406:
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298:, writing soon after the Protoevangelium appeared, appealed to its incident of a midwife who examined Mary immediately after the birth ("after giving birth, she was examined by a midwife, who found her to be a virgin") and asserted that this was to be found in the Gospels ("These things are attested to by the Scriptures of the Lord"), though he was referring to an apocryphal Gospel as a fact. The 3rd century scholar
38:
788:
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to the fact that during their exile years in Egypt, Jewish women were known to be very quick and strong at childbirth. It is said that they did so in next to no time. Egyptian midwives continually complained to the
Pharaoh that they did not succeed in making it fast enough to check whether the newly-born Jewish child was a male or a female, see: Ex 1,19.
889:, where Jesus entrusts Mary to the disciple John instead of his brothers, to support the view that Jesus had no brothers, however Protestants have generally argued in two ways against this passage, one by claiming that the brothers of Jesus were unbelievers or that they were not present during the crucifixion.
867:
of Joseph having intercourse with a blood-stained and exhausted Mary immediately after she has given birthâthe implication, in his view, of
Helvidius's arguments. Opinions on the quality of Jerome's rebuttal range from the view that it was masterful and well-argued to thin, rhetorical and sometimes tasteless.
2050:. He then betook himself to Milan, where the two monks Sarmatio and Barbatian held forth views like his own; but he was treated there in the same fashion by the bishop, Ambrose, who held a council against him. From this time he and his party disappear from history, and before the year 406 he died in exile.394
1438:"Philip Schaff: ANF09. The Gospel of Peter, The Diatessaron of Tatian, The Apocalypse of Peter, the Vision of Paul, The Apocalypse of the Virgin and Sedrach, The Testament of Abraham, The Acts of Xanthippe and Polyxena, The Narrative of Zosimus, The Apology of Aristid - Christian Classics Ethereal Library"
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was that the doctrine was too close to the
Manichean view that Christ was simply a phantom. According to Ambrose, Jovinian maintained that Mary had conceived as a virgin, but she had not given birth as a virgin. Jerome wrote against Jovinian but failed to mention this aspect of his teaching, and most
256:
states that Mary remained a life-long virgin, because Joseph was an old man who married her without physical desire, and the brothers of Jesus mentioned in the canonical gospels are explained as Joseph's sons by an earlier marriage. The
Protoevangelium seems to have been used to create the stories of
1336:
The two inferences in Ode 19, namely, the one to the non-suffering aspect, and the other to the absence of a midwife, seem to have been also a common note in other apocryphal pieces of literature. They are also found in The
Ascension of Isaiah and in The Acts of Peter. It could also be a reference
1118:
Partly because of these biblical problems, the doctrine of the perpetual virginity of Mary has not been supported as unanimously as has the doctrine of the virginal conception or title mother of God. It achieved dogmatic status, however, at the
Council of Chalcedon in 451 and is, therefore, binding
866:
Helvidius argued that first-born implies later births, and that the word "until" left open the way to sexual relations after the birth; Jerome, replying that even an only son will be a first-born and that "until" did not have the meaning
Helvidius construed for it, painted a repulsive word-portrait
1879:
As though they had a grudge against the Virgin and desired to cheapen her reputation, certain
Antidicomarians, inspired by some envy or error and intending to sully men's minds, have dared to say that St. Mary had relations with a man after Christ's birth, I mean with Joseph himself. And as I have
484:
under
Ambrose's presidency in 390 and Mary's perpetual virginity was established as the only orthodox view. Further developments were to follow when the Second Council of Constantinople in 553 formally gave her the title "Aeiparthenos", and at the Lateran Synod of 649 Pope Martin I emphasised the
750:
admitted that reason could not prove this, but argued that it must be accepted because it was "fitting", for as Jesus was the only-begotten son of God, so he should also be the only-begotten son of Mary, as a second and purely human conception would disrespect the sacred state of her holy womb.
977:
Mark 6:3 names James, Joses, Judas, Simon; Matthew 13:55 has Joseph for Joses, the latter being an abbreviated form of the former, and reverses the order of the last two; Mark 6:3 and
Matthew 12:46 refer to unnamed sisters; Luke, John and Acts all mention brothers also. See Bauckham (2015) in
635:, a prominent early Calvinist, included the perpetual virginity of Mary in a list of agreements between Calvinism and the Catholic Church. Some reformers upheld the doctrine to counter more radical reformers who questioned the divinity of Christ; Mary's perpetual virginity guaranteed the
892:
Some have argued that Mary and Joseph could not have had a normal marriage if Mary remained a perpetual virgin; however, it has been argued by some Catholics that there is evidence that celibacy within marriage was already practiced by the Qumran community and other Jews at that time.
878:, advanced a further argument by reading Luke 1:34 as a vow of perpetual virginity on Mary's part; this idea, first introduced in the Protoevangelium of James, has little scholarly support today, but it and the arguments advanced by Jerome and Ambrose were put forward by Pope
546:
saw a rejection of the special moral status of lifelong celibacy. As a result, marriage and parenthood were extolled, and Mary and Joseph were seen as a normal married couple. It also affirmed the Bible alone as the fundamental source of authority regarding God's word
241:, these works "show no signs of literary relationship" and probably "evidence of a well-established tradition in (probably early) second-century Syrian Christianity that Jesus' brothers and sisters were children of Joseph by a previous marriage". According to
321:
idea that the Son of God could not have assumed a human body ("although she was a virgin when she conceived, she was a wife when she brought forth her son"). Tertullian, however, is not entirely clear on the issue of Mary's virginity
702:
that she remained virginal throughout her Earthly life, and Orthodoxy therefore understands the New Testament references to the brothers and sisters of Jesus as signifying his kin, but not the biological children of his mother.
302:
used the Protoevangelium's explanation of the brothers to uphold the perpetual virginity of Mary ("There is no child of Mary except Jesus, according to those who think correctly about her"). Origen also mentioned that the
261:, but while Muslims agree with Christians that Mary was a virgin at the moment of the conception of Jesus, the idea of her perpetual virginity thereafter is contrary to the Islamic ideal of women as wives and mothers. The
383:
had promoted celibacy as the ideal state, and a moral hierarchy was established with marriage occupying the third rank below life-long virginity and widowhood. Eastern theologians generally accepted Mary as
706:
The Latin Church, known more commonly today as the Catholic Church, shared the Council of Constantinople with the theologians of the Greek or Orthodox communion, and therefore shares with them the title
840:
as Joseph's children by an earlier marriage, which is still the view of the Eastern Orthodox Christian churches. Jerome, believing that Joseph, like Mary, must be a life-long virgin, argued that these
425:, Jovinian "denied that the virginity of Mary, which existed when she conceived, remained while she gave birth." Augustine goes on to say that the reason for Jovinian's denial of Mary's virginity
1880:
already mentioned, it is said that the claim has been made by the venerable Apollinarius himself, or some of his disciples. Indeed I doubt it but I have to speak about those who are saying this.
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The blessed ever-virginal and immaculate Mary conceived, without seed, by the Holy Spirit, and without loss of integrity brought him forth, and after his birth preserved her virginity inviolate.
1637:
217:, though mentioning the virgin birth, nowhere affirmed explicitly the view that Mary was a perpetual virgin. This idea, however, appears in at least three second-century works: the
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argues that although the preponderance of scriptural evidence indicates that Jesus had siblings, the evidence is not conclusive enough to disprove the perpetual virginity of Mary.
144:
The doctrine of Mary's perpetual virginity has been challenged on the basis that the New Testament explicitly affirms her virginity only until the birth of Jesus and mentions the
181:
have been interpreted as implying that Mary was a virgin even during childbirth as well as stating that Mary did not have pain during childbirth. Similar statements exist in the
396:, realising that this would lead to the Mother of God occupying a lower place in heaven than virgins and widows, defended her perpetual virginity in his immensely influential
275:'s writings are not clear on this subject, with some authors arguing that he defended the doctrine, while others arguing that he disputed the perpetual virginity of Mary.
848:), who he identified with the wife of Clopas and sister of the virgin Mary (John 19:25), which remains popular in the Western church. A modern proposal considers these
160:; (2) sons of Joseph by a former marriage; or (3) sons of the Mary named in Mark 15:40 as "mother of James and Joses", who has been identified as either the wife of
3340:
3255:
Dodds, Michael J. (2004). "The Teaching of Thomas Aquinas on the Mysteries of the Life of Christ". In Weinandy, Thomas Gerard; Keating, Daniel; Yocum, John (eds.).
