3160:
geographical separation from Lima Jews and the location of
Iquitos in the far northeast of the country, inaccessible from Lima by road. At the time that Rosensweig visited, the community did not have a Jewish school, a rabbi, or a synagogue. Most Amazonian Jews in Iquitos are of Christian origin, and consider themselves to be a mix between Christians and Jews. It's believed that was due to the fact that most immigrant Jews who had come to Iquitos in the 19th century were single men, who then married the Christian women of Iquitos. In the 1950s and 60s, the Jews of Iquitos had almost disappeared due to the mass emigration to Lima. The community of Iquitos Jews had not been recognized by the rest of Peru until the 1980s, when Rabbi Guillermo Bronstein, who was then the chief rabbi of the AsociasiĂłn JudĂa del PerĂș in Lima, was contacted by the Iquitos Jews and visited the community in 1991, subsequently sending resources such as
3116:, an individual who was considered as âone of the worldâs most powerful men in international commerceâ. Perez had been arrested once in 1620, when a broad sheet had been found which claimed that Perez was one of the premier teachers of Judaism in Lima. The witnesses and inquisitors considered Perez to be an âoracleâ due to his vast knowledge and wealth. Though Peru fought to the best of his abilities during the hearings, the overwhelming evidence against had mounted up. The inquisitors had faced some difficulty in going through with the trial, as Perez was a part of viceroyalty, with many clergy and high figures testifying for his innocence. Some of the evidence submitted in the trial included many New Christians appearing as witnesses calling him the Great Captain of Jews in Peru, along with his brother-in-law denouncing him.
3109:
states, âAs a result of the Auto
General de Fe, the community of Portuguese New Christians in Lima were decimated.â It is said that up 11 people were burned at a stake as they did not confess to committing any Judaic practices. According to Silverblatt, though it is not clear that those who were persecuted under the inquisition were practicing Judaism, most of the New Christians in Lima were considered âtaintedâ even after being baptized. Many New Christians during this time were seen to be inferior to Old Christians being banned from certain professions, entering universities and public offices. The inquisition had those who had been called, to confess to their sins and share information on others who had practiced Judaism in Lima.
3123:. He had been originally denounced in 1634 with weak evidence, such as abstaining from work on Saturdays and not eating pork. The tribunal decided to conduct a secret arrest on Cordero, so there would be no one suspecting the inquisitions involvement. They gave him no sequestration, and he confessed that he was a crypto-Jew. After they had tortured Cordero, he gave up the name of his employer and two others, which then gave up the name of more crypto-Jews in Lima. This eventually led to seventeen arrest being made, with many notable merchants being brought to the Tribunal as crypto-jews. According to Lea, this then led to many a frightened Portuguese trying to flee Lima.
2510:
46:
4407:
3285:
4395:
3271:
2767:
3894:
3063:. As Peru was in colonial rule to Spain at the time, Peru was forced to be in line with the religious beliefs of the Spanish. It had been illegal to be follow Judaism in any Spanish territory. The first targets of the inquisition were crypto-jews, and later in the 17th and 18th century, the inquisition began to target more people who had seemed to be a threat to Spanish religious integrity. The
3104:, until they were tortured. After days or weeks of torture, most crypto-Jews gave up other crypto-Jews up to the tribunal. For example, Mencia de Luna, had said during the trial, âtell notaries of the tribunal to write whatever they wanted in her declaration, so that her suffering would come to an endâ.
3147:
Their unique practices come from the mix of
Peruvian and Jewish cultures. Some have claimed that there exists a kind of pressure exerted upon this community to adhere to customs that are normative in the broader Jewish community; though these customs have been characterized as specifically Ashkenazi,
3078:
were occasional public ceremony of punishments made through the inquisition. The punishments included being burnt to a stake, whipping, and being exiled. The trial had started with the accused being convicted of a crime. The tribunal had often used their connections of viceroyalty to gain information
3159:
The
Iquitos community has been rather isolated from the rest of the Peruvian Jewish community, which is concentrated in Lima. During a trip to Iquitos in 1948 and 1949, the Argentine-Israeli geologist Alfredo Rosensweig had noted that the Jews of Iquitos were âalmost a hidden communityâ due to their
3108:
also states that from recorded accounts from 1635 to 1639 of new
Christian Portuguese, 110 people were arrested due to their alleged connection to the Great Jewish Conspiracy, with many having to reconcile their faith to Christianity along with being exiled and facing confiscation of property. He
3099:
of the crypto-Jews were accessible through this connection, making it possible to accurately see who were New
Christians. Since the actions of the accused was often not documented, the accused New Christians in court could not prove their statements, while the viceroyalty could obtain all the
3058:
while publicly professing another faith, to be targets of the tribunal and lead them to be punished, tortured or killed for their faith. Some crypto-Jews had avoided the tribunals through immigrating out of
Spanish colonies like Peru. The point of the inquisition was to control the Christian
4370:
2912:, the original attraction for Jews to come to Peru was the mineral potential. Many Jews had come to Portugal disregarding the immigration restrictions placed at the time. This action would then be used in trials against some of these
3179:. Because the community itself says that its founding members were Jewish men and non-Jewish women, their descendants are not always considered Jewish by Jews who adhere to Jewish law. An estimated 80% of Iquitos Jews have made
3067:
argues however, that towards the early 17th century, the tribunal had started to focus on crypto-Jews who were rich and wealthy, as the holy office were able to confiscate their properties after the condemnation. According to
3191:
Today, there are about 3,000 Jews in Peru, with only two organized communities: Lima and
Iquitos. They have made strong contributions to the economics and politics of Peru; the majority in Lima (and the country) are
3083:, about their past actions in other Spanish colonies. This was the case of Joan Vincente, who was a Portuguese New Christian who had previously been renounced but was put into trial in 1603. His previous actions in
2943:. After the boom fizzled due to competition from Southeast Asia, many European and North African Jews left Iquitos. Those who remained over generations have eventually married native women; their mixed-race or
4360:
3259:(2008) is about the Jewish descendants in Iquitos and their efforts to revive Judaism and emigrate to Israel in the late 20th century. It is written, directed and produced by Lorry Salcedo Mitrani.
