788:
616:, bogged down in the muddy waters formed by the lake, and Shapur gave the signal to fall back. In the interval of a single night the defenders effected the repair of the walls, this along with news of Hunnic invasions of the eastern provinces, compelled Shapur to a cessation of hostilities against Rome. Before retreating to Persia, Shapur burned all his siege equipment and executed some of his chief officers and advisors.
612:, which passed near the valley in which Nisibis was located, were broken down, and the valley flooded. When the whole plain was filled with water up to the walls of the city, a Sasanid fleet was embarked and floated to the ramparts. A part of the walls collapsed and the Sasanids withdrew in preparation for the assault. The attack which was launched, supported by
937:, to observe the motions of Shapur from the further bank of the Tigris to inform him when the latter should cross the river. Shapur, however, declined to venture over the Tigris and the entire summer of 361 was wasted in ineffectual maneuvering with each monarch on opposite banks of the river. Meanwhile, Constantius had requested reinforcements from
890:. He lingered only to repair the walls and post a strong garrison in Bazabde before he proceeded on an expedition against Virtha, a formidable fortress on the outliers of the Mesopotamian desert. But the garrison of Virtha defended themselves successfully and Shapur retired over the Tigris towards the end of the campaign season.
839:. Meanwhile, the forays of the Sasanid cavalry were devastating the surrounding country taking many prisoners and much spoil. Ursicinus, who proposed a bold attack using light infantry to divert the Sasanid blockade, was accused of fomenting a treacherous reverse through his excessive zeal for the relief of the city.
711:
to prevent Shapur's army using it as fodder, the population took refuge in the fortified city. With Shapur's crossing of the Tigris secured, Ursicinus fell back to Amida, from which he could harass the
Sasanians if they besieged Nisibis or threaten their lines of communication and supply in case they
834:
with their war-elephants on the west. The operations of the siege began with a two-day mutual discharge of missiles, following heavy casualties on both sides, a truce was concluded. The
Sasanids then set themselves to raising mounds for scaling the walls, and siege towers captured from the Romans in
772:
Shapur bypassed
Nisibis and reached Bebase. From there, his scouts informed him of the flooding of the Euphrates and a strong Roman fortification on the other bank. Faced with this predicament, Antoninus advised the Sasanid monarch to force march his army and cross the Euphrates northwest of Amida.
768:
were remnants of the army of the usurper
Magnentius, and had been sent east by Constantius at the end of the civil war. Unlike the other legions in the area, these three legions were made up of Gallic soldiers. The numbers of the Roman force at Amida are a point of debate: Crawford puts them at
604:
In 348, a
Sasanian army invaded Roman Mesopotamia and marched on Singara. The fortress city was either besieged or blockaded. While the Sasanians camped around Singara, the Romans launched a nighttime raid on their camp, killing many Sasanian soldiers in their sleep. This disrupted Shapur's 348
842:
A night attack on the
Sasanid camp by two Gallic legions from Amida boosted Roman morale and inflicted heavy losses on the Sasanid army, but the loss of 400 Gauls was more devastating to the besieged city. Shapur increased his assaults on the city only to suffer further casualties due to the
578:
sent his son
Constantius in preparation for a campaign against the Sasanid Empire. Constantius recruited and drafted new soldiers, implemented training and drills, expanded the cavalry, and stockpiled supplies. These preparations did not go unnoticed by the Sasanids. In 336,
961:. Constantius saw no alternative but to face the usurper, and yet the threat of an invasion by Shapur remained. Shapur, however, did not attempt another campaign that year. This temporary respite in hostilities allowed Constantius to turn his full attention to Julian.
851:, collapsed. The Sasanids carried their earth mounds to the level of the ramparts, and swarmed into the city. After a prolonged last-ditch defense the garrison was overpowered, the city sacked and the inhabitants removed to the further reaches of the Sasanid Empire.
651:
under the Treaty of
Nisibis. Constantius, though discredited by previous defeats, and even himself secretly doubtful of the outcome of a second war, treated the offer with contempt. Yet, he dispatched civil and military officers accompanied by a
635:
During 350-359 the war between the Roman and
Sasanid Empires languished. Constantius was engaged in several campaigns against enemies, both foreign and domestic, while Shapur was occupied with his eastern campaign in the steppes of Central Asia.