987:
The phrase "did not know her" is a biblical euphemism for sexual relations (see Genesis 4:1). The text neither confirms nor denies the perpetual virginity of Mary.
852:
sons of "Mary, the mother of James and Joses" (not here identified with the Virgin Mary's sister), and Clopas, who according to Hegesippus was Joseph's brother.
421:(virgin during childbirth), writing that if Jesus did not undergo a normal human birth, then his body was something other than a truly human one. As reported by
3975:
Polcar, Philip (2016). "Developments in the Doctrine of Mary's Perpetual Virginity in Antiquity (2nd-7th centuries AD)". In Curta, Florin; Holt, Andrew (eds.).
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2624:
Klager, Andrew. "Ingestion and Gestation: Peacemaking, the Lord's Supper, and the Theotokos in the Mennonite-Anabaptist and Eastern Orthodox Traditions."
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upon Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic believers; in addition, it is maintained by many Anglican, some Lutheran, and a few other Protestant theologians.
639:
of Christ despite the challenges to its scriptural foundations. Modern Protestants have largely rejected the perpetual virginity of Mary on the basis of
1087:
While the perpetual virginity of Mary is held as a pious opinion by many Lutheran confessors, it is not regarded as binding teaching of the Scriptures.
469:
also denied the perpetual virginity of Mary, for which he was declared a heretic. His followers would survive for many centuries, especially among the
392:
objected to the devaluation of marriage inherent in this view and argued that the two states, of virginity and marriage, were equal. His contemporary
2036:"Philip Schaff: History of the Christian Church, Volume III: Nicene and Post-Nicene Christianity. A.D. 311-600 - Christian Classics Ethereal Library"
1755:"Philip Schaff: History of the Christian Church, Volume III: Nicene and Post-Nicene Christianity. A.D. 311-600 - Christian Classics Ethereal Library"
1418:
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1804:
Stephen J. Shoemaker, "Epiphanius of Salamis, the Kollyridians, and the Early Dormition Narratives: The Cult of the Virgin in the Fourth Century",
30:"Virginity of Mary" redirects here. For the doctrine that Mary was a virgin when Jesus was born, but was not necessarily perpetually a virgin, see
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and it has rarely appeared explicitly in confessions or doctrinal statements, though the perpetual virginity of Mary is still a common belief in
615:'s view was more ambiguous, believing that knowing what happened to Mary after the birth of Jesus is impossible. However John Calvin argued that
495:, "ever-virgin", and the liturgy of James the brother of Jesus likewise required a declaration of Mary as ever-virgin. This view was defended by
457:. For Ambrose, both the physical birth of Jesus by Mary and the baptismal birthing of Christians by the church had to be totally virginal, even
6272:
341:" for a group of people who denied the perpetual virginity of Mary, which Epiphanius attacked. Their same views were also mentioned earlier by
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The Paulician heresy: a study of the origin and development of Paulicianism in Armenia and the Eastern Procinces of the Byzantine empire
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in his catechesis of August 28, 1996, as the four facts supporting the Catholic Church's ongoing faith in Mary's perpetual virginity.
666:("mother of God"). These two doctrinal stances are addressed individually in Articles Nine and Ten, respectively, of Hubmaier's work,
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as accorded to Mary. The Catholic Church has gone further than the Orthodox in making the Perpetual Virginity one of the four
461:, in order to cancel the stain of original sin, of which the pains of labor are the physical sign. It was due to Ambrose that
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This union of the mother with the Son in the work of salvation is made manifest from the time of Christ's virginal conception
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Tilley, Maureen A. (1995). "One Woman's Body: Repression and Expression in the Passio Perpetuae". In Phan, Peter C. (ed.).
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Belief in the perpetual virginity of Mary in the first four centuries and its implications for Orthodox-Protestant dialogue
133:
emphasized the threefold character of the perpetual virginity, before, during, and after the birth of Christ. The Lutheran
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Miller-McLemore, Bonnie J. (2002). ""Pondering All These Things"". In Gaventa, Beverly Roberts; Rigby, Cynthia L. (eds.).
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209:, but it seems to have little theological importance before the middle of the 2nd century. The 2nd century Church fathers
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Boisclair, Regina A. (2007). "Virginity of Mary (Biblical Theology)". In EspĂn, Orlando O.; Nickoloff, James B. (eds.).
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affirmed the perpetual virginity of Mary, saying that the "brothers" of Jesus were from a previous marriage of Joseph.
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According to Hegesippus, Coplas is Joseph's brother, therefore Mary, wife of Clopas, would be Joseph's sister-in-law.
1143:
121:
The extant written tradition of the perpetual virginity of Mary first appears in a late 2nd-century text called the
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3889:
Nicklas, Tobias (2011). "Traditions About Jesus in Apocryphal Gospels". In Holmén, Tom; Porter, Stanley E. (eds.).
126:
1325:""born of the Virgin Mary ... " According to St. Ignatius of Antioch, St. Justin Martyr and St. Irenaeus of Lyons"
5101:
619:, used by Helvidius to attack the perpetual virginity of Mary does not teach that Mary had other children. Other
3850:"The Jovinianist Controversy and Mary Aeiparthenos: Questioning Mary's Virginity and the Question of Motherhood"
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Booton, Diane E. (2004). "Variations on a Limbourg Theme". In DuBruck, Edelgard E.; Gusick, Barbara I. (eds.).
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then also at the birth of Our Lord, who did not diminish his mother's virginal integrity but sanctified it...
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believed that Mary had other children; Jerome later claimed that Helvidius was misinterpreting Victorinus.
56:, and icons show her with three stars, on her shoulders and forehead, symbolising her threefold virginity.
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Pomplun, Trent (2008). "Mary". In Buckley, James J.; Bauerschmidt, Frederick C.; Pomplun, Trent (eds.).
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Migliore, Daniel L. (2002). "Woman of Faith". In Gaventa, Beverly Roberts; Rigby, Cynthia L. (eds.).
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Calkins, Arthur Burton, Msgr. (2008). "Our Lady's Perpetual Virginity". In Miravalle, Mark I. (ed.).
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in 553 gave her the title "Aeiparthenos", meaning Perpetual Virgin, and at the Lateran Synod of 649
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Hunter, David G. (2008). "Marriage, early Christian". In Benedetto, Robert; Duke, James O. (eds.).
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Davids, Peter H. (2000). "Brothers of the Lord". In Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (eds.).
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commentators believe that he did not find it offensive. Jovinian also found two monks in Milan,
405:
345:, although he too rejected them as heretical. They were active from the 3rd to the 5th century.
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threefold character of the perpetual virginity, before, during, and after the birth of Christ.
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3297:
Fahlbusch, Erwin (1999). "Mariology". In Fahlbusch, Erwin; Bromiley, Geoffrey William (eds.).
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They denied her perpetual virginity, and taught that Christ expressly denied her to be blessed
662:
never abandoned his belief in the perpetual virginity of Mary and continued to esteem Mary as
449:, Archbishop of Milan, who was the chief target of the charge of Manicheism. In 391, he wrote
356:
or his disciples denied the perpetual virginity of Mary, though Epiphanius doubted the claim.
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Clement of Alexandria (150â215 AD) was an early proponent of the perpetual virginity of Mary.
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Symbolically, the perpetual virginity of Mary signifies a new creation and a fresh start in
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Christianity and Sexuality in the Early Modern World: Regulating Desire, Reforming Practice
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The New Westminster Dictionary of Church History: The early, medieval, and Reformation eras
863:, which adds that Joseph "did not know her until she had brought forth her firstborn son."
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A problem facing theologians wishing to maintain Mary's life-long virginity is that the
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Great Events in Religion: An Encyclopedia of Pivotal Events in Religious History: vol.1
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Reformed Theology and Visual Culture: The Protestant Imagination from Calvin to Edwards
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Mary for Protestants: A Catholic's Reflection on the Meaning of Mary the Mother of God
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Nelson's Dictionary of Christianity: The Authoritative Resource on the Christian World
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In the Middle Ages the perpetual virginity of Mary was commonly accepted, however the
326:, with some scholars denying his traditional association with the Helvidian position.
