Kirishitan - Knowledge

807: 304: 737: 42: 1156: 828: 836: 438: 472: 1144: 509: 1323:, and confessed that their families had kept the Kirishitan faith. Those Kirishitan wanted to see the statue of St. Mary with their own eyes, and to confirm that the priest was single and truly came from the pope in Rome. After this interview, many Kirishitan thronged toward Petitjean. He investigated their underground organizations and discovered that they had kept the rite of baptism and the liturgical years without European priests for nearly 250 years. Petitjean's report surprised the Christian world; Pope 1281: 1168: 668: 3337: 962: 3347: 1687: 615: 1140:

having a small number of clergymen working underground, the Japanese Church was able to recruit leadership from among lay members. Japanese children caused admiration among the Portuguese and seem to have participated actively in the resistance. Nagasaki remained a Christian city in the first decades of the 17th century and during the general persecutions other confraternities were founded in Shimabara, Kinai and Franciscans in Edo.

1100:(ruled 1605–1623), was considered the first official statement of a comprehensive control of Kirishitan. It claimed that the Christians were bringing disorder to Japanese society and that their followers "contravene governmental regulations, traduce Shinto, calumniate the True Law, destroy regulations, and corrupt goodness". It was fully implemented and canonized as one of the fundamental Tokugawan laws. In the same year, the 1033: 1673: 1024:

two hospitals (one for lepers) and a large church. By 1606, there already existed a feminine religious order called Miyako no Bikuni ("nuns of Kyoto") which accepted Korean converts such as Marina Pak, baptized in Nagasaki. Nagasaki was called "the Rome of Japan" and most of its inhabitants were Christians. By 1611, it had ten churches and was divided into eight parishes including a specifically Korean order.

868:, where in an attempt to recover his cargo, the Spanish captain of a shipwrecked trading vessel claimed that the missionaries were there to prepare Japan for conquest. These claims made Hideyoshi suspicious of the foreign religion. He attempted to curb Catholicism while maintaining good trading relations with Portugal and Spain, which might have provided military support to 1895:, page 160: "I have received information that in your kingdoms the promulgation of the law, i.e. Christianity, is a trick and deceit by which you overcome other kingdoms, he wrote in a letter to the Philippines in reply to the embassy led by Navarrete Fajardo in 1597. Christian missionaries, in Hideyoshi's mind, represented the first wave of European imperialism." 565:. They did not confine their commercial activity to the official silk market but expanded into unauthorized markets. For the Macau-Nagasaki trade, they dealt in silk fabrics, gold, musk and other goods including military supplies and slavery. Sometimes, they even got involved in Spanish trade, prohibited by the kings of 520:

sick. By the end of the 16th century kanbō and jihiyakusha had similar responsibilities and also organized funerals and baptized children with permission to baptize from Rome. The kanbō were those who had left secular life but not taken formal vows, while the jihiyakusha were married and had a profession.

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from Amakusa, commonly known as "Amakusa stone". A cross is engraved on the top and front of the monument, and the back is engraved in Roman letters with the words "Hiri (Hori) Sakuemon Diego, 83 years old since birth, October 16, 1610, Keicho 15," making it the oldest inscription in Roman letters in

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In the mid-17th century, the shogunate demanded the expulsion of all European missionaries and the execution of all converts. This marked the end of open Christianity in Japan. The bakufu erected bulletin boards nationwide at crossroads and bridges; among the many proscriptions listed on these boards

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and generally tolerated Christianity. But overall, he undertook no remarkable policies toward Catholicism. Actually, Catholic power in his domain was trivial because he did not conquer western Japan, where the Jesuits were based. By 1579, at the height of missionary activity, there were about 130,000

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When the Jesuit priest Francis Xavier arrived, Japan was experiencing a nationwide civil war. Neither the emperor nor the Ashikaga shogun could exercise power over the nation. At first, Xavier planned to gain permission for building a mission from the emperor but was disappointed with the devastation

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Accepted on a national scale, Christianity was also successful among different social groups from the poor to the rich, peasants, traders, sailors, warriors, or courtesans. Most of the daily activities of the Church were done by Japanese from the beginning, giving the Japanese Church a native face,

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By the end of the 16th century, the Japanese mission had become the largest overseas Christian community that was not under the rule of a European power. Its uniqueness was emphasized by Alessandro Valignano since 1582, who promoted a deeper accommodation of Japanese culture. Japan was then the sole

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on July 24, 1587. It consists of 11 articles: "No. 10. Do not sell Japanese people to the Nanban (Portuguese)." Among the contents were a ban on missionaries. The Jesuits in Nagasaki considered armed resistance, but the plans did not come to fruition. Led by Coelho, they sought help from Kirishitan

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By 1587, Hideyoshi had become alarmed by reports that Christian lords oversaw forced conversions of retainers and commoners, that they had garrisoned the city of Nagasaki, that they participated in the slave trade of other Japanese and, apparently offending Hideyoshi's Buddhist sentiments, that they

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Different groups of laymen supported Christian life in the Japanese mission, e.g., dōjuku, kanbō and jihiyakusha helped the clergymen in activities like the celebration of Sunday liturgy in the absence of ordained clergy, religious education, preparation of confessions, and spiritual support of the

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The Kirishitan band happened to reach Japan. Not only have they sent merchant vessels to exchange commodities, but they also spread a pernicious doctrine to confuse the right ones, so that they would change the government of the country and own the country. This will become a great catastrophe. We

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The systematic persecution beginning in 1614 faced stiff resistance from Christians, despite the departure of more than half the clergy. Once again, the main reason for this resistance was not the presence of a few priests but rather the self-organization of many communities. Forced to secrecy, and

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Missionaries were not reluctant to take military action if they considered it an effective way to Christianize Japan. They often associated military action against Japan with the conquest of China. They thought that well-trained Japanese soldiers who had experienced long civil wars would help their

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Christian books were published in Japanese from the 1590s on, some with more than one thousand copies, and from 1601 a printing press was established under the supervision of Soin Goto Thomas, a citizen of Nagasaki, with thirty Japanese working full-time at the press. Liturgical calendars were also

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The Japanese missions were economically self-sufficient. Nagasaki's misericórdias became rich and powerful institutions which every year received large donations. The brotherhood grew in numbers to over 100 by 1585 and 150 in 1609. Controlled by the elite of Nagasaki, and not by Portuguese, it had

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Such commercial activities were contrary to the idea of honorable poverty that the priests held. But some Jesuits at this time placed the expansion of the society's influence before this ideal. Mendicant orders fiercely accused the Jesuits of being corrupt and even considered their activity as the

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The number of active Christians is estimated to have been around 200,000 in 1582. There were likely around 1,000 known martyrs during the missionary period. In contrast, Christians attach a great importance to martyrdom and persecution, noting that countless more people were dispossessed of their

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These groups were fundamental to the mission, and themselves depended on both the ecclesiastical hierarchy as well as the warlords who controlled the lands where they lived. Therefore, the success of the Japanese mission cannot be explained only as the result of the action of a brilliant group of

