508:
432:
524:(canoe). Eleven days before the eruption, a boat full of tourists returning from the Terraces saw what appeared to be a waka approach their boat, only to disappear in the mist half a mile from them. One of the witnesses was a clergyman, a local Maori man from the Te Arawa iwi. Nobody around the lake owned such a war canoe, and nothing like it had been seen on the lake for many years. It is possible that the rise and fall of the lake level caused by pre-eruption fissures had freed a burial waka from its resting place. Traditionally, the dead were tied in an upright position. A number of letters have been published from the tourists who experienced the event.
161:
126:
119:
696:
684:
465:
660:
154:
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499:. This was due to the discovery of a previously unknown 1859 survey of Lake Rotomahana by Ferdinand von Hochstetter, which was deciphered and published between 2016 and 2019. This unique primary data indicate the Pink, Black and White Terrace locations now lie along the present lake shores. There is a prospect the terraces or sections of them, may lie buried, and as a result the terraces can no longer be assumed destroyed.
42:
423:. The total volume of material erupted was more than 5 times that of the 1886 eruption and has been stated to be at least 15 km (3.6 cu mi) of tephra. The Ruawahia (1,111 m (3,645 ft)), Tarawera(874 m (2,867 ft)), Wahanga (1,025 m (3,363 ft)) and Crater (1,095 m (3,593 ft)) Domes were formed.
287:. While the 1886 eruption was basaltic, study has shown there was only a small basalt component to the previous recent rhyolitic predominant eruptions. This eruption was one of New Zealand's largest historical eruptions, and killed an estimated 120 people. The fissures run for about 17 kilometres (11 mi) northeastâsouthwest.
484:, Totarariki, and Waingongoro, were buried or destroyed. Of these, Te Wairoa is now a tourist attraction and is described as the "buried village". The official death toll was reported as 153, and many more were displaced, making the eruption the most deadly in New Zealand history. The survivors became
376:
magmas with a total volume of about 5 cubic kilometres (1.2 cu mi) with the
Rerewhakaaitu Tephra having 15 rhyolitic fall units. The Southern (1,024 m (3,360 ft)) and Western (446 m (1,463 ft)) Domes were formed at this time and the lava excursion of 2 cubic kilometres
350:
The eruption that generated the Åkareka Tephra has been dated to 23,535 ± 300 years before the present. It had a tephra volume of about 12 cubic kilometres (2.9 cu mi) but may be less, generated in days or weeks at the most. The associated eruption mountain building appears to have been at
451:
Shortly after midnight on the morning of 10 June 1886, a series of more than 30 increasingly strong earthquakes were felt in the
Rotorua area and by 2:45 am Mount Tarawera's three peaks had erupted, blasting three distinct columns of smoke and ash thousands of metres into the sky At around 3.30 am,
398:
settlement about 1280 CE although more wide spread settlement is now believed to have not taken place until 1320 to 1350 AD. The
Plinian phase of this eruption consisted of 11 discrete episodes of VEI 4 although there are possibly two more discrete sub-Plinian phases in a two stage eruption from at
385:
The
Waiohau eruption occurred 14,009 ± 155 years ago (recently re-dated backward). The Kanakana (925 m (3,035 ft)) and Eastern (529 m (1,736 ft)) Domes were formed. The estimated total volume of the fifteen or more Waiohau Tephra eruptions and some lava is 2 cubic kilometres
371:
The
Rerewhakaaitu eruption has been recently re-dated forward to 17,496 ± 462 years ago, at about the time of the last glacial termination, with a tephra volume of about 7.5 cubic kilometres (1.8 cu mi). Other historic sources suggested a higher volume. It involved three
545:
Map of Mount
Tarawera with Åkataina deposits in the years after the Rotoiti eruption with darker shading of violet for more recent. Clicking on the map enlarges it, and enables panning and mouseover of name/wikilink and ages before present. Key for the
1103:
351:
both ends of the complex and includes present features at the eastern end such as the
Rotomahana Dome (434 m (1,424 ft)) and Patiti Island (peak is 404 m (1,325 ft) high) which is in the middle of
460:
appeared to be obliterated. Recent research using mathematical modelling of events during the later
Rotomahana eruption phase, is consistent with eyewitness accounts; describing it resembling a pot boiling over.