2509:
2923:
In the first decades of the 19th century, many
Sephardi Jews from Morocco emigrated to Peru as traders and trappers, working with the natives of the interior. By the end of the century, the
3072:, the stages of the trial followed âa sequence of: denunciation, deposition, imprisonment, hearings, accusation, torture, confession, defense, publication, sentence, and the Auto.â The
2989:
occupation to save them. Though the
Peruvian government at the time had forbid European embassies to issue visas to Jewish refugees, Barreto had ignored these orders. According to the
1143:
3882:
3318:
2609:
1721:
1376:
1071:
3167:
The Iquitos community's claims of Jewish status have been subjected to some question by the Orthodox Jewish leaders of Lima, as the only people Jewish law
2644:
1263:
2471:
2885:. They intermarried with natives and non-Jewish Europeans (mainly Spanish and Portuguese people) in some areas, assimilating to the local people: in
235:
2897:), among others, due to cultural and ethnic contact with people of the southern highlands of Ecuador. Their mixed-race descendants were reared with
3768:
1258:
3483:
1506:
4259:
1760:
3875:
3808:
3344:
2664:
3100:
documentation needed in the trial. In most trials, the accused New Christians would not give up names of others who are also known to be
745:
708:
3000:
in 2002 and 2004 with the aid of a sympathetic American rabbi from Brooklyn, New York City. A few hundred were given permission to make
3860:
4132:
2795:
1684:
2871:" ("pigs"), converts ("conversos"), and "Cristianos nuevos" (New Christians) even if they had been reared as Catholics from birth.
1707:
3868:
1057:
2464:
1634:
1569:
1451:
4127:
3660:
3613:
3433:
755:
4365:
2875:
1193:
3220:
served as Prime Minister (1994-1995), Foreign Minister (1993-1995), and Finance Minister (1999-2000) in the government of
2844:
2539:
1461:
1278:
1268:
508:
2753:
2966:. The Ashkenazim ignored the Peruvian Jews of the Amazon, excluding them from consideration as fellow Jews under their
1857:
1807:
1772:
1466:
1331:
1198:
4252:
3716:
3644:
The Inquisition in the Spanish Dependencies: Sicily, Naples, Sardinia, Milan, the Canaries, Mexico, Peru, New Granada
3569:
2457:
1549:
1511:
1486:
1406:
1391:
1238:
1178:
1133:
4427:
4337:
4282:
1842:
1824:
1730:
1624:
1476:
1471:
1396:
1361:
1228:
4327:
4317:
4302:
2649:
2639:
2634:
2624:
2584:
2579:
2569:
2554:
2360:
2259:
1814:
1797:
1750:
1649:
1559:
1496:
1446:
1426:
1421:
1341:
1315:
1290:
1168:
1158:
1148:
1128:
1123:
4332:
4307:
4287:
4228:
3020:
2720:
2614:
1833:
1819:
1787:
1767:
1735:
1679:
1654:
1629:
1609:
1599:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1554:
1544:
1539:
1516:
1431:
1416:
1336:
1295:
1248:
1243:
1163:
1108:
125:
3832:
3138:
are Jews of mixed Moroccan Sephardic, Ashkenazi, and/or Indigenous Peruvian descent, and/or those who live in
4312:
4292:
4094:
2788:
2254:
1792:
1777:
1740:
1702:
1674:
1664:
1659:
1644:
1639:
1619:
1604:
1589:
1564:
1530:
1501:
1401:
1386:
1310:
1300:
1218:
1188:
1113:
1099:
17:
3468:
2867:' began to be persecuted, and, in some cases, executed. In this period, these people were sometimes called "
4297:
4245:
2743:
2619:
2549:
1862:
1782:
1745:
1669:
1614:
1481:
1456:
1381:
1356:
1346:
1285:
1208:
1203:
1183:
1173:
1153:
1138:
1031:
735:
499:
494:
121:
4137:
2902:
2725:
2710:
2629:
1852:
1847:
1755:
1441:
1411:
1371:
1366:
1223:
529:
3890:
2996:
In the late 20th century, some descendants in Iquitos began to study Judaism and eventually made formal
2927:
attracted even greater numbers of Sephardi Jews from North Africa as well as Europeans. Many settled in
4385:
3910:
2599:
2326:
2171:
1879:
1273:
469:
459:
195:
3172:
2440:
2133:
1984:
1925:
816:
4274:
3855:
3119:
Another notable crypto-Jew that had been in the tribunal was Antonio Cordero, who was a clerk from
2947:
descendants grew up in the local culture, a mixture of Jewish and Amazonian influences and faiths.
