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with a few grenades to the three regions of
Vietnam. The grenades they sent to the North were used on a minor target, the governor of Thái Bình province, two officers and a French restaurateur. They were meant to be used at the mandarin examinations when all the officials would be gathered. Those they sent to the centre via Thailand did not make it to Vietnam at the time, and they had to throw their grenades away. Those that they sent to the south were used on some Vietnamese. The attacks in the North enraged the French, and they demanded Phan be arrested, but the Chinese government refused. But the value of Phan's special currency dropped dramatically after the failure.
1107:. He then tried to smuggle the remaining 20 of the rifles via Thailand, disguised as first-class luggage. This attempt failed. He spent the first half of 1910 begging on the street, selling his books, and spending all his money getting drunk at the pub. This went on until he met an elderly woman, Chu Bá Linh (Chu sư-thái), who took the entire movement into her house. Funds arrived and he planned to move to Thailand. He arrived in Thailand in November 1910, and all his students and followers who could, took up farming there.
562:), who was from the same village. The union had long been arranged by their parents, who were acquaintances. Phan was the only son in the family, and his wife initially did not bear him any children, so she arranged for him to be married to a second wife Nguyễn Thị Minh (Phạm Thị Minh) so that the family line could be continued. This practice was not uncommon in Confucian families of the time. His second wife bore him a son (Phan Nghi Đệ) and daughter, and his first wife later bore him another son (Phan Nghi Huynh).
1275:. At first, the French authorities did not release his real name, in order to avoid public disturbances, but it quickly leaked out who he was. A criminal trial followed, with all the charges going back to 1913 when he had been sentenced to death in absentia. The charges included incitement to murder and supplying an offensive weapon used to commit murder in two incidents, which had resulted in the deaths of a Vietnamese governor on 12 April 1913 and of two French majors on 28 April 1913. The court sentenced Phan to
1428:
1231:. Lạp said that the Soviet Union would educate, train, and pay for any Vietnamese students Phan wanted to send, provided they would engage in social revolution and teach socialism in Vietnam afterwards. Lạp was keen to hear more about the political situation in Vietnam, since Phan was the first Vietnamese revolutionary to come into contact with them. Lạp requested Phan write a book in English about the situation, but Phan was unable to do so as he spoke no English.
1154:(Association for the Revitalization of China). It was dedicated to getting support from China for independence movements in smaller Asian countries, starting with Vietnam of course. Using a medical centre as a front, and a fancy office they managed to create the false impression that they were a huge successful organisation. They got hundreds of people to join, and sold a huge amount of their made-up currency. They changed some of the leadership positions of the
1256:'s reports showed that the French already had all the information they needed from their own spies. Also, according to Quinn-Judge and McCargo, Hồ was rapidly gaining adherence from the "best elements" of Vietnamese Quoc Dan Dang to his ideas, thus having no motivation to eliminate Phan, who considered Hồ more like a successor, rather than a competitor. Thus Hồ had plenty of reasons to support such a respected activist as a figurehead for his movement.
1021:
342:. His father, Phan Văn Phổ, descended from a poor family of scholars, who had always excelled academically. He spent his first three years in Sa Nam, his mother's village, before the family moved to another village, Đan Nhiệm, his father's home village, also in Nam Đàn District. Until Phan was five, his father was typically away from home, teaching in other villages, so his mother raised him and taught him to recite passages from the
600:
989:
poetry and literature. As such, the literary style tended to be poetic, indirect and metaphorical, relying on allusions and imagery to depict an idea. Phan eschewed this traditional style to write in a direct, ordinary prose style, especially in his analytical and argumentative sections. The book precipitated a new style of writing among scholar gentry revolutionaries, who later tended to use a more direct style.
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1147:), and the white represented the metal of their weapons. They also created a book on military strategy and regulations for their army. They even printed their own currency, which they agreed to honour when, or rather "if", they attained power. If they won they could easily pay people back, and if they lost it wouldn't cost them anything. The "money" was printed in a similar way to the Chinese paper notes.
1012:, left Japan for the first time in August 1905, carrying 50 copies of the book that were to distributed throughout Vietnam, of which further copies were made inside the country. Phan's direct writing style, without the use of allegories, upset traditionalists but made the book more accessible to literate people who had not been trained in classical literature.
1084:. But after buying the weapons to support the uprising with, they could not afford to hire a ship to smuggle the rifles into Vietnam. So, in July, Phan went to Thailand to ask their government to help with the smuggling. The foreign minister refused, since it would be a major diplomatic incident with France if it leaked out. So he had to return to
952:(History of the Loss of Vietnam) and intended to distribute it in China and abroad, but also to smuggle it into Vietnam. Phan wanted to rally people to support the cause for Vietnamese independence; the work is regarded as one of the most important books in the history of Vietnam's anticolonialism movement. The book helped revive
1873:
1001:, a school run by Phan's contemporaries to promote the independence movement. However, Phan did not receive much of a reaction in terms of aid towards his independence efforts, since the book made Chinese readers worry about their own future. The book had a much better reception among Vietnamese readers. Phan and a colleague,
453:). He posted the anonymous appeal calling for the formation of local resistance units at intervals along the main road, but there were no responses and the proclamations were soon torn down. Phan realized no one would listen to a person without the social status ensured by passing mandarin examinations.
1439:- one of his closest companions - led to build his tomb and temple during late 1940 and early 1941. The Phan Bội Châu memorial site in Huế city including his house, tomb and temple with around 150 artifacts and documents about his life and revolutionary activities became a national relic since 1990.