355:. Lava fields at the western end came from sources most likely buried in the Waiohau eruption, have a volume of at least 5 cubic kilometres (1.2 cu mi), and would have taken several years to form. The
1277:
1072:
Hodgson K.A.; Nairn I.A. (September 2005). "The c. AD 1315 syn-eruption and AD 1904 post-eruption breakout floods from Lake
Tarawera, Haroharo caldera, North Island, New Zealand".
1037:
Nairn I.A.; Shane P.R.; Cole J.W.; Leonard G.J.; Self S.; Pearson N. (2004). "Rhyolite magma processes of the ~AD 1315 Kaharoa eruption episode, Tarawera volcano, New
Zealand".
881:"Pyroclastic stratigraphy and eruption dynamics of the 21.9 ka Okareka and 17.6 ka Rerewhakaaitu eruption episodes from Tarawera Volcano, Okataina Volcanic Centre, New Zealand"
403:(DRE) was at least 9.1 km (2.2 cu mi). It distributed the Kaharoa Tephra, very low in the essential mineral cobalt (lack of cobalt is a factor in New Zealand
944:
Speed, J.; Shane, P.; Nairn, I. (2002). "Volcanic stratigraphy and phase chemistry of the 11 900 yr BP Waiohau eruptive episode, Tarawera Volcanic Complex, New Zealand".
1690:
1219:
1528:
Bunn, Rex; Nolden, Sascha (2018-01-02). "Forensic cartography with Hochstetter's 1859 Pink and White Terraces survey: Te Otukapuarangi and Te Tarata".
535:
on the water, caused by seismic activity below the lake, but locals believe that a future eruption will be signalled by the reappearance of the waka.
683:
74:
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1401:
337:. In 2002, the group and their lessee stopped previously free public access to the mountain. This decision caused angst among Rotorua residents.
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The volcano's component domes include Ruawahia Dome (the highest at 1,111 metres), Tarawera Dome and Wahanga Dome. It is surrounded by
1748:
1464:
782:"Multiple rhyolite magmas and basalt injection in the 17.7 ka Rerewhakaaitu eruption episode from Tarawera volcanic complex, New Zealand"
1122:"An ashy septingentenarian: the Kaharoa tephra turns 700 (with notes on its volcanological, archaeological, and historical importance)"
712:
1493:"Te Tarata and Te Otukapuarangi: Reverse engineering Hochstetter's Lake Rotomahana Survey to map the Pink and White Terrace locations"
507:
1181:"Deposition and generation of multiple widespread fall units from the c. AD 1314 Kaharoa rhyolitic eruption, Tarawera, New Zealand"
1638:
Seebeck, H. A.; Nicol, P.; Villamor, J.Ristau; Pettinga, J. (2014). "Structure and kinematics of the Taupo Rift, New Zealand".
695:
1743:
527:
Though skeptics maintained that it was a freak reflection seen on the mist, tribal elders at Te Wairoa claimed that it was a
118:
1145:"Probabilistic modeling of tephra dispersal: Hazard assessment of a multiphase rhyolitic eruption at Tarawera, New Zealand"
988:"Volcano-tectonic interactions at the southern margin of the Okataina Volcanic Centre, TaupÅ Volcanic Zone, New Zealand"
1703:
1415:
Keam, Ronald F. (March 2016). "The Tarawera eruption, Lake Rotomahana, and the origin of the Pink and White Terraces".
