341:
50:
43:
284:, who thereafter exercised tight control of imports into Lazica and controlled local access to luxury commodities and much-needed salt. The name of Petra, literally, "rock" in Greek, was a reference to the rocky and precipitous coast where the city was built. Its location between the sea and the cliffs rendered the city inaccessible, except for a narrow and rocky stretch of level ground, which was defended by a defensive wall with two towers.
27:
332:. After more than a year, the city fell and Bessas razed the city fortress to the ground to prevent it again becoming a Sasanian target. However, recent archaeological evidence from Tsikhisdziri suggests that the site survived well into the 7th century AD and beyond, with the fortification walls remaining in use and repeatedly repaired.
308:
Petra by sending his troops through a secretly constructed tunnel and destroying the towers, which induced the Romans to capitulate. Khosrow appropriated the riches of Tzibus, who was killed in battle, but treated the Romans of the city with consideration.
316:—this time allied with the Lazi, who had become discontent with Sasanian hegemony—to retake Petra. The allies besieged the city and defeated two Sasanian field armies sent to its aid, but subsequent maneuvers by the Iranian commander
773:
Intagliata, Emanuele E.; Naskidashvili, Davit; Snyder, J. Riley (2019). "Towards a High-Definition
Approach to the Study of Byzantine Fortifications: The Case Study of Tsikhisdziri (Western Georgia)".
904:
442:(Latin), Petra di Lazica (Curiate Italian), Petren(sis) in Lazica (Latin adjective), of the Epsicopal (lowest) rank, but remains vacant as per February 2017, without having had a single incumbent.
387:, Roman, and medieval objects. Literary and archaeological evidence suggest Petra was a result of a Justinianian expansion of an earlier small Roman fort. The site is inscribed on the
388:
874:
829:
Medieval ports in North Aegean and the Black Sea: links to the maritime routes of the East; International
Symposium, Thessalonike, 4–6 December 2013; Proceedings
796:
Medieval ports in North Aegean and the Black Sea: links to the maritime routes of the East; International
Symposium, Thessalonike, 4–6 December 2013; Proceedings
640:. Ministry of Culture and Monuments Protection of Georgia, ICOM National Committee in Georgia, Georgian Museums Association, Culturological Research Association
348:
Mainstream scholarly opinion identifies Petra with a ruined settlement found in the village of
Tsikhisdziri, in Georgia's southwestern autonomous republic of
360:. It contains ruins of a citadel—200 m in length and 100 m in width—located on two neighboring rocky seaside hills and a large 6th-century three-
304:, in the course of which Petra changed hands several times. In 541, Khosrow, following an initial unsuccessful assault on the fortifications of the city,
899:
852:
819:
379:, several other structures—remains of an urban settlement—as well as more than 300 burials located nearby. The site has also yielded several
340:
879:
402:, who toured western Georgia in the 1670s. This view was shared by the leading 19th-century students of the history of Georgia, such as
752:ქართლის ცხოვრების ტოპოარქეოლოგიური ლექსიკონი [Topoarchaeological dictionary of Kartlis tskhovreba (The history of Georgia)]
111:
750:
836:
803:
763:
414:
in 1949. There are some modern scholars who have rejected the identification of Petra with the
Tsikhisdziri site, such as
238:
827:
Mania, Irina; Natsvlishvili, Natia (2013). "Littoral fortifications in South-West
Georgia". In Flora, Karagianni (ed.).
264:
by the
Eastern Roman emperor Justinian I, dated to 535. It was built to reinforce the Roman authority in the kingdom of
720:
701:
894:
42:
739:
633:
434:
as listed in the
Annuario Pontifio, didn't survive, but was nominally restored in 1933 as a Latin Catholic
395:
749:
Gamkrelidze, Gela; Mindorashvili, Davit; Bragvadze, Zurab; Kvatsadze, Marine, eds. (2013). "ციხისძირი ".
403:
375:, and mosaic floor, which was probably a bishop's seat. Other buildings from that time are a bath, water
296:, secretly sought Sasanian assistance against Rome. This occasioned an invasion by a Sasanian army under
889:
399:
325:
260:
869:
794:
Khoshtaria, David (2013). "The
Basilica at Petra (Tsikhisdziri)". In Flora, Karagianni (ed.).
394:
The first to have suggested
Tsikhisdziri as a location of the Roman-era city of Petra was the
391:
list and protected as the Tsikhisdziri–Petra Archaeological and Architectural Museum Reserve.
652:
602:
81:
418:, a translator and critical editor of the Byzantine sources on Georgia, and Guram Grigolia.
292:
Tzibus' monopolization of trade in Petra soured Rome's relations with the Lazi, whose king,
431:
415:
329:
321:
305:
293:
154:
8:
846:
813:
690:
384:
832:
799:
759:
735:
716:
697:
671:
435:
211:
207:
89:
782:
758:(in Georgian) (1st ed.). Tbilisi: Georgian National Museum. pp. 588–592.