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They took Catholicism for some sort of new sect of Buddhism and were curious to know of the priest's doctrine. Tolerant but shrewd, their eyes less on baptism than the Portuguese cargoes from Macao, they granted the Jesuit permission to preach. The uncompromising Xavier took to the streets of the

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Most Japanese Christians lived in Kyushu, but Christianization was not a regional phenomenon and had a national impact. By the end of the 16th century it was possible to find baptized people in virtually every province of Japan, many of them organized in communities. On the eve of the Sekigahara

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establishment was made responsible for verifying that a person was not a Christian through what became known as the "temple guarantee system" (terauke seido). By the 1630s, people were being required to produce a certificate of affiliation with a Buddhist temple as proof of religious orthodoxy,

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to establish trade with the Philippines. The trade promotion made his policies toward Catholicism inconsistent. At the same time, in an attempt to wrest control of the Japan trade from the Catholic countries, Dutch and English traders advised the Shogunate that Spain did indeed have territorial

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However, the 1587 decree was not particularly enforced. In contrast to the Jesuits, the Dominicans, Franciscans, and Augustinians were openly preaching to the common peoples; this caused Hideyoshi to become concerned that commoners with divided loyalties might lead to dangerous rebels like the

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The Jesuits believed that it was better to seek to influence people in power and then allow the religion to be passed downwards to the commoners later. They tried to avoid suspicion by not preaching to the commoners without permission from the local rulers to propagate Catholicism within their

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and wealthy merchants. By brokerage, the Jesuits could expect not only rebates but also favorable treatment from the authorities. For this reason, the office of procurator became an important post amongst the Jesuits in Japan. Although trade activities by the Jesuits ate into Portuguese trade

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due to a lack of profitability, the Netherlands continued to trade with Japan and became the only European country that maintained trade relations with Japan until the 19th century. As trade competitors, the Protestant countries engaged in a campaign against Catholicism, and this subsequently

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arrived in Korea with a Japanese monk for the purpose of administering to the Japanese troops. He stayed there for approximately 18 months, until April or May 1595, thus being on record as the first European missionary to visit the Korean peninsula, but was unable to make any inroads. The

1214:, took place against the shogunate in 1637. The rebellion broke out over economic desperation and government oppression but later assumed a religious tone. About 27,000 people joined the uprising, but it was crushed by the shogunate after a sustained campaign. The reigning shogun, 482:

Having a religious background, Takahisa showed himself to be benevolent and already allowed freedom of worship but not helping the missionaries nor favoring their church. Failing to find a way to the centre of affairs, the court of the Emperor, Xavier soon tired and left to

1266:, the Kakure Kirishitans kept their faith. Biblical phrases or prayers were transferred orally from parent to child, and secret posts (mizukata) were assigned in their underground community to baptize their children, all while regional governments continuously operated 1241:

are the mixed-race descendants of the deported Japanese Catholics. About 400 were officially deported by the government to Macau and Manila, but thousands of Japanese were pressured into moving voluntarily. About 10,000 Macanese and 3,000 Japanese were moved to Manila.

931:, he realized that a military campaign against Japan's powerful ruler would bring catastrophe to Catholicism in Japan. Valignano survived the crisis by laying all the blame on Coelho, and in 1590, the Jesuits decided to stop intervening in the struggles between the 335:(1494), the two powers divided the world between them into exclusive spheres of influence, trade and colonization. Although, at the time of the demarcation, neither nation had any direct contact with Japan, that nation fell into the sphere of the Portuguese. 467:

who in 1542 was accepted as head of the clan having previously received the Portuguese merchants on Tanegashima Island, learning about the use of firearms. Later, he met Xavier himself at the castle of Uchiujijo and permitted the conversion of his vassals.

1350:). After Europe and the U.S. began to vocally criticize the persecution, the Japanese government realized that it needed to lift the ban in order to attain its interests. In 1873 the ban was lifted. Numerous exiles returned and began construction of the 284:

with hopes to bring Christianity and Catholicism to Japan. At its height, Japan is estimated to have had around 300,000 Christians. Catholicism was subsequently repressed in several parts of the country and ceased to exist publicly in the 17th century.

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Their officially recognized commercial activity was a fixed-amount entry into the Portuguese silk trade between Macau and Nagasaki. They financed to a certain amount the trade association in Macau, which purchased raw silk in Canton and sold it in

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between Catholics and Protestants in Germany, it is possible that the checking of Catholic power in Europe reduced the flow of funds to the Catholic missions in Japan, which could be why they failed at this time and not before. During the

382:'s decree of 1608, which abolished the restrictions on the route. The Portuguese accused Spanish Jesuits of working for their homeland instead of their religion. The power struggle between Jesuits and mendicant orders caused a 1357:

It was later revealed that tens of thousands of Kirishitan still survived in some regions near Nagasaki. Some officially returned to the Roman Catholic Church. Others remained apart from the Catholic Church and have stayed as

1000:. The actions of his forces in the massacre and enslavement of many of the Korean people were indistinguishable from the non-Christian Japanese forces that participated in the invasion. After Konishi's loss in the battle of 553:, the pioneer of Catholic missions in Japan, who covered the cost of missionary work through merchant trading. From the 1550s to the 1570s, the Jesuits covered all necessary expenses with trade profits and bought land in 338:

The countries disputed the allocation of Japan. Since neither could colonize it, the exclusive right to propagate Christianity in Japan meant the exclusive right to trade with Japan. Portuguese-sponsored Jesuits under

1362:, retaining their own traditional beliefs and their descendants asserting that they keep their ancestors' religion. However, it became difficult for them to keep their community and rituals, so they have converted to 978:

overseas country in which all members of those confraternities were locals, as was the case with Christian missions in Mexico, Peru, Brazil, the Philippines, or India, in spite of the presence of a colonial elite.

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thus beginning the Yamaguchi period. Xavier stayed in Yamaguchi for two months on his way to an abortive audience with the Emperor in Kyoto. Yamaguchi was already a prosperous and refined city and its leaders, the

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reunified Japan. Once he became the ruler of Japan, Hideyoshi began to pay attention to external threats, particularly the expansion of European power in East Asia. The turning point for Catholic missions was the

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said to the Philippine Governor that it was impossible to conquer Japan because the Japanese were very brave and always received military training but that Japan would benefit them when they would conquer China.

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assumed power over Japan in 1600. Like Toyotomi Hideyoshi, he disliked Christian activities in Japan but gave priority to trade with Portugal and Spain. He secured Portuguese trade in 1600. He negotiated with

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ambitions, and that Catholicism was Spain's principal means. The Dutch and English promised, in distinction, that they would limit themselves to trading and would not conduct missionary activities in Japan.