1718:
1377:
1239:
613:
1307:
Approaches in Experimental Volcanology: Bench-Scale, Field-Scale and Mathematical Modelling of Maar-Diatreme Systems
624:
of the 1886 eruption is 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) long and extends from the eruptive fissure of Mount Tarawera to
480:
around the Ariki arm of Lake Tarawera, including Moura, Koutu, Kokotaia, Piripai, Pukekiore and Otuapane, Tapahoro,
153:
717:
845:"Pre-conference tephra data workshop â Hands-on session II: tephra excursion, Okareka Loop Road (29 January 2023)"
1763:
1733:
1572:
446:
284:
1768:
922:
495:. However, 125 years after the eruption a small portion of the Pink Terraces was reportedly rediscovered under
812:
1255:
763:
629:
17:
1322:
1143:
Bonadonna, C.; Connor, C. B.; Houghton, B. F.; Connor, L.; Byrne, M.; Laing, A.; Hincks, T.K. (2005-03-15).
431:
1738:
1224:
Thordarson, T.; Self, S.; Larsen, G.; Rowland, S. K.; Hoskuldsson, A. (Eds.). Geological Society of London.
377:(0.48 cu mi) again lasted for several years after the much shorter tephra phase of the eruption.
67:
235:
1144:
439:
386:(0.48 cu mi). During one of the eruptions structural collapse of the then mountain occurred.
1621:
394:
Mount Tarawera erupted 1314±12 CE in the Kaharoa eruption. This was just a few years after the first
1104:"Introduction to Tephra-Derived Soils and Farming, Waikato-Bay of Plenty, North Island, New Zealand"
924:
Eruption Processes of the Okareka and Rerewhakaaitu eruption episodes; Tarawera Volcano, New Zealand
880:
659:
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722:
1346:
492:
457:
202:
1180:
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294:, most of which were created or drastically altered by the 1886 eruption. These include Lakes
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531:(spirit canoe) and was a portent of doom. It has been suggested that the waka was actually a
400:
1699:
1424:
1046:
844:
412:
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8:
1728:
1685:
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Nairn, I. and Houghton, B. F. (1986) âTarawera- the 1886 eruptionâ in Perry, J. F. (Ed.)
481:
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192:
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671:
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360:
266:
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1220:"Volcanism in the central Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand: tempo, styles and controls"
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least two different vents along a 8 km (5.0 mi) long fissure. The total
326:
runs northeastwards across the northern flank of the mountain from Lake Tarawera.
307:
982:
Berryman, Kelvin; Villamor, Pilar; Nairn, Ian.A.; Begg, John; Alloway, Brent V.;
625:
496:
352:
299:
620:. This rhyolitic segment is dominated by explosive caldera. The actual basaltic
395:
311:
1449:
Keam R. F. and Lloyd, E. F. (2016) âPost-1886-eruption Rotomahana hot springsâ
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the largest phase of the eruption commenced; vents at Rotomahana produced a
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Satellite view of Lake Rotorua; Mount Tarawera is in the lower right corner
547:
520:
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1596:"Hochstetter's Survey of the Pink and White Terraces: the Final Iteration"
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that destroyed several villages within a 6 kilometer radius, and the
1694:
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1231:
1218:
Wilson, C. J. N.; Gravley, D. M.; Leonard, G. S.; Rowland, J. V. (2009).
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1036:
262:
1465:"Scientists find Pink Terraces â NZ's lost 'eighth wonder of the world'"
579:
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416:
277:
207:
780:
Shane, Phil; Martin, S.B.; Smith, Victoria C.; Beggs, K.R. (2007).
575:
373:
334:
274:
1681:
1618:"Rotorua NZ â Explore Rotorua â Natural and cultural attracitions"
491:
The eruption was also believed to have destroyed the world-famous
270:
254:
518:
One legend surrounding the 1886 eruption is that of the phantom
1179:
Sahetapy-Engel, S.; Self, S.; Carey, R.J.; Nairn, I.A. (2014).
566:
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469:
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57:
1142:
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1217:
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Darragh, Miles; Cole, Jim; Nairn, Ian; Shane, Phil (2006).