773:
From there Shapur could advance into the interior of Asia Minor. Marching by way of Horre, Miacarire, Carcha, and the fortresses of Reman and Busan which capitulated on his approach, Shapur arrived beneath the walls of Amida at the end of July.
591:. After sixty days, no closer to taking Nisibis and with a plague hampering his army, he lifted the siege and returned to Persia. Although he lost at Nisibis, Shapur collected tribute from the Armenian king Khosrov starting in the year 345–6.
909:, the Sasanids sallied several times from the city to destroy Roman battering rams and ballistae. With winter beginning, the area was flooded with heavy rains and Constantius' attacks were beaten back, he retreated from Bazabde into
950:
On account of the immediate
Sasanid threat, Constantius was unable to directly respond to his cousin's usurpation, other than by sending missives in which he tried to convince Julian to resign the title of
598:. The date of this battle is uncertain. Sources are divided as to the victor of the battle. Some sources state a Sasanian victory, some a Roman victory, while another states a pyrrhic Roman victory.
139:
639:
In 356, however, the Romans made serious overtures towards a lasting peace. Shapur delivered his conditions to the following effect: that should Constantius deliver up the provinces of
692:
and marched to Singara which he stormed or blockaded. He then marched to Bebase, a major road junction on the Khabur River. From there he could threatened Nisibis to the east and
707:, had informed him the Sasanian army had crossed the Tigris, he secured the defenses of Nisibis and proceeded to Amida. After giving orders for the fields of Roman Mesopotamia
231:
696:, where the main bridge across the Euphrates was located, to the west. He surprised general Ursicinus, whose headquarters was in Nisibis, by suddenly marching toward the
855:
and the rest of the surviving Roman commanders were crucified. The siege being successful and autumn arriving, the Sasanids were obliged to return to winter-quarters.
265:
132:
163:
125:
583:
sent his general Narses to invade Armenia. Narses, however, was later defeated and killed. Following Constantine the Great's death, Shapur besieged
1740:
Patterson, Lee E. (2017). "Minority Religions in the Sasanian Empire: Suppression, Integration and Relations with Rome". In Sauer, Eberhard (ed.).
224:
807:, was sent to threaten the defiant city into submission. But before the king could make known the reason of his approach, a dart from the Roman
217:
537:
between 337 and 361. They were a result of long-standing competition between the rival powers over influence in the border kingdoms of
984:
Not even the date of this, the biggest confrontation between Constantius and Shapur, is certain, with 343, 344, and 348 all mentioned
511:
506:
1881:
1861:
819:
270:
341:
901:
had momentarily delayed the emperor, but his ministers prevailed on him to campaign against the Sasanids. Before crossing the
481:
307:
993:
The battle of Singara was technically a Roman victory because they held the field of battle, but Roman casualties made it a
906:
336:
198:
893:
In the meantime, towards autumn of 360, Constantius finally arrived at the head of his long-prepared army. The revolt of
297:
1818:
1799:
1769:
1721:
1664:
712:
marched west. After setting up his headquarters at Amida, Ursicinus retreated to oversee the defense of the Euphrates.
393:
486:
1866:
879:
which had formed the garrison, as well as the inhabitants of Singara, were sent into captivity in Sasanid Persia.
292:
193:
1851:
538:
435:
660:
of the necessity of more reasonable grounds for peace. The embassy was dismissed by Shapur when he arrived at
799:
Shapur convinced himself that the mere sight of his formidable army would terrorize the city into surrender.
302:
1856:
831:
769:
20,000, Blockley at 7,000–10,000, and Harrel at 5,300. The army of Shapur reportedly numbered 100,000 men.
550:
275:
99:
474:
383:
1761:
Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire: The Sasanian-Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran
450:
398:
317:
312:
929:. Unwilling to resume the blockade of Bazabde and fearing a costly siege, he sent his two generals,
905:
to face Shapur, Constantius was determined to retake the important fortress of Bazabde. During the
285:
1876:
1846:
875:. The wall was breached after some days by battering ram, and the town fell. The 1st Flavian and
723:
680:
who had critical knowledge of the Roman defences. With most of the eastern tribes (including the
460:
418:
403:
329:
322:
254:
561:
were defeated in several sanguinary encounters, Shapur was unable to secure a decisive victory.