692:
Georgia in Antiquity: A History of Colchis and Transcaucasian Iberia, 550 BC–AD 562
407:
230:
884:
380:
411:
234:
191:
169:
99:
863:
786:
218:
126:
113:
578:
233:. Mainstream scholarly opinion identifies Petra with a ruined settlement of
748:
658:
608:
324:
Petra in 549 and withdrew the same year. In 551, a Roman–Lazi army under
317:
313:
281:
225:
and, due to its strategic location, became a battleground of the 541–562
214:
451:
614:
427:
301:
297:
277:
269:
226:
199:
179:
364:
357:
222:
542:
506:
376:
368:
320:
made the besiegers' positions untenable. Eventually, Dagisthaeus
905:
Immovable Cultural Monuments of National Significance of Georgia
484:
482:
353:
349:
265:
242:
203:
85:
77:
26:
280:, Petra was founded through the efforts of the Roman official
772:
634:"Castle of Petra Archaeological-Architectural Museum Reserve"
584:
554:
518:
479:
272:
and, with the emperor's approval, was named in his honor as
372:
361:
732:
The Age of Justinian: The Circumstances of Imperial Power
590:
31:
Ruins of a fortress at Tsikhisdziri identified as Petra
566:
467:
344:
The ruins of a 6th-century basilica at Tsikhisdziri.
530:
494:
826:
689:
620:
410:, and based on a more solid scholarly footing by
861:
711:Dewing, H. B.; Kaldellis, Anthony, eds. (2014).
875:Populated places established in the 6th century
710:
560:
548:
524:
512:
488:
457:
715:. Indianapolis, Indiana: Hackett Publishing.
268:, located on the southeastern shores of the
585:Intagliata, Naskidashvili & Snyder 2019
851:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
818:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
793:
596:
276:. According to the contemporary historian
25:
900:Roman fortifications in Georgia (country)
672:"Titular See of Petra in Lazica, Georgia"
339:
16:Ancient city in Lazica (modern Georgia)
862:
687:
500:
473:
198:) was a fortified town on the eastern
729:
572:
536:
312:In 548, Justinian sent a force under
49:
696:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
13:
880:Former cities in Georgia (country)
831:. Thessalonike. pp. 276–283.
798:. Thessalonike. pp. 367–376.
734:. London and New York: Routledge.
258:Petra is first referred to in the
14:
916:
713:Prokopios. The Wars of Justinian
210:. In the 6th century, under the
48:
41:
664:
626:
621:Mania & Natsvlishvili 2013
335:
1:
681:
302:twenty years of war in Lazica
253:
421:
396:Greek Patriarch of Jerusalem
389:Cultural Heritage of Georgia
287:
217:, it served as an important
7:
561:Dewing & Kaldellis 2014
549:Dewing & Kaldellis 2014
525:Dewing & Kaldellis 2014
513:Dewing & Kaldellis 2014
489:Dewing & Kaldellis 2014
458:Dewing & Kaldellis 2014
10:
921:
248:
426:The diocese, plausibly a
195:
175:
165:
160:
150:
142:
105:
95:
73:
65:
36:
24:
787:10.2143/ANA.45.0.3287006
730:Evans, J. A. S. (2001).
460:, p. 105, fn. 231:
445:
245:, southwestern Georgia.
659:Gamkrelidze et al. 2013
609:Gamkrelidze et al. 2013
261:Novellae Constitutiones
206:in what is now western
688:Braund, David (1994).
404:Marie-Félicité Brosset
345:
231:Sasanian Persia (Iran)
343:
127:41.76833°N 41.75333°E
82:Kobuleti Municipality
66:Alternative name
464:28 pr. (18 July 535)
416:Simon Kaukhchishvili
274:Petra Pia Justiniana
155:Eastern Roman Empire
146:Fortified settlement
69:Petra Pia Justiniana
57:Shown within Georgia
895:Roman–Sasanian Wars
661:, pp. 588–589.
623:, pp. 279–280.
611:, pp. 589–591.
551:, pp. 138–141.
515:, pp. 109–110.
438:under the names of
123: /
21:
346:
237:at the village of
132:41.76833; 41.75333
19:
890:History of Adjara
838:978-960-9677-01-1
805:978-960-9677-01-1
765:978-9941-15-896-4
436:Titular bishopric
229:between Rome and
212:Byzantine emperor
185:
184:
912:
856:
850:
842:
823:
817:
809:
790:
769:
757:
745:
726:
707:
695:
676:
675:
668:
662:
656:
650:
649:
647:
645:
638:Georgian Museums
630:
624:
618:
612:
606:
600:
594:
588:
582:
576:
570:
564:
558:
552:
546:
540:
534:
528:
522:
516:
510:
504:
498:
492:
486:
477:
471:
465:
455:
408:Dimitri Bakradze
322:failed to retake
197:
138:
137:
135:
134:
133:
128:
124:
121:
120:
119:
116:
52:
51:
45:
29:
22:
18:
920:
919:
915:
914:
913:
911:
910:
909:
860:
859:
844:
843:
839:
811:
810:
806:
766:
755:
742:
723:
704:
684:
679:
670:
669:
665:
657:
653:
643:
641:
632:
631:
627:
619:
615:
607:
603:
597:Khoshtaria 2013
595:
591:
583:
579:
571:
567:
559:
555:
547:
543:
535:
531:
523:
519:
511:
507:
499:
495:
487:
480:
472:
468:
456:
452:
448:
440:Petra in Lazica
424:
381:Late Bronze Age
338:
290:
256:
251:
221:outpost in the
131:
129:
125:
122:
117:
114:
112:
110:
109:
61:
60:
59:
58:
55:
54:
53:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
918:
908:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
858:
857:
837:
824:
804:
791:
770:
764:
746:
740:
727:
721:
708:
702:
683:
680:
678:
677:
663:
651:
625:
613:
601:
599:, p. 367.
