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geochemistry is relatively cost-effective that allows geologists to assess reservoir-related issues. Once oil to source rock correlation is found, petroleum geologists will use this information to render a 3D model of the basin. Now they can assess the timing of generation, migration, and accumulation relative to the trap formation. This aids in the decision-making process on whether further exploration is necessary. Additionally, this can increase recoveries of the petroleum remaining in reservoirs that were initially deemed unrecoverable.
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382:) depends strongly on temperature, such that the majority of oil generation occurs in the 60 to 120 °C (140 to 248 °F) range. Gas generation starts at similar temperatures, but may continue up beyond this range, perhaps as high as 200 °C (392 °F). In order to determine the likelihood of oil/gas generation, therefore, the thermal history of the source rock must be calculated. This is performed with a combination of
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occurrence. Usually seismic (or 3D seismic) studies are shot, and old exploration data (seismic lines, well logs, reports) are used to expand upon the new studies. Sometimes gravity and magnetic studies are conducted, and oil seeps and spills are mapped to find potential areas for hydrocarbon occurrences. As soon as a significant hydrocarbon occurrence is found by an
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contains reservoir rocks. The bulk rock volume multiplied by the net-to-gross ratio gives the net rock volume of the reservoir. The net rock volume multiplied by porosity gives the total hydrocarbon pore volume, i.e. the volume within the sedimentary package that fluids (importantly, hydrocarbons and water) can occupy. The summation of these volumes (see
483:) is determined through a combination of regional studies (i.e. analysis of other wells in the area), stratigraphy and sedimentology (to quantify the pattern and extent of sedimentation) and seismic interpretation. Once a possible hydrocarbon reservoir is identified, the key physical characteristics of a reservoir that are of interest to a
445:
The appraisal stage is used to delineate the extent of the discovery. Hydrocarbon reservoir properties, connectivity, hydrocarbon type and gas-oil and oil-water contacts are determined to calculate potential recoverable volumes. This is usually done by drilling more appraisal wells around the initial
419:
A full scale basin analysis is usually carried out prior to defining leads and prospects for future drilling. This study tackles the petroleum system and studies source rock (presence and quality); burial history; maturation (timing and volumes); migration and focus; and potential regional seals and
338:
The critical moment is the time of the generation, migration, and accumulation of most hydrocarbons in their primary traps. The migration and accumulation of hydrocarbons occur over a short period in relation to geologic time. These processes (generation, migration, and accumulation) occur near the
490:
Bulk rock volume, or the gross rock volume of rock above any hydrocarbon-water contact, is determined by mapping and correlating sedimentary packages. The net-to-gross ratio, typically estimated from analogues and wireline logs, is used to calculate the proportion of the sedimentary packages that
342:
The critical moment is crucial since it is based on the burial history of the source rock when it is at maximum burial depth. This is when most of the hydrocarbons are generated. Approximately 50%-90% petroleum is made and expelled at this point. The next step is the hydrocarbons entering the oil
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After a hydrocarbon occurrence has been discovered and appraisal has indicated it is a commercial find, the production stage is initiated. This stage focuses on extracting the hydrocarbons in a controlled way (without damaging the formation, within commercial favorable volumes, etc.). Production
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The mid-twentieth century was when scientists began to seriously study petroleum geochemistry. Geochemistry was originally utilized for surface prospecting for subsurface hydrocarbons. Today geochemistry serves the petroleum industry by helping seek out effective petroleum systems. The use of
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Although a basin analysis is usually part of the first study a company conducts prior to moving into an area for future exploration, it is also sometimes conducted during the exploration phase. Exploration geology comprises all the activities and studies necessary for finding new hydrocarbon
123:
177:. These wells present only a one-dimensional segment through the Earth, and the skill of inferring three-dimensional characteristics from them is one of the most fundamental in petroleum geology. Recently, the availability of inexpensive, high-quality 3D seismic data (from
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major reservoir units (that define carrier beds). All these elements are used to investigate where potential hydrocarbons might migrate towards. Traps and potential leads and prospects are then defined in the area that is likely to have received hydrocarbons.