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denied her perpetual virginity, even saying that Christ denied her to be blessed.
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3093:
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1826:
914:
828:
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338:
304:
253:
222:
178:
77:
6292:
5225:
1420:
Homiletic Review: An International Magazine of Religion, Theology and Philosophy
7342:
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6888:
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6663:
6643:
6638:
6633:
6573:
6455:
6425:
6410:
6367:
6337:
6312:
6182:
6142:
6107:
5984:
5964:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5859:
5756:
5701:
5636:
5588:
5500:
5327:
4930:
4857:
4359:
Wright, David F. (1992). "Mary". In McKim, Donald K.; Wright, David F. (eds.).
3865:
2252:"Mary | Biography, Bible References, Significance, & Miracles | Britannica"
819:
793:
747:
578:
549:
481:
269:, not as a child of Joseph but of a certain "Theudas", a relative of the Lord.
206:
53:
7144:
3914:. In Van Der Toorn, Karel; Becking, Bob; Van der Horst, Pieter Willem (eds.).
1581:
7389:
7374:
7264:
7249:
7229:
7174:
7134:
6938:
6933:
6883:
6878:
6808:
6788:
6753:
6718:
6688:
6658:
6653:
6583:
6478:
6450:
6415:
6347:
6327:
5608:
5603:
5485:
5282:
5213:
5122:
5079:
5057:
5015:
4993:
4870:
4774:
4044:
4035:
4018:
3939:. Vol. 4: Reformation of Church and Dogma. University of Chicago Press.
3137:
Mariology: A Guide for Priests, Deacons, Seminarians, and Consecrated Persons
2164:
2062:
1979:
1781:
The Zondervan Encyclopedia of the Bible, Volume 1: Revised Full-Color Edition
1688:
1664:
1487:
897:
773:
732:
632:
590:
562:
234:
214:
130:
3509:"Helvidius, Jovinian, and the Virginity of Mary in Late Fourth-Century Rome"
1472:"The Brothers and Sisters of Jesus: An Epiphanian Response to John P. Meier"
465:
came to be included consistently in the thinking of subsequent theologians.
7254:
6953:
6943:
6928:
6858:
6833:
6768:
6728:
6678:
6588:
6503:
6307:
6187:
6162:
5731:
5540:
5332:
5270:
4976:
4971:
4865:
4553:
4448:
1041:
879:
860:
628:
531:
157:
4341:
Shivering Babe, Glorious Lord: The Nativity Stories in Christian Tradition
1680:
7214:
7061:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6828:
6778:
6773:
6763:
6738:
6673:
6563:
6362:
6352:
6332:
6202:
6177:
5706:
5613:
5400:
5141:
4440:
648:
644:
636:
612:
594:
380:
164:
and sister of Mary, the mother of Jesus, or a sister-in-law to Joseph.
93:
81:
45:
4401:
3873:
3530:
3381:
Greene-McCreight, Kathryn (2005). "Mary". In Vanhoozer, Kevin J. (ed.).
2878:
2862:
1813:
1495:
1471:
245:, Ignatius of Antioch also believed in the doctrine of Mary's virginity
7224:
6898:
6783:
6758:
6608:
6445:
5726:
5153:
5027:
4466:
1526:
845:
716:
655:
488:
310:
3321:
From Jesus to Christ: The Origins of the New Testament Images of Jesus
627:âstating that Mary was the "ever virgin Mary"âand in the notes of the
7204:
7111:
6803:
6465:
6317:
5560:
5425:
5302:
4983:
4935:
4890:
4815:
4746:
4707:
4622:
3486:
Hunter, David G. (1999). "Helvidius". In Fitzgerald, Allan D. (ed.).
875:
724:
712:
663:
620:
598:
441:
The only important Christian intellectual to defend Mary's virginity
435:
389:
388:, but many in the Western church were less convinced. The theologian
279:
229:. All of these early sources independently assert that the so-called
193:
141:(1562) codified the doctrine of perpetual virginity of Mary as well.
100:
also adhere to this doctrine as part of their ongoing tradition, and
89:
69:
4149:
Signs of Virginity: Testing Virgins and Making Men in Late Antiquity
3849:
3116:
An Introduction to the New Testament and the Origins of Christianity
2948:
From Pentecost to Patmos: An Introduction to Acts Through Revelation
7357:
7189:
7026:
7006:
6064:
6014:
5816:
5545:
5355:
5037:
3508:
1292:
856:
814:
682:
Image of Mary depicting her nursing the Infant Jesus. 3rd century,
678:
474:
473:. Additionally, the perpetual virginity of Mary was denied by some
431:
414:
318:
210:
85:
5096:
2785:
2783:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2340:
557:, it makes no mention of Mary's perpetual virginity following the
455:
On the Education of the Virgin and the Perpetual Virginity of Mary
409:
Jerome defended the perpetual virginity of Mary against Helvidius.
7081:
7056:
7001:
6518:
6483:
5924:
5879:
5641:
5578:
5433:
4951:
4905:
4900:
4460:
3936:
The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine
2228:"What the Early Church Believed: The Perpetual Virginity of Mary"
939:
886:
755:. It has been stated and argued repeatedly, most recently by the
446:
2095:
37:
7086:
7021:
7011:
6996:
6971:
6024:
5651:
5042:
3809:
Introduction to Mary: The Heart of Marian Doctrine and Devotion
2780:
2739:
2643:
2631:
2469:
Jews, Judaism, and the Reformation in Sixteenth-Century Germany
720:
393:
342:
313:, who came between Clement and Origen, denied Mary's virginity
299:
161:
2567:
2352:
1005:
7076:
7071:
7046:
7016:
6991:
6508:
6493:
6488:
5598:
5286:
4545:
4454:
3555:
Lord Jesus Christ: Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity
2863:"The Brothers and Sisters of Jesus In Ecumenical Perspective"
2331:
The key of truth, a manual of the Paulician church of Armenia
1743:. Internet Archive. Stuttgart, Verlag Katholisches Bibelwerk.
1413:
1411:
728:
470:
258:
4023:
Pro Ecclesia: A Journal of Catholic and Evangelical Theology
2969:
An Introductory Dictionary of Theology and Religious Studies
2203:
The Anti-Pelagian Christology of Augustine of Hippo, 396-430
1582:"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Devotion to the Blessed Virgin Mary"
6535:
6513:
6473:
5691:
2818:
2416:
After Acts: Exploring the Lives and Legends of the Apostles
1359:
1357:
826:
recording their names and Mark adding unnamed sisters. The
798:
687:
371:(c. 310/320â403) defended the perpetual virginity of Mary.
4170:(2004). "Jerome, Saint". In Kleinhenz, Christopher (ed.).
3360:
Gill, Sean (2004). "Mary". In Hillerbrand, Hans J. (ed.).
2679:
2579:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1980:"CHURCH FATHERS: The Perpetual Virginity of Mary (Jerome)"
1603:
1601:
1408:
1195:
1193:
1180:
1178:
1165:
1163:
623:
affirmed Mary's perpetual virginity, including within the
374:
2830:
2806:
1945:
1921:
1280:
2691:
2181:
1962:
1960:
1716:. Internet Archive. Garden City, N.Y. : Doubleday.
1465:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1354:
1270:
1268:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1085:. American Lutheran Publicity Bureau. 1966. p. 16.
844:
were the sons of "Mary, the mother of James and Joses" (
694:
The Second Council of Constantinople recognized Mary as
553:). The reformers noted that while scripture records the
282:
denied the virgin birth and Mary's perpetual virginity.
3211:
Cross, Frank Leslie; Livingstone, Elizabeth A. (2005).
2727:
2715:
2703:
2655:
2278:
The Quest for the Christ Child in the Later Middle Ages
2018:
2016:
1996:
1875:
The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis: Books II and III
1598:
1342:
1304:
1244:
1242:
1210:
1208:
1190:
1175:
1160:
787:
233:
were children of Joseph's first marriage. According to
3447:
Christianity in the Second Century: The Case of Tatian
3384:
Dictionary for Theological Interpretation of the Bible
2842:
2768:
2364:
1502:
1017:
859:, which calls Jesus the "first-born" son of Mary, and
698:, meaning "ever-virgin". It remains axiomatic for the
4063:
Encyclopedia of Theology: A Concise Sacramentum Mundi
2169:
1957:
1933:
1909:
1454:
1265:
1220:
4019:"Semper Virgo? A Biblical Review of a Debated Dogma"
2756:
2597:
2083:
2013:
1644:
1369:
1239:
1205:
4236:
Women in the Qur'an, Traditions, and Interpretation
3723:
All Things Made New: The Reformation and Its Legacy
2906:
Jude and the Relatives of Jesus in the Early Church
2667:
2077:"L'Immacolata Concezione di Maria in sant'Ambrogio"
1562:
1514:
1124:
172:
72:"before, during and after" the birth of Christ. In
1831:. The Fathers of the Church Series. Vol. 94.