2781:
2715:
2489:
2143:
2123:
1233:
713:
254:
3207:
3113:
2692:
3323:
3007:
2687:
2564:
2284:
2274:
2239:
2118:
2108:
1891:
1062:
1004:
838:
517:
474:
189:
3812:
3680:
3348:
3515:
3064:
2909:
2403:
2138:
2052:
1118:
670:
289:
259:
3898:
4026:
3851:
3196:. Some families lost part of their wealth and family members because of the Nazis during the
3176:
2997:
2990:
2748:
2294:
2289:
2234:
2022:
937:
665:
652:
547:
264:
3152:
recognized by non-Ashkenazi Jews throughout the world as binding. Iquitos Jews' customs are
2982:
3153:
2917:
2682:
2559:
2529:
2365:
2317:
2057:
1915:
728:
593:
582:
540:
3746:
Diaspora, Transnationalism, and Racialization: Jews and Jewishness Between PerĂș and Israel
3217:
3156:
to varying degrees, influenced by Catholicism and local traditional spiritual traditions.
3088:
8:
4348:
4085:
3308:
3043:
2860:
2589:
2544:
2418:
2113:
791:
658:
561:
554:
484:
372:
247:
3092:
4237:
4165:
4107:
3762:
2924:
2654:
2604:
2594:
2574:
2524:
2269:
2219:
2166:
2161:
2075:
1945:
1213:
1042:
801:
721:
575:
141:
3642:
4155:
4122:
4102:
3750:
3722:
3712:
3656:
3609:
3575:
3565:
3439:
3429:
2659:
2413:
2355:
2335:
2152:
1712:
1351:
811:
682:
612:
489:
402:
269:
3164:
and other Jewish texts. In 1991, the Sociedad Israelita de Iquitos was established.
3059:
population of certain colonies, and to punish those who showed faiths that were not
2935:. They created the second organized Jewish community in Peru after Lima, founding a
4117:
4112:
4021:
3648:
3601:
3527:
3313:
3244:
3221:
2967:
2886:
2383:
2264:
2224:
2188:
1886:
1436:
947:
703:
607:
522:
412:
204:
97:
89:
81:
4198:
4182:
4160:
4147:
3996:
3976:
3425:
The Lima Inquisition : the plight of crypto-Jews in seventeenth-century Peru
2936:
2828:
2498:
2345:
2304:
2299:
2279:
2201:
2195:
2128:
2080:
1920:
1901:
1052:
781:
693:
676:
220:
85:
4411:
4203:
4175:
4071:
4056:
4041:
4001:
3945:
3782:
3593:
3561:
Modern Inquisitions : Peru and the colonial origins of the civilized world
3303:
3298:
3290:
3234:
3211:
3193:
3133:
2971:
2955:
2913:
2445:
2244:
2099:
1979:
1958:
1935:
1930:
1908:
1896:
1491:
972:
906:
871:
849:
786:
624:
602:
464:
443:
419:
185:
167:
129:
93:
3754:
3605:
3579:
3531:
4421:
4213:
3925:
3726:
3652:
3443:
3240:
3080:
2978:
2878:
2864:
2393:
2388:
1594:
1521:
1047:
896:
891:
886:
876:
854:
806:
568:
407:
312:
274:
225:
55:
3373:
3183:
and emigrated to Israel, and the community now numbers only 50 individuals.
3074:
3935:
3168:
2986:
2951:
2932:
2882:
2423:
2249:
2090:
2085:
2043:
1996:
1090:
957:
942:
901:
866:
479:
321:
3986:
4399:
4031:
3991:
3276:
3228:
3048:
3035:
2894:
2856:
2771:
2534:
2408:
2350:
2015:
921:
916:
911:
881:
3950:
3149:
3060:
2898:
2848:
2066:
1080:
1009:
967:
796:
776:
335:
242:
162:
3744:
3559:
4006:
3706:
3423:
3197:
3101:
3096:
2940:
2852:
2824:
2229:
2214:
1304:
1252:
1014:
962:
952:
633:
629:
619:
534:
294:
4046:
4036:
982:
4011:
3981:
3940:
2931:, which was the Peruvian center for the export of rubber along the
2868:
2840:
2398:
2008:
1940:
771:
279:
230:
45:
4208:
4061:
3140:
3120:
3054:
3039:
2962:
areas and from Hungary, migrated to Peru, chiefly to the capital
2944:
2928:
2890:
2374:
2340:
2209:
2003:
992:
987:
859:
750:
645:
641:
637:
386:
381:
358:
340:
215:
210:
200:
178:
153:
109:
3516:"New Christians and New World Fears in Seventeenth-Century Peru"
2881:
conversos settled mainly in the northern highlands and northern
4051:
4016:
3971:
3966:
3930:
3180:
3161:
3095:
had all been shared by the viceroyalties in those regions. The
3084:
3002:
2820:
2034:
2029:
1989:
1974:
1085:
977:
397:
363:
349:
284:
4066:
2959:
997:
426:
330:
299:
2855:. At first, they had lived without restrictions because the
3902:
3031:
3026:
2963:
2815:
2811:
149:
51:
3342:
4267:
3708:
Jews of the Amazon : self-exile in earthly paradise
3144:
and observe some form of Jewish traditions and customs.