963:
in the 19th century to the colonial challenges facing
Vietnam and the failure to modernize, with the Nguyễn instead turning to ultra-orthodox conservative Confucianism. The book presents strident and emotive memorials to the key figures of the Cần Vương movement of the late 1880s and early 1890s, led
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Frustrated by the
Japanese response, Phan turned to Liang, who explained to Phan it was naïve to expect financial assistance from the Japanese. The Vietnamese people would have to look only within Vietnam for support and financial backing. Liang told Phan that he could best serve the cause by writing
867:
for a few months in 1898. Phan asked Okuma for financial assistance to fund the activities of
Vietnamese revolutionaries. In his letter to Okuma, Phan stated that Japan should be obligated to help Vietnam since both countries were of the "same race, same culture, and same continent". Japan could also
741:
to take Hàm Nghi's place and lead a popular revolt against the French in the 1880s, but he declined. By 1894, he suggested that his son, then 12 years old, could be the new face of the revolution. This plan was never executed as Phan Đình Phùng died in
January 1896. Cường Để changed the course of his
486:
With his father growing weaker, Phan decided to keep a low profile to avoid trouble with the French colonials so that he could support his family. He did so by teaching and writing, while still continually preparing for examinations. During this time, he quietly acquired books on military strategy by
1125:
occurred in China on 10 October 1911. It quickly spread and declared itself the
Republic of China. This greatly inspired Phan, since he had many friends among the Chinese revolutionaries. Phan thought this new regime would fix all that was wrong with the old China, and unite with Japan to defeat the
992:
The book created a reaction in China, sparking follow-up essays by
Chinese writers who were taken aback by the Phan's description of Vietnamese life under French colonial rule. It generated gloomy pieces by Chinese writers who predicted that their nation would suffer a similar fate if they failed to
988:
The book is written in a style that differed from the prevailing writing technique and structure of the scholar gentry of the time. The scholar gentry under the
Confucian education system fostered by the classical imperial examinations were molded by their study and memorization of classical Chinese
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as the ruler of an independent
Vietnam. The book also analyzes the French social and economic policies in Vietnam, which it regards as oppression. In the book, Phan argues for the establishment of a nationwide pro-independence front with seven factions or interested groups with a specific motivation
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by marrying
Vietnamese women to Chinese officers. Their children were at an advantage since they could speak both languages and they worked as agents for the revolutionaries and spread revolutionary ideologies across borders. This intermarriage between Chinese and Vietnamese was viewed with alarm by
1185:
While he was in prison, Phan organised some of his comrades to meet with the German government in Thailand. They donated a large amount of money and promised more if a spectacular action could be done in Vietnam against the French. The comrades attempted an action but failed completely, wasting all
1162:
They had no money, so they decided to trick a pharmaceutical company in Japan into providing many expensive drugs for them on credit. They then closed down their medical centre and didn't pay their debt. But their membership slowly dwindled, and the difficulty of getting into Vietnam increased. And
801:(Vietnam Modernization Association) in 1904; Cường Để led the association as its president, while Phan served as general secretary. Despite its growing member base, Duy Tân Hội struggled financially. Phan had hoped to obtain financial assistance from China, but the country was forced to abandon its
468:
by expelling colonial forces. The imperial entourage fled the palace in Huế and attempted to start the uprising from a military base in Nghệ An. The scholar gentry of the province rose up, and Phan attempted to rally approximately 60 classmates who were prospective examination candidates to join in
1442:
The Phan Bội Châu memorial site in Nam Đàn district became a special national relic since 2016. The relic area consists of two clusters: the cluster of relics in Đan Nhiệm village and the cluster of relics in Sa Nam village.In 1997, an additional gallery was built there with support from Japan. In
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to allow the Chinese to take part. However, they could not get enough money to buy more weapons until they had proved themselves with a military attack of some sort. Everyone said they needed something big and explosive because the people of Vietnam were short on patience. So Phan sent five people
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came up with a proposed flag design. Previously, Vietnam never had a flag, only banners to represent royalty. Their flag idea had 5 five-pointed stars, arranged in a square with a star in the middle. It symbolized the five regions of Vietnam. The national flag had red stars on a yellow background,
1137:
People voted to campaign for democracy instead of a monarchy, despite strong objections of people from southern Vietnam. The organization's sole purpose was to kick out the French and establish a democratic republic. However they had no funds and had great difficulty getting revolutionary leaflets
1040:
had turned more radical after Japan's victory over Russia led to the popular belief that Japan would soon turn its attention to ridding Asia of the western imperialist powers in general. However, Phan soon realized that Japanese military aid would not be possible, and turned his attention to using
620:
and other sympathizers of the cause. Second, he would need to attain support from the Vietnamese imperial family and the bureaucracy, many of whom had already come to grips with French colonial rule. Finally, he would need to obtain foreign aid, from Chinese or Japanese revolutionaries, to finance
1177:
By 1914, Phan was arrested by the Chinese authorities and thrown in jail on suspicion of helping rival Chinese authorities. The intervention of the Chinese minister for the army stopped them from killing him or handing him over to the French, but he was kept in prison for almost four years, until
690:
Phan continued to seek support from the scholar-gentry and the bureaucracy serving the French, before shifting his focus to obtaining support from members of the imperial family. Phan had moved to Huế, claiming that he was preparing for the metropolitan imperial examinations, but in actuality, he
1243:
on what he thought was a short trip on behalf of his movement. He was to meet with Hồ Chí Minh, who at that time used the name Lý Thụy, one of Hồ's many aliases. Hồ had invited Phan to come to Canton to discuss matters of common interest. Hồ was in Canton at the Soviet Embassy, purportedly as a
703:, a contemporary anti-colonial revolutionary activist who was involved in the Cần Vương movement. Tiểu La suggested that a royal associate of his, Tôn Thất Toại, could help lead the revolution. Phan rejected the offer, but took Tiểu La's advice to seek support from direct descendants of Emperor
523:
Phan failed the regional mandarin exams for a number of years in a row. By the time he was 30, he traveled to Huế to teach, to "improve his contacts" and to obtain some special tutoring in preparation for his next exam attempt. In Huế, Phan quickly made friends with similar political values and
46:
1194:
and Vietnam, he discovered that World War I was over and his plans of using it to help defeat the French were hopeless. Phan wandered around China for years after this without accomplishing anything significant. He pondered collaborating with the French, who were now ruled by the
785:
written in Tears of Blood). He argued that independence in Vietnam could only be achieved "through a transformation and revitalization of national character". The book was moderately successful amongst the Vietnamese populaces and received attention from other nationalists like
2267:
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The old Vietnam Modernization Association had become worthless, with its members scattered. A new organization needed to be formed, with a new agenda inspired by the Chinese revolution. A large meeting was held in late March 1912. They agreed to form a new group, the
515:
in the 13th century. Phan cultivated a small number of his students whom he identified as having abundant pro-independence sentiments. He enthusiastically received visits from Cần Vương visitors and passed on their tales to his students, particularly those concerning
2289:
2187:
234:("Modernization Association"). From 1905 to 1908, he lived in Japan where he wrote political tracts calling for the independence of Vietnam from French colonial rule. After being forced to leave Japan, he moved to China where he was influenced by
897:
and distributing pamphlets advocating for the revolution to rally support from the Vietnamese and others abroad. Phan took Liang's advice very seriously and immediately began to publish materials to obtain support for the revolutionary cause.