1665:"The Brothers of Jesus and his Mother's Virginity"
605:denied the perpetual virginity of Mary, for which
5255:
4087:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History
2520:McKim, Donald K.; Wright, David F. (1992-01-01).
285:
7387:
3380:
3338:
3210:
3172:Christian Confessions: A Historical Introduction
2927:The Origin of Islam in Its Christian Environment
2750:
2649:
1532:
1298:
874:, following "a certain apocryphal account", and
4257:Ethnicity, Nationality and Religious Experience
3826:
3426:Mary of Nazareth: History, Archaeology, Legends
2358:
2346:
110:, meaning "ever-virgin". It is one of the four
4107:Systematic Theology: A Roman Catholic Approach
3892:Handbook for the Study of the Historical Jesus
3028:
2598:Longenecker, Dwight; Gustafson, David (2003).
855:Further scriptural difficulties were added by
715:dogmas, meaning that it is held to be a truth
5241:
4417:
4295:
3916:Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible
3702:Reformation: Europe's House Divided 1490-1700
3618:Jerome: His Life, Writings, and Controversies
3258:Aquinas on Doctrine:: A Critical Introduction
3217:The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church
3053:The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
3029:Boring, M. Eugene; Craddock, Fred B. (2009).
1857:Historical Dictionary of Radical Christianity
4316:
3830:Blessed One: Protestant Perspectives on Mary
3788:Blessed One: Protestant Perspectives on Mary
3160:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3597:New Testament Theology: Extending the Table
2519:
1669:The Thomist: A Speculative Quarterly Review
1432:
1430:
1100:The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, Volume 11
561:. Mary's perpetual virginity was upheld by
5248:
5234:
4424:
4410:
4215:Mary in Early Christian Faith and Devotion
3909:
3719:
3698:
3401:
3317:
3300:The Encyclopedia of Christianity, Volume 3
2789:
2573:
1825:Origen (1996). Lienhard, Joseph T. (ed.).
1286:
896:Catholic priest and New Testament scholar
201:The virgin birth of Jesus is found in the
4848:Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church
4431:
4232:
4211:
4190:
4166:
4145:
4034:
3805:
3296:
3275:
2965:
2709:
2697:
2685:
2661:
2187:
2101:
1607:
1348:
1310:
1254:
1169:
1064:
782:
537:
480:Jovinian was condemned as a heretic at a
4089:. Oxford University Press. p. 191.
3784:
3763:
3422:
3342:Christians, Muslims, and Mary: A History
3189:
3168:
3049:
2944:
2902:
2721:
2637:
2585:
2301:
1849:
1736:
1713:The mother of Jesus in the New Testament
1469:
1427:
1199:
1184:
1148:ninesaintsethiopianorthodoxmonastery.org
1023:
1011:
786:
677:
404:
294:held that Mary was "ever-virgin", while
192:
36:
4124:
4080:
4016:
3995:
3953:
3932:
3888:
3740:
3635:
3572:
3551:
3133:
3112:
2848:
2836:
2824:
2774:
2733:
2546:
2439:
2382:
2370:
2158:
1662:
1568:
1508:
1274:
1092:
1075:
593:and later Protestant leaders including
379:By the early 4th century the spread of
375:Establishment of orthodoxy: 4th century
14:
7388:
4386:. Vol. 1. Bloomsbury Publishing.
4379:
4358:
4253:
4103:
4059:
3999:The Blackwell Companion to Catholicism
3974:
3847:
3506:
3485:
3464:
3279:Eastern Orthodoxy Through Western Eyes
3233:
3091:
3007:
2986:
2492:
2412:
2175:
2113:
2089:
2022:
2007:
1966:
1951:
1939:
1927:
1915:
1895:Against Beron and Helix: Fragment VIII
1824:
1808:, Vol. 16, No. 3 (2008), pp. 371â401.
1777:
1709:
1387:
1375:
1233:
727:before, during and after the birth of
438:, who held similar views as Jovinian.
52:(Ever Virgin) title is widely used in
5229:
4405:
4337:
4274:
3677:
3660:A Short History of Christian Doctrine
3656:
3614:
3593:
3254:
3070:
3032:The People's New Testament Commentary
2860:
2812:
2762:
2673:
2408:
2406:
2328:
2199:
1650:
1363:
1214:
1144:"The Perpetual Virginity of St. Mary"
1130:
731:, or in the definition formulated by
167:
3615:Kelly, John Norman Dividson (1975).
3443:
3359:
3193:Historical Dictionary of Catholicism
2923:
2281:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
2274:
1872:
1833:Catholic University of America Press
1520:
1248:
1036:
1034:
1032:
491:of Alexandria (d.393) declared Mary
359:Early Christian theologians such as
114:of the Catholic Church. Most modern
80:adheres to the doctrine, as do some
2601:Mary: A Catholic Evangelical Debate
1891:
1423:. Religious Newspaper Agency. 1893.
1322:
24:
6148:Forty Martyrs of England and Wales
5266:Dicastery for the Causes of Saints
4362:Encyclopedia of the Reformed Faith
4233:Stowasser, Barbara Freyer (1996).
3514:Journal of Early Christian Studies
2547:Dyrness, William A. (2004-06-10).
2523:Encyclopedia of the Reformed Faith
2403:
1806:Journal of Early Christian Studies
1065:Alexander, Joseph Addison (1863).
797:in an 11th-century depiction from
565:(who names her ever-virgin in the
25:
7462:
2496:What Does It Mean to Be Catholic?
2383:Bloesch, Donald G. (2005-12-02).
2333:. Oxford : Clarendon Press.
1778:Tenney, Merrill C. (2010-08-10).
1029:
352:the Antidicomarians claimed that
152:, who may have been: (1) sons of
7368:
7356:
7235:MarĂa de las Maravillas de JesĂșs
7092:Seven Maccabees and their mother
6278:Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War
5207:
5196:
5195:
4486:
3910:Parmentier, Martin F.G. (1999).
3743:"Mary and the Gospel Narratives"
3507:Hunter, David G. (Spring 1993).
3237:Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible
2854:
2795:
2302:GarsoĂŻan, Nina G. (2011-05-02).
1083:The American Lutheran, Volume 49
1042:"THE SECOND HELVETIC CONFESSION"
981:
173:Virginitas in partu: 1st century
127:Second Council of Constantinople
4365:. Westminster John Knox Press.
4260:. University Press of America.
4173:Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia
3833:. Westminster John Knox Press.
3791:. Westminster John Knox Press.
3764:McGuckin, John Anthony (2010).
3471:. Westminster John Knox Press.
3339:George-Tvrtkovic, Rita (2018).
3175:. Westminster John Knox Press.
2895:
2618:
2591:
2540:
2526:. Westminster John Knox Press.
2513:
2486:
2460:
2433:
2376:
2322:
2295:
2268:
2244:
2220:
2193:
2134:
2107:
2069:
2055:
2028:
1972:
1885:
1866:
1818:
1798:
1771:
1747:
1730:
1703:
1656:
1629:
1613:
1574:
1538:
1476:The Catholic Biblical Quarterly
1388:Hunter, David G. (2007-01-26).
1381:
1316:
971:
962:
870:Two other 4th century Fathers,
7406:Catholic theology and doctrine
7396:Anglican theology and doctrine
5175:Saint Luke painting the Virgin
4596:Miracle at the Wedding at Cana
4591:Finding of Jesus in the Temple
4212:Shoemaker, Stephen J. (2016).
4128:An Introduction to The Gospels
3523:Johns Hopkins University Press
3402:Harrington, Daniel J. (1991).
3119:. Cambridge University Press.
3071:Brown, Raymond Edward (1978).