868:
554:
428:
408:
378:
368:
346:
241:
188:
178:
173:
168:
30:
613:
575:
445:
373:
280:
782:
704:
677:
423:
183:
8:
697:
440:
1871:
1634:
1605:
693:
624:
1814:
1795:
1765:
1731:
Lightfoot, C. S. (1988). "Facts and Fiction: The Third Siege of Nisibis (A.D. 350)".
1717:
1660:
823:
750:
673:
623:
in the west occurred around the same time diverting Constantius, who left his cousin
595:
542:
467:
455:
361:
356:
260:
557:, which had concluded the previous war between the empires. Though the Romans under
1780:
1626:
1597:
943:
938:
925:
The following spring 361, Constantius crossed the Euphrates once more, arriving at
894:
876:
852:
844:
716:
388:
1675:
1759:
994:
534:
82:
964:
The war ended indecisively with Constantius dying of fever on 5 October 361 at
957:
910:
847:
and fire darts. Finally the Roman structures, under the bombardment of Sasanid
792:
708:
558:
491:
95:
608:
In 350, Shapur laid siege to Nisibis, for a third time. The dams of the river
117:
1840:
351:
1830:
Roman Empire at War: A Compendium of Roman Battles from 31 B.C. to A.D. 565
530:
76:
864:
746:
640:
588:
496:
1638:
1609:
965:
620:
1617:
Blockley, R. C. (1988). "Ammianus on the Persian Invasion of AD 359".
941:
in Gaul, the Gallic legions, however, revolted and proclaimed Julian
848:
827:
808:
804:
800:
681:
661:
657:
609:
580:
546:
501:
209:
110:
104:
1630:
1601:
815:
787:
1714:
The Triumph of Empire: The Roman World from Hadrian to Constantine
601:
In 346–7 Shapur besieged Nisibis a second time, and was repulsed.
930:
914:
883:
872:
836:
689:
653:
644:
584:
1388:
756:
had been gathered at Amida and took up its defence. The legions
926:
902:
887:
685:
648:
605:
campaign. The Sasanian army retreated to their own territory.
1469:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1027:
934:
676:. During this campaign he was assisted by the Roman turncoat
1696:
The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars (AD 226-363)
1588:
Barnes, T. D. (1980). "Imperial Chronology, A. D. 337-350".
1544:
1542:
1180:
1515:
1503:
1412:
1170:
1168:
898:
1460:
1400:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1192:
1131:
1129:
1539:
1308:
1296:
1269:
1257:
1204:
1102:
1039:
1742:
Sasanian Persia: Between Rome and the Steppes of Eurasia
1354:
1352:
1286:
1284:
1233:
1165:
1056:
1054:
1792:
Roman Palmyra: Identity, Community, and State Formation
1554:
1527:
1491:
1479:
1448:
1436:
1424:
1332:
1126:
811:
struck his son and crown prince killing him instantly.
703:
As soon as Ursicinus' spies, including later historian
672:
In 359, Shapur II launched a large scale invasion into
529:
were a series of military conflicts fought between the
1694:
Dodgeon, Michael H.; Lieu, Samuel N. C., eds. (2002).
1223:
1221:
1219:
1017:
1015:
1013:
818:
encircled the city on every side; as auxiliaries, the
664:
and preparations were conducted for another campaign.
1648:
Constantius II: Usurpers, Eunuchs, and the Antichrist
1566:
1376:
1364:
1349:
1320:
1281:
1245:
1153:
1114:
1066:
1051:
1141:
1078:
1216:
1090:
1010:
822:were assigned the assault of the south wall, the
1838:
656:on a new embassy to the Sasanid court, advising
863:In spring 360, Shapur renewed his inroads into
594:In 343–4, Constantius met Shapur's forces near
147:
684:) now supporting his army, Shapur crossed the
1735:. Bd. 37, H. 1 1st Qtr. Franz Steiner Verlag.
1687:The 'Night Battle' of Singara: Whose Victory?