589:
587:, p. 181.
577:
575:, p. 167.
565:
563:, p. 489.
553:
541:
539:, p. 158.
529:
527:, p. 110.
517:
505:
493:
491:, p. 105.
478:
476:, p. 291.
466:
449:
447:
444:
423:
420:
412:Simon Janashia
337:
334:
330:a second siege
289:
286:
255:
252:
250:
247:
235:Late Antiquity
183:
182:
177:
173:
172:
170:Late Antiquity
167:
163:
162:
158:
157:
152:
148:
147:
144:
140:
139:
107:
103:
102:
100:South Caucasus
97:
93:
92:
75:
71:
70:
67:
63:
62:
56:
47:
46:
40:
39:
38:
37:
34:
33:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
917:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
870:Petra, Lazica
868:
867:
865:
854:
848:
840:
834:
830:
825:
821:
815:
807:
801:
797:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
771:
767:
761:
754:
753:
747:
743:
737:
733:
728:
724:
722:9781624661723
718:
714:
709:
705:
703:0-19-814473-3
699:
694:
693:
686:
685:
673:
667:
660:
655:
639:
635:
629:
622:
617:
610:
605:
598:
593:
586:
581:
574:
569:
562:
557:
550:
545:
538:
533:
526:
521:
514:
509:
503:, p. 58.
502:
497:
490:
485:
483:
475:
470:
463:
459:
454:
450:
443:
441:
437:
433:
429:
419:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
392:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
371:, projecting
370:
366:
363:
359:
355:
351:
342:
333:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
310:
307:
303:
299:
295:
285:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
262:
246:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
219:Eastern Roman
216:
213:
209:
205:
201:
193:
189:
181:
178:
174:
171:
168:
164:
159:
156:
153:
149:
145:
141:
136:
108:
104:
101:
98:
94:
91:
87:
83:
79:
76:
72:
68:
64:
44:
35:
28:
23:
828:
795:
778:
774:
751:
731:
712:
691:
666:
654:
642:. Retrieved
637:
628:
616:
604:
592:
580:
568:
556:
544:
532:
520:
508:
496:
469:
461:
453:
439:
425:
400:Dositheos II
393:
347:
311:
291:
273:
259:
257:
239:Tsikhisdziri
187:
186:
151:Part of
781:: 181–192.
501:Braund 1994
474:Braund 1994
385:Hellenistic
336:Archaeology
318:Mihr-Mihroe
314:Dagisthaeus
300:in 541 and
282:John Tzibus
215:Justinian I
130: /
106:Coordinates
864:Categories
741:1134559763
682:References
573:Evans 2001
537:Evans 2001
352:, between
254:Foundation
202:coast, in
118:41°45′12″E
115:41°46′06″N
847:cite book
814:cite book
775:Anatolica
644:8 October
428:suffragan
422:Bishopric
298:Khosrow I
288:Lazic War
278:Procopius
270:Black Sea
227:Lazic War
200:Black Sea
180:Lazic War
365:basilica
358:Kobuleti
306:captured
223:Caucasus
74:Location
377:cistern
369:narthex
367:with a
294:Gubazes
249:History
208:Georgia
166:Periods
161:History
90:Georgia
885:Lazica
835:
802:
762:
738:
719:
700:
432:Phasis
354:Batumi
350:Adjara
328:began
326:Bessas
266:Lazica
243:Adjara
204:Lazica
176:Events
96:Region
86:Adjara
78:Lazica
756:(PDF)
462:Novel
446:Notes
196:Πέτρα
192:Greek
188:Petra
20:Petra
853:link
833:ISBN
820:link
800:ISBN
760:ISBN
736:ISBN
717:ISBN
698:ISBN
646:2016
406:and
373:apse
362:nave
356:and
143:Type
783:doi
430:of
241:in
866::
849:}}
845:{{
816:}}
812:{{
779:45
777:.
636:.
481:^
398:,
383:,
194::
88:,
84:,
855:)
841:.
822:)
808:.
789:.
785::
768:.
744:.
725:.
706:.
674:.
648:.
190:(
80:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