868:
promote its interests in Vietnam and prevent French and Russian expansion into China. However, Phan was unsuccessful in procuring aid from the Japanese. The Japanese government did not want to damage its own relationship with France, while
1313:(History of the Loss of Vietnam) was written in 1905 while Phan was in Japan. This book was smuggled in Vietnam under the French domination period, and also incorporated into Liang Qichao's Collected Works of Yinbingshi (Chinese: 饮冰室合集).
1986:
2259:
648:("The Renovation of the People") influenced Phan's revolutionary ideas and beliefs, as it criticized the Chinese government and proclaimed that the Chinese people's consciousness needed to be awakened to further the country into the
444:
graduate who was able to borrow a range of books from wealthier families in the area. In 1883, the French finished the colonization of Vietnam by conquering the northern part of Vietnam, and the country was incorporated into
2179:
1244:
Soviet citizen working as a secretary, translator, and interpreter. In exchange for money, Hồ allegedly informed the French police of Phan's imminent arrival. Phan was arrested by French agents and transported back to
371:, which he practiced on banana leaves. In his autobiography, Phan admitted he did not understand the meaning of the text in great detail at the time, but by age six, he was skillful enough to write a variant of the
1199:, and he wrote a booklet about why collaboration with the French would be good. He later changed his mind and blamed this thinking on Phan Bá Ngọc, who was accused by Phan for being a collaborator with the French.
2500:
434:
bullets. The unrest was enough to prompt the imperial court to bring in troops to quell the opposition to the treaties. Phan's family was not affected by the crackdown, but the movement had a deep impact on him.
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Phan spent the first five years of the 20th century living in Huế and traveling the country. Phan drew up a three-step plan to get the French out of Vietnam. First, he would need to organize remnants of the
565:
When Phan passed the regional examinations in 1900, he was eligible to become a public servant. However, Phan had no intention of pursuing such a career and only wanted the qualification to increase his
591:, Vietnam. On the way, his wife said, “I am very happy. From now on, my only wish is that you will hold to your initial aspiration. Do whatever you like, and do not worry about your wife and children.”
1045:(Visit the East) Society. The number of Vietnamese students sent to Japan for training peaked at 200 in 1908. However, due to pressure from the French government, especially after the signing of the
644:. The European and Chinese works, which had only entered Vietnamese circles a few years later, opened Phan's mind to more expansive thought regarding the struggle for freedom of his people. Liang's
483:
weapons when a French patrol attacked the village and scattered the students. Phan's father forced him to seek out the commander to have the membership list destroyed to avoid French retributions.
1352:. This work is a collection of over 50 short stories about members of Cần Vương, Duy Tân and Đông Du movements, who sacrificed their lives for Vietnam's independence from 1906 to 1917, begins with
1978:
2209:
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It was only later that Phan realized that obtaining independence for Vietnam would be much more difficult than expected. He became familiar with the works of famed European thinkers, such as
1138:
into Vietnam. Also, the new Chinese government was too busy and would not help the movement with anything other than allowing Vietnamese comrades into its education and training system. The
2157:
1418:(Self Judgment) by Tâm Tâm thư xã, copyright by Phan Nghi Đệ in 1946. The second Quốc ngữ edition was translated by Tôn Quang Phiệt and Phạm Trọng Điềm, published in 1956, reissued in 1957.
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members promised financial aid to Vietnamese students wishing to study in Japan, but also advised Phan not to start a revolutionary movement until Japan was more willing to help the cause.
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concept as it applied to nations and ethnic groups. He described the dire outcomes that would face China if the country did not embark on a series of reforms, similar to those faced by the
543:
in China and other major political and military reforms made around the world. After returning to Nghệ An in 1900, Phan passed the regional mandarin exams with the highest possible honors.
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and seemed more inclined to help out revolutionaries in a nearby Asian country. Phan was selected to visit Japan to secure the funds needed to sustain Duy Tân Hội. Phan did not speak
1143:
and the military flag had a red background with white stars. The yellow represented their race, the red represented fire which represented their location to the south of China (see
794:. However, many mandarins were reluctant to publicly support Phan's ideas, and as a result, he came to realize that he couldn't rely on the bureaucratic elite to support his cause.
572:
in rallying anti-colonial action. With his father dying in the same year, Phan had less family obligations, and decided to travel abroad to pursue his revolutionary activities.
438:
When Phan was thirteen, his father sent him to another teacher with a better reputation. Since the family lacked the money for Phan to travel far away, he studied with a local
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1410:(Year to Year Activities) was clandestinely written sometimes during his house arrest in Huế (1925-1940). The basic manuscripts were in Classical Chinese. The first
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365:, which took him just three days to memorize. As a result of his ability to learn quickly, his father decided to move him to further Confucian texts, such as the
888:
the French. Phan's revolutionary network practiced this extensively; additionally, Chinese merchants also married Vietnamese women, and provided funds and help.