3050:Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (1995).
2993:. Vol. 29. Camden House.
2553:. Cambridge University Press.
2499:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing.
2493:Mulder, Jack Jr. (July 2015).
2165:CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Bonosus
2079:(in Italian). 7 December 2020.
1740:Die BrĂŒder und Schwestern Jesu
1550:www.earlychristianwritings.com
1136:
1058:
832:, followed a century later by
525:
413:In the 380s and 390s the monk
286:Early uncertainty: 3rd century
267:James, the Brother of the Lord
188:
13:
1:
7200:Faustina and Liberata of Como
6388:Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia
6333:Teresa Benedicta of the Cross
5257:Saints of the Catholic Church
4296:Wiesner-Hanks, Merry (2005).
4281:. Wipf and Stock Publishers.
4085:. In Smith, Bonnie G. (ed.).
3720:MacCulloch, Diarmaid (2016).
3699:MacCulloch, Diarmaid (2004).
3600:. Wipf and Stock Publishers.
3363:Encyclopedia of Protestantism
3190:Collinge, William J. (2012).
2628:47, no. 3 (Summer 2012): 452.
2626:Journal of Ecumenical Studies
2446:. Wipf and Stock Publishers.
2386:Jesus Christ: Savior and Lord
2200:Keech, Dominic (2012-10-18).
2114:Nelson, Thomas (2001-03-21).
994:
64:is a Christian doctrine that
48:of the Ever Virgin Mary. The
27:One of the four Marian dogmas
4317:Wheeler-Reed, David (2017).
2861:Meier, John (January 1992).
2751:Cross & Livingstone 2005
2413:Litfin, Bryan (2015-01-16).
1299:Cross & Livingstone 2005
1068:The Gospel According to Mark
999:
812:, all mention the brothers (
808:, the four gospels, and the
257:Mary which are found in the
7:
7401:Assyrian Church of the East
4278:The Protevangelium of James
4239:. Oxford University Press.
4197:. Oxford University Press.
4191:Schumaker, John F. (1992).
4152:. Oxford University Press.
4146:Rosenberg, Michael (2018).
3806:Miravalle, Mark I. (2006).
3749:. Oxford University Press.
3747:The Oxford Handbook of Mary
3745:. In Maunder, Chris (ed.).
3726:. Oxford University Press.
3681:All the People in the Bible
3219:. Oxford University Press.
3014:. Presbyterian Publishing.
2867:Catholic Biblical Quarterly
2206:. Oxford University Press.
2142:"Bonosus and the Bonosians"
903:
673:
329:Helvidius also argued that
104:churches recognize Mary as
62:perpetual virginity of Mary
10:
7467:
7416:Eastern Orthodox Mariology
7363:Catholic Church portal
6323:Saints of the Cristero War
4380:Zervos, George T. (2019).
4194:Religion and Mental Health
4125:Reddish, Mitchell (2011).
4104:Rausch, Thomas P. (2016).
3954:Pelikan, Jaroslav (2014).
3933:Pelikan, Jaroslav (1971).
3866:10.7788/saec.2018.68.2.225
3489:Augustine Through the Ages
3423:Hesemann, Michael (2016).
3318:Fredriksen, Paula (2008).
3276:Fairbairn, Donald (2002).
3092:Bruner, Frederick (2004).
3008:Boring, M. Eugene (2006).
2903:Bauckham, Richard (2015).
2440:Divozzo, R. (2019-06-12).
1859:(Scarecrow Press, 2012 ),
1470:Bauckham, Richard (1994).
625:Second Helvetic Confession
263:Second Apocalypse of James
139:Second Helvetic Confession
98:Oriental Orthodox Churches
29:
7446:Sexuality in Christianity
7421:Eastern Orthodox theology
7351:
7288:
7120:
6962:
6534:
6464:
6396:
6358:Three Martyrs of Chimbote
6128:Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala
6093:
5858:
5825:
5627:
5569:
5456:
5424:
5341:
5303:Mother of God (Theotokos)
5293:
5263:
5191:
5162:
5115:
5065:
5056:
4944:
4856:
4794:
4787:
4767:
4715:
4706:
4684:
4642:Bilocation to Saint James
4631:
4543:
4502:
4495:
4484:
4439:
4323:. Yale University Press.
4218:. Yale University Press.
4017:Prothro, James B (2019).
4002:. John Wiley & Sons.
3848:Nathan, Geoffrey (2018).
3324:. Yale University Press.
3282:. Westminster John Knox.
3113:Burkett, Delbert (2019).
3074:Mary in the New Testament
3035:. Westminster John Knox.
2990:Fifteenth Century Studies
2275:Dzon, Mary (2017-03-09).
1663:Pedrozo, José M. (1999).
1625:. Alexander Heylin. 1860.
1546:"2nd Apocalypse of James"
719:, the denial of which is
154:Mary, the mother of Jesus
116:nonconformist Protestants
66:Mary, the mother of Jesus
6504:Joseph (father of Jesus)
5890:Athanasius of Alexandria
5672:Athanasius of Alexandria
5556:Theophanes the Confessor
5536:Paul I of Constantinople
5531:Paphnutius the Confessor
5476:Athanasius the Confessor
4694:Protoevangelium of James
4081:Rampton, Martha (2008).
4036:10.1177/1063851219829935
3812:. Queenship Publishing.
3657:Lohse, Bernhard (1966).
3636:Lincoln, Andrew (2013).
3140:. Seat of Wisdom Books.
2945:Blomberg, Craig (2006).
2604:. Gracewing Publishing.
1737:Blinzler, Josef (1967).
1104:Encyclopaedia Britannica
978:bibliography, pages 6â9.
955:
910:Anglican Marian theology
885:It has been argued from
417:denied Mary's virginity
227:Infancy Gospel of Thomas
219:Protoevangelium of James
137:(1537) and the Reformed
123:Protoevangelium of James
6436:Gregory the Illuminator
6406:Augustine of Canterbury
5955:Dionysius of Alexandria
5870:Alexander of Alexandria
5085:Golden Madonna of Essen
4674:Woman of the Apocalypse
4338:Wirth, Douglas (2016).
4275:Vuong, Lily C. (2019).
3741:Maunder, Chris (2019).
3678:Losch, Richard (2008).
3573:Hurtado, Larry (2011).
3552:Hurtado, Larry (2005).
3444:Hunt, Emily J. (2003).
700:Eastern Orthodox Church
518:taught the doctrine of
354:Apollinaris of Laodicea
5875:Alexander of Jerusalem
5481:Chariton the Confessor
5443:in the Catholic Church
4962:Alma Redemptoris Mater
4911:Our Lady of Navigators
3957:The Melody of Theology
3594:Isaak, Jon M. (2011).
3213:"Brethren of the Lord"
3169:Campbell, Ted (1996).
2951:. B&H Publishing.
2924:Bell, Richard (2012).
2640:, p. unpaginated.
2389:. InterVarsity Press.
2104:, p. unpaginated.
2063:"Concerning Virginity"
1784:. Zondervan Academic.
1535:, p. unpaginated.
1014:, p. unpaginated.
801:
783:Arguments and evidence
780:
757:Second Vatican Council
745:
737:Lateran Council of 649
691:
544:Protestant Reformation
538:Protestant Reformation
410:
367:(260/265â339/340) and
231:"brothers of the Lord"
198:
57:
7451:Virgin birth of Jesus
7411:Christian terminology
7306:Fourteen Holy Helpers
7270:Trasilla and Emiliana
6421:Evermode of Ratzeburg
6303:Perpetua and Felicity
6273:Martyrs of Sandomierz
6143:Dismas the Good Thief
6070:Theophilus of Antioch
6040:Maximus the Confessor
5975:Epiphanius of Salamis
5915:Clement of Alexandria
5629:Doctors of the Church
5521:Maximus the Confessor
5308:Immaculate Conception
5147:Theotokos of Vladimir
4576:Presentation of Jesus
4513:Immaculate Conception
4433:Mary, mother of Jesus
4060:Rahner, Karl (1975).
3405:The Gospel of Matthew
2650:Greene-McCreight 2005
2472:. BRILL. 2006-02-01.
2308:. Walter de Gruyter.
1892:of Rome, Hippolytus.
1855:William H. Brackney,
1710:McHugh, John (1975).