3674:
3672:
3319:
History of the Jews in Latin America and the Caribbean
3112:
A notable figure of those prosecuted in Lima included
2985:
had allegedly secretly issued passports to Jews under
4383:
3669:
3266:
2993:, 650 Jews fled to Peru during and after the Shoah.
2013:
1994:
417:
3835:Jews of the Amazon: Self-exile in Earthly Paradise
3257:The Fire Within: Jews in the Amazonian Rainforest
3210:served as Prime Minister of Peru in 2011, during
3052:, the Jewish people who would secretly adhere to
4419:
2920:, further adding on a penalty to their actions.
2859:was not active in Peru (at the beginning of the
2851:were allowed to take part in expeditions to the
2819:begins with the arrival of migration flows from
3600:, Duke University Press, pp. 29â53, 2004,
3743:Charlotte, Waterhouse, Beatrice (2020-01-01).
2863:). Then, with the advent of the Inquisition, '
4253:
3876:
2789:
2465:
4372:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
3767:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3838:, Jewish Publication Society, 1999, pp. 1-5
3557:
3513:
709:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire
4260:
4246:
3883:
3869:
3749:. eScholarship, University of California.
3520:Comparative Studies in Society and History
3251:
2796:
2782:
2472:
2458:
44:
3742:
3647:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3826:
3421:
3013:
14:
4420:
3678:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3018:From January 9, 1570, until 1820, the
2950:In modern times, before and after the
4241:
3864:
3783:"Encyclopedia Judaica: Iquitos, Peru"
3738:
3736:
3704:
3700:
3698:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3243:was Second Vice President of Peru in
4268:History of the Jews in South America
3636:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3541:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3478:
3476:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3368:
3366:
3247:'s government, from 2001 until 2006.
3042:through the power of the church and
3008:Iquitos Jews had emigrated to Israel
3006:to Israel. By 2014, nearly 150 more
3640:
3450:
2958:, chiefly from Western and Eastern
2889:, the northern highlands of Piura (
24:
3733:
3711:. The Jewish publication Society.
3695:
3148:they are often in fact matters of
2688:History of the Viceroyalty of Peru
25:
4439:
3845:
3679:Sedaka, Jan (December 12, 2002).
3627:
3538:
3500:
3473:
3390:
3363:
2650:Return to democracy and terrorism
500:Historical population comparisons
4405:
4393:
3892:
3683:. JTA. Jewish Telegraphic Agency
3514:Silverblatt, Irene (July 2000).
3343:Congreso JudĂo Latinoamericano.
3283:
3269:
2901:Catholic, Jewish, European, and
2765:
2508:
1144:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1058:Historical population by country
3801:
3775:
3126:
2693:History of the Republic of Peru
4229:Category:Ethnic groups in Peru
3586:
3336:
3203:Some have held notable posts:
3024:had an inquisition located in
13:
1:
3329:
2874:To escape persecution, these
715:Christianity and Judaism
3469:"The Jews of Iquitos (Peru)"
3378:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
3171:are those who are born to a
7:
3809:"AsociaciĂłn JudĂa del PerĂș"
3641:Lea, Henry Charles (2010).
3558:Silverblatt, Irene (2005).
3262:
3227:French-born anthropologist
2843:arrived at the time of the
2570:PeruâBolivian Confederation
2014:
1995:
1722:Latin America and Caribbean
418:
10:
4444:
3345:"Comunidades judĂas: PerĂș"
2834:
2683:History of the Inca Empire
2327:Jewish political movements
2024:Conversion to Judaism
4346:
4273:
4226:
4191:
4146:
4093:
4084:
3959:
3918:
3909:
3606:10.1215/9780822386230-001
3564:. Duke University Press.
3532:10.1017/S0010417500002929
3200:in the Second World War.
2665:Peruvian political crisis
730:Hinduism and Judaism
120:
115:
108:
103:
80:
75:
67:
62:
43:
3856:Jewish Agency for Israel
3653:10.1017/cbo9780511709807
3594:"Three Accused Heretics"
3186:
2645:Revolutionary Government
556:Temple in Jerusalem
249:Bar and bat mitzvah
4428:Jewish Peruvian history
3484:"World Jewish Congress"
3324:Peruvian Jews in Israel
3252:Representation in media
3231:was First Lady of Peru.