41:
981:
602: postulated sub calderas of Cole et al. 2009 onwards
1570:
1280:. Department of Conservation, Government of New Zealand.
1677:
Global Volcanism Program page for Tarawera and Okataina
1071:
813:"120 years on, rumblings grow over Mt Tarawera access"
359:
is a separate, but adjacent volcanic structure in the
1174:
1172:
1170:
878:
779:
632:. The dyke and linear line of vents align with the
280:that were fissured down the middle by an explosive
1462:
1292:Tarawera Eruption Centennial Exhibition 1886â1986,
1167:
596: Åkataina Volcanic Centre with its embayments
1256:"On this day: Tarawera volcanic eruption in 1886"
1710:
1367:
943:
628:and has a remnant hydrothermal hot spot in the
1633:
1631:
1417:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
1370:Tarawera the volcanic eruption of 10 June 1886
1136:
1039:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
992:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
977:
975:
786:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
1691:Okataina Volcanic Centre/ Mt Tarawera Volcano
1074:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics
946:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics
916:
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885:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics
874:
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476:Settlements inhabited by NgÄti Rangitihi and
265:within the older but volcanically productive
1149:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
1126:Geoscience Society of New Zealand Newsletter
701:Mount Tarawera standing behind Lake Tarawera
512:The Phantom Canoe: A Legend of Lake Tarawera
1628:
1530:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand
1400:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1119:
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986:; Lee, Julie; Capote, Ramon (2022-07-01).
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713:List of mountains of New Zealand by height
269:. Located 24 kilometres southeast of
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1491:Bunn, Rex; Nolden, Sascha (2016-12-20).
1278:"Mt Tarawera eruption 125th anniversary"
1113:
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770:
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430:
415:and through beyond Tarawera to northern
1303:
1294:Rotorua District Council, Rotorua, 204.
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735:
329:In 2000, the mountain was ceded to the
46:Fissure formed during the 1886 eruption
14:
1711:
1463:NZPA and NBR staff (2 February 2011).
1368:Keam (1932â2019, Ronald Frank (1988).
160:
125:
1754:Mountains of the Bay of Plenty Region
1724:Volcanoes of the Bay of Plenty Region
1310:(Thesis thesis). University of Otago.
843:Lowe, David; Ilanko, Tehnuka (2023).
810:
1593:
1414:
363:responsible for the Rotorua Tephra.
1749:History of the Bay of Plenty Region
1320:
1258:. New Zealand Earthquake Commission
847:. University of Waikato. p. 15
502:
389:
380:
345:
24:
1704:National Museum of Natural History
1497:The Journal of New Zealand Studies
1102:Lowe, D. J.; Balks, M. R. (2019).
25:
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1670:
1571:Bunn, Davies and Stewart (2018).
1120:Lowe, David; Pittari, A. (2014).
1437:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2015.11.009
1005:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2022.107552
798:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2007.04.003
718:List of volcanoes in New Zealand
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472:cliffs surround the summit rift
447:1886 eruption of Mount Tarawera
1573:"Dr Hochstetter's Lost Survey"
1304:Andrews, Robin George (2015).
1030:
921:Darragh, Miles Benson (2004).
804:
616:in the central segment of the
407:), from the east coast of the
244:June to August 1886 (Tarawera)
13:
1:
1542:10.1080/03036758.2017.1329748
1086:10.1080/00288306.2005.9515128
1059:10.1016/S0377-0273(03)00381-0
958:10.1080/00288306.2002.9514981
897:10.1080/00288306.2006.9515170
728:
630:Waimangu Volcanic Rift Valley
486:refugees in their own country
273:, it consists of a series of
173:Mount Tarawera (North Island)
1744:19th-century volcanic events
811:Rowan, Juliet (2006-05-29).
62:1,111 m (3,645 ft)
7:
1682:Buried Village of Te Wairoa
764:"NZ Topo Map LINZ 1:50,000"
706:
10:
1785:
1347:"Okataina Volcanic Centre"
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444:
436:Mount Tarawera in Eruption
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1197:10.1007/s00445-014-0836-4
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139:North Island, New Zealand
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1719:Okataina Volcanic Centre
1506:10.26686/jnzs.v0i23.3988
1470:National Business Review
1321:Geology, Department of.