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window. The oil window has to do with the source rock being the appropriate maturity, and also being at the right depth for oil exploration. Geoscientists will be need this to gather stratigraphic data of the petroleum system for analysis.
2292:"Chemostratigraphy and Chemofacies of Source Rock Analogues: A High-Resolution Analysis of Black Shale Successions from the Lower Silurian Formigoso Formation (Cantabrian Mountains, NW Spain)"
591:
V. Guerriero; et al. (2009). "Quantifying uncertainties in multi-scale studies of fractured reservoir analogues: Implemented statistical analysis of scan line data from carbonate rocks".
185:) has greatly aided the accuracy of such interpretation. The following section discusses these elements in brief. For a more in-depth treatise, see the second half of this article below.
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wells are drilled and completed in strategic positions. 3D seismic is usually available by this stage to target wells precisely for optimal recovery. Sometimes enhanced recovery (
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or structural feature that ensures the juxtaposition of reservoir and seal such that hydrocarbons remain trapped in the subsurface, rather than escaping (due to their natural
2332:"Assessing shale gas reservoir potential using multi-scaled SEM pore network characterizations and quantifications: The Ciñera-Matallana pull-apart basin, NW Spain"
134:(shown in red) accumulates against the seal, to the depth of the base of the seal. Any further oil migrating in from the source will escape to the surface and seep.
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to quantify the nature of organic-rich rocks which contain the precursors to hydrocarbons, such that the type and quality of expelled hydrocarbon can be assessed.
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In general, all these elements must be assessed via a limited 'window' into the subsurface world, provided by one (or possibly more) exploration
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any source rock in the area must be answered. Delineation and identification of potential source rocks depends on studies of the local
221:(to calculate how easily hydrocarbons will flow out of them). Some of the key disciplines used in reservoir analysis are the fields of
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unit or set of units that holds the hydrocarbon reserves. Analysis of reservoirs at the simplest level requires an assessment of their
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499:) for a given exploration prospect will allow explorers and commercial analysts to determine whether a prospect is financially viable.
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end of a duration of a petroleum system. The duration being the time crucial elements of the petroleum system are being accumulated.
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Traditionally, porosity and permeability were determined through the study of drilling samples, analysis of cores obtained from the
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V. Guerriero; et al. (2011). "Improved statistical multi-scale analysis of fractures in carbonate reservoir analogues".
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A. Amosu, Y. Sun (2019). "A Quantitative
Probabilistic Framework for Estimating the Critical Moment in a Petroleum System".
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of subsurface rocks are readily available and can be used to infer physical/sedimentary properties of the rocks themselves.
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454:, chemistry, API, carbon content, etc.) of the hydrocarbon and the nature of the reservoir (porosity, permeability, etc.).
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In terms of source rock analysis, several facts need to be established. Firstly, the question of whether there actually
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Several major subdisciplines exist in petroleum geology specifically to study the seven key elements discussed above.
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M.G. Fowler, K.E. Peters (2002). "Applications of
Petroleum Geochemistry to Exploration and Reservoir Management".
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exploration well. Production tests may also give insight in reservoir pressures and connectivity. Geochemical and
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If the likelihood of there being a source rock is thought to be high, the next matter to address is the state of
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reveal information on how hydrocarbons move from source to reservoir and help quantify the source (or
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Study of the origin, occurrence, movement, accumulation, and exploration of hydrocarbon fuels
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to determine the likelihood of organic-rich sediments having been deposited in the past.
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Petroleum geology is principally concerned with the evaluation of seven key elements in
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rock, is a unit with low permeability that impedes the escape of hydrocarbons from the
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is the study of the origins, occurrence, movement, accumulation, and exploration of
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of the source, and the timing of maturation. Maturation of source rocks (see
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are its bulk rock volume, net-to-gross ratio, porosity and permeability.
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Finding Oil: The Nature of
Petroleum Geology, 1859–1920
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tools passed down the well itself. Modern advances in
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analysis of the source rock (to determine the type of
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390:present and their maturation characteristics) and
2330:Richardson, Ethan J.; Montenari, Michael (2020).
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510:, in references below) and by the technique of
739:— American Association of Petroleum Geologists
475:The existence of a reservoir rock (typically,
288:involves assessing the thermal history of the
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110:
590:
555:
2290:Ferriday, Tim; Montenari, Michael (2016).