3175:, or who have formally
2630:EcuadorianâPeruvian War
2615:National Reconstruction
2565:Supreme Governing Junta
518:Twelve Tribes of Israel
3899:Ancestry and ethnicity
3833:Ariel Segal Freilich,
3681:"Who is a Jew in Peru"
3065:Jewish Virtual Library
3046:. This had forced the
2910:Jewish Virtual Library
2721:Constitutional history
3705:Segal, Ariel (1999).
3488:World Jewish Congress
3422:Schaposchnik, Ana E.
3208:SalomĂłn Lerner Ghitis
2991:World Jewish Congress
2905:rituals and beliefs.
2640:Moderate civil reform
2620:Aristocratic Republic
2530:Ancient civilizations
1264:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
1259:Republic of the Congo
653:Second Temple Judaism
524:Kingdom of Judah
495:Modern historiography
116:Related ethnic groups
3787:Encyclopedia Judaica
3169:considers to be Jews
3114:Manuel Batista Perez
3014:The Lima Inquisition
2847:in Peru. Then, only
2560:Protectorate of Peru
2366:World Agudath Israel
1507:United Arab Emirates
594:Second Temple period
584:Babylonian captivity
3598:Modern Inquisitions
3351:on 21 December 2014
3309:Immigration to Peru
3044:Viceroyalty of Peru
2711:Demographic history
2677:By political entity
2610:Peruvian Resistance
2590:Chincha Islands War
2555:Foundational Period
659:Hellenistic Judaism
237:Land of Israel
196:Principles of faith
40:
2983:Jose Maria Barreto
2925:Amazon rubber boom
2635:OdrĂa Dictatorship
2605:Occupation of Lima
2600:Occupation of Peru
2595:War of the Pacific
2525:Pre-Columbian Peru
2220:Jewish Koine Greek
1762:Dominican Republic
1043:Judaism by country
722:Jews and Christmas
577:Assyrian captivity
32:
4381:
4380:
4353:other territories
4235:
4234:
4222:
4221:
4080:
4079:
4037:Matsés (Mayoruna)
3662:978-0-511-70980-7
3615:978-0-8223-3406-4
3435:978-0-299-30610-6
3218:EfraĂn Goldenberg
3131:Iquitos Jews, or
2974:were not Jewish.
2908:According to the
2806:
2805:
2660:Internal conflict
2482:
2481:
2431:
2430:
2179:
2178:
1926:Reconstructionist
1870:
1869:
1022:
1021:
829:
828:
666:JewishâRoman wars
614:Hasmonean dynasty
530:Kingdom of Israel
434:
433:
135:
134:
16:(Redirected from
4435:
4410:
4409:
4408:
4398:
4397:
4396:
4389:
4373:
4361:Falkland Islands
4275:Sovereign states
4262:
4255:
4248:
4239:
4238:
4091:
4090:
3916:
3915:
3897:
3896:
3895:
3885:
3878:
3871:
3862:
3861:
3839:
3830:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3820:
3811:. Archived from
3805:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3794:
3789:. The Gale Group
3779:
3773:
3772:
3766:
3758:
3740:
3731:
3730:
3702:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3676:
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3638:
3625:
3624:
3623:
3622:
3590:
3584:
3583:
3555:
3536:
3535:
3511:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3480:
3471:
3465:
3448:
3447:
3419:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3370:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3347:. Archived from
3340:
3314:Religion in Peru
3293:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3279:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3245:Alejandro Toledo
3222:Alberto Fujimori
2952:Second World War
2845:Spanish Conquest
2798:
2791:
2784:
2770:
2769:
2768:
2716:Economic history
2580:Military Anarchy
2540:Spanish conquest
2512:
2502:
2484:
2483:
2474:
2467:
2460:
2323:
2322:
2204:
2025:
2019:
2000:
1964:
1963:
1911:
1858:New Zealand
1810:
1773:El Salvador
1763:
1695:Northern America
1687:
1281:
1037:
1036:
948:Crimean Karaites
844:
843:
822:
820:
741:
739:
731:
725:
716:
704:Rabbinic Judaism
685:
679:
673:
661:
649:
615:
608:Maccabean Revolt
585:
578:
572:
564:
557:
551:
543:
525:
449:
448:
423:
318:
317:
250:
238:
137:
136:
82:Peruvian Spanish
63:Total population
50:The location of
48:
41:
39:
31:
21:
4443:
4442:
4438:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4433:
4432:
4418:
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4384:
4382:
4377:
4371:
4354:
4352:
4342:
4269:
4266:
4236:
4231:
4218:
4187:
4142:
4076:
3997:Canelos-Quichua
3955:
3905:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3848:
3843:
3842:
3831:
3827:
3818:
3816:
3807:
3806:
3802:
3792:
3790:
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3776:
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3759:
3741:
3734:
3719:
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3696:
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3684:
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3663:
3639:
3628:
3620:
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3591:
3587:
3572:
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3512:
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3492:
3490:
3482:
3481:
3474:
3466:
3451:
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3391:
3382:
3380:
3372:
3371:
3364:
3354:
3352:
3341:
3337:
3332:
3289:
3284:
3282:
3275:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3254:
3189:
3129:
3016:
2937:Jewish cemetery
2837:
2829:Northern Africa
2810:history of the
2802:
2772:Peru portal
2766:
2764:
2759:
2758:
2739:
2731:
2730:
2706:
2698:
2697:
2678:
2670:
2669:
2655:Economic crisis
2520:
2500:
2493:
2478:
2433:
2432:
2320:
2310:
2309:
2300:Judeo-Malayalam
2280:Judaeo-Georgian
2200:
2191:
2181:
2180:
2081:Yiddish theatre
2023:
1961:
1951:
1950:
1909:
1882:
1872:
1871:
1808:
1761:
1685:
1279:
1063:Genetic studies
1034:
1024:
1023:
841:
831:
830:
818:
817:
737:
736:
729:
719:
714:
696:and Middle Ages
694:Rabbinic period
681:
675:
668:
656:
627:
613:
583:
576:
567:
559:
555:
546:
541:in Judaism
538:
523:
446:
436:
435:
315:
305:
304:
248:
236:
181:
71:
58:
