593:
748:
555:
612:
793:
574:
631:
100:
44:
75:
1486:
912:. All the columnar species thought to be psychoactive have been called "San Pedro" in Spanish. Reported concentrations of mescaline vary widely, with causes suggested to include: taxonomic uncertainty leading to difficulties in identification; genetic differences between species and within populations; environmental factors, such as temperature and water availability, affecting plants during growth; and variations in laboratory techniques.
1472:
887:
pollen from the oldest phase of human occupation has been detected, as well as some fragments of cactus, which would testify to the intentional introduction of this plant inside the cave. Ritual uses of the species are depicted on pre-Columbian
Peruvian ceramics and other archaeological objects, with
531:
The species has erect stems, 2.5–5 m (8–16 ft) tall, with branches generally with a diameter of 6–15 cm (2–6 in), occasionally more. At the base of the stem there are usually seven or eight ribs. Generally the species has relatively few ribs, typically six to eight, occasionally
935:), the lowest found was 0.4% of dry weight compared to 4.7% for a form on sale in traditional Peruvian shamans' markets. The plants used by shamans are likely to be cultivars they have selected for their mescaline content.Mescaline is not evenly distributed within single specimens of
716:. The number and size of the spines was regarded as a distinguishing feature of the two varieties, although this was noted to be a variable character, influenced by environmental conditions: cultivated plants develop more spines when moved to sunnier positions.
1386:
Djerassi, Carl; Liu, L.H.; Farkas, E.; Lippman, A.E.; Lemin, A.J.; Geller, L.E.; McDonald, R.N. & Taylor, B.J. (1955). "Terpenoids. XI.1 Investigation of Nine Cactus
Species. Isolation of Two New Triterpenes, Stellatogenin and Machaeric Acid".
871:. However, plants are widely cultivated making the true origins of the species difficult to determine. It has been speculated that the original native distribution may only be the high valleys of Peru and perhaps also northwestern Bolivia.
544:, the older areoles may have only three to seven shorter and thinner spines. The spines are darker at the end. The flowers are carried mostly near the top of the stems. In total they may be up to 21 cm (8.3 in) long. The
532:
five or nine. The circular areoles are 6 mm (0.2 in) across, grey or dark brown, with needle-like spines, and are spaced more than 2.5 cm (1.0 in) apart. The number and length of the spines varies. In
1137:
Cacteae in horto
Dyckensi cultae anno 1849, secundum tribus et genera digestae : additis adnotationibus botanicis characteribusque specierum in enumeratione diagnostica cactearum Doct. Pfeifferi non descriptarum
592:
1442:"Validation and exploratory application of a simple, rapid and economical procedure (MESQ) for the quantification of mescaline in fresh cactus tissue and aqueous cactus extracts"
1323:
1347:
Ogunbodede, Olabode; McCombs, Douglas; Trout, Keeper; Daley, Paul & Terry, Martin (2010). "New mescaline concentrations from 14 taxa/cultivars of
1871:
540:, older areoles may have up to 20, with three or four prominent, longer and more robust central spines up to 5 cm (2.0 in) long. In var.
776:
longer spines (Spines of the older areoles 18−20, 3−4 of them prominent), blue green stems sometimes with notches, thicker stem diameter (16−20 cm)
1944:
630:
554:
1603:
2020:
611:
826:
small spines (spines of the older areoles 3−7, ca. 0.5−2 cm long), dark green to blue green stems, thinner stem diameter (6−11(−15) cm).
1189:
573:
1953:
1693:
1551:
1476:
1732:
1706:
1564:
548:
may be pale yellow or yellowish green, rarely pink. The small seeds are broadly ovoid, 0.9–1.1 mm (0.04–0.04 in) long.
798:
497:
1737:
1275:"The oldest archeological data evidencing the relationship of Homo sapiens with psychoactive plants: A worldwide overview"
17:
658:
230:
692:. The taxonomy of the species was clarified in 2012 by Sofía Albesiano and Roberto Kiesling. In particular, they sank
1542:
1490:
1608:
2045:
1966:
1719:
1590:
1315:
1984:
1885:
902:
is one of a number of species native to the Andes that have been reported to contain the psychoactive alkaloid
1786:
1631:
883:, in the Áncash region in Peru. In this cave, inhabited continuously since 8600 BCE, a high concentration of
879:
This species of cactus has been used by humans for several millennia. The oldest find was located in the
99:
1711:
1979:
1880:
1781:
1626:
1569:
1085:
1080:
1044:
1039:
1003:
998:
720:
747:
2035:
2030:
1747:
1618:
1238:
Albesiano, Sofía (2012). "A New
Taxonomic Treatment of the Genus Trichocereus (Cactaceae) in Chile".