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interests, procurators continued their brokerage utilizing the authority of the Catholic Church. At the same time, Portuguese merchants required the assistance of procurators who were familiar with Japanese

3271: 537:. Christianity challenged Japanese civilization. A militant lay community, the main reason for missionary success in Japan, was also the main reason for the anti-Christian policy of the Tokugawa's bakufu. 761:. One reason for their conversion may have been the Portuguese trade in which the Jesuits acted as brokers. The Jesuits recognized this and approached local rulers with offers of trade and exotic gifts. 990:

and this was one of the reasons for its success. By 1590, there were seventy native brothers in Japan, fully one half of Jesuits in Japan, and fifteen percent of all Jesuits who were working in Asia.

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gravestones were spared destruction as they were believed by the newcomers to be graves of early mountain priests. The tombstone is now protected by a glass-walled structure, and was designated a

1198:. People reluctant to step on the pictures were identified as Christian and taken to Nagasaki. If they refused to renounce their religion, they were tortured; those who still refused were executed. 1104:

required all subjects of all domains to register at their local Buddhist temple; this would become an annual requirement in 1666, cementing the Buddhist temples as an instrument of state control.

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When Xavier disembarked in Kagoshima, the principal chiefs of the two branches of the Shimazu family, Sanehisa and Katsuhisa, were warring for the sovereignty of their lands. Katsuhisa adopted

1530:(大友宗麟) (1530–1587), also known as Fujiwara no Yoshishige (藤原義鎮) and Ōtomo Yoshishige (大友義鎮). Christian name Dom Francisco; referred to as the "King of Bungo" by the Jesuits 1299:

in 1858. Many Christian clergymen were sent from Catholic, Protestant and Orthodox churches, though proselytizing was still banned. In 1865, some of the Japanese who lived in

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banning Christianity, there were communities that kept practicing Catholicism without having any contact with the Church until missionaries were able to return much later.

1338:, the American minister-resident in Japan, privately complained of this persecution to the Nagasaki magistrates, though little action was taken to stop it. The succeeding 576:

It was mainly procurators who brokered Portuguese trade. They resided in Macau and Nagasaki, and accepted purchase commitments by Japanese customers such as the shogunate

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made a substantial contribution to the introduction of Korea to Europe, Francis Xavier having crossed paths with Korean envoys dispatched to Japan during 1550 and 1551.

1249:". Some priests remained in Japan illegally, including 18 Jesuits, seven Franciscans, seven Dominicans, one Augustinian, five seculars and an unknown number of Jesuit 1334:

Shogunate's edicts banning Christianity were still on the books, however, and thus the religion continued to be persecuted up to 1867, the last year of its rule.

268:, gained access to Japan. No Western women came to Japan. Of the 95 Jesuits who worked in Japan up to 1600, 57 were Portuguese, 20 were Spaniards and 18 Italian. 3302: 1080:

colonial powers behind it. The Jesuits and the Mendicant Orders kept a lasting rivalry over the Japanese mission and attached to different imperial strategies.

401:. In the early 17th century, Japan built trade relations with the Netherlands and England. Although England withdrew from the operations within ten years under 1296: 1068:

was much stronger and more stable than Toyotomi Hideyoshi's administration, yet the mendicant orders discussed military options relatively openly. In 1615, a

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that priests were able to send to China two or three thousand Japanese Christian soldiers who were brave and were expected to serve the king with little pay.

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followers to death in 1597 on his order. After Hideyoshi died in 1598, amidst the chaos of succession there was less of a focus on persecuting Christians.

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The Jesuits in Japan had to maintain economic self-sufficiency because they could not expect stable and sufficient payment from their patron, the King of

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were baptized, and their domains stretched from Hyūga in Southeast Kyushu to Dewa in North Honshū. Hundreds of churches had been built throughout Japan.

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allowed the slaughter of horses and oxen for food. After his invasion of Kyushu, Hideyoshi Toyotomi promulgated the Purge Directive Order to the Jesuits

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colonial powers, which had previously occurred in the New World and the Philippines. Domestically, the ban was closely related to measures against the

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printed after 1592 until at least 1634. Christian solidarity made possible missionary mail delivery throughout the country until the end of the 1620s.

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provides detailed portrayals of the persecution of Christian communities and the suppression of the Church. The novel has two film adaptations, in

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were named as principals in an assassination plot to murder the magistrate in charge of the Shogunate's most important port city of Nagasaki.

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to take such steps. Wherever Spain and Portugal attempted to expand their territories or influence, missionaries would soon follow. By the

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eventually. When John Paul II visited Nagasaki in 1981, he baptized some young people from Kakure Kirishitan families, a rare occurrence.

1222:, restricting trade and effectively isolating Japan, two years earlier, came down hard on the Christians. Many Japanese were deported to 1011:

The 1592 war between Japan and Korea also provided Westerners with a rare opportunity to visit Korea. Under orders of Gomaz, the Jesuit

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primary reason for Japan's ban on Catholicism. Mendicant orders themselves were not necessarily uninvolved in commercial activities.

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refused. Then they called for a deployment of reinforcements from their homeland and its colonies, but this plan was abolished by

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took the lead in proselytizing in Japan over the objection of the Spaniards, starting in 1579. The fait accompli was approved in

123: 2934: 3061: 1346:, who took over from the Tokugawa shogunate in 1868, initially continued in this vein and several thousand people were exiled ( 311:

Religion was an integral part of the state and evangelization was seen as having both secular and spiritual benefits for both

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Costa, João Paulo Oliveira (2003). "The misericordias among Japanese Christian communities in the 16th and 17th centuries".

210:, hidden Christians. However, English sources on histories of Japan generally use the term "Christian" without distinction. 3266: 3171: 2976: 1316: 1722: 712:

clan. In the 1580s, Valignano believed in the effectiveness of military action and fortified Nagasaki and Mogi. In 1585,

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asked the shogun for land to build a Spanish fortress and this deepened Japan's suspicion against Catholicism and the

3406: 3401: 3391: 3221: 3186: 3141: 2389: 654: 549:, but the king allowed the Jesuits to engage in trade with Japan. Such economic activity can be found in the work of 2265: 783:

issued edicts to ban Catholicism in 1565 and 1568. The orders of the Emperor and the Shogun made little difference.

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Brett, L. Walker (Fall 2002). "Foreign Affairs and Frontiers in Early Modern Japan: a Historio-graphical Essay".

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finally decided to ban Catholicism. The statement on the "Expulsion of all missionaries from Japan", drafted by

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The Roman Catholic world order was challenged by the Netherlands and England. Its principle was repudiated by

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The Japanese Mission to Europe, 1582–1590; The journey of Four Samurai Boys through Portugal, Spain and Italy

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with negative connotations) came into use during the Edo Period when Christianity was a forbidden religion.

2678: 2454:"Japanese Pentecostalism and the World of the Dead: a Study of Cultural Adaptation in Iesu no Mitama Kyokai" 429:

kingdoms. However, it was too late for Japan. The organization failed to establish staging points in Japan.