2046:
737:. Cường Để's descendants had long been dissociated from the emperor and his family since the early 19th century. Cường Để's father was personally sought by
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1475:
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1917. In prison he wrote many biographies, including his own, and other books. World War I began shortly thereafter. The country remained a member of the
3212:
1182:, and many Vietnamese fought in World War I. Numerous anti-colonial revolts occurred in Vietnam during the war, all easily suppressed by the French.
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the Vietnamese students who had studied in Japan, but had now been dispersed. He had previously had the foresight to establish a base in Thailand.
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and the Soviet Union in the hope of gaining assistance from the Soviet Union or socialist groups. He translated a book called "An Account of the
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changes in the government of their Chinese province made things difficult. And they had to close their office and send their comrades away.
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were excellent examples of the political restructuring that needed to take place to save China. From Kang's work, Phan realized why Emperor
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1331:, focus on the most typical heroes and heroines who fighting against foreign invaders, as well as the biggest territory gains and losses.
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1910:
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Wikisource:United States – Vietnam Relations, 1945–1967: A Study Prepared by the Department of Defense/I. C. Ho Chi Minh: Asian Tito?
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1290:. During this trip, Phan visited Nghệ An, Hà Tĩnh and Quảng Bình to meet his family and supporters. On 16 February 1926, Phan left
2808:
2008:
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1036:
In 1905, the Vietnam Modernization Association agreed to send Phan to Japan to get Japanese military assistance or weapons. The
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Europeans and build a strong Asia. Leaving the farm in the hands of his comrades, he went to China to visit his friends there.
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2687:
2573:
1656:
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836:, a former commander of the Cần Vương movement, who fled to Guangxi, Guangdong after the failure of the movement, relied on
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and to Japan, and then to various parts of China trying to get back into Vietnam. When he eventually got to the border of
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and wait for the money needed for smuggling. The money never arrived, and news arrived that his fundraising organizer -
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In 1884, his mother died and his aging father was growing weaker, forcing Phan to help support the family. In 1885, the
1894:
1080:(Đề Hoàng Yên-Thế). So he assembled his comrades in Hong Kong, and sent two people to Japan to buy 500 of the Arisaka
856:
at the time , Phan switched to seek help from Liang Qichao, who was living in Japan since being exiled years earlier.
248:(“Vietnamese Restoration League”), modeled after Sun Yat-sen's republican party. In 1925, French agents seized him in
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1380:(Prison Notes) was written in 1913 while Phan was put in jail and facing a death sentence due to a deal between the
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1337:(History of the patriots died heroically for the just cause of Vietnam) first published in 1918 in Shanghai, with
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When Phan was five, his father returned home and he began attending his father's classes, where he studied the
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life and began studying history, economics and geography and thought admiringly of the heroic achievements of
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At the time, the central region of Vietnam where his family lived was still under the sovereignty of Emperor
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1398:(Funeral oration for Nguyễn Thượng Hiền) written in 1925 when Phan got the news of Nguyễn's death in China.
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1404:(Funeral oration for Phan Chu Trinh) written in 1926 for the memorial ceremony for Phan Chu Trinh in Huế.
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Phan met with his wife only once more following the leaving: when he was pardoned and released from
411:
3000:
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1103:- was dead, and that the uprising was going badly. Phan donated 480 of the rifles to the forces of
2839:
2712:
1443:
2017, the additional gallery was rearranged, complemented and has hundreds of artifacts till now.
1134:(Vietnam Restoration League). Cường Để was made president and chairman; Phan was vice-president.
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After getting Cường Để to support the revolutionary cause, Phan wrote his first significant work,
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graduate to act as its commander. They had just begun to collect money and raw materials to make
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1319:(An Inquiry into the history of Vietnam) was written in 1908, first published in 1909 in Japan.
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landowners who Phan hoped would raise the bulk of the money needed to finance the revolution.
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planned on drumming up support among the various factions of royal family. Phan traveled to
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1252:, who point out that this is a legend made up by anti-communist authors, considering that
844:, then was hiding in Thailand after the defeat of Liu in Taiwan. Phan and Tăng arrived at
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that ceded the three east provinces. In 1874, Nguyễn dynasty continued to sign the second
8:
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By the spring of 1903, Phan had found a perfect candidate to lead the revolution: Prince
683:'s proposed modernization reforms had led to the downfall of Vietnam and had allowed for
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2290:"The tomb, church and cemetery named after Phan Bội Châu - A national historic relic"
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2530:, trans. by Vĩnh Sính and Nicholas Wickenden, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press,
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2126:. Nhà xuất bản Giáo dục. Translated and annotated by Chương Thâu. 11 October 2018.
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252:. He was convicted of treason and spent the rest of his life under house arrest in
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Thailand and the Southeast Asian networks of the Vietnamese revolution, 1885-1954
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more than two decades later. He was then sent to a loose form of house arrest in
500:
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and switching from monarchy to democracy progressively. In 1912, he disorganized
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governor. This work was completed just in a few days and has discrepancies with
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and arrived in Huế, since then he become a prisoner in house arrest in Bến Ngự.
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Japan as a base to train and educate young Vietnamese students, by starting the
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for life. He was released from prison on 24 December 1925 by Governor General
920:(An Inquiry into the history of Vietnam; 1908). All were initially written in
449:. Phan drafted an appeal for "pacifying the French and retrieving the North" (
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These writings, perhaps the most widely recognized of Phan's works, include:
809:. Phan and Cường Để decided to seek aid from Japan, which had recently won a
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210:
1020:
636:. Phan was also influenced by the writings of such Chinese Confucianists as
539:, a Vietnamese activist/reformist. This was Phan's first encounter with the
2773:
2427:(November 1971), "Phan Boi Chau: Asian Revolutionary in a Changing World",
1814:
1216:
849:
712:
637:
349:
166:
1435:
After Phan's death, with support from compatriots throughout the country,
1324:
460:
began its uprising against French rule, hoping to install the boy Emperor
3062:
1104:
993:
modernize. One such Chinese response later became a teaching text at the
747:
641:
235:
225:
3026:
981:
928:, upon which they were smuggled into Vietnam. These works, most notably
461:
2566:
Phan Boi Chau (1867-1940), Le nationalisme vietnamien avant Ho Chi Minh
2448:
1381:
932:, were critical in intensifying the nationalist fervor in the country.