37:JudĂos del PerĂș
35:
34:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4441:
4431:
4430:
4415:
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4402:
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4363:
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4355:
4347:
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4206:
4201:
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4168:
4163:
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4152:
4150:
4144:
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4141:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4099:
4097:
4088:
4086:Non-indigenous
4082:
4081:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4057:Shipibo-Conibo
4054:
4049:
4044:
4042:Quijos-Quichua
4039:
4034:
4029:
4027:Kichwa-Lamista
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
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3969:
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3957:
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3913:
3907:
3906:
3888:
3887:
3880:
3873:
3865:
3859:
3858:
3847:
3846:External links
3844:
3841:
3840:
3825:
3800:
3774:
3732:
3717:
3694:
3668:
3661:
3626:
3614:
3585:
3570:
3537:
3526:(3): 524â546.
3499:
3472:
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3434:
3389:
3362:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3299:Amazonian Jews
3295:
3294:
3291:Judaism portal
3280:
3264:
3261:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3248:
3238:
3235:Salomon Libman
3232:
3225:
3215:
3214:'s presidency.
3212:Ollanta Humala
3194:Ashkenazi Jews
3188:
3185:
3134:Amazonian Jews
3128:
3125:
3081:New Christians
3015:
3012:
2972:maternal lines
2970:because their
2956:Ashkenazi Jews
2916:who faced the
2865:New Christians
2836:
2833:
2804:
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2800:
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2625:New Motherland
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2245:Judaeo-Spanish
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2240:Judaeo-Iranian
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2222:
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2001:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1969:
1968:
1962:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1952:
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1948:
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1933:
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1918:
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1119:Bilad-el-Sudan
1116:
1111:
1103:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1094:
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1088:
1083:
1075:
1074:
1072:Land of Israel
1068:
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930:Related groups
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789:
787:Jewish atheism
784:
779:
774:
766:
765:
761:
760:
759:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:IslamicâJewish
733:
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711:
706:
698:
697:
690:
689:
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687:
663:
650:
622:
617:
610:
605:
603:Yehud Medinata
597:
596:
590:
589:
588:
587:
580:
573:
565:
552:
544:
532:
527:
520:
512:
511:
509:Ancient Israel
505:
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502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
465:Land of Israel
462:
454:
453:
447:
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432:
431:
430:
429:
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420:Shulchan Aruch
415:
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186:God in Judaism
182:
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157:
156:
146:
145:
133:
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130:Quechua people
118:
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106:
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101:
100:
78:
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72:
65:
64:
60:
59:
49:
28:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4440:
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4426:
4425:
4423:
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4403:
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4391:
4390:
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4374:
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4366:French Guiana
4364:
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4214:Romani people
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3995:
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3990:
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3968:
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3874:
3872:
3867:
3866:
3863:
3857:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3837:
3836:
3829:
3815:on 2014-12-21
3814:
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3770:
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3756:
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3747:
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3720:
3718:0-8276-0669-9
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3595:
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3573:
3571:0-8223-3417-8
3567:
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3470:
3467:Rita Saccal,
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3300:
3297:
3296:
3292:
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3278:
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3260:
3258:
3246:
3242:
3241:David Waisman
3239:
3237:, footballer.