370:. In addition to criticizing Jesuit activities, they actively lobbied the Pope. Their campaigns resulted in 3396: 3236: 3151: 3131: 3016: 3006: 2879: 1335: 3281: 3216: 3181: 3116: 3096: 3086: 3046: 3031: 3026: 2861:

When the rich makes himself poor: Misericórdias, charity & paower in the Portuguese empire, 1500–1800

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to send a fleet but the plan was rejected due to the shortness of its military capability. Christians

3322: 3241: 3201: 3176: 3156: 3091: 3066: 3056: 3041: 1700: 865: 585:, since they established no permanent trading post in Japan. Probably the most notable procurator was 417:

Portugal's and Spain's colonial policies were also challenged by the Roman Catholic Church itself. The

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within the diocese of Funai. Furthermore, mendicant orders tried in vain to establish a diocese on the

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for its importance in understanding the state of Christian missionary work in the early Edo period.

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The Kakure Kirishitan of Japan: A Study of Their Development, Beliefs and Rituals to the Present Day

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Buddhist statue with hidden crucifix on back, used by Christians in Japan to hide their real beliefs

492:, were aware that Xavier's journey to Japan had begun after the completion of his mission in India. 2993: 2969: 1438:

gravestones in Japan, about 130 are on the Shimabara Peninsula, but after the Shimabara Rebellion,

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shape with a total length of 1.21 meters, width of 0.56 meters, and height of 0.39 meters, made of

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and to disarm themselves. They only gave secret shipments of food and financial aid to Kirishitan

1578: 625: 2481:"Secrecy and the Transmission of Tradition, Issues in the Study of the 'Underground Christians'" 2406: 2400: 2223: 1391: 1727: 1012: 173:

Modern Japanese has several words for "Christian", of which the most common are the noun form

2663:———, "Tokugawa Ieyasu and the Christian daimyo during the crisis of 1600", 2214: 2208: 2197: 1148: 709: 332: 127: 86: 1245:

The Catholic remnant in Japan were driven underground, and its members became known as the "

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Quando o rico se faz pobre: Misericórdias, caridade e poder no império português 1500–1800

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Those who participated in the Shimabara Rebellion are not considered to be martyrs by the

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on his Christian beliefs; instead of taking his own life, he chose capture and execution.

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dated April 1588, concerning the suppression of Christians, a National Treasure of Japan

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The Jesuits provided various kinds of support including military support to Kirishitan

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became Christians, soon to be followed by many of their subjects as the Dominicans and

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in 1929. It is located in a seaside communal cemetery on the southern coast of the

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monk Konchiin Suden (1563–1633) and issued in 1614 under the name of second shogun

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In June 1592, Hideyoshi invaded Korea; among his leading generals was Christian

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became popular among the people who migrated to the peninsula, and many of the

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city denouncing, among other things, infanticide, idolatry and homosexuality.

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Japan's Encounter with Christianity: The Catholic Mission in Pre-modern Japan

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and the surrounding regions. In 1559, Gaspar Vilela obtained permission from

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were officially baptized, and many more were sympathetic to the Christians.

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missionary activities in Japan beginning in earnest around 1549, mainly by

64: 945: 667: 233:, "brother"). Contemptuous transcriptions such as 切支丹 and 鬼利死丹 (which use 3350: 2594: 2275: 2207: 1716: 1420: 1040: 840: 717: 425:

in 1622 and attempted to separate the churches from the influence of the

379: 261: 2582:. General Secretariat of the Catholic Bishops' Conference of Japan. 2007 1440: 2580:"An overview of the History of the Catholic church in Japan, 1543–1944" 1572: 1263: 1069: 1001: 966: 639: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 348: 2841:

Murai, Shōsuke (2004), "Tanegashima: The Arrival of Europe in Japan",

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Kitagawa, Tomoko (2007). "The Conversion of Hideyoshi's Daughter Gō".

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Gohime ''Monica'' (Bizen no Gomoji), Hideyoshi's daughter (1574–1634)

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in 1853. It became possible for foreigners to live in Japan with the

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converted to Christianity in order to gain more favorable access to

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Japanese-Portuguese Bell Inscribed 1570, Nantoyōsō Collection, Japan

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At the same time the missionaries faced the hostility of many other

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missionaries, or of the commercial and political interests of a few

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to teach Christianity. This license was the same as those given to

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Christianity in Early Modern Japan: Kirishitan Belief and Practice

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Christianity in Early Modern Japan: Kirishitan Belief and Practice

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of Akashi, chosen life of exile in Manila, Philippines (1552–1615)

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Quattro Ragazzi: Tenshō Mission of Youths and the Imperial World

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Cultural Interactions in the Orient 30 years before Matteo Ricci

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Drawn from the oral histories of Japanese Catholic communities,

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land and property leading to their subsequent death in poverty.

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in southwestern Japan and succeeded in converting some of these

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Deus Destroyed; The Image of Christianity in Early Modern Japan

1367: 1268: 1195: 1182: 1172: 1101: 1057: 1044: 844: 798: 375: 367: 2738:] (5 volumes) (in Portuguese), Lisbon: Biblioteca Nacional 2424:

Lopez-Gay (2003). "St Francis Xavier and the Shimazu Family".

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Rodrigues the Interpreter – An Early Jesuit in Japan and China

1223: 848: 765: 686: 566: 554: 457: 351:

of 1575, which decided that Japan belonged to the Portuguese

316: 253: 234: 46:

Japanese Christians in Portuguese costume, 16th–17th century.

2190: 1484:, Christian name Dom Protasio, Lord of Shimabara (1567–1612) 166:

and is used in Japanese texts as a historiographic term for

1496:, Dom Simeao, a chief strategist of Hideyoshi's (1546–1604) 1176:, a picture of Christ used to reveal practicing Christians 27:

Term for Catholics in Japan in the 16th and 17th centuries

2227: 1331: 1093: 949:

sect of earlier years; this led to Hideyoshi putting the

597:

and even participated in the administration of Nagasaki.

456:

were able to begin preaching to the commoners. After the

2435:

Kakure Kirishitan – Orasho, Figured Bass of Their Souls

1373: 240:

Portuguese ships began arriving in Japan in 1543, with

2939:, Catholic Church Archdiocese of TOKYO, archived from 2725:(1). Nanzan Institute for Religion and Culture: 27–66. 1406: 224: 214: 192: 183: 174: 2836:(1). Nanzan Institute for Religion and Culture: 9–25. 2717:

Elisonas, Jurgis S. A (2007). "Journey to the West".

1159:

Fumi-e to expose Christians by the Tokugawa Shogunate

2730:

Fróis, Luís, SJ (1976–1984), Wicki, José, SJ (ed.),

1668: 390:

that was to be independent from the Portuguese one.