673:
for 'edge' and refers to the ribs of the species. Vincenzo
Riccobono placed the species in the genus
908:
2040:
1504:
492:
found in
Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia. Two varieties are accepted as of September 2023: var.
2025:
1760:
213:
919:, and in plants grown in Europe. In those studies that have compared different species and
507:. They have been used both ritually and in traditional medicine from pre-Columbian times.
8:
64:
1773:
915:
Some studies have reported no mescaline content in wild-harvested
Peruvian specimens of
792:
1992:
1893:
1820:
1652:
957:
906:(reports may use various synonyms of the currently accepted names). Another species is
480:
239:
94:
1755:
1423:
1368:
1296:
1255:
1160:
1997:
1898:
1856:
1825:
1657:
1449:
1396:
1360:
1286:
1247:
1212:
1141:
1118:
677:
in 1909. Heimo
Friedrich and Gordon Douglas Rowley placed the species in the genus
1929:
1799:
1527:
880:
137:
1067:
1026:
1768:
868:
160:
124:
1364:
990:
2014:
1684:
1300:
1259:
1216:
1145:
84:
79:
1812:
1453:
1372:
190:
43:
1644:
1427:
1351:
spp. (Cactaceae) ("San Pedro") and their relevance to shamanic practice".
1291:
1274:
1938:
1865:
1577:
1536:
1251:
1122:
1958:
1400:
923:, the concentrations found were very variable. In samples identified as
58:– the tall cactus in the mid-foreground, in its natural habitat in Peru
1698:
1556:
180:
1582:
1441:
903:
504:
1971:
1498:
1923:
1850:
1807:
1678:
1639:
1521:
1485:
920:
864:
150:
1724:
1595:
1316:"Could Synthetic Mescaline Protect Declining Peyote Populations?"
1128:
1105:
Albesiano, Sofía (2012), "A New
Taxonomic Treatment of the Genus
856:
852:
830:
784:
1471:
489:
170:
503:. Plants contain varying amounts of the psychoactive alkaloid
1794:
860:
545:
111:
1233:
1231:
847:
Plants of the World Online regards the species as native to
1346:
848:
834:
780:
888:
one use dated to about 1300 BCE. Indigenous names include
1228:
1134:
511:
is one of a number of similar species that may be called
1385:
523:, although these too may be applied to similar species.
1266:
1342:
1340:
956:
Assessment), Jose Roque (Global Cactus (2011-05-05).
1140:. Bonnae: Apud Henry & Cohen, typis C. Georgii.
421:(Rauh & Backeb.) H.Friedrich & G.D.Rowley
413:(Rauh & Backeb.) H.Friedrich & G.D.Rowley
405:(Britton & Rose) H.Friedrich & G.D.Rowley
312:(Rauh & Backeb.) H.Friedrich & G.D.Rowley
292:(Britton & Rose) H.Friedrich & G.D.Rowley
1337:
1135:Salm-Reifferscheidt, Joseph; Georgi, Carl (1850).
949:
1379:
1188:Albesiano, Sofía & Kiesling, Roberto (2012),
1187:
1062:
1060:
1021:
1019:
2012:
1152:
1076:(Britton & Rose) Albesiano & R.Kiesling"
985:
983:
981:
979:
977:
808:(Britton & Rose) Albesiano & R.Kiesling
1414:Agurell, S. (1969), "Cactaceae alkaloids. I",
1057:
1016:
1439:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1161:"Bollettino del R. Orto Botanico di Palermo"
974:
661:was published in 1850. The specific epithet
955:
320:(Cárdenas) H.Friedrich & G.D.Rowley
73:
42:
1290:
1237:
1174:
1104:
958:"The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"
1389:Journal of the American Chemical Society
1272:
1163:. Libreria internazionale, Alberto Reber
263:(Salm-Dyck) H.Friedrich & G.D.Rowley
1872:Trichocereus macrogonus var. macrogonus
1413:
1158:
14:
2013:
1440:Van Der Sypt, Frederick (2022-04-03).