3236:
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3230:
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3223:
3219:
3216:
3213:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3195:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3173:Jewish mother
3170:
3165:
3163:
3157:
3155:
3151:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3137:
3135:
3124:
3122:
3117:
3115:
3110:
3107:
3103:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3077:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3062:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3022:
3011:
3009:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2948:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2921:
2919:
2918:Lima tribunal
2915:
2911:
2906:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2879:Sephardi Jews
2877:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2799:
2794:
2792:
2787:
2785:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2776:
2773:
2763:
2762:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2749:Years in Peru
2747:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2727:
2726:Peruvian wars
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2519:By chronology
2516:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2485:
2475:
2470:
2468:
2463:
2461:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2313:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2285:Judeo-Aramaic
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2275:Judeo-Italian
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2255:GhardaĂŻa Sign
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2203:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2190:
2185:
2184:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1954:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1907:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1880:Denominations
1876:
1875:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1708:United States
1706:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1194:Guinea-Bissau
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1048:Lists of Jews
1046:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1027:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
975:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
935:
934:
933:
929:
928:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
861:
858:
856:
853:
852:
851:
848:
847:
846:
845:
840:
835:
834:
823:
815:
813:
810:
808:
807:The Holocaust
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
769:
768:
767:
763:
762:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
734:
732:
727:
723:
717:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
701:
700:
699:
695:
692:
691:
684:
678:
672:
667:
664:
660:
654:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
600:
599:
598:
595:
592:
591:
586:
581:
579:
574:
570:
566:
563:
558:
553:
549:
545:
542:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
521:
519:
516:
515:
514:
513:
510:
507:
506:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
457:
456:
455:
451:
450:
445:
440:
439:
428:
425:
422:
421:
416:
414:
411:
409:
408:Mishneh Torah
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
395:
394:
393:
388:
385:
383:
380:
379:
378:
377:
374:
371:
370:
365:
362:
360:
357:
356:
355:
354:
351:
348:
347:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
328:
327:
326:
323:
320:
319:
314:
309:
308:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
246:
244:
241:
239:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
206:
202:
199:
197:
194:
191:
187:
184:
183:
180:
175:
174:
169:
168:Who is a Jew?
166:
164:
161:
160:
159:
158:
155:
151:
148:
147:
143:
139:
138:
131:
127:
126:Bolivian Jews
123:
119:
114:
111:
107:
102:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
74:
70:
66:
61:
57:
56:South America
53:
47:
42:
38:
33:Peruvian Jews
27:
19:
18:Peruvian Jews
4349:Dependencies
4322:
4170:
3834:
3828:
3817:. Retrieved
3813:the original
3803:
3791:. Retrieved
3786:
3777:
3745:
3707:
3685:. Retrieved
3643:
3619:, retrieved
3597:
3588:
3560:
3523:
3519:
3491:. Retrieved
3487:
3424:
3381:. Retrieved
3377:
3353:. Retrieved
3349:the original
3338:
3256:
3255:
3202:
3190:
3166:
3162:prayer books
3158:
3146:
3139:
3132:
3130:
3127:Iquitos Jews
3118:
3111:
3106:Schaposchnik
3105:
3073:
3070:Schaposchnik
3069:
3053:
3047:
3030:to identify
3025:
3019:
3017:
3001:
2995:
2976:
2968:Orthodox law
2949:
2933:Amazon River
2922:
2907:
2873:
2839:Some Jewish
2838:
2809:
2807:
2754:Coups d'Ă©tat
2550:Independence
2424:Post-Zionism
2295:Judeo-Berber
2290:Judeo-Arabic
2250:Judeo-Gascon
1997:Pidyon haben
1916:Conservative
1802:
1462:Saudi Arabia
1280:South Africa
1269:Sierra Leone
1091:Israeli Jews
1005:Mosaic Arabs
958:Kaifeng Jews
819:ArabâIsraeli
792:Emancipation
671:Great Revolt
480:Anti-Judaism
475:Antisemitism
470:Name "Judea"
265:Baal teshuva
122:Chilean Jews
68:
36:
29:Ethnic group
26:
4176:B'nai Moshe
4032:Machiguenga
3355:13 December
3304:B'nai Moshe
3277:Peru portal
3229:Eliane Karp
3097:genealogies
3049:crypto-Jews
3021:Holy Office
2998:conversions
2977:During the
2914:crypto-Jews
2895:Huancabamba
2883:high jungle
2861:Viceroyalty