1382:since they took up arms for materialistic reasons. 1291:Japan was forced to open to foreign interaction by 1115:, but there were also other reasons behind it. The 2377: 764:The Jesuits attempted to expand their activity to 753:of the imperial residence. The Jesuits approached 731: 200:is used primarily in Japanese texts for the early 1850: 1756: 1754: 1752: 1186:to reveal practicing Catholics and sympathizers. 3363: 2918:The Christian Century in Japan, by Charles Boxer 2643:] (in Portuguese), Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional 1733:List of Westerners who visited Japan before 1868 1411:A gravestone was discovered in Nishiarie-machi, 1132:social acceptability and loyalty to the regime. 2695:The Image of Christianity in Early Modern Japan 2555:. Bainbridgebooks/Trans-Atlantic Publications. 1829: 1827: 1825: 1119:was concerned about a possible invasion by the 1107:The immediate cause of the prohibition was the 905: 362:In rivalry with the Jesuits, Spanish-sponsored 299:Line of demarcations between Portugal and Spain 2873:(4 volumes), Rome: Jesuit Historical Institute 1749: 1111:, a case of fraud involving Ieyasu's Catholic 1051:Following Toyotomi Hideyoshi's death in 1598, 899: 378:to enter Japan via the Portuguese Indies, and 140: 2984: 2970: 2132:(国指定史跡事典) National Historic Site Encyclopedia 1973: 1971: 2748:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2593: 2506:Ruiz de Medina, Father Juan Garcia (1995) . 2224:"Nestorian Christianity in the Tang Dynasty" 2129: 1822: 1064:It seems that the Jesuits realized that the 696:when they were threatened by non-Kirishitan 503: 2789: 2533:Ruiz de Medina, Father Juan Garcia (1993). 1502:(黒田長政, December 3, 1568 – August 29, 1623) 1136:were strict warnings against Christianity. 1004:, Konishi would base his refusal to commit 573:, and antagonizing the Portuguese traders. 359:) was founded under Portuguese protection. 2977: 2963: 2729: 2707:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2599:The Dominican mission in Japan (1602–1622) 2524:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2205: 2188: 2161:(in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs 1968: 810:Letter from Duarte de Meneses, viceroy of 2496: 2469: 2437:(in Japanese). Nagasaki Shimbun Shinsho. 1472:, first Christian feudal lord (1533–1587) 1275: 655:Learn how and when to remove this message 374:'s decree of 1600, which allowed Spanish 2900: 2878: 2827: 2716: 2641:Portugal & Japan: the Namban Century 1846:St Francis Xavier and the Shimazu Family 1279: 1166: 1154: 1142: 1031: 960: 834: 826: 805: 735: 666: 507: 470: 436: 302: 2843:Bulletin of Portuguese/Japanese Studies 2676: 2665:Bulletin of Portuguese/Japanese Studies 2651:Bulletin of Portuguese/Japanese Studies 2426:Bulletin of Portuguese/Japanese Studies 2324:Bulletin of Portuguese/Japanese Studies 2123: 2052: 1595:Julião Nakaura (中浦ジュリアン Nakaura Jurian) 1423:to the south. It is a semi-cylindrical 1147:The Christian martyrs of the 1622 708:, who fought against the anti-Catholic 432: 124:History of the Catholic Church in Japan 76:Japan, Philippines (exiled population) 14: 3364: 2936:2008 Beatification of Japanese Martyrs 2757: 2692: 2615: 2226:. The Keikyo Institute. Archived from 2151: 2130:Isomura, Yukio; Sakai, Hideya (2012). 1455: 1434:Japan. Of the approximately known 150 676:countries conquer China. For example, 604: 540: 515:depicting Christ, 17th century, Japan. 307:Celebrating a Christian mass in Japan. 2958: 2840: 2830:Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 2808: 2719:Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 2648: 2605: 2485:Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 2458:Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 1921: 1592:(伊東マンショ Itō Mansho),　伊東祐益 (1570–1612) 1460: 1257:. Since this time corresponds to the 1210:, led by a young Christian man named 799:Toyotomi Hideyoshi and the Christian 213:Christian missionaries were known as 202:history of Roman Catholicism in Japan 2767: 2610:(3rd ed.), Manchester: Carcanet 2218:. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 2201:. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1598:Martinão Hara (原マルチノ Hara Maruchino) 1374:Christian view of Kirishitan history 1201: 1083: 1027: 888:. Between 1553 and 1620, eighty-six 700:. Most notable was their support of 637:adding citations to reliable sources 608: 441:A Jesuit with a samurai, circa 1600. 158:), meaning "Christian", referred to 71:Regions with significant populations 2637:Portugal e o Japão: O século namban 2289: 1857: 1795:Catholic Encyclopedia, Xavier entry 1723:Japanese words of Portuguese origin 1407:Kirishitan grave in Minamishimabara 24: 2871:Francis Xavier, His Times His Life 2854: 2571: 2544:Kirishitan Kankei Hosei Shiryo Shu 2321: 2083:Catholic Encyclopedia, Japan entry 1978: 1551:, Christian name Peter (1580–1605) 1284:Monument to Kirishitan martyrs in 25: 18:Persecution of Christians in Japan 3418: 2911: 2855:Sá, Isabel dos Guimarães (1997), 2662: 2634: 2532: 2206:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). 2189:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). 1794: 1783: 1542:(大友親家), Dom Sebastin (1561–1641) 1151:. 17th-century Japanese painting. 355:. In 1588, the diocese of Funai ( 3372:History of Christianity in Japan 3345: 3336: 3335: 2811:Kanto heiya no kakure Kirishitan 2428:. Portugal: Uni. Nova de Lisboa. 