1681:10.1353/tho.1999.0044
1533:George-Tvrtkovic 2018
1106:. 1983. p. 562.
950:Virgin birth of Jesus
930:Immaculate Conception
790:
761:
741:
684:Catacomb of Priscilla
681:
453:whose full title was
408:
296:Clement of Alexandria
196:
118:reject the doctrine.
40:
32:Virgin birth of Jesus
7210:Hiltrude of Liessies
7155:Catherine of Bologna
7150:Bernadette Soubirous
6343:17 Thomasian Martyrs
6153:Four Crowned Martyrs
6075:Victorinus of Pettau
6055:Papias of Hierapolis
6025:Jerome of Stridonium
5990:Gregory of Nazianzus
5960:Dionysius of Corinth
5782:Lawrence of Brindisi
5737:Bernard of Clairvaux
5712:Anselm of Canterbury
5667:Gregory of Nazianzus
5594:Priscilla and Aquila
5491:Edward the Confessor
4110:. Liturgical Press.
3621:. Harper & Row.
3408:. Liturgical Press.
2972:. Liturgical Press.
2419:. Moody Publishers.
2359:Miller-McLemore 2002
2347:Miller-McLemore 2002
810:Acts of the Apostles
597:, the co-founder of
451:Concerning Virginity
290:In the 3rd century,
74:Western Christianity
7260:Teresa of the Andes
7140:Angela of the Cross
7102:Zechariah (prophet)
6248:Martyrs of La Rioja
6243:21 Martyrs of Libya
6133:Christina of Persia
6113:Charles de Foucauld
6050:Quadratus of Athens
6010:Ignatius of Antioch
5980:Fulgentius of Ruspe
5930:Cyril of Alexandria
5925:Cyprian of Carthage
5910:Cappadocian Fathers
5807:Hildegard of Bingen
5677:Cyril of Alexandria
5551:Sergius of Radonezh
5313:Perpetual virginity
5129:Madonna del Rosario
5033:Maria mater gratiae
5009:Sub tuum praesidium
4967:Ave Regina caelorum
4921:Our Lady of Victory
4916:Our Lady of Sorrows
4559:Virginal motherhood
4533:Perpetual virginity
4168:Salisbury, Joyce E.
3531:10.1353/earl.0.0147
3196:. Scarecrow Press.
2792:, p. 36 fn.25.
2576:, p. 51-52,64.
1814:10.1353/earl.0.0185
571:confession of faith
520:virginitas in partu
509:Cyril of Alexandria
463:virginitas in partu
183:Ascension of Isaiah
18:Perpetual virginity
7301:Four Holy Marshals
7296:Calendar of saints
7265:Teresa of Calcutta
7245:Patricia of Naples
7170:Catherine of Siena
6451:Patrick of Ireland
6373:Vietnamese Martyrs
6263:Martyrs of Otranto
6218:Martyrs of Cajonos
6213:Martyrs of Algeria
6208:Martyrs of Albania
6168:The Holy Innocents
6138:Devasahayam Pillai
6123:Carthusian Martyrs
6065:Polycarp of Smyrna
6020:Isidore of Seville
6005:Hippolytus of Rome
6000:Hilary of Poitiers
5935:Cyril of Jerusalem
5900:Caesarius of Arles
5895:Augustine of Hippo
5797:ThérÚse of Lisieux
5792:Catherine of Siena
5742:Hilary of Poitiers
5717:Isidore of Seville
5692:Bede the Venerable
5682:Cyril of Jerusalem
5647:Augustine of Hippo
5561:Pio of Pietrelcina
5526:Michael of Synnada
5170:Life of the Virgin
4886:Life-giving Spring
4876:Help of Christians
4586:Return to Nazareth
4528:Marriage to Joseph
4131:. Abingdon Press.
3960:. Wipf and Stock.
3663:. Fortress Press.
3429:. Ignatius Press.
3387:. Baker Academic.
3011:Mark: A Commentary
2827:, p. 308â310.
2815:, p. 278â279.
2349:, p. 100-101.
2256:www.britannica.com
1954:, p. 423-424.
1930:, p. 412-413.
1835:. pp. 29â30.
1635:ĐĐ°ŃŃĐ”ĐČ, Đ Đ°ĐŽĐŸŃŃĐžĐœ.
1366:, p. 167-168.
1323:Caruana, Salvino.
1301:, p. 237-238.
945:Panachranta (icon)
935:Lutheran Mariology
925:Catholic Mariology
920:Assumption of Mary
802:
723:. It declares her
692:
573:written in 1537),
501:Hilary of Poitiers
467:Bonosus of Sardica
411:
292:Hippolytus of Rome
199:
168:Origin and history
58:
7426:Lutheran theology
7383:
7382:
7375:Saints portal
7326:Miles Christianus
7311:Martyr of charity
7280:Josephine Bakhita
7275:Ubaldesca Taccini
7220:Kateri Tekakwitha
7195:Faustina Kowalska
7185:Eulalia of MĂ©rida
7165:Catherine Labouré
7160:Brigid of Kildare
6987:Baruch ben Neriah
6431:François de Laval
6416:Damien of Molokai
6383:Victor and Corona
6378:Valentine of Rome
6268:Martyrs of Prague
6233:Martyrs of Gorkum
6193:Martyrs of LĂŒbeck
6080:Vincent of LĂ©rins
6060:Peter Chrysologus
6015:Irenaeus of Lyons
5985:Gregory the Great
5970:Ephrem the Syrian
5767:Robert Bellarmine
5762:John of the Cross
5747:Alphonsus Liguori
5722:Peter Chrysologus
5697:Ephrem the Syrian
5662:Basil of Caesarea
5637:Gregory the Great
5619:Seventy disciples
5511:Lazarus Zographos
5496:Francis of Assisi
5366:James of Alphaeus
5323:Marian apparition
5223:
5222:
5187:
5186:
5183:
5182:
5091:The Golden Virgin
4811:Catholic churches
4783:
4782:
4702:
4701:
4581:Flight into Egypt
4571:Nativity of Jesus
4478:Brothers of Jesus
4344:. WestBow Press.
4225:978-0-300-21953-1
4096:978-0-19-514890-9
4066:. A&C Black.
3819:978-1-882972-06-7
3639:Born of a Virgin?
3345:. Paulist Press.
3261:. A&C Black.
3077:. Paulist Press.
2839:, pp. 84â85.
2611:978-0-85244-582-2
2588:, p. 47,150.
2560:978-0-521-54073-5
2533:978-0-664-21882-9
2506:978-0-8028-7266-1
2479:978-90-474-0885-7
2453:978-1-5326-7585-0
2426:978-0-8024-9206-7
2396:978-0-8308-2754-1
2315:978-3-11-134452-2
2288:978-0-8122-4884-5
2213:978-0-19-163929-6
2127:978-1-4185-3981-8
2120:. Thomas Nelson.
1984:www.newadvent.org
1873:Williams, Frank.
1791:978-0-310-87696-0
1723:978-0-385-04748-7
1622:The London Review
1586:www.newadvent.org
1401:978-0-19-153553-6
1113:978-0-85229-400-0
818:) of Jesus, with
753:salvation history
717:divinely revealed
567:Smalcald Articles
505:Didymus the Blind
399:Against Helvidius
337:invented a name "
203:Gospel of Matthew
135:Smalcald Articles
16:(Redirected from
7458:
7373:
7372:
7371:
7361:
7360:
7240:Narcisa de JesĂșs
7225:Lucy of Syracuse
7130:Agatha of Sicily
7042:John the Baptist
6288:Maximilian Kolbe
6283:Martyrs of Zenta
6258:Martyrs of Natal
6238:Martyrs of Japan
6228:Martyrs of China
6223:Martyrs of Drina
6158:Gerard of CsanĂĄd
6118:Canadian Martyrs
6103:Abda and Abdisho
6045:Melito of Sardis
6035:John of Damascus
5995:Gregory of Nyssa
5880:Ambrose of Milan
5812:Gregory of Narek
5777:Anthony of Padua
5752:Francis de Sales
5687:John of Damascus
5333:Joseph (husband)
5285: â
5281: â
5277: â
5250:
5243:
5236:
5227:
5226:
5211:
5199:
5198:
5063:
5062:
5048:Three Hail Marys
5004:Ave maris stella
4881:Immaculate Heart
4792:
4791:
4713:
4712:
4601:Passion of Jesus
4500:
4499:
4490:
4426:
4419:
4412:
4403:
4402:
4397:
4376:
4355:
4334:
4313:
4292:
4271:
4250:
4229:
4208:
4187:
4163:
4142:
4121:
4100:
4077:
4056:
4038:
4013:
3992:
3971:
3950:
3929:
3906:
3885:
3844:
3823:
3802:
3781:
3760:
3737:
3716:
3695:
3674:
3653:
3632:
3611:
3590:
3569:
3548:
3546:
3545:
3503:
3482:
3461:
3440:
3419:
3398:
3377:
3356:
3335:
3314:
3293:
3272:
3251:
3230:
3207:
3186:
3165:
3159:
3151:
3130:
3109:
3088:
3067:
3046:
3025:
3004:
2983:
2962:
2941:
2920:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2858:
2852:
2846:
2840:
2834:
2828:
2822:
2816:
2810:
2804:
2799:
2793:
2787:
2778:
2772:
2766:
2760:
2754:
2748:
2737:
2731:
2725:
2719:
2713:
2707:
2701:
2695:
2689:
2688:, p. 61-62.