884:
853:
837:
655:
Kang, one of the major thinkers that influenced Phan, took the idea of
649:
422:(Pacify the French), and Phan responded at the age of seven by playing
3036:
331:
328:
325:
301:
298:
295:
287:
284:
276:
273:
179:
176:
173:
37:
34:
31:
1446:
Most cities in Vietnam have named major streets after Phan Bội Châu.
1431:
Phan Bội Châu's tomb, temple, bamboo house, artifacts gallery in Huế
1208:
1085:
1076:
But instead he received news of an armed uprising in Vietnam, led by
1062:
980:
attempted to overthrow the French rule and establish the boy emperor
959:
The book is noted for its negative assessment of the response of the
880:
2440:
1240:
1070:
845:
802:
704:
625:
599:
568:
367:
265:
249:
2738:
Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam
711:. These direct descendants were still highly respected by wealthy
2632:
1264:
1220:
1187:
1144:
876:
580:
488:
473:(Army of Loyalist Examination Candidates) and convinced an older
465:
253:
221:
95:
1573:
45:
2590:
1228:
859:
Liang introduced Phan to many prominent politicians, including
841:
479:
431:
427:
376:
1245:
998:
883:, the Vietnamese revolutionaries arranged alliances with the
551:
At the age of 22, Phan married Nguyễn Thị Huy (Thái Thị Huy,
402:
that ceded the three west provinces to the French, the whole
1867:
1557:. Nhóm nghiên cứu Sử - Địa. Compiled 1971 - Published 1973.
1468:"Phan Bội Châu - the big patriot in the early 20th century"
1297:
Phan Bội Châu died on 29 October 1940, about a month after
1286:
On 25 December 1925, Phan left Hanoi to arrive in Huế with
584:
2156:. Chấn Á xã. Translated and annotated by Tôn Quang Phiệt.
1971:
386:, but the southern region had gradually been colonized by
1845:"Vietnam after Ho Chi Minh An Interview with P. J. Honey"
1671:
228:. In 1904, he formed a revolutionary organization called
2316:"Discovering the Phan Bội Châu memorial site in Nghệ An"
2100:. Tao Đàn. Translated and annotated by Nguyễn Quang Tô.
1885:
Van Nguyen Duong, originally from Hoang Van Chi (2008),
16:
19/20th-century Vietnamese nationalist and revolutionary
2039:"Phan Bội Châu a big patriot in the early 20th century"
2009:"Phan Bội Châu visited homeland in Lunar New Year 1926"
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1061:
In 1909, after being deported from Japan, Phan went to
418:
sprung among the local scholar-gentry with their motto
2528:
Overturned Chariot: The Autobiography of Phan Bội Châu
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1271:
When he was transported back to Hanoi, he was held in
912:(Grief over Vietnam and Condolence for Yunnan; 1907),
863:, a well-liked statesman who had previously served as
2631:
1979:"Phan Bội Châu via French archived document - Part 5"
1786:
1679:"Phan Bội Châu via French archived document - Part 1"
667:
and colonial India. He believed that reforms made by
2547:
The Last Emperors of Vietnam: From Tu Duc to Bao Dai
1655:. Publisher Tân Việt. Translated by Đào Trinh Nhất.
718:
3233:
Vietnamese prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
1490:
1069:. There, he made plans to raise money and bring to
3218:Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by France
2468:
2409:, Berkeley, California: University of California,
2227:
2202:
1685:. National Archives Centre N1. 22 September 2019.
1930:. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. pp. 75–77.
1392:in some important events of the Đông-Du movement.
375:that parodied his classmates, which earned him a
3184:
2061:
1985:. National Archives Centre N1. 20 October 2019.
1202:
733:, a direct descendant of Gia Long's eldest son,
528:, introduced him to the unpublished writings of
171:
157:
3283:People sentenced to death in absentia by France
1819:Historical Dictionary of the Russo-Japanese War
1746:
1744:
1186:the money. After his release, Phan traveled to
916:(Letter Inscribed in Blood from Abroad; 1907),
2501:Yale Center for International and Area Studies
2172:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
2617:
2525:
2380:
2370:
1323:summarizes 4000-year history of Vietnam from
1248:. This is disputed by Sophie Quinn-Judge and
1166:
1110:
976:, who led guerrillas against the French. The
1911:"Ho Chi Minh Certainly No Viet 'Washington'"
1741:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1283:, in response to widespread public protest.
1150:They also formed an organisation called the
805:relationship with Vietnam after the 1884–85
205:; 26 December 1867 – 29 October 1940), born
2435:(1), Association for Asian Studies: 77–88,
1923:
1701:
1634:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
956:, which was not commonly used at the time.
469:the uprising. Phan called his new unit the
3213:People convicted of treason against France
2624:
2610:
2549:, Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press,
2395:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1601:
985:to fight the French colonial authorities.
44:
2563:
2489:
2475:, Metuchen, New Jersey: Scarecrow Press,
2260:"Phan Bội Châu memorial site in Huế city"
1927:Ho Chi Minh: The Missing Years, 1919-1941
1719:
2728:Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina
2210:"Funeral oration for Nguyễn Thượng Hiền"
1759:
1426:
1267:, where he spent his last fifteen years.
1258:
1019:
935:
598:
2544:
1950:
1902:
1774:
1598:
3185:
2493:Phan Bội Châu and the Dông-Du Movement
2463:
2423:
1813:
1414:edition was published under the title
594:
546:
2804:Vietnamese Revolutionary Youth League
2605:
2407:Vietnamese anticolonialism, 1885-1925
1836:
1764:, Saigon: Ton That Le, pp. 10–11
1173:History of Vietnam during World War I
848:in March 1905. After failing to meet
264:During his career, Phan used several
200:
3258:20th-century Vietnamese philosophers
2404:
2235:"Funeral oration for Phan Chu Trinh"
2069:"Remembering the old man of Bến Ngự"
1422:
1223:to meet with Soviet representatives
338:of the northern central province of
3238:Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội politicians
2348:, Periplus Travel Maps, 2002–2003,
2186:. Nghiên cứu Lịch sử. Chương Thâu.