225:
133:
1811:The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine
1757:
1693:
1473:
1198:
1108:
1045:
1033:
1711:
232:
218:
140:
126:
1739:
1733:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte
1730:
1239:
1186:
1174:
553:, to revoke the unfavorable terms of the
1808:
1789:
1778:
1684:
1645:
1616:
1560:
1533:
1521:
1509:
1497:
1485:
1454:
1442:
1430:
1418:
1394:
1343:
1096:
1072:
1060:
786:
587:, which was then regarded as the key to
1673:
1654:
1227:
776:
1839:
1827:
1782:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 9
1748:
1702:
1657:The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History
1587:
1572:
1548:
1406:
1382:
1370:
1358:
1326:
1314:
1302:
1290:
1275:
1263:
1251:
1210:
1159:
1147:
1135:
1120:
1084:
1021:
667:
239:
569:
213:
121:
1764:. London and New York: I.B. Tauris.
1674:Daryaee, Touraj (2017). "ŠĀPUR II".
647:, which Diocletian had wrested from
630:
1751:The Roman Empire at bay, AD 189-395
920:
858:
13:
14:
1893:
1794:. Oxford University Press (USA).
886:, a strong Roman fortress on the
795:before the Siege of Amida of 359.
1882:Wars involving the Roman Empire
1862:4th century in the Roman Empire
1758:Pourshariati, Parvaneh (2008).
987:
1779:Sellwood, D. (2011). "AMIDA".
978:
955:and be satisfied with that of
1:
1744:. Edinburgh University Press.
1004:
791:The walls of Amida, built by
342:Campaign of Severus Alexander
1790:Smith II, Andrew M. (2013).
1716:. Harvard University Press.
1712:Kulikowski, Michael (2016).
16:Wars between Rome and Persia
7:
1809:Southern, Patricia (2001).
1685:Dmitriev, Vladimir (2015).
1659:. Oxford University Press.
545:, as well as the desire of
527:Perso-Roman wars of 337–361
436:Julian's Persian expedition
414:Perso-Roman wars of 337–361
151:Perso-Roman wars of 337–361
24:Perso-Roman wars of 337–361
10:
1898:
1581:
780:
303:Trajan's Parthian campaign
271:Pompeian–Parthian invasion
1828:Taylor, Donathan (2016).
1749:Potter, David S. (2004).
564:
318:Parthian war of Caracalla
266:Caesar's planned invasion
251:
159:
89:
70:
36:
28:
23:
1703:Harrel, John S. (2016).
1655:Daryaee, Touraj (2012).
1646:Crawford, Peter (2016).
971:
1596:(2 (Summer)): 160–166.
1474:Dodgeon & Lieu 2002
1397:, p. 244–260, 258.
1199:Dodgeon & Lieu 2002
1109:Dodgeon & Lieu 2002
1046:Dodgeon & Lieu 2002
1034:Dodgeon & Lieu 2002
475:Byzantine–Sasanian wars
308:Lucius Verus' campaigns
796:
293:Mark Antony's campaign
90:Commanders and leaders
1852:4th-century conflicts
1677:Encyclopaedia Iranica
882:Shapur then invested
830:to the east, and the
790:
614:Sasanid war-elephants
298:Armenian War of 58–63
1689:. Historiai Swiat.=.
877:1st Parthian legions
835:the previous war at
783:Siege of Amida (359)
777:Siege of Amida (359)
705:Ammianus Marcellinus
627:to defend the east.
53:Armenia, Mesopotamia
1867:Roman–Sasanian Wars
1857:4th century in Iran
1409:, p. 157, 265.
1036:, pp. 152–162.
871:the desert town of
715:Six Roman legions:
668:Second war: 359–361
330:Roman–Sasanian wars
255:Roman–Parthian Wars
1832:. Pen & Sword.
1707:. Pen & Sword.
1650:. Pen & Sword.
1551:, p. 165–167.
1524:, p. 225-226.
1512:, p. 224-225.
1421:, p. 192-193.
1317:, p. 150–151.
1305:, p. 152–154.
1278:, p. 151–152.
1266:, p. 147–148.
1213:, p. 471-476.
1189:, p. 124-125.