2683:
2677:
2671:
2665:
2659:
2653:
2647:
2641:
2635:
2629:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2595:
2589:
2583:
2577:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2410:
2401:
2400:
2380:
2374:
2368:
2362:
2356:
2350:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2329:Conybeare, F.C.
2326:
2320:
2319:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2232:Catholic Answers
2224:
2218:
2217:
2197:
2191:
2185:
2179:
2173:
2167:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2111:
2105:
2099:
2093:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2047:
2046:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2011:
2010:, p. 56-57.
2005:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1990:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1955:
1949:
1943:
1937:
1931:
1925:
1919:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1870:
1864:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1828:Homilies on Luke
1822:
1816:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1765:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1660:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1617:
1611:
1605:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1556:
1542:
1536:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1467:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1448:
1434:
1425:
1424:
1415:
1406:
1405:
1385:
1379:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1329:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1272:
1263:
1258:
1252:
1246:
1237:
1231:
1218:
1212:
1203:
1197:
1188:
1182:
1173:
1167:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1154:
1140:
1134:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1052:
1038:
1027:
1021:
1015:
1009:
988:
985:
979:
975:
969:
966:
872:Gregory of Nyssa
836:, explained the
806:Pauline epistles
778:
766:
575:Huldrych Zwingli
402:, issued c.383.
243:Richard Bauckham
239:Richard Bauckham
205:and possibly in
102:Eastern Orthodox
54:Orthodox liturgy
21:
7466:
7465:
7461:
7460:
7459:
7457:
7456:
7455:
7386:
7385:
7384:
7379:
7369:
7367:
7355:
7347:
7338:Seven Champions
7331:Church Militant
7321:Athleta Christi
7316:Military saints
7284:
7180:Clare of Assisi
7116:
7052:Judas Barsabbas
6958:
6530:
6460:
6446:Nino of Georgia
6392:
6298:Pedro Calungsod
6253:Martyrs of Laos
6198:Luigi Versiglia
6089:
6030:John Chrysostom
5920:Clement of Rome
5861:
5854:
5821:
5787:Teresa of Ăvila
5772:Albertus Magnus
5657:John Chrysostom
5623:
5584:Mary of Bethany
5565:
5471:Anthony of Kiev
5452:
5420:
5371:James the Great
5337:
5289:
5268:
5259:
5254:
5224:
5219:
5179:
5158:
5111:
5102:Queen of Heaven
5052:
4940:
4926:Star of the Sea
4852:
4779:
4763:
4698:
4680:
4627:
4539:
4491:
4482:
4435:
4430:
4400:
4394:
4373:
4352:
4331:
4310:
4289:
4268:
4247:
4226:
4205:
4184:
4160:
4139:
4118:
4097:
4074:
4010:
3989:
3968:
3947:
3926:
3903:
3841:
3820:
3799:
3778:
3757:
3734:
3713:
3692:
3671:
3650:
3629:
3608:
3587:
3579:. Baker Books.
3566:
3543:
3541:
3500:
3479:
3458:
3437:
3416:
3395:
3374:
3353:
3332:
3311:
3290:
3269:
3248:
3227:
3204:
3183:
3153:
3152:
3148:
3127:
3106:
3085:
3064:
3043:
3022:
3001:
2980:
2959:
2938:
2917:
2898:
2893:
2883:
2881:
2859:
2855:
2847:
2843:
2835:
2831:
2823:
2819:
2811:
2807:
2800:
2796:
2790:Harrington 1991
2788:
2781:
2773:
2769:
2761:
2757:
2749:
2740:
2736:, p. 2100.
2732:
2728:
2720:
2716:
2708:
2704:
2696:
2692:
2684:
2680:
2672:
2668:
2660:
2656:
2648:
2644:
2636:
2632:
2623:
2619:
2612:
2596:
2592:
2584:
2580:
2574:MacCulloch 2016
2572:
2568:
2561:
2545:
2541:
2534:
2518:
2514:
2507:
2491:
2487:
2480:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2454:
2438:
2434:
2427:
2411:
2404:
2397:
2381:
2377:
2369:
2365:
2357:
2353:
2345:
2341:
2327:
2323:
2316:
2300:
2296:
2289:
2273:
2269:
2260:
2258:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2236:
2234:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2214:
2198:
2194:
2186:
2182:
2174:
2170:
2163:
2159:
2150:
2148:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2128:
2112:
2108:
2100:
2096:
2088:
2084:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2044:
2042:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2021:
2014:
2006:
1997:
1988:
1986:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1965:
1958:
1950:
1946:
1938:
1934:
1926:
1922:
1914:
1910:
1900:
1898:
1890:
1886:
1877:. p. 616.
1871:
1867:
1854:
1850:
1843:
1823:
1819:
1803:
1799:
1792:
1776:
1772:
1763:
1761:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1735:
1731:
1724:
1708:
1704:
1661:
1657:
1649:
1645:
1634:
1630:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1606:
1599:
1590:
1588:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1567:
1563:
1554:
1552:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1531:
1527:
1519:
1515:
1507:
1503:
1468:
1455:
1446:
1444:
1436:
1435:
1428:
1417:
1416:
1409:
1402:
1386:
1382:
1374:
1370:
1362:
1355:
1347:
1343:
1327:
1321:
1317:
1309:
1305:
1297:
1293:
1287:Parmentier 1999
1285:
1281:
1273:
1266:
1259:
1255:
1251:, p. 1254.
