902:
894:
892:
889:In scripture
880:
875:
870:
868:Iron-Ossetic
863:
844:
840:
837:Manicheanism
828:
824:
816:
812:
805:
798:
791:
784:
779:
773:
758:
738:
728:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
680:
676:
669:
662:
658:
652:
647:
643:
635:
629:
622:
618:
614:
610:
608:
594:
586:
579:
575:
566:
558:
549:
519:
518:
513:
512:
507:
506:
505:
309:Frashokereti
254:The Rivayats
209:Adur Farnbag
194:Fire Temples
184:Yenghe hatam
179:Ahuna Vairya
144:Angra Mainyu
29:
1764:: 171–180,
1339:Verethragna
1330:" to steal
1313:Verethragna
1099:Aredvi Sura
1048:Ahura Mazda
1002:Un-Iranians
992:Ahura Mazda
893:Bisyllabic
751:Pharasmanes
689:Old Persian
674:New Persian
663:khvar(e)nah
584:New Persian
544:Zoroastrian
542:word for a
339:Khurramites
89:Persia/Iran
74:Zarathustra
69:Ahura Mazda
1824:Categories
1801:2007-08-04
1787:"Farr(ah)"
1754:*hu̯arnah-
1699:Gnoli 1999
1678:Gnoli 1999
1648:Gnoli 1999
1631:Boyce 1975
1527:Gnoli 1996
1515:Gnoli 1999
1498:References
1467:In culture
1227:Bundahishn
1218:Bundahishn
1156:Akem Manah
1068:Thraetaona
1000:s and the
967:Similarly
905:occurs in
839:, Sogdian
823:, Sogdian
650:"to eat".
601:, below).
359:Initiation
174:Ashem Vohu
84:Vohu Manah
1778:163727744
1544:Routledge
1503:Citations
1472:The 1995
1442:khvarenah
1438:khvarenah
1426:khvarenah
1387:khvarenah
1377:ideogram
1364:khvarenah
1305:khvarenah
1229:II.9ff).
1202:khvarenah
1184:Saoshyant
1172:Bushyasta
1164:khvarenah
1160:khvarenah
1131:khvarenah
1119:khvarenah
1103:Khvarenah
1091:Fravashis
1087:khvarenah
1076:Khvarenah
1072:Keresaspa
1044:Khvarenah
1038:khvarenah
1026:khvarenah
1016:khvarenah
984:khvarenah
977:khvarenah
930:khvarenah
913:khvarenah
903:khvarenah
895:khvarenah
859:culture,
853:Sarmatian
833:Tocharian
789:Khotanese
747:Pharnajom
743:Pharnavaz
611:khvarenah
565:ideogram
520:xwarra(h)
514:khwarenah
508:Khvarenah
394:Adherents
354:Festivals
334:Mazdakism
329:Zurvanism
284:Bundahišn
94:Faravahar
1567:(2018).
1492:Shekinah
1481:See also
1474:Ossetian
1453:khwarrah
1430:khwarrah
1411:Seleucid
1383:Sassanid
1371:khwarrah
1355:fravashi
1350:khwarrah
1343:khwarrah
1332:khwarrah
1323:and the
1317:khwarrah
1297:khwarrah
1293:Khwarrah
1289:khwarrah
1282:khwarrah
1266:Ardashir
1249:khwarrah
1245:khwarrah
1233:Khwarrah
1223:Zadspram
1221:II.7ff,
1213:tan-gohr
1209:khwarrah
1192:19.89).
1147:19.15).
1144:Vendidad
923:Avesta's
878:Armenian
821:Buddhism
796:Parthian
782:Bactrian
770:Huvishka
739:kxwarrah
696:farr(ah)
670:khwarrah
609:Avestan
587:k(h)orra
580:khwarrah
559:khwarrah
552:Sassanid
538:) is an
535:xᵛarənah
376:Marriage
349:Calendar
239:Visperad
234:Vendidad
139:Fravashi
37:a series
35:Part of
1830:Yazatas
1487:Senmurv
1421:kings.
1415:Arsacid
1405:in the
1375:Aramaic
1360:fravahr
1321:Ahriman
1278:Ardavan
1154:19.46,
1141:19.35,
1089:of the
1056:yazatas
981:Iranian
973:Arshtat
810:Ossetic
803:Sogdian
785:far(r)o
733:of the
700:farrokh
692:farnah-
573:Aramaic
563:Pahlavi
540:Avestan
525:Avestan
279:Dēnkard
259:Ab-Zohr
124:Yazatas
99:Avestan
18:Pharnah
1776:
1602:
1577:
1550:
1542:, US,
1446:tejas,
1419:Kushan
1403:farrah
1336:yazata
1255:I.36)
1168:Dahman
1064:Mithra
1021:yazata
979:; the
899:Gathas
882:pʿarkʿ
849:Scytho
829:pharra
808:, and
806:f(a)rn
792:pharra
774:Pharro
685:Median
677:khorra
421:Iranis
411:Parsis
381:Burial
369:Sedreh
364:Kushti
244:Yashts
224:Gathas
169:Avesta
134:Daevas
129:Ahuras
1774:S2CID
1434:gd(y)
1407:tyche
1369:That
1358:(MP:
1301:Yasht
1190:Yasht
1176:Yasht
1152:Yasht
1139:Yasht
1135:Yasht
1126:Yasna
1115:Haoma
1111:Yasht
1107:Yasht
1095:Yasna
1093:. In
1083:Yasht
1034:kauui
1018:as a
1008:Yasht
997:daeva
969:Yasht
935:Yasht
918:Yasht
908:Yasna
864:farnæ
835:. In
813:farnæ
648:xᵛar-
644:*sóhr
636:súHr̥
615:*hvar
229:Yasna
1600:ISBN
1575:ISBN
1548:ISBN
1413:and
1309:Yima
1258:The
1166:and
1070:and
1060:Yima
1030:kavi
951:kavi
938:19:
871:farn
866:and
857:Alan
855:and
845:farh
825:farn
817:farn
815:and
799:farh
759:p'ar
749:and
716:*hu̯
687:and
630:svar
625:hvar
619:-nah
576:gada
79:Asha
1766:doi
1675:cf.
1379:GDE
1326:dev
1204:(→
1150:In
1133:" (
1124:In
1032:s (
1012:Zam
841:frn
757:as
720:xᵛ-
710:to
708:xᵛ-
659:xᵛ-
568:GDE
517:or
1826::
1789:,
1772:,
1762:23
1760:,
1714:,
1685:^
1667:^
1638:^
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1328:s
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