2353: 2264: 2082: 2018: 1881: 1685: 1671: 969:style. End of the 16th century. 847:, Kirishitan cult, 17th century 613: 170:in the 16th and 17th centuries. 40: 2505: 2471:10.18874/jjrs.17.4.1990.353-374 2111: 2099: 2087: 2076: 2064: 2040: 2028: 2012: 2003: 1992: 1983: 1956: 1944: 1932: 1909: 1898: 1886: 1874: 1862: 1772: 1354:, which was completed in 1895. 859:The situation was changed when 786:Christians refer positively to 732:Early policy toward Catholicism 624:needs additional citations for 478:book in Japanese, 16th century. 3303:British Indian Ocean Territory 2868: 2775:. Cambridge University Press. 2773:The Cambridge History of Japan 2681:. Iwate prefectural university 2608:The Christian Century in Japan 2606:——— (1993), 2550: 2423: 1904: 1845: 1839: 1810: 1805: 1799: 1788: 1777: 1766: 1313:Paris Foreign Missions Society 853:Paris Foreign Missions Society 446:domains. As a result, several 423:Congregatio de Propaganda Fide 13: 1: 2432: 2176: 2117: 2105: 2093: 1858:Foreign Affairs and Frontiers 1180:The Japanese government used 685:also reported to the King of 293: 2635:Costa, João Paulo Oliveira, 2541: 2537:. Catholic Uni. of Portugal. 2498:10.18874/jjrs.20.1.1993.3-29 2451: 2405:. Yale Univ Press. pp. 2398: 2384:. Harvard University Press. 2058: 2034: 1998: 1743: 1336:Robert Bruce Van Valkenburgh 1317:Missions étrangères de Paris 1311:which had been built by the 956: 280:were the first to arrive to 7: 2372: 2334: 2302: 2241: 2222: 2070: 2046: 1962: 1950: 1938: 1915: 1892: 1869: 1833: 1816: 1760: 1664: 1568:Twenty-six Martyrs of Japan 1072:emissary of the Viceroy of 906: 225: 223:, "father" or "priest") or 215: 193: 184: 175: 10: 3423: 2986:Roman Catholicism in Asia 2790:Higashibaba, Ikuo (2002). 2542:Shimizu, Hirokazu (1977). 2478: 2433:Miyazaki, Kentaro (2001). 2380:The Making of Modern Japan 2354:Higashibaba, Ikuo (2001). 2209:"St. Francis Xavier" 2181: 1927: 1701:Roman Catholicism in Japan 288: 219:(from the Portuguese word 121: 3387:Japanese historical terms 3331: 3290: 3250: 2992: 2901:Wakakuwa, Midori (2005). 2809:Junji, Kawashima (1998). 2762:, New York: Paulist Press 2307:. New York: Weatherhill. 1627:"Antonio" (村山等安) (d.1619) 1413:Minamishimabara, Nagasaki 1109:Okamoto Daihachi incident 965:A Japanese votive altar, 900: 504:Early Christian community 141: 109: 104: 97: 92: 85: 80: 75: 70: 56: 51: 39: 3407:17th-century Catholicism 3402:16th-century Catholicism 3392:Catholic Church in Japan 3052:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 2925:Nagasaki Catholic Center 2616:Cooper, Michael (2005). 2452:Mullins, Mark R (1990). 2303:Cooper, Michael (1974). 2266: 1561: 740:The Japanese embassy of 3313:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 2869:———, 2813:. Sakitama Shuppankai. 2693:Elison, George (1973), 2551:Toshihiko, Abe (1998). 2335:Elison, George (1973). 1604:(千々石ミゲル Chijiwa Migeru) 1545:Ōtomo Chikamori (大友親盛) 1512:Dom Justo Takayama Ukon 1018:Annual Letters of Japan 876:in western Japan. Many 366:entered into Japan via 276:(a Jesuit priest), and 142:吉利支丹, 切支丹, キリシタン, きりしたん 2597:; Cummins, JS (1963), 1728:Suwa Shrine (Nagasaki) 1450:National Historic Site 1288: 1276:Rediscovery and return 1272:to expose Christians. 1212:Amakusa Shirō Tokisada 1177: 1160: 1152: 1048: 1013:Gregorious de Cespedes 974: 927:. Like the Kirishitan 856: 832: 824: 749: 672: 516: 479: 442: 308: 3382:17th century in Japan 3377:16th century in Japan 2758:Fujita, Neil (1991), 2677:Eishiro, Ito (2007). 2479:Nosco, Peter (1993). 2399:Kiernan, Ben (2007). 2215:Catholic Encyclopedia 2198:Catholic Encyclopedia 1784:Cultural Interactions 1327:called it a miracle. 1283: 1218:, who had issued the 1190:were pictures of the 1170: 1158: 1149:Great Genna Martyrdom 1146: 1035: 964: 851:. Salle des Martyrs, 838: 830: 809: 739: 670: 511: 474: 440: 333:Treaty of Tordesillas 327:(1493) commanded the 306: 229:(from the Portuguese 128:Christianity in Japan 87:Catholic Christianity 3227:United Arab Emirates 2512:Documents from Japan 2508:Documentos del Japón 2024:cannot but stop it. 1536:(大友義統), Constantino 1348:Urakami Yoban Kuzure 678:Alessandro Valignano 633:improve this article 433:Propagation strategy 410:policies toward the 341:Alessandro Valignano 260:orders, such as the 204:, or in relation to 191:. The Japanese word 3397:Crypto-Christianity 3254:limited recognition 2886:. RoutledgeCurzon. 2620:. Global Oriental. 2553:Japan's Hidden Face 1773:Documentos de Japon 1711:Nanban trade period 1456:Notable Kirishitans 1417:Shimabara Peninsula 1228:Spanish Philippines 1208:Shimabara Rebellion 951:26 Martyrs of Japan 866:San Felipe incident 605:Military activities 541:Economic activities 406:adversely affected 160:Catholic Christians 36: 2769:Hall, John Whitney 2292:Early Modern Japan 1856:L. Walker, 2002 – 1693:Catholicism portal 1619:Hasekura Tsunenaga 1289: 1178: 1161: 1153: 1090:Tokugawa shogunate 1066:Tokugawa shogunate 1049: 1037:Hasekura Tsunenaga 975: 907:bateren tsuihō rei 870:Dom Justo Takayama 861:Toyotomi Hideyoshi 857: 833: 825: 821:Toyotomi Hideyoshi 770:Ashikaga Yoshiteru 750: 716:asked the Spanish 673: 591:Toyotomi Hideyoshi 517: 480: 443: 309: 168:Catholics in Japan 132:The Japanese term 32: 3359: 3358: 3296:other territories 2893:978-1-873410-70-7 2880:Turnbull, Stephen 2820:978-4-87891-341-9 2801:978-90-04-12290-1 2782:978-0-521-65728-0 2732:Historia