723:Volcanism of New Zealand
614:Åkataina Volcanic Centre
176:Show map of North Island
1185:Bulletin of Volcanology
493:Pink and White Terraces
458:Pink and White Terraces
143:Show map of New Zealand
1764:Rotorua Lakes District
1734:1886 natural disasters
515:
473:
442:
367:Rerewhakaaitu eruption
242:June 1951 (Rotomahana)
90:38.21667°S 176.51667°E
27:Volcano in New Zealand
665:Close up of one chasm
510:
467:
434:
401:dense rock equivalent
1652:10.1002/2014TC003569
1594:Bunn, A. R. (2019).
1349:. New Zealand GeoNet
1232:10.1144/IAVCEl002.12
1161:10.1029/2003JB002896
589: Definite vents
514:, by Kennett Watkins
413:Coromandel Peninsula
95:-38.21667; 176.51667
1769:TaupÅ Volcanic Zone
1739:1886 in New Zealand
1700:Tarawera (Okataina)
1686:Archaeological Site
1429:2016JVGR..314...10K
1051:2004JVGR..131..265N
653:View from the north
618:TaupÅ Volcanic Zone
488:, for generations.
409:Northland Peninsula
240:May 1981 (Waimangu)
229:TaupÅ Volcanic Zone
86: /
1451:GOSA Transactions,
817:New Zealand Herald
516:
474:
443:
320:RotokÄkahi / Green
52:Highest point
1600:Surveying+Spatial
1577:Surveying+Spatial
1372:. Auckland, N.Z.
608:It is within the
454:pyroclastic surge
440:Charles Blomfield
357:Åkareka Embayment
248:
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16:(Redirected from
1776:
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1646:(6): 1178â1199.
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381:Waiohau eruption
361:Åkataina Caldera
346:Åkareka eruption
285:eruption in 1886
267:Åkataina Caldera
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316:Tikitapu / Blue
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197:21,900 years
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1695:GNS Science
1226:: 226â231.
529:waka wairua
411:, down the
263:New Zealand
193:Age of rock
93: /
81:176°31â²00â³E
68:Coordinates
1729:Lava domes
1713:Categories
1476:26 October
1332:2019-12-30
1080:(3): 491.
1015:2292/59681
998:: 107552.
822:2019-12-30
729:References
634:TaupÅ Rift
580:ignimbrite
533:freak wave
478:TÅ«hourangi
468:Crumbling
300:Rotomahana
278:lava domes
78:38°13â²00â³S
1660:129430650
1640:Tectonics
1558:134907436
1550:0303-6758
1515:2324-3740
1423:: 10â38.
1396:cite book
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1205:128686206
1024:248111450
966:129086498
930:(Thesis).
548:volcanics
482:Te Wairoa
417:Hawke Bay
275:rhyolitic
218:Volcanic
208:Lava dome
106:Geography
58:Elevation
1606:: 30â35.
1132:: 35â46.
905:59137127
851:6 August
707:See also
576:rhyolite
374:rhyolite
335:Te Arawa
308:Åkataina
296:Tarawera
282:basaltic
1583:: 5â13.
1425:Bibcode
1191:(836).
1047:Bibcode
640:Gallery
612:of the
586:█
539:Geology
419:at the
341:History
312:Åkareka
271:Rotorua
257:on the
255:volcano
187:Geology
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1554:S2CID
1201:S2CID
1107:(PDF)
1020:S2CID
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928:(PDF)
901:S2CID
396:MÄori
253:is a
210:with
1546:ISSN
1511:ISSN
1478:2011
1402:link
1384:OCLC
1374:ISBN
1355:2015
1264:2015
1236:ISBN
853:2023
622:dyke
521:waka
318:and
224:belt
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