2857:Inquisition
2575:Restoration
2545:Viceroyalty
2535:Inca Empire
2499:History of
2419:Revisionist
2409:Neo-Zionism
2016:Zeved habat
1809:Puerto Rico
1635:Netherlands
1467:South Korea
1452:Philippines
1332:Afghanistan
1199:Ivory Coast
973:Crypto-Jews
938:Bnei Anusim
917:Bene Israel
882:Beta Israel
839:Communities
746:Middle Ages
485:Persecution
260:Bereavement
4133:Portuguese
3911:Indigenous
3819:2015-07-05
3755:1287375865
3621:2022-05-24
3580:1056017758
3493:2022-05-24
3383:2022-05-24
3330:References
3150:Jewish law
3079:about the
3075:Auto de Fe
2849:Christians
2404:Maximalism
2356:Secularism
2336:Autonomism
2153:Literature
1946:Humanistic
1550:Azerbaijan
1512:Uzbekistan
1487:Tajikistan
1407:Kyrgyzstan
1392:Kazakhstan
1239:Mozambique
1214:Madagascar
1134:Cape Verde
1086:New Yishuv
1081:Old Yishuv
1032:Population
1010:Subbotniks
968:Samaritans
907:Romanyotim
850:Ashkenazim
797:Old Yishuv
777:Sabbateans
764:Modern era
756:Golden Age
683:Bar Kokhba
403:Beit Yosef
270:Philosophy
4338:Venezuela
4283:Argentina
4012:Huambisas
4007:Harakmbut
3987:AshĂĄninka
3960:Amazonian
3763:cite book
3727:469648338
3444:904756025
3198:Holocaust
3177:converted
3154:syncretic
3102:Judaizing
3061:Christian
3036:Lutherans
2941:synagogue
2899:syncretic
2887:Cajamarca
2853:New World
2841:conversos
2825:Near East
2585:Guano Era
2414:Religious
2270:Zarphatic
2260:Bukharian
2230:Judeo-Tat
2215:Yeshivish
2189:Languages
2144:Sephardic
2134:Israelite
2124:Ethiopian
2114:Ashkenazi
2053:Religious
1843:Australia
1825:Venezuela
1731:Argentina
1713:Greenland
1625:Lithuania
1477:Sri Lanka
1472:Singapore
1397:Kurdistan
1362:Indonesia
1352:Hong Kong
1305:Abayudaya
1229:Mauritius
963:Igbo Jews
953:Krymchaks
872:Sephardim
740:relations
634:Sadducees
630:Pharisees
620:Sanhedrin
535:Jerusalem
295:Synagogue
163:Etymology
76:Languages
4422:Category
4328:Suriname
4318:Paraguay
4303:Colombia
4166:Japanese
4108:Croatian
4095:European
3982:Amahuaca
3977:Aguaruna
3946:Quechuas
3263:See also
2876:colonial
2869:marranos
2744:Timeline
2738:See also
2705:By topic
2490:a series
2488:Part of
2441:Category
2399:Kahanism
2346:Feminism
2318:Politics
2202:Biblical
2172:American
2119:Bukharan
2109:American
2009:Shidduch
1985:Clothing
1941:Haymanot
1887:Orthodox
1815:Suriname
1798:Paraguay
1751:Colombia
1650:Portugal
1560:Bulgaria
1497:Thailand
1447:Pakistan
1427:Mongolia
1422:Malaysia
1342:Cambodia
1316:Zimbabwe
1291:Tanzania
1169:Eswatini
1159:Ethiopia
1149:Djibouti
1129:Cameroon
1124:Botswana
1053:Diaspora
1015:Noahides
988:Marranos
912:Cochinim
897:Bukharim
887:Gruzinim
877:Teimanim
867:Mizrahim
855:Galician
821:conflict
782:Hasidism
772:Haskalah
677:Diaspora
548:timeline
460:Timeline
373:Rabbinic
280:Kabbalah
255:Marriage
231:Tzedakah
221:Holidays
179:Religion
142:a series
140:Part of
104:Religion
4412:Judaism
4386:Portals
4333:Uruguay
4308:Ecuador
4288:Bolivia
4209:Mestizo
4199:African
4156:Chinese
4138:Spanish
4123:Italian
4103:British
4072:Yanesha
4062:Urarina
4017:Jibitos
4002:Cashibo
3931:Huancas
3141:Iquitos
3121:Seville
3093:Tucuman
3055:Judaism
3040:Muslims
2954:, some
2945:mestizo
2929:Iquitos
2891:Ayabaca
2835:History
2384:General
2375:Zionism
2351:Leftism
2341:Bundism
2265:Knaanic
2225:Yevanic
2210:Yiddish
2167:Yiddish
2162:Israeli
2139:Mizrahi
2129:Israeli
2100:Cuisine
2076:Ancient
2058:Secular
2004:Kashrut
1980:Wedding
1967:Customs
1959:Culture
1936:Science
1931:Renewal
1921:Karaite
1902:Hasidic
1834:Oceania
1820:Uruguay
1788:Jamaica
1768:Ecuador
1736:Bolivia
1680:Ukraine
1655:Romania
1630:Moldova
1610:Hungary
1600:Germany
1595:Georgia
1585:Finland
1580:Estonia
1575:Denmark
1570:Czechia
1555:Belarus
1545:Austria
1540:Armenia
1517:Vietnam
1432:Myanmar
1417:Lebanon
1337:Bahrain
1296:Tunisia
1274:Somalia
1249:Nigeria
1244:Namibia
1234:Morocco
1164:Eritrea
1109:Algeria
993:Neofiti
902:Italkim
892:Juhurim
802:Zionism
751:Khazars
646:Sicarii
642:Zealots
638:Essenes
625:Schisms
490:Leaders
452:General
444:History
387:Tosefta
382:Midrash
359:Mishnah
341:Ketuvim
336:Nevi'im
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203: (
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188: (
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110:Judaism
98:Quechua
90:Yiddish
4313:Guyana
4293:Brazil
4192:Others
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4128:Polish
4118:German
4113:French
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1990:Niddah
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3941:Q'ero
3936:Maina
3187:Today
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2394:Labor
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2086:Dance
2044:Music
1863:Palau
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1457:Qatar
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1139:Benin
998:Xueta
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562:First
427:Zohar
331:Torah
313:Texts
300:Rabbi
290:Rites
190:names
69:5,000
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4323:Peru
4204:Arab
4171:Jews
3992:Bora
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3852:Peru
3795:2022
3769:link
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3723:OCLC
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