de Japam 2627:978-1-901903-38-6 2562:978-1-891696-05-3 2444:978-4-931493-40-7 2416:978-0-300-10098-3 2365:978-90-04-12290-1 2346:978-0-674-19962-0 2314:978-0-8348-0319-0 1918:, pages 54 and 64 1360:Kakure Kirishitan 1352:Urakami Cathedral 1321:Bernard Petitjean 1259:Thirty Years' War 1247:Hidden Christians 1236:Japanese-Filipino 1202:Later persecution 1084:Early persecution 1028:Tokugawa response 746:Pope Gregory XIII 665: 664: 657: 589:, who approached 372:Pope Clement VIII 345:Pope Gregory XIII 329:Catholic Monarchs 325:Bulls of Donation 321:Pope Alexander VI 207:Kakure Kirishitan 120: 119: 16:(Redirected from 3414: 3349: 3339: 3338: 3308:Christmas Island 2994:Sovereign states 2979: 2972: 2965: 2956: 2955: 2950: 2949: 2948: 2929: 2906: 2897: 2874: 2864: 2850: 2837: 2824: 2805: 2786: 2763: 2753: 2747: 2739: 2736:History of Japan 2726: 2712: 2706: 2698: 2689: 2687: 2686: 2672: 2658: 2644: 2631: 2611: 2601: 2595:Boxer, Charles R 2590: 2588: 2587: 2566: 2547: 2538: 2529: 2523: 2515: 2502: 2500: 2475: 2473: 2448: 2429: 2420: 2395: 2383: 2369: 2350: 2331: 2318: 2299: 2286: 2284: 2283: 2274:. Archived from 2261: 2259: 2258: 2249:. Archived from 2238: 2236: 2235: 2219: 2211: 2202: 2194: 2171: 2170: 2168: 2166: 2155: 2149: 2148: 2145: 2127: 2121: 2115: 2109: 2103: 2097: 2091: 2085: 2080: 2074: 2068: 2062: 2056: 2050: 2044: 2038: 2032: 2026: 2016: 2010: 2007: 2001: 1996: 1990: 1987: 1981: 1975: 1966: 1960: 1954: 1948: 1942: 1936: 1930: 1925: 1919: 1913: 1907: 1902: 1896: 1890: 1884: 1878: 1872: 1866: 1860: 1854: 1848: 1843: 1837: 1831: 1820: 1814: 1808: 1803: 1797: 1792: 1786: 1781: 1775: 1770: 1764: 1758: 1738:Folk Catholicism 1706:Martyrs of Japan 1695: 1690: 1689: 1681: 1676: 1675: 1674: 1584:Petro Kasui Kibe 1555:Tsugaru Nobuhira 1506:Konishi Yukinaga 1494:Kuroda Yoshitaka 1307:visited the new 1216:Tokugawa Iemitsu 1127:. The Buddhist 998:Konishi Yukinaga 982:battle, fifteen 913: 912: 909: 903: 902: 812:Portuguese India 781:Emperor Ōgimachi 683:Francisco Cabral 660: 653: 649: 646: 640: 617: 609: 465:Shimazu Takahisa 364:mendicant orders 353:Diocese of Macau 228: 218: 196: 187: 178: 146: 144: 143: 44: 37: 35:吉利支丹, 切支丹, キリシタン 31: 21: 3422: 3421: 3417: 3416: 3415: 3413: 3412: 3411: 3362: 3361: 3360: 3355: 3327: 3295: 3286: 3267:Northern Cyprus 3253: 3246: 2988: 2983: 2946: 2944: 2933: 2922: 2914: 2909: 2894: 2821: 2802: 2783: 2741: 2740: 2700: 2699: 2697:, Cambridge, MA 2684: 2682: 2628: 2585: 2583: 2578: 2574: 2572:Further reading 2569: 2563: 2517: 2516: 2445: 2417: 2392: 2366: 2347: 2315: 2281: 2279: 2270:(in Japanese). 2268: 2256: 2254: 2245:(in Japanese). 2233: 2231: 2184: 2179: 2174: 2164: 2162: 2157: 2156: 2152: 2146: 2142: 2128: 2124: 2116: 2112: 2104: 2100: 2092: 2088: 2081: 2077: 2069: 2065: 2057: 2053: 2045: 2041: 2037:, pages 284–286 2033: 2029: 2017: 2013: 2008: 2004: 1997: 1993: 1988: 1984: 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991: 987: 985: 979: 972: 971:Guimet Museum 968: 963: 954: 952: 948: 947: 940: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 908: 893: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 862: 854: 850: 846: 843:disguised as 842: 837: 829: 822: 819: 818: 813: 808: 802: 796: 793: 789: 784: 782: 778: 775: 771: 767: 762: 760: 756: 747: 743: 738: 729: 727: 726:Paulo Okamoto 723: 719: 715: 714:Gaspar Coelho 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 690: 688: 684: 679: 669: 659: 656: 648: 638: 634: 628: 627: 622:This section 620: 616: 611: 610: 602: 598: 596: 592: 588: 584: 579: 574: 572: 568: 564: 558: 556: 552: 548: 538: 536: 531: 530:and traders. 529: 528: 521: 514: 510: 501: 497: 493: 491: 486: 477: 473: 469: 466: 461: 459: 455: 451: 450: 439: 430: 428: 424: 420: 415: 413: 409: 404: 400: 396: 391: 389: 388:Tōhoku region 385: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 360: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 336: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 305: 286: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 238: 236: 232: 227: 222: 217: 211: 209: 208: 203: 199: 195: 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Shūei-sha. 2902: 2883: 2870: 2860: 2856: 2846: 2842: 2833: 2829: 2810: 2791: 2772: 2759: 2735: 2731: 2722: 2718: 2694: 2683:. Retrieved 2668: 2664: 2654: 2650: 2640: 2636: 2617: 2607: 2598: 2584:. Retrieved 2552: 2543: 2534: 2514:]. Rome. 2511: 2507: 2488: 2484: 2461: 2457: 2434: 2425: 2401: 2379: 2355: 2336: 2327: 2323: 2304: 2295: 2291: 2280:. Retrieved 2276:the original 2255:. Retrieved 2251:the original 2232:. Retrieved 2228:the original 2213: 2196: 2165:December 20, 2163:. Retrieved 2153: 2131: 2125: 2113: 2108:, pp.284–286 2101: 2089: 2078: 2066: 2054: 2042: 2030: 2022: 2014: 2005: 1994: 1985: 1958: 1946: 1934: 1923: 1911: 1900: 1888: 1876: 1864: 1852: 1841: 1812: 1801: 1790: 1779: 1768: 1715: 1679:Japan portal 1549:Oda Hidenobu 1522:Gamō Ujisato 1515: 1462: 1445: 1439: 1435: 1424: 1410: 1390: 1387:Shūsaku Endō 1384: 1377: 1356: 1329: 1290: 1267: 1254: 1250: 1244: 1220:Sakoku Edict 1205: 1187: 1181: 1179: 1171: 1162: 1138: 1134: 1106: 1087: 1063: 1050: 1022: 1017: 1010: 994: 992: 988: 983: 980: 976: 944: 941: 936: 932: 928: 920: 916: 894: 889: 877: 873: 858: 815: 800: 788:Oda Nobunaga 785: 763: 758: 754: 751: 697: 693: 691: 674: 651: 645:October 2009 642: 631:Please help 626:verification 623: 599: 577: 575: 559: 544: 534: 532: 525: 522: 518: 498: 494: 490:Ōuchi family 481: 475: 462: 454:Augustinians 447: 444: 421:founded the 416: 399:Mare Liberum 398: 392: 361: 337: 310: 239: 230: 220: 212: 205: 172: 151: 134: 133: 131: 65:missionaries 29: 3351:Asia portal 3252:States with 3172:Philippines 3112:South Korea 3107:North Korea 3002:Afghanistan 2491:(1): 3–30. 