1407:
688:Many other names have been applied to
1945:Trichocereus macrogonus var. pachanoi
1503:
1502:
1313:
1098:
1748:3cefccec-2e6f-49fb-8824-e38a42e4592a
1619:ef366b52-bfe1-484b-b038-6537887f942b
874:
2021:IUCN Red List least concern species
1314:Mchem, Benjamin Bury (2021-08-02).
962:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
24:
1985:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77125731-1
1886:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77224675-1
1285:(2). Akademiai Kiado Zrt.: 63–80.
1159:Palermo, Orto botanico di (1908).
659:Joseph zu Salm-Reifferscheidt-Dyck
25:
2057:
1464:
1190:"Identity and neotypification of
1787:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:132717-1
1632:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:257107-2
1484:
1470:
1273:Samorini, Giorgio (2019-03-29).
1194:, the type species of the genus
791:
746:
665:is derived from the Greek words
629:
610:
591:
572:
553:
397:(Britton & Rose) Werderm.
352:(Rauh & Backeb.) Ostolaza
304:(Rauh & Backeb.) Ostolaza
98:
1433:
1326:from the original on 2021-08-02
1307:
842:
1446:PhytoChem & BioSub Journal
1279:Journal of Psychedelic Studies
526:
13:
1:
942:
1353:Journal of Ethnopharmacology
859:, and introduced to central
332:(Britton & Rose) Lodé
7:
648:
515:. Indigenous names include
10:
2062:
1086:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
1081:Plants of the World Online
1045:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
1040:Plants of the World Online
1004:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
999:Plants of the World Online
721:Plants of the World Online
1909:
1836:
1668:
1511:
1365:10.1016/j.jep.2010.07.021
867:, mainland Spain and the
653:The first description as
643:flower and buds side view
245:
238:
219:
212:
95:Scientific classification
93:
71:
62:
50:
41:
34:
1911:Trichocereus macrogonus
1838:Trichocereus macrogonus
1217:10.2985/1070-0048-17.1.3
1146:10.5962/bhl.title.120333
723:accepted two varieties:
462:Trichocereus torataensis
426:Trichocereus macrogonus
345:Trichocereus peruvianus
325:Trichocereus macrogonus
1543:Trichocereus macrogonus
1513:Trichocereus macrogonus
1492:Trichocereus macrogonus
1478:Trichocereus macrogonus
1109:(Cactaceae) in Chile",
1070:Trichocereus macrogonus
1029:Trichocereus macrogonus
993:Trichocereus macrogonus
909:Echinopsis lageniformis
900:Trichocereus macrogonus
800:Trichocereus macrogonus
770:Trichocereus peruvianus
754:Trichocereus macrogonus
694:Trichocereus peruvianus
690:Trichocereus macrogonus
637:Trichocereus macrogonus
618:Trichocereus macrogonus
599:Trichocereus macrogonus
581:Trichocereus macrogonus
562:Trichocereus macrogonus
509:Trichocereus macrogonus
476:Trichocereus macrogonus
446:Trichocereus santaensis
365:Trichocereus tacnaensis
357:Trichocereus puquiensis
337:Trichocereus peruvianus
223:Trichocereus macrogonus
52:Trichocereus macrogonus
36:Trichocereus macrogonus
2046:Cacti of South America
1454:10.5281/zenodo.6409376
433:M.H.J.van der Meer
373:Trichocereus trichosus
1292:10.1556/2054.2019.008
820:Trichocereus pachanoi
698:Trichocereus pachanoi
485:Echinopsis macrogonus
457:Rauh & Backeb.
454:Trichocereus schoenii
449:Rauh & Backeb.
441:Britton & Rose
438:Trichocereus pachanoi
410:Echinopsis santaensis
360:Rauh & Backeb.
340:Britton & Rose
309:Echinopsis puquiensis
297:Echinopsis peruviana
260:Echinopsis macrogonus
1670:Echinopsis macrogona
1481:at Wikimedia Commons
1252:10.2985/026.018.0114
1123:10.2985/026.018.0114
995:(Salm-Dyck) Riccob."