771:
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326:Major subdisciplines in petroleum geology
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
450:analysis gives information on the type (
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303:) of hydrocarbons in a particular area.
121:
43:This article includes a list of general
1691:China National Offshore Oil Corporation
405:
346:
14:
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1565:Unconventional (oil and gas) reservoir
1324:2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war
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313:in process, a common way to study the
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2368:– via Elsevier Science Direct.
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1696:China National Petroleum Corporation
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29:
457:
24:
1756:National Iranian South Oil Company
1472:Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin
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544:Controlled source electro-magnetic
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49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
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2224:Intercontinental Exchange Futures
2113:Chicago Bridge & Iron Company
1766:Oil & Gas Development Company
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414:
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34:
1771:Oil and Natural Gas Corporation
525:and processing have meant that
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222:
2239:Society of Petroleum Engineers
2010:Port Harcourt Refining Company
1676:Abu Dhabi National Oil Company
437:, the appraisal stage starts.
13:
1:
2336:Stratigraphy & Timescales
2296:Stratigraphy & Timescales
1185:Production sharing agreements
693:10.1016/S0146-6380(01)00125-5
594:Journal of Structural Geology
549:
2219:Canadian petroleum companies
2214:American Petroleum Institute
1751:National Iranian Oil Company
1736:Kuwait Petroleum Corporation
712:University of Nebraska Press
508:Guerriero et al., 2009, 2011
295:Finally, careful studies of
211:(to calculate the volume of
7:
2348:10.1016/bs.sats.2020.07.001
2308:10.1016/bs.sats.2016.10.004
2234:International Energy Agency
1219:Enhanced oil recovery (EOR)
584:10.1016/j.tecto.2011.01.003
532:
402:in the sedimentary column.
10:
2406:
1821:PTT Public Company Limited
1422:East Midlands Oil Province
1407:List of natural gas fields
1007:Integrated asset modelling
601:(9). Elsevier: 1271–1278.
485:hydrocarbon explorationist
203:is a porous and permeable
111:Sedimentary basin analysis
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252:. Common seals include
217:hydrocarbons) and their
2244:World Petroleum Council
2118:China Oilfield Services
1175:Petroleum fiscal regime
874:Western Canadian Select
869:West Texas Intermediate
64:more precise citations.
1721:Indian Oil Corporation
1207:Submersible pump (ESP)
1152:Underbalanced drilling
973:of gasoline and diesel
322:
135:
2310:– via Elsevier
2098:Cameron International
1540:Petrodollar recycling
1523:fossil fuel phase-out
1086:Differential sticking
1039:Reflection seismology
1012:Petroleum engineering
854:OPEC Reference Basket
309:
235:reservoir engineering
179:reflection seismology
125:
1995:Occidental Petroleum
1309:1990 oil price shock
1135:Shale oil extraction
1108:Drilling engineering
1091:Directional drilling
1017:Reservoir simulation
743:PetroleumGeology.org
668:Organic Geochemistry
512:formation evaluation
406:Geochemical analysis
347:Source rock analysis
192:uses the methods of
2143:Naftiran Intertrade
2088:Amec Foster Wheeler
2015:Reliance Industries
1904:Naftiran Intertrade
1716:Hindustan Petroleum
1314:2000s energy crisis
685:2002OrGeo..33....5P
650:10.1306/07031817387
642:2019BAAPG.103..177A
607:2010JSG....32.1271G
576:2011Tectp.504...14G
223:structural analysis
1990:Marathon Petroleum
1412:List of oil fields
1022:Reservoir modeling
780:Petroleum industry
527:seismic attributes
471:Reservoir analysis
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281:) and being lost.