2298:(2): 44–62. 2096:, pp. 282–3 2019:Higashibaba 2009:, pp. 5, 29 1928:Nosco, 1993 1717:Nippo Jisho 1659:Naitō Julia 1615:(1575-1619) 1586:(1587–1639) 1575:(1563–1596) 1557:(1586–1631) 1528:Ōtomo Sōrin 1524:(1556–1595) 1490:(1586–1641) 1478:(1568–1615) 1461:Kirishitan 1421:Amakusa Sea 1309:Ōura Church 1192:Virgin Mary 1041:Catholicism 841:Virgin Mary 718:Philippines 380:Pope Paul V 262:Franciscans 256:-sponsored 248:-sponsored 182:, and also 3366:Categories 3232:Uzbekistan 3207:Tajikistan 3122:Kyrgyzstan 3102:Kazakhstan 3022:Bangladesh 3012:Azerbaijan 2947:2016-11-14 2685:2007-12-22 2586:2007-12-22 2282:2009-11-23 2257:2009-11-23 2234:2014-07-29 2177:References 2141:4311750404 1880:Hōryū-ji, 1868:Hōryū-ji, 1631:Naitō Joan 1590:Itō Mancio 1573:Paulo Miki 1446:Kirishitan 1436:Kirishitan 1340:government 1264:Edo period 1070:Franciscan 1002:Sekigahara 919:, but the 795:converts. 792:Luís Fróis 742:Itō Mancio 476:Kirishitan 414:kingdoms. 349:papal bull 319:. Indeed, 294:Background 266:Dominicans 246:Portuguese 194:kirishitan 185:kurisuchan 149:Portuguese 135:Kirishitan 93:Scriptures 58:Portuguese 33:Kirishitan 3318:Hong Kong 3272:Palestine 3197:Sri Lanka 3192:Singapore 3072:Indonesia 2794:. Brill. 2520:cite book 2358:. Brill. 2073:, page 58 2049:, page 57 1953:, page 68 1905:Toshihiko 1882:Gojyūnotō 1819:, page 77 1744:Citations 1654:Julia Ota 1431:sandstone 1389:'s novel 1117:shogunate 1074:New Spain 957:Expansion 946:Ikkō-ikki 925:Valignano 886:gunpowder 882:saltpeter 485:Yamaguchi 408:shogunate 282:Kagoshima 258:mendicant 105:Languages 99:The Bible 81:Religions 3341:Category 3262:Abkhazia 3212:Thailand 3167:Pakistan 3147:Mongolia 3142:Maldives 3137:Malaysia 3037:Cambodia 2882:(1998). 2849:: 93–106 2771:(2007). 2744:citation 2703:citation 2376:(2000). 2330:: 67–79. 2272:Hōryū-ji 2247:Hōryū-ji 2159:"吉利支丹墓碑" 2118:Miyazaki 2106:Miyazaki 2094:Miyazaki 1665:See also 1441:Shugendō 1426:kamaboko 1364:Buddhism 1305:Nagasaki 1286:Nagasaki 1239:Mestizos 1232:Macanese 1098:Hidetada 1047:in 1615. 774:Buddhist 571:Portugal 563:Nagasaki 547:Portugal 357:Nagasaki 313:Portugal 242:Catholic 164:Japanese 156:Kristang 115:Japanese 3237:Vietnam 3152:Myanmar 3132:Lebanon 3062:Georgia 3017:Bahrain 3007:Armenia 2671:: 45–71 2657:: 67–79 2243:"Kondō" 2182:Sources 2134:. 学生社. 2120:, p.287 2059:Mullins 2035:Shimizu 1999:Kiernan 1989:, p. 29 1836:, p. 22 1763:, p. 67 1463:daimyōs 1399:and in 1392:Silence 1325:Pius IX 1301:Urakami 1230:. Many 1121:Iberian 1113:vavasor 1078:Iberian 1006:seppuku 984:daimyōs 937:daimyōs 933:daimyōs 929:daimyōs 921:daimyōs 917:daimyōs 901:バテレン追放令 890:daimyōs 878:daimyōs 801:daimyōs 777:temples 759:daimyōs 755:daimyōs 748:in 1585 744:, with 710:Ryuzoji 698:daimyōs 694:daimyōs 583:customs 535:daimyōs 527:daimyōs 513:Netsuke 427:Iberian 419:Vatican 412:Iberian 403:James I 395:Grotius 289:History 254:Spanish 250:Jesuits 216:bateren 152:cristão 147:, from 62:Spanish 52:Founder 3282:Taiwan 3217:Turkey 3182:Russia 3117:Kuwait 3097:Jordan 3087:Israel 3047:Cyprus 3032:Brunei 3027:Bhutan 2890: 2817: 2798: 2779: 2624: 2559: 2441: 2413: 2388: 2362: 2343: 2311: 2138: 2071:Jansen 2061:, 1990 2047:Jansen 1963:Jansen 1951:Jansen 1939:Jansen 1916:Elison 1893:Cooper 1834:Jansen 1817:Jansen 1761:Jansen 1621:(支倉常長) 1516:daimyō 1368:Shinto 1342:under 1269:fumi-e 1255:dojuku 1226:or to 1196:Christ 1188:Fumi-e 1183:fumi-e 1173:Fumi-e 1102:bakufu 1058:Manila 1045:Madrid 995:daimyō 967:Nanban 874:daimyō 845:Kannon 817:daimyō 578:daimyō 449:daimyō 384:schism 376:friars 368:Manila 252:until 226:iruman 189:クリスチャン 180:キリスト教徒 3323:Macau 3242:Yemen 3202:Syria 3177:Qatar 3157:Nepal 3092:Japan 3067:India 3057:Egypt 3042:China 2859:[ 2734:[ 2639:[ 2510:[ 2407:125–6 1870:Kondō 1562:Other 1251:irmao 1224:Macau 849:Japan 814:, to 766:Kyoto 687:Spain 567:Spain 555:India 458:edict 317:Spain 235:kanji 231:irmão 221:padre 198:キリシタン 154:(cf. 111:Latin 3162:Oman 3127:Laos 3082:Iraq 3077:Iran 2888:ISBN 2815:ISBN 2796:ISBN 2777:ISBN 2750:link 2709:link 2622:ISBN 2557:ISBN 2526:link 2439:ISBN 2411:ISBN 2386:ISBN 2360:ISBN 2341:ISBN 2309:ISBN 2167:2023 2136:ISBN 1965:, 68 1401:2016 1397:1971 1330:The 1253:and 1234:and 1206:The 1088:The 839:The 724:and 704:and 593:and 569:and 315:and 264:and 126:and 60:and 3294:and 2493:doi 2466:doi 2267:五重塔 1366:or 1332:Edo 1194:or 1094:Zen 1043:in 635:by 397:'s 347:'s 323:'s 162:in 3368:: 2845:, 2834:34 2832:. 2746:}} 2742:{{ 2723:34 2721:. 2705:}} 2701:{{ 2667:, 2653:, 2522:}} 2518:{{ 2489:20 2487:. 2483:. 2462:17 2460:. 2456:. 2409:. 2326:. 2296:10 2294:. 2212:. 2195:. 1970:^ 1824:^ 1751:^ 1514:, 1403:. 939:. 904:, 557:. 272:, 113:, 2978:e 2971:t 2964:v 2951:. 2930:. 2896:. 2875:. 2865:. 2851:. 2847:8 2823:. 2804:. 2785:. 2764:. 2754:. 2752:) 2713:. 2711:) 2688:. 2673:. 2669:7 2659:. 2655:5 2645:. 2630:. 2612:. 2602:. 2589:. 2565:. 2546:. 2528:) 2501:. 2495:: 2474:. 2468:: 2447:. 2419:. 2394:. 2368:. 2349:. 2328:5 2317:. 2285:. 2260:. 2237:. 2169:. 2144:. 1315:( 973:. 911:) 898:( 855:. 658:) 652:( 647:) 643:( 629:. 145:) 139:( 20:)

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