765:Echinopsis peruviana
683:Echinopsis macrogona
289:Echinopsis peruviana
1401:10.1021/ja01610a033
925:Echinopsis pachanoi
815:Echinopsis pachanoi
418:Echinopsis schoenii
402:Echinopsis pachanoi
317:Echinopsis trichosa
65:Conservation status
18:Peruvian fence post
929:T. macrogonus
917:T. macrogonus
710:T. macrogonus
702:T. macrogonus
534:T. macrogonus
488:, is a species of
205:T. macrogonus
2008:
2007:
1756:Open Tree of Life
1505:Taxon identifiers
1475:Media related to
1192:Cereus macrogonus
875:Mescaline content
840:
839:
809:
655:Cereus macrogonus
472:
471:
466:
458:
450:
442:
434:
422:
414:
406:
398:
377:
369:
361:
353:
341:
333:
321:
313:
305:
293:
285:
264:
256:
252:Cereus macrogonus
88:
27:Species of cactus
16:(Redirected from
2053:
2036:Flora of Ecuador
2031:Flora of Bolivia
2001:
2000:
1988:
1987:
1975:
1974:
1962:
1961:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1914:
1902:
1901:
1889:
1888:
1876:
1875:
1874:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1841:
1829:
1828:
1816:
1815:
1803:
1802:
1790:
1789:
1777:
1776:
1764:
1763:
1751:
1750:
1741:
1740:
1728:
1727:
1715:
1714:
1702:
1701:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1661:
1660:
1648:
1647:
1635:
1634:
1622:
1621:
1612:
1611:
1599:
1598:
1586:
1585:
1573:
1572:
1560:
1559:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1500:
1499:
1489:Data related to
1488:
1474:
1458:
1457:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1395:(5): 1200–1203.
1383:
1377:
1376:
1344:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1331:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1294:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1235:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1202:
1185:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1168:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1092:
1064:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1051:
1023:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1010:
987:
972:
971:
969:
968:
953:
807:
795:
750:
726:
725:
706:T. pachanoi
669:for 'large' and
633:
614:
595:
576:
557:
513:San Pedro cactus
464:
456:
448:
440:
432:
429:
420:
412:
404:
396:
375:
367:
359:
351:
348:
339:
331:
328:
319:
311:
303:
300:
291:
283:
262:
254:
247:Of the species:
225:
103:
102:
82:
77:
76:
46:
32:
31:
21:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2011:
2010:
2009:
2004:
1996:
1991:
1983:
1978:
1970:
1965:
1957:
1952:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1912:
1905:
1897:
1892:
1884:
1879:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1855:
1854:
1849:
1839:
1832:
1824:
1819:
1811:
1806:
1798:
1793:
1785:
1780:
1772:
1767:
1759:
1754:
1746:
1744:
1736:
1731:
1723:
1718:
1710:
1705:
1697:
1692:
1683:
1682:
1677:
1664:
1656:
1651:
1643:
1638:
1630:
1625:
1617:
1615:
1607:
1602:
1594:
1589:
1581:
1576:
1568:
1563:
1555:
1550:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1526:
1525:
1520:
1507:
1467:
1462:
1461:
1438:
1434:
1412:
1408:
1384:
1380:
1345:
1338:
1329:
1327:
1312:
1308:
1271:
1267:
1236:
1229:
1221:
1219:
1200:
1186:
1175:
1166:
1164:
1157:
1153:
1133:
1129:
1103:
1099:
1090:
1088:
1066:
1065:
1058:
1049:
1047:
1025:
1024:
1017:
1008:
1006:
989:
988:
975:
966:
964:
954:
950:
945:
937:E. lageniformis
881:Guitarrero Cave
877:
845:
779:west and south
651:
644:
634:
625:
615:
606:
596:
587:
577:
568:
558:
529:
427:
394:Cereus pachanoi
346:
326:
298:
234:
227:
221:
208:
97:
89:
78:
74:
67:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2059:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1998:wfo-0001434469
1989:
1976:
1963:
1950:
1935:
1919:
1917:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1899:wfo-0001434966
1890:
1877:
1862:
1846:
1844:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1826:wfo-0000662184
1817:
1804:
1791:
1778:
1765:
1752:
1742:
1729:
1716:
1703:
1690:
1674:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1662:
1658:wfo-0001289169
1649:
1636:
1623:
1613:
1600:
1587:
1574:
1561:
1548:
1533:
1517:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1497:
1496:
1495:at Wikispecies
1482:
1466:
1465:External links
1463:
1460:
1459:
1432:
1422:(2): 206–216,
1406:
1378:
1359:(2): 356–362.