826:on the north, the
797:
745:and a detachment (
619:The usurpation of
570:First war: 337–350
243:Roman–Persian Wars
31:Roman–Persian Wars
674:Roman Mesopotamia
631:Interwar: 350–359
596:Singara or Alaina
555:Treaty of Nisibis
520:
519:
207:
206:
116:
115:
66:
65:
1889:
1833:
1824:
1805:
1786:
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1708:
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1202:
1196:
1190:
1184:
1178:
1172:
1163:
1157:
1151:
1145:
1139:
1138:, p. 78-82.
1133:
1124:
1118:
1112:
1106:
1100:
1094:
1088:
1082:
1076:
1070:
1064:
1058:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1031:
1025:
1019:
998:
991:
985:
982:
921:Campaigns of 361
913:and wintered in
907:ensuing blockade
859:Campaigns of 360
574:In 335, Emperor
246:
244:
234:
227:
220:
211:
210:
154:
152:
142:
135:
128:
119:
118:
38:
37:
21:
20:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1837:
1836:
1821:
1802:
1772:
1724:
1705:The Nisibis War
1667:
1631:10.2307/1088346
1602:10.2307/1087874
1584:
1579:
1571:
1567:
1559:
1555:
1547:
1540:
1532:
1528:
1520:
1516:
1508:
1504:
1496:
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1484:
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1472:
1461:
1453:
1449:
1441:
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1425:
1417:
1413:
1405:
1401:
1393:
1389:
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1377:
1369:
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1313:
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1301:
1297:
1289:
1282:
1274:
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1262:
1258:
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1234:
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1217:
1209:
1205:
1197:
1193:
1185:
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1166:
1158:
1154:
1146:
1142:
1134:
1127:
1119:
1115:
1107:
1103:
1095:
1091:
1083:
1079:
1071:
1067:
1059:
1052:
1044:
1040:
1032:
1028:
1020:
1011:
1007:
1002:
1001:
995:pyrrhic victory
992:
988:
983:
979:
974:
923:
861:
845:Roman scorpions
785:
779:
670:
633:
572:
567:
535:Sasanian Empire
523:
522:
521:
516:
247:
242:
240:
238:
208:
203:
155:
150:
148:
146:
109:
107:
98:
83:Sasanian Empire
54:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1895:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1877:Constantius II
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1847:350s conflicts
1835:
1834:
1825:
1820:978-0415239448
1819:
1806:
1801:978-0199861101
1800:
1787:
1785:. p. 938.
1776:
1771:978-1845116453
1770:
1755:
1746:
1737:
1728:
1723:978-0674659612
1722:
1709:
1700:
1691:
1682:
1671:
1666:978-0199732159
1665:
1652:
1643:
1625:(3 (Autumn)).
1614:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1577:
1575:, p. 167.
1565:
1563:, p. 238.
1553:
1538:
1536:, p. 236.
1526:
1514:
1502:
1500:, p. 223.
1490:
1488:, p. 206.
1478:
1476:, p. 214.
1459:
1457:, p. 198.
1447:
1445:, p. 200.
1435:
1433:, p. 193.
1423:
1411:
1399:
1387:
1385:, p. 149.
1375:
1373:, p. 265.
1363:
1361:, p. 156.
1348:
1346:, p. 186.
1331:
1329:, p. 151.
1319:
1307:
1295:
1293:, p. 152.
1280:
1268:
1256:
1254:, p. 147.
1244:
1242:, p. 191.
1240:Patterson 2017
1232:
1215:
1203:
1201:, p. 185.
1191:
1187:Lightfoot 1988
1179:
1177:, p. 121.
1175:Lightfoot 1988
1164:
1162:, p. 164.
1152:
1140:
1125:
1123:, p. 163.
1113:
1111:, p. 166.
1101:
1089:
1087:, p. 166.
1077:
1065:
1050:
1048:, p. 171.
1038:
1026:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1000:
999:
986:
976:
975:
973:
970:
922:
919:
860:
857:
853:Count Aelianus
803:, king of the
793:Constantius II
781:Main article:
778:
775:
700:to the north.