188:Evaluation of the
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117:sedimentary basins
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1140:Ljungström method
1044:Seismic inversion
1029:Petroleum geology
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714:; 2011) 232 pages
424:Exploration stage
394:methods, such as
97:hydrocarbon fuels
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16:(Redirected from
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1125:Lost circulation
963:Posted oil price
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978:
977:
976:
975:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
934:
932:
928:
927:
925:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
893:
891:
884:
880:
879:
877:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
849:Japan Cocktail
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
810:
808:
802:
801:
799:
798:
796:Primary energy
793:
787:
784:
783:
776:
775:
768:
761:
753:
747:
746:
740:
734:
728:
720:
719:External links
717:
716:
715:
702:
699:
698:
697:
677:Pergamon Press
662:
619:
588:
559:Tectonophysics
551:
548:
547:
546:
541:
534:
531:
479:and fractured
472:
469:
459:
456:
442:
439:
425:
422:
416:
415:Basin analysis
413:
407:
404:
396:back-stripping
348:
345:
335:
332:
327:
324:
317:when drilling
250:reservoir rock
171:
170:
165:
160:
157:
152:
147:
142:
112:
109:
88:
87:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2402:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2357:9780128209912
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2277:
2267:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2071:
2061:
2060:Valero Energy
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2025:Suncor Energy
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1661:
1655:
1654:TotalEnergies
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1603:
1600:
1598:organisations
1596:Companies and
1594:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1535:Petrocurrency
1533:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1508:Oil shale gas
1506:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1488:Abbreviations
1486:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1447:Permian Basin
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1384:United States
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1344:Seven Sisters
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
997:Core sampling
995:
994:
992:
990:
986:
974:
971:
970:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
935:
933:
929:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
894:
892:
888:
885:
881:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
834:Indian Basket
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
811:
809:
807:
803:
797:
794:
792:
789:
788:
785:
781:
774:
769:
767:
762:
760:
755:
754:
751:
744:
741:
738:
735:
732:
729:
726:
723:
722:
713:
709:
705:
704:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
669:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
634:AAPG Bulletin
631:
627:
626:
625:AAPG Bulletin
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
595:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
560:
554:
553:
545:
542:
540:
537:
536:
530:
528:
524:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
500:
498:
494:
488:
486:
482:
478:
468:
466:
455:
453:
449:
448:petrophysical
438:
436:
432:
421:
412:
403:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
368:
366:
365:sedimentology
362:
358:
354:
344:
340:
331:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
302:
298:
293:
291:
287:
282:
280:
276:
275:stratigraphic
272:
271:
265:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
238:
236:
232:
231:sedimentology
228:
224:
220:
216:
215:
210:
206:
202:
197:
195:
191:
186:
184:
180:
176:
169:
166:
164:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
137:
133:
129:
124:
120:
118:
108:
106:
102:
98:
94:
84:
81:
73:
63:
59:
53:
52:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
2339:
2335:
2299:
2295:
2163:Schlumberger
2093:Baker Hughes
1985:Marathon Oil
1975:Imperial Oil
1970:Husky Energy
1960:Galp Energia
1950:Devon Energy
1836:Saudi Aramco
1816:Petrovietnam
1761:NNPC Limited
1665:National oil
1545:Petrofiction
1513:Orphan wells
1481:Other topics
1452:Persian Gulf
1379:Saudi Arabia
1349:Standard Oil
1157:Well logging
1034:Petrophysics
1028:
707:
672:
666:
629:
623:
598:
592:
563:
557:
501:
489:
474:
461:
444:
435:wildcat-well
427:
418:
409:
380:fossil fuels
369:
357:stratigraphy
352:
350:
341:
337:
329:
300:
296:
294:
285:
284:Analysis of
283:
268:
266:
245:
241:
239:
227:stratigraphy
219:permeability
212:
205:lithological
200:
198:
194:geochemistry
189:
187:
172:
114:
101:hydrocarbons
92:
91:
76:
67:
48:
2342:: 677–755.
2302:: 123–255.
2133:Halliburton
2005:Phillips 66
1826:QatarEnergy
1796:Petrobangla
1731:KazMunayGas
1621:Supermajors
1570:heavy crude
1457:Prudhoe Bay
1437:Niger Delta
1417:Caspian Sea
1180:Concessions
1130:Measurement
1096:Geosteering
1079:Squeeze job
989:Exploration
938:Consumption
897:Consumption
890:Natural gas
819:Bonny Light
636:: 177–187.