2078:. Nghiên cứu Lịch sử. Trần Huy Liệu
1908:
1581:"Phan Boi Chau, Vietnamese Patriot"
1561:from the original on 17 August 2024
1207:At the start of 1921, Phan studied
1015:
825:in Japan, so he chose a companion,
13:
2270:from the original on 19 April 2022
2180:"About two memorandums of Sào Nam"
2160:from the original on 22 April 2023
2049:from the original on 26 April 2023
1659:from the original on 28 April 2023
1263:Phan Bội Châu's House in Bến Ngự,
904:(History of the Loss of Vietnam),
14:
3294:
3253:Vietnamese independence activists
2583:
2294:baotanglichsu.thuathienhue.gov.vn
2264:baotanglichsu.thuathienhue.gov.vn
1842:
1478:from the original on 1 March 2022
948:Liang published Phan's 1905 work
891:
719:Vietnam Modernization Association
495:, the military strategist of the
426:game with his classmates, using
2653:Capture of the Citadel of Saigon
2589:
2471:Historical Dictionary of Vietnam
2326:from the original on 30 May 2023
2190:from the original on 29 May 2023
2130:from the original on 20 May 2023
2104:from the original on 24 May 2023
2019:from the original on 7 June 2022
1989:from the original on 4 June 2023
1219:, into Chinese. He then went to
1056:
520:, who led the Cần Vương effort.
507:, the military commander of the
406:(Southern six provinces) became
3273:20th-century Vietnamese artists
3228:Vietnamese expatriates in Japan
3223:Vietnamese expatriates in China
2338:
2308:
2282:
2252:
2142:
2116:
2090:
2031:
2001:
1944:
1917:
1878:
1807:
1780:
1768:
1753:
1689:from the original on 7 May 2023
1587:from the original on 2018-11-25
464:as the ruler of an independent
1887:The Tragedy of the Vietnam War
1787:Christopher E. Goscha (1999).
1460:
1299:Japan invaded northern Vietnam
1234:
1099:, also known by courtesy name
1047:Franco-Japanese Treaty of 1907
699:, also known by courtesy name
315:
172:
1:
3092:French protectorate of Tonkin
1449:
1203:Relations with the socialists
394:was forced to sign the first
51:
3208:People from Nghệ An province
3104:French colony of Cochinchina
3080:French protectorate of Annam
2663:Ba Dinh uprising / Cần Vương
2429:The Journal of Asian Studies
1924:Quinn-Judge, Sophie (2003).
1454:
1049:, Japan declared Phan to be
334:) in the village of Sa Nam,
7:
1762:Cuoc Doi Cach Mang Cuong De
813:, had successfully imposed
541:Self-Strengthening Movement
513:Mongol invasions of Vietnam
503:with a defensive wall, and
10:
3299:
3278:People of French Indochina
3263:20th-century calligraphers
3243:Vietnamese revolutionaries
2819:Communist Party of Vietnam
2499:, New Haven, Connecticut:
2364:
1170:
1167:Vietnam during World War I
1114:
1111:Vietnam Restoration League
1053:and expelled him in 1909.
941:
722:
603:Phan studied the works of
259:
3160:
3119:
3050:
3014:
2913:
2827:
2761:
2723:1940 Cochinchina uprising
2693:1916 Cochinchina uprising
2640:
2150:"Việt Nam nghĩa liệt sử'"
1957:. Routledge. p. 30.
1889:, McFarland, p. 39,
1551:"Phan Bội Châu niên biểu"
1396:Văn tế Nguyễn Thượng Hiền
1239:In 1925, Phan arrived in
908:(The new Vietnam; 1907),
583:and the train stopped at
348:, from which he absorbed
187:
165:
151:
146:
142:
137:
125:
111:
103:
84:
61:
43:
30:
23:
3268:Vietnamese calligraphers
2564:Le Jariel, Yves (2008),
1951:McCargo, Duncan (2004).
1304:
1197:Socialist Party (France)
779:Lưu Cầu Huyết lệ Tân thư
3248:Vietnamese nationalists
2799:Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội
2748:Battle of Dien Bien Phu
2545:Chapuis, Oscar (2000),
2490:Vĩnh Sính, ed. (1988),
2405:Marr, David G. (1970),
2383:Phan Boi Chau Nien Bieu
2124:"Việt Nam quốc sử khảo"
2098:"Việt Nam vong quốc sử"
1408:Phan Bội Châu niên biểu
1156:Việt-Nam Quang-Phục Hội
1140:Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội
1132:Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội
1117:Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội
924:and then translated to
865:Prime Minister of Japan
661:survival of the fittest
390:in the 1860s. In 1862,
362:Three Character Classic
245:Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội
120:Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội
2809:Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng
2668:Pacification of Tonkin
2635:independence movements
2568:, Paris: L'Harmattan,
2526:Phan Boi Chau (1999),
2381:Phan Boi Chau (1957),
2371:Phan Boi Chau (1956),
1432:
1335:Việt Nam nghĩa liệt sử
1311:Việt Nam vong quốc sử
1268:
1033:
902:Việt Nam vong quốc sử
685:French rule in Vietnam
679:'s decision to ignore
612:
158:
3171:independence movement
2184:repository.vnu.edu.vn
2154:thuongmaitruongxua.vn
2076:repository.vnu.edu.vn
1430:
1402:Văn tế Phan Chu Trinh
1321:Việt Nam quốc sử khảo
1317:Việt Nam quốc sử khảo
1262:
1023:
950:Việt Nam vong quốc sử
944:Việt Nam vong quốc sử
937:Việt Nam vong quốc sử
930:Việt Nam vong quốc sử
918:Việt Nam quốc sử khảo
707:, the founder of the
609:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
602:
524:beliefs. One friend,
202:[faːnɓôjˀcəw]
2698:Thái Nguyên uprising
2683:Yên Thế Insurrection
2658:Cochinchina Campaign
2598:at Wikimedia Commons
2322:. 11 December 2017.