669:
666:
632:
629:
571:
568:
566:
563:
559:Constantius II
518:
517:
515:
514:
512:War of 602–628
509:
507:War of 572–591
504:
499:
494:
492:Anastasian War
489:
484:
482:War of 421–422
471:
470:
465:
464:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
433:
432:
431:
426:
421:
411:
406:
401:
396:
394:Caesarea (260)
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
365:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
326:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
300:
295:
290:
289:
288:
283:
278:
276:Cilician Gates
268:
263:
252:
249:
248:
237:
236:
229:
222:
214:
205:
204:
202:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
160:
157:
156:
145:
144:
137:
130:
122:
114:
113:
102:
96:Constantius II
92:
91:
87:
86:
80:
73:
72:
68:
67:
64:
63:
60:
56:
55:
52:
50:
46:
45:
42:
34:
33:
26:
25:
19:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1894:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1831:
1826:
1822:
1816:
1813:. Routledge.
1812:
1807:
1803:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1783:
1777:
1773:
1767:
1763:
1762:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1743:
1738:
1734:
1729:
1725:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1697:
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1688:
1683:
1679:
1678:
1672:
1668:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1586:
1585:
1574:
1569:
1562:
1561:Crawford 2016
1557:
1550:
1545:
1543:
1535:
1534:Crawford 2016
1530:
1523:
1522:Crawford 2016
1518:
1511:
1510:Crawford 2016
1506:
1499:
1498:Crawford 2016
1494:
1487:
1486:Crawford 2016
1482:
1475:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1456:
1455:Crawford 2016
1451:
1444:
1443:Crawford 2016
1439:
1432:
1431:Crawford 2016
1427:
1420:
1419:Crawford 2016
1415:
1408:
1403:
1396:
1395:Blockley 1988
1391:
1384:
1379:
1372:
1367:
1360:
1355:
1353:
1345:
1344:Crawford 2016
1340:
1338:
1336:
1328:
1323:
1316:
1311:
1304:
1299:
1292:
1287:
1285:
1277:
1272:
1265:
1260:
1253:
1248:
1241:
1236:
1229:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1212:
1207:
1200:
1195:
1188:
1183:
1176:
1171:
1169:
1161:
1156:
1150:, p. 82.
1149:
1144:
1137:
1132:
1130:
1122:
1117:
1110:
1105:
1098:
1097:Dmitriev 2015
1093:
1086:
1081:
1075:, p. 56.
1074:
1073:Crawford 2016
1069:
1063:, p. 55.
1062:
1061:Crawford 2016
1057:
1055:
1047:
1042:
1035:
1030:
1024:, p. 17.
1023:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1009:
996:
990:
981:
977:
969:
967:
962:
960:
959:
954:
948:
946:
945:
940:
936:
932:
928:
918:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
891:
889:
885:
880:
878:
874:
870:
866:
856:
854:
850:
846:
840:
838:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
812:
810:
806:
802:
794:
789:
784:
774:
770:
767:
766:Ulpia Victrix
763:
759:
755:
754:
748:
744:
740:
739:Superventores
736:
732:
728:
727:
726:Ulpia Victrix
721:
720:
713:
710:
706:
701:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
665:
663:
659:
655:
650:
646:
642:
637:
628:
626:
622:
617:
615:
611:
606:
602:
599:
597:
592:
590:
586:
582:
577:
562:
560:
556:
552:
551:Arab campaign
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
479:
478:
477:
476:
469:
466:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
438:
437:
434:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
416:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
404:Carrhae (296)
402:
400:
399:3rd Ctesiphon
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
369:Nisibis (252)
367:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
347:Nisibis (235)
345:
343:
340:
339:
338:
335:
334:
333:
332:
331:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
313:2nd Ctesiphon
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
273:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
258:
257:
256:
250:
245:
235:
230:
228:
223:
221:
216:
215:
212:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
161:
158:
153:
143:
138:
136:
131:
129:
124:
123:
120:
112:
106:
103:
101:
97:
94:
93:
88:
84:
81:
78:
75:
74:
69:
61:
58:
57:
51:
48:
47:
43:
40:
39:
35:
32:
27:
22:
1829:
1810:
1791:
1781:
1760:
1753:. Routledge.
1750:
1741:
1732:
1713:
1704:
1698:. Routledge.