431:exploration
384:geochemical
290:source rock
62:introducing
2379:Categories
2183:Transocean
2050:Tullow Oil
2040:TechnipFMC
1806:PetroChina
1644:ExxonMobil
1550:Shale band
1427:East Texas
1400:and fields
1214:Downstream
1167:Production
1074:Completion
1002:Geophysics
943:Production
902:Production
839:Indonesian
814:Argus Sour
806:Benchmarks
550:References
481:limestones
477:sandstones
376:diagenesis
286:maturation
254:evaporites
163:Maturation
45:references
2366:229217907
2178:TC Energy
2079:companies
1909:Trafigura
1856:Sonatrach
1801:Petrobras
1791:Pertamina
1701:Ecopetrol
1667:companies
1611:companies
1609:petroleum
1585:tight oil
1580:oil shale
1575:oil sands
1555:Shale gas
1496:sweet oil
1467:Venezuela
1442:North Sea
1398:Provinces
1389:Venezuela
1236:Midstream
931:Petroleum
791:Petroleum
658:134743618
570:: 14–24.
452:viscosity
319:oil wells
315:lithology
297:migration
201:reservoir
168:Migration
145:Reservoir
70:June 2014
2266:Category
2173:Subsea 7
2153:Petrofac
2148:NOV Inc.
2128:GE Power
2123:Enbridge
2077:services
1899:Mercuria
1889:Glencore
1851:Sonangol
1811:Petronas
1746:Naftogaz
1518:Peak oil
1501:sour oil
1256:Upstream
1251:Refining
1246:Pipeline
1202:Pumpjack
1197:Gas lift
1118:invasion
1061:Drilling
948:Reserves
907:Reserves
679:: 5–36.
568:Elsevier
533:See also
516:wireline
504:wellbore
388:kerogens
279:buoyancy
209:porosity
1841:Sinopec
1831:Rosneft
1711:Gazprom
1706:Equinor
1634:Chevron
1281:History
1147:Tracers
1069:Blowout
958:Exports
953:Imports
917:Exports
912:Imports
681:Bibcode
638:Bibcode
603:Bibcode
572:Bibcode
520:seismic
311:Mud log
301:kitchen
273:is the
214:in situ
58:improve
2364:
2354:
2207:Others
2158:Saipem
2055:Tüpraş
2045:TNK-BP
2030:Sunoco
2020:Repsol
1980:Lukoil
1923:Others
1894:Gunvor
1528:timing
1462:Russia
1374:Norway
1359:France
1354:Canada
656:
514:using
493:STOIIP
262:shales
258:chalks
233:, and
190:source
159:Timing
140:Source
47:, but
2362:S2CID
2074:Major
1940:Cepsa
1914:Vitol
1884:Enron
1846:SOCAR
1786:Pemex
1781:PDVSA
1776:Orlen
1741:Lotos
1681:ANCAP
1649:Shell
1606:Major
1364:India
968:Price
922:Price
864:Urals
859:Tapis
829:Dubai
824:Brent
675:(1).
654:S2CID
632:(1).
566:(1).
433:- or
244:, or
175:wells
2352:ISBN
2168:Snam
2108:CH2M
1861:TPAO
1369:Iraq
1339:OPEC
1334:GECF
883:Data
737:AAPG
497:GIIP
495:and
378:and
363:and
267:The
260:and
242:seal
240:The
199:The
155:Trap
150:Seal
2344:doi
2304:doi
2103:CGG
2000:OMV
1866:YPF
1639:Eni
689:doi
646:doi
630:103
611:doi
580:doi
564:504
246:cap
132:Oil
107:).
2381::
2360:.
2350:.
2338:.
2334:.
2320:^
2298:.
2294:.
2280:^
1629:BP
1271:XT
687:.
673:33
671:.
652:.
644:.
628:.
609:.
599:32
597:.
578:.
562:.
359:,
353:is
256:,
237:.
229:,
225:,
126:A
119::
2346::
2340:5
2314:.
2306::
2300:1
772:e
765:t
758:v
710:(
695:.
691::
683::
660:.
648::
640::
617:.
613::
605::
586:.
582::
574::
321:.
103:(
83:)
77:(
72:)
68:(
54:.
20:)
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