1793:. Psychology Press.
799:Việt Nam Duy Tân Hội
388:Cochinchina campaign
352:ethics and virtues.
220:), was a pioneer of
2743:First Indochina War
2703:Bazin assassination
2346:Vietnam Country Map
2045:. 8 December 2017.
2015:. 5 February 2022.
1474:. 8 December 2017.
1152:Chấn-Hoa Hưng-Á Hội
914:Hải ngoại Huyết thư
646:Hsin-min ts'ung-pao
595:Activism in Vietnam
547:Marriage and family
471:Sĩ tử Cần Vương Đội
2961:Nguyễn Thượng Hiền
2885:Nguyễn Thiện Thuật
2794:Tonkin Free School
2465:Duiker, William J.
2425:Duiker, William J.
2375:, Huế: Anh Minh XB
2296:. 12 November 2008
1954:Rethinking Vietnam
1855:on 3 December 2013
1750:Phan Boi Chau 1957
1433:
1350:Nguyễn Thượng Hiền
1269:
1213:Russian Revolution
1034:
995:Tonkin Free School
954:the name "Vietnam"
811:war against Russia
752:Toyotomi Hideyoshi
659:and discussed the
618:Cần Vương movement
613:
526:Nguyễn Thượng Hiền
458:Cần Vương movement
408:French Cochinchina
216:(later changed to
3180:
3179:
2905:Nguyễn Trung Trực
2840:Nguyễn Quang Bích
2784:Empire of Vietnam
2753:Geneva Conference
2733:August Revolution
2713:Nghệ-Tĩnh Soviets
2678:Hanoi Poison Plot
2594:Media related to
2575:978-2-296-06953-4
1760:Tung Lam (1957),
1423:Legacy and memory
1384:governor and the
1281:Alexandre Varenne
1225:Grigori Voitinsky
1051:persona non grata
922:Classical Chinese
910:Ai Việt điếu Điền
797:Phan created the
781:(Letter from the
768:George Washington
764:Otto von Bismarck
416:Văn Thân movement
379:from his father.
345:Classic of Poetry
320:Phan was born as
191:
190:
133:
132:
3290:
3175:
3137:Nguyễn Trọng Hợp
3073:Governor-General
3068:French Indochina
2956:Nguyễn Thần Hiến
2941:Huỳnh Thúc Kháng
2828:Uprising Leaders
2673:Bãi Sậy uprising
2626:
2619:
2612:
2603:
2602:
2593:
2578:
2559:
2540:
2521:
2519:
2513:, archived from
2498:
2485:
2474:
2459:
2419:
2400:
2394:
2386:
2376:
2359:
2358:
2342:
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1915:
1914:
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1900:
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1860:
1851:. Archived from
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1834:
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1811:
1805:
1804:
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1778:
1772:
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1757:
1751:
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1714:
1699:
1698:
1696:
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1675:
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1668:
1666:
1664:
1649:"Ngục trung thư"
1645:
1632:
1629:
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1593:
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1571:
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1568:
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1483:
1464:
1437:Huỳnh Thúc Kháng
1386:French Indochina
1373:
1362:
1347:
1123:Wuchang Uprising
1098:
1016:Đông-Du Movement
1011:
870:opposition party
835:
681:Nguyễn Trường Tộ
657:Social Darwinism
621:the revolution.
561:
538:
499:who stopped the
451:bình Tây thu Bắc
447:French Indochina
400:Treaty of Saigon
396:Treaty of Saigon
357:Chinese classics
336:Nam Đàn District
204:
199:
183:
182:
161:
135:
134:
129:Đông-Du Movement
107:Hải Thụ, Sào Nam
104:Other names
91:
77:Nghệ An Province
72:26 December 1867
71:
69:
56:
53:
48:
21:
20:
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3297:
3293:
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3289:
3288:
3287:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3176:
3166:Wars in Vietnam
3162:
3156:
3115:
3046:
3010:
3001:Phan Văn Trường
2966:Nguyễn Thái Học
2914:Revolutionaries
2909:
2900:Đinh Công Tráng
2890:Tôn Thất Thuyết
2870:Phan Đình Phùng
2855:Nguyễn Hữu Huân
2823:
2757:
2648:Siege of Saigon
2636:
2630:
2586:
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2538:
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2511:
2496:
2483:
2441:10.2307/2053053
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2228:
2218:
2216:
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2207:
2203:
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2191:
2178:
2177:
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2161:
2148:
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2143:
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2122:
2121:
2117:
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2105:
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2036:
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2007:
2006:
2002:
1992:
1990:
1983:archives.org.vn
1977:
1976:
1972:
1965:
1949:
1945:
1938:
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1918:
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1872:
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1683:archives.org.vn
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1479:
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1461:
1457:
1452:
1425:
1367:
1356:
1341:
1307:
1277:penal servitude
1237:
1205:
1192:Yunnan Province
1175:
1169:
1119:
1113:
1092:
1059:
1018:
1005:
974:Phan Đình Phùng
970:Tôn Thất Thuyết
946:
940:
894:
861:Ōkuma Shigenobu
829:
807:Sino-French War
792:Phan Châu Trinh
772:Abraham Lincoln
739:Phan Đình Phùng
727:
721:
669:Peter the Great
597:
555:
549:
532:
530:Nguyễn Lộ Trạch
518:Phan Đình Phùng
404:Nam Kỳ lục-tỉnh
318:
262:
197:
147:Vietnamese name
112:Organization(s)
99:
93:
89:
88:29 October 1940
80:
73:
67:
65:
57:
54:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1363:and ends with
1332:
1329:emperor Tự Đức
1314:
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942:Main article:
939:
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756:Saigō Takamori
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2596:Phan Bội Châu
2592:
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2567:
2562:
2558:
2556:0-313-31170-6
2552:
2548:
2543:
2539:
2537:0-8248-1875-X
2533:
2529:
2524:
2520:on 2005-05-29
2516:
2512:
2510:0-938692-36-4
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2482:0-8108-2164-8
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2355:0-7946-0070-0
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1828:0-8108-4927-5
1824:
1821:. Scarecrow.