1336:
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1227:
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1127:
1097:
1056:
1015:
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876:
873:
869:Canary Islands
844:
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161:Caryophyllales
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26:
9:
6:
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2041:Flora of Peru
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1775:
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1766:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1749:
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1726:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1708:
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1695:
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1686:
1680:
1676:
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1673:
1671:
1667:
1659:
1654:
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1646:
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1637:
1633:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1575:
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1566:
1562:
1558:
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1549:
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1529:
1523:
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1494:
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1487:
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1473:
1469:
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1455:
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1429:
1425:
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1417:
1410:
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1398:
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1390:
1382:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1343:
1341:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1310:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1269:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1234:
1232:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1162:
1155:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1131:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1101:
1087:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1063:
1061:
1046:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1022:
1020:
1005:
1001:
1000:
996:
994:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
963:
959:
952:
948:
940:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
913:
911:
910:
905:
901:
897:
895:
891:
886:
885:T. macrogonus
882:
872:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
836:
832:
828:
825:
821:
818:
816:
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811:
806:
805:
801:
797:
794:
790:
789:
786:
782:
778:
775:
771:
768:
766:
763:
762:
761:
759:
755:
752:
749:
745:
744:
741:Distribution
740:
737:
734:
731:
728:
727:
724:
722:
717:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
686:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
642:
638:
632:
627:
623:
619:
613:
608:
604:
600:
594:
589:
586:
582:
575:
570:
567:
563:
556:
551:
550:
549:
547:
543:
539:
535:
524:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
501:
495:
491:
487:
486:
482:
478:
477:
463:
460:
455:
452:
447:
444:
439:
436:
431:
424:
419:
416:
411:
408:
403:
400:
395:
392:
391:
390:
388:
384:
383:T. macrogonus
374:
371:
366:
363:
358:
355:
350:
343:
338:
335:
330:
323:
318:
315:
310:
307:
302:
295:
290:
287:
282:
279:
278:
277:
275:
271:
270:T. macrogonus
261:
258:
253:
250:
249:
248:
244:
241:
237:
232:
226:
224:
218:
215:
214:Binomial name
211:
207:
206:
201:
198:
197:
194:
193:
189:
186:
185:
182:
179:
176:
175:
172:
169:
166:
165:
162:
159:
156:
155:
152:
149:
146:
143:
142:
139:
136:
133:
130:
129:
126:
125:Tracheophytes
123:
120:
117:
116:
113:
110:
107:
106:
101:
96:
92:
86:
81:
80:Least Concern
70:
66:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
40:
37:
33:
30:
19:
2026:Trichocereus
1910:
1837:
1669:
1512:
1491:
1477:
1445:
1435:
1419:
1415:
1409:
1392:
1388:
1381:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1328:. Retrieved
1319:
1309:
1282:
1278:
1268:
1243:
1239:
1220:, retrieved
1208:
1204:
1198:(Cactaceae)"
1196:Trichocereus
1195:
1191:
1165:. Retrieved
1154:
1136:
1130:
1114:
1110:
1107:Trichocereus
1106:
1100:
1089:. Retrieved
1079:
1073:
1069:
1048:. Retrieved
1038:
1032:
1028:
1007:. Retrieved
997:
992:
965:. Retrieved
961:
951:
936:
932:
928:
924:
916:
914:
907:
899:
898:
893:
889:
884:
878:
846:
843:Distribution
819:
814:
803:
799:
769:
764:
757:
753:
719:As of 2023,
718:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
687:
682:
678:
675:Trichocereus
674:
670:
666:
662:
654:
652:
640:
636:
621:
617:
602:
598:
584:
580:
565:
561:
541:
537:
533:
530:
520:
516:
512:
508:
499:
493:
484:
483:
475:
474:
473:
461:
453:
445:
437:
425:
417:
409:
401:
393:
386:
382:
380:
372:
368:F.Ritter
364:
356:
344:
336:
324:
316:
308:
296:
288:
281:Cereus rosei
280:
273:
269:
267:
259:
251:
246:
222:
220:
204:
203:
192:Trichocereus
191:
144:
131:
118:
55:
51:
35:
29:
1939:Wikispecies
1866:Wikispecies
1774:kew-2783497
1578:iNaturalist
1537:Wikispecies
1246:: 116–139.