1695:
1686:
1676:
1656:
1647:
1622:
1618:
1593:
1589:
1568:
1556:
1529:
1517:
1505:
1493:
1481:
1450:
1438:
1426:
1414:
1402:
1390:
1378:
1366:
1322:
1310:
1298:
1271:
1259:
1247:
1235:
1228:Daryaee 2017
1206:
1194:
1182:
1155:
1143:
1116:
1104:
1092:
1080:
1068:
1041:
1029:
989:
980:
963:
956:
952:
949:
942:
924:
892:
881:
862:
841:
813:
798:
771:
765:
761:
757:
752:
743:Praeventores
742:
738:
734:
730:
725:
718:
714:
709:to be burned
702:
671:
638:
634:
618:
607:
603:
600:
593:
573:
549:, after his
531:Roman Empire
526:
524:
473:
472:
446:Maiozamalcha
413:
384:Dura-Europos
328:
327:
253:
149:
77:Roman Empire
71:Belligerents
1573:Harrel 2016
1549:Harrel 2016
1407:Harrel 2016
1383:Harrel 2016
1371:Harrel 2016
1359:Harrel 2016
1327:Harrel 2016
1315:Harrel 2016
1303:Harrel 2016
1291:Harrel 2016
1276:Harrel 2016
1264:Harrel 2016
1252:Harrel 2016
1211:Potter 2004
1160:Barnes 1980
1148:Harrel 2016
1136:Harrel 2016
1121:Barnes 1980
1085:Taylor 2016
1022:Harrel 2016
865:Mesopotamia
747:vexillation
641:Mesopotamia
589:Mesopotamia
576:Constantine
497:Iberian War
429:2nd Singara
419:1st Singara
374:Barbalissos
337:Mesopotamia
286:Mt Gindarus
281:Amanus Pass
199:2nd Bezabde
194:1st Bezabde
189:2nd Singara
179:3rd Nisibis
174:2nd Nisibis
169:1st Singara
164:1st Nisibis
1841:Categories
1005:References
966:Mopsucrene
832:Segestanis
758:Magnentius
731:Magnentius
621:Magnentius
487:War of 440
441:Pirisabora
85:and allies
79:and allies
62:Indecisive
1872:Shapur II
869:besieging
849:ballistae
828:Chionites
824:Albanians
809:ballistae
805:Chionites
801:Grumbates
762:Decentius
753:Fortenses
735:Decentius
682:Chionites
678:Antoninus
662:Ctesiphon
658:Shapur II
610:Mygdonius
581:Shapur II
547:Shapur II
502:Lazic War
468:Bagrevand
451:Ctesiphon
111:Grumbates
105:Shapur II
100:Ursicinus
44:337 - 361
953:Augustus
944:Augustus
816:Sasanids
764:and XXX
719:Parthica
533:and the
49:Location
29:Part of
1639:1088346
1619:Phoenix
1610:1087874
1590:Phoenix
1582:Sources
931:Arbetio
915:Antioch
884:Bazabde
873:Singara
837:Singara
690:Nineveh
654:sophist
645:Armenia
585:Nisibis
539:Armenia
461:Samarra
456:Maranga
379:Antioch
362:Misiche
357:Resaena
323:Nisibis
261:Carrhae
1817:
1798:
1768:
1720:
1663:
1637:
1608:
958:Caesar
939:Julian
927:Edessa
903:Tigris
895:Julian
888:Tigris
820:Vertae
694:Zeugma
686:Tigris
649:Narseh
625:Gallus
565:Events
543:Iberia
409:Satala
389:Edessa
108:Narses
59:Result
1635:JSTOR
1606:JSTOR
972:Notes
935:Agilo
911:Syria
749:) of
698:Amida
424:Amida
352:Hatra
184:Amida
1815:ISBN
1796:ISBN
1766:ISBN
1718:ISBN
1661:ISBN
933:and
899:Gaul
814:The
741:and
724:XXX
643:and
541:and
525:The
41:Date
1627:doi
1598:doi
897:in
688:at
1843::
1633:.
1623:42
1621:.
1604:.
1594:34
1592:.
1541:^
1462:^
1351:^
1334:^
1283:^
1218:^
1167:^
1128:^
1053:^
1012:^
968:.
947:.
917:.
867:,
760:,
751:X
737:,
733:,
729:,
722:,
717:V
1823:.
1804:.
1774:.
1726:.
1680:.
1669:.
1641:.
1629::
1612:.
1600::
1230:.
1099:.
997:.
233:e
226:t
219:v
141:e
134:t
127:v
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