1820:
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1815:Kowner, Rotem
1810:
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1800:0-7007-0622-4
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1273:Hỏa Lò Prison
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1057:After Đông-Du
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1032:, circa 1907.
1031:
1027:
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744:Trần Hưng Đạo
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577:Hỏa Lò Prison
573:
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511:who repelled
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211:courtesy name
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194:Phan Bội Châu
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159:Phan Bội Châu
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136:
128:
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106:
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87:
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64:
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29:
25:Phan Bội Châu
22:
19:
3006:Trần Cao Vân
2986:Nguyễn Thành
2981:Nguyễn Quyền
2930:
2926:Trần Quý Cáp
2895:Cầm Bá Thước
2875:Tống Duy Tân
2845:Võ Duy Dương
2718:World War II
2565:
2546:
2527:
2515:the original
2492:
2470:
2432:
2428:
2406:
2382:
2372:
2345:
2340:
2328:. Retrieved
2320:baonghean.vn
2319:
2310:
2298:. Retrieved
2293:
2284:
2272:. Retrieved
2263:
2254:
2244:16 September
2242:. Retrieved
2239:thivien.net/
2238:
2229:
2219:17 September
2217:. Retrieved
2214:thivien.net/
2213:
2204:
2192:. Retrieved
2183:
2174:
2162:. Retrieved
2153:
2144:
2132:. Retrieved
2118:
2106:. Retrieved
2092:
2080:. Retrieved
2075:
2063:
2051:. Retrieved
2043:baonghean.vn
2042:
2033:
2021:. Retrieved
2013:baonghean.vn
2012:
2003:
1991:. Retrieved
1982:
1973:
1953:
1946:
1926:
1919:
1904:
1886:
1880:
1869:
1857:. Retrieved
1853:the original
1848:
1838:
1818:
1809:
1789:
1782:
1777:, p. 97
1775:Chapuis 2000
1770:
1761:
1755:
1691:. Retrieved
1682:
1673:
1661:. Retrieved
1652:
1589:. Retrieved
1575:
1563:. Retrieved
1554:
1480:. Retrieved
1472:baonghean.vn
1471:
1462:
1445:
1441:
1434:
1415:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1377:
1354:Tăng Bạt Hổ
1334:
1320:
1316:
1310:
1296:
1285:
1270:
1238:
1217:Tatsuji Fuse
1206:
1184:
1176:
1161:
1155:
1151:
1149:
1139:
1136:
1131:
1128:
1120:
1100:
1075:
1060:
1042:
1037:
1035:
1025:
1003:Đặng Tử Kính
991:
987:
958:
949:
947:
936:
929:
917:
913:
909:
906:Tân Việt Nam
905:
901:
899:
895:
874:
858:
850:Cen Chunxuan
798:
796:
788:Trần Quý Cáp
778:
776:
728:
713:Mekong Delta
700:
697:Nguyễn Thành
689:
654:
645:
638:Liang Qichao
623:
614:
607:philosopher
574:
567:
564:
550:
522:
509:Trần dynasty
497:Nguyễn lords
485:
478:
474:
470:
455:
450:
439:
437:
423:
419:
403:
381:
372:
366:
360:
354:
343:
322:Phan Văn San
321:
319:
309:
305:
291:
280:
269:
268:, including
263:
243:
239:
229:
217:
213:
207:Phan Văn San
206:
193:
192:
90:(1940-10-29)
18:
3203:1940 deaths
3198:1867 births
3147:Nguyễn Thân
3132:Trần Bá Lộc
3063:Jean Decoux
2991:Tạ Thu Thâu
2971:Hồ Chí Minh
2850:Trương Định
2779:Duy Tân Hội
2688:World War I
2373:Tu Phe Phan
1859:28 November
1738:Duiker 1971
1368: [
1357: [
1342: [
1339:Đặng Tử Mẫn
1254:Lâm Đức Thụ
1235:Final years
1105:Sun Yat-sen
1093: [
1038:Duy Tân Hội
1006: [
830: [
827:Tăng Bạt Hổ
821:and had no
748:Zhuge Liang
735:Prince Cảnh
725:Duy Tân Hội
642:Kang Youwei
556: [
533: [
501:Trịnh lords
316:Early years
292:Độc Tỉnh Tử
240:Duy Tân Hội
236:Sun Yat-sen
231:Duy Tân Hội
226:nationalism
198:Vietnamese:
116:Duy Tân Hội
55: 1920
3187:Categories
3032:Thành Thái
2951:Ngô Đức Kế
2633:Vietnamese
1849:The Tablet
1843:Honey, P.
1591:2018-11-24
1450:References
1382:Liangguang
1325:Hùng kings
1292:Quảng Bình
1288:Ngô Đức Kế
885:Kuomintang
854:Liangguang
838:Liu Yongfu
650:modern era
493:Đào Duy Từ
310:Hàn Mãn Tử
222:Vietnamese
153:Vietnamese
68:1867-12-26
2835:Phạm Bành
2814:Việt Minh
2769:Cần Vương
2457:154477798
1631:Marr 1970
1565:17 August
1455:Citations
1390:Niên biểu
1229:tiên sinh
1209:socialism
1086:Hong Kong
1063:Hong Kong
978:Cần Vương
966:mandarins
881:Guangdong
693:Quảng Nam
430:guns and
412:Nghệ-Tĩnh
350:Confucian
306:Việt Điểu
266:pen names
79:, Đại Nam
3027:Hàm Nghi
3015:Emperors
2936:Cường Để
2467:(1989),
2391:citation
2324:Archived
2268:Archived
2188:Archived
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