1117:: 116–139,
738:Description
704:, treating
681:in 1974 as
566:macrogonus
527:Description
465:F.Ritter
376:Cárdenas
284:Werderm.
177:Subfamily:
138:Angiosperms
2015:Categories
1972:77125731-1
1857:Q109479256
1842:macrogonus
1769:Plant List
1349:Echinopsis
1330:2021-10-17
1240:Haseltonia
1222:2023-09-26
1205:Haseltonia
1167:2023-09-26
1111:Haseltonia
1091:2023-09-25
1050:2023-09-25
1033:macrogonus
1009:2023-09-25
967:2023-09-26
943:References
758:macrogonus
732:Subspecies
679:Echinopsis
663:macrogonus
641:macrogonus
603:macrogonus
538:macrogonus
494:macrogonus
349:puquiensis
329:peruvianus
301:puquiensis
274:macrogonus
181:Cactoideae
1930:Q92450324
1528:Q41793333
1301:2559-9283
1260:1070-0048
1211:: 24–34,
921:cultivars
904:mescaline
585:pachanoi
579:Plant of
505:mescaline
255:Salm-Dyck
233:) Riccob.
231:Salm-Dyck
199:Species:
171:Cactaceae
108:Kingdom:
1959:11093098
1924:Wikidata
1915:pachanoi
1851:Wikidata
1813:50163933
1808:Tropicos
1795:Species+
1725:132717-1
1679:Wikidata
1640:Tropicos
1596:257107-2
1522:Wikidata
1373:20637277
1324:Archived
1320:Chacruna
1074:pachanoi
933:pachanoi
894:huachuma
865:Colombia
804:pachanoi
735:Synonyms
714:pachanoi
649:Taxonomy
622:pachanoi
560:Stem of
542:pachanoi
521:huachuma
500:pachanoi
430:sanpedro
387:pachanoi
240:Synonyms
167:Family:
151:Eudicots
85:IUCN 3.1
56:pachanoi
1761:6034984
1699:5622536
1685:Q150468
1645:5106951
1609:2894700
1557:3952140
1428:5812246
1416:Lloydia
857:Bolivia
853:Ecuador
831:Ecuador
785:Bolivia
481:synonym
187:Genus:
157:Order:
112:Plantae
83: (
1745:NZOR:
1738:911448
1712:318227
1616:NZOR:
1583:829210
1426:
1371:
1299:
1258:
927:(i.e.
890:achuma
855:, and
829:south
667:makros
624:flower
605:flower
546:tepals
517:achuma
490:cactus
428:subsp.
347:subsp.
299:subsp.
1800:28147
1570:40085
1201:(PDF)
1072:var.
1031:var.
931:var.
861:Chile
802:var.
756:var.
729:Image
712:var.
700:into
671:gonia
639:var.
620:var.
601:var.
583:var.
564:var.
536:var.
498:var.
385:var.
272:var.
145:Clade
132:Clade
119:Clade
54:var.
1980:POWO
1967:IPNI
1954:GBIF
1913:var.
1881:POWO
1840:var.
1782:POWO
1733:ITIS
1720:IPNI
1707:GRIN
1694:GBIF
1627:POWO
1604:NCBI
1591:IPNI
1565:GRIN
1552:GBIF
1424:PMID
1369:PMID
1297:ISSN
1256:ISSN
892:and
849:Peru
835:Peru
781:Peru
696:and
519:and
496:and
327:var.
1993:WFO
1894:WFO
1821:WFO
1653:WFO
1450:doi
1397:doi
1361:doi
1357:131
1287:doi
1248:doi
1213:doi
1142:doi
1119:doi
833:to
783:to
708:as
657:by
381:Of
268:Of
2017::
1995::
1982::
1969::
1956::
1941::
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1393:77
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229:(
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