1247:
1240:
1232:
1221:
1213:
1206:
1198:
1191:
1183:
1176:
1168:
1161:
1152:
1150:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1129:
1125:
1114:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1063:
1059:
1050:
1048:
1040:
1039:
1030:
1022:
1018:
1010:
1006:
1002:
997:
992:
991:
986:
982:
976:
972:
967:
963:
958:
915:Antidicomarians
906:
829:Gospel of James
785:
779:
771:
764:
676:
641:sola scriptura,
559:birth of Christ
540:
528:
516:Apostles' Creed
377:
339:Antidicomarians
305:gospel of Peter
288:
254:Gospel of James
223:Gospel of Peter
191:
179:Odes of Solomon
175:
170:
78:Catholic Church
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7464:
7454:
7453:
7448:
7443:
7438:
7433:
7428:
7423:
7418:
7413:
7408:
7403:
7398:
7381:
7380:
7378:
7377:
7365:
7352:
7349:
7348:
7346:
7345:
7343:Virtuous pagan
7340:
7335:
7334:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7313:
7308:
7303:
7298:
7292:
7290:
7286:
7285:
7283:
7282:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7247:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7217:
7212:
7207:
7202:
7197:
7192:
7187:
7182:
7177:
7172:
7167:
7162:
7157:
7152:
7147:
7142:
7137:
7132:
7126:
7124:
7118:
7117:
7115:
7114:
7109:
7107:Zechariah (NT)
7104:
7099:
7094:
7089:
7084:
7079:
7074:
7069:
7064:
7059:
7054:
7049:
7044:
7039:
7034:
7029:
7024:
7019:
7014:
7009:
7004:
6999:
6994:
6989:
6984:
6979:
6974:
6968:
6966:
6960:
6959:
6957:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6901:
6896:
6891:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6871:
6866:
6861:
6856:
6851:
6846:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6801:
6796:
6791:
6786:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6546:
6540:
6538:
6532:
6531:
6529:
6528:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6470:
6468:
6462:
6461:
6459:
6458:
6453:
6448:
6443:
6441:JunĂpero Serra
6438:
6433:
6428:
6426:Francis Xavier
6423:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6402:
6400:
6394:
6393:
6391:
6390:
6385:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6368:Uganda Martyrs
6365:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6338:Titus Brandsma
6335:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6313:Pietro Parenzo
6310:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6183:Korean Martyrs
6180:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6108:Boris and Gleb
6105:
6099:
6097:
6091:
6090:
6088:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5950:Desert Mothers
5947:
5945:Desert Fathers
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5866:
5864:
5856:
5855:
5853:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5831:
5829:
5823:
5822:
5820:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5757:Peter Canisius
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5702:Thomas Aquinas
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5633:
5631:
5625:
5624:
5622:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5589:Mary Magdalene
5586:
5581:
5575:
5573:
5567:
5566:
5564:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5516:Louis Bertrand
5513:
5508:
5503:
5501:Francis Borgia
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5462:
5460:
5454:
5453:
5451:
5450:
5445:
5436:
5430:
5428:
5422:
5421:
5419:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5347:
5345:
5339:
5338:
5336:
5335:
5330:
5328:Titles of Mary
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5299:
5297:
5291:
5290:
5275:Servant of God
5264:
5261:
5260:
5253:
5252:
5245:
5238:
5230:
5221:
5220:
5218:
5217:
5205:
5192:
5189:
5188:
5185:
5184:
5181:
5180:
5178:
5177:
5172:
5166:
5164:
5160:
5159:
5157:
5156:
5151:
5150:
5149:
5139:
5134:
5133:
5132:
5119:
5117:
5113:
5112:
5110:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5071:
5069:
5060:
5054:
5053:
5051:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5024:
5023:
5013:
5012:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4991:
4989:FĂĄtima prayers
4986:
4981:
4980:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4954:
4948:
4946:
4942:
4941:
4939:
4938:
4933:
4931:Seat of Wisdom
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4862:
4860:
4854:
4853:
4851:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4829:
4828:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4807:
4806:
4789:
4785:
4784:
4781:
4780:
4778:
4777:
4771:
4769:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4761:
4760:
4759:
4749:
4744:
4743:
4742:
4737:
4727:
4721:
4719:
4710:
4704:
4703:
4700:
4699:
4697:
4696:
4690:
4688:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4678:
4677:
4676:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4655:
4654:
4644:
4638:
4636:
4629:
4628:
4626:
4625:
4620:
4619:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4562:
4561:
4550:
4548:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4537:
4536:
4535:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4509:
4507:
4497:
4493:
4492:
4485:
4483:
4481:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4464:
4458:
4452:
4445:
4443:
4437:
4436:
4429:
4428:
4421:
4414:
4406:
4399:
4398:
4392:
4377:
4371:
4356:
4350:
4335:
4329:
4314:
4308:
4293:
4287:
4272:
4266:
4251:
4245:
4230:
4224:
4209:
4203:
4188:
4182:
4164:
4158:
4143:
4137:
4122:
4116:
4101:
4095:
4078:
4072:
4057:
4014:
4008:
3993:
3987:
3972:
3966:
3951:
3945:
3930:
3924:
3907:
3902:978-9004163720
3901:
3886:
3860:(2): 225â236.
3845:
3839:
3824:
3818:
3803:
3797:
3782:
3776:
3761:
3755:
3738:
3732:
3717:
3711:
3705:. Penguin UK.
3696:
3690:
3675:
3669:
3654:
3649:978-0802869258
3648:
3633:
3627:
3612:
3606:
3591:
3585:
3570:
3564:
3549:
3504:
3498:
3483:
3477:
3462:
3456:
3441:
3435:
3420:
3414:
3399:
3393:
3378:
3372:
3357:
3351:
3336:
3331:978-0300164107
3330:
3315:
3309:
3294:
3288:
3273:
3267:
3252:
3246:
3231:
3225:
3208:
3202:
3187:
3181:
3166:
3146:
3131:
3125:
3110:
3104:
3089:
3083:
3068:
3062:
3047:
3041:
3026:
3020:
3005:
2999:
2984:
2978:
2963:
2957:
2942:
2936:
2921:
2915:
2909:. Bloomsbury.
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2853:
2841:
2829:
2817:
2805:
2794:
2779:
2777:, p. 160.
2767:
2765:, p. 106.
2755:
2753:, p. 238.
2738:
2726:
2724:, p. 6â8.
2714:
2710:Miravalle 2006
2702:
2700:, p. 404.
2698:Fahlbusch 1999
2690:
2686:Miravalle 2006
2678:
2666:
2662:Miravalle 2006
2654:
2652:, p. 485.
2642:
2630:
2617:
2610:
2590:
2578:
2566:
2559:
2539:
2532:
2512:
2505:
2485:
2478:
2459:
2452:
2432:
2425:
2402:
2395:
2375:
2373:, p. 339.
2363:
2361:, p. 100.
2351:
2339:
2321:
2314:
2294:
2287:
2267:
2243:
2219:
2212:
2192:
2190:, p. 199.
2188:Rosenberg 2018
2180:
2178:, p. 229.
2168:
2157:
2133:
2126:
2106:
2102:Rosenberg 2018
2094:
2082:
2068:
2054:
2027:
2012:
1995:
1971:
1969:, p. 185.
1956:
1944:
1942:, p. 230.
1932:
1920:
1918:, p. 412.
1908:
1884:
1865:
1848:
1841:
1817:
1797:
1790:
1770:
1746:
1729:
1722:
1702:
1655:
1653:, p. 167.
1643:
1628:
1612:
1608:Miravalle 2006
1597:
1573:
1561:
1537:
1525:
1523:, p. 110.
1513:
1511:, p. 448.
1501:
1482:(4): 686â700.
1453:
1426:
1407:
1400:
1394:. OUP Oxford.
1380:
1368:
1353:
1349:Shoemaker 2016
1341:
1315:
1311:Shoemaker 2016
1303:
1291:
1289:, p. 550.
1279:
1264:
1253:
1238:
1236:, p. 186.
1219:
1217:, p. 200.
1204:
1202:, p. 150.
1189:
1187:, p. 133.
1174:
1172:, p. 100.
1170:Fairbairn 2002
1159:
1135:
1133:, p. 283.
1123:
1112:
1091:
1074:
1071:. C. Scribner.
1057:
1028:
1026:, p. 269.
1016:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
990:
989:
980:
970:
960:
959:
957:
954:
953:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
905:
902:
794:Church Fathers
784:
781:
769:
748:Thomas Aquinas
675:
672:
609:was scornful.
579:Thomas Cranmer
550:sola scriptura
539:
536:
527:
524:
511:among others.
482:Synod of Milan
376:
373:
317:to refute the
287:
284:
190:
187:
174:
171:
169:
166:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7463:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7444:
7442:
7441:Non-sexuality
7439:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7431:Marian dogmas
7429:
7427:
7424:
7422:
7419:
7417:
7414:
7412:
7409:
7407:
7404:
7402:
7399:
7397:
7394:
7393:
7391:
7376:
7366:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7353:
7350:
7344:
7341:
7339:
7336:
7332:
7329:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7318:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7297:
7294:
7293:
7291:
7287:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7248:
7246:
7243:
7241:
7238:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7230:Maria Goretti
7228:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7216:
7213:
7211:
7208:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7135:Agnes of Rome
7133:
7131:
7128:
7127:
7125:
7123:
7119:
7113:
7110:
7108:
7105:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7055:
7053:
7050:
7048:
7045:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6969:
6967:
6965:
6961:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6892:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6541:
6539:
6537:
6533:
6527:
6526:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6471:
6469:
6467:
6463:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6403:
6401:
6399:
6395:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6348:Thomas Becket
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6173:Irish Martyrs
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6100:
6098:
6096:
6092:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5867:
5865:
5863:
5857:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5832:
5830:
5828:
5824:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5802:John of Ăvila
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5727:Leo the Great
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5634:
5632:
5630:
5626:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5576:
5574:
5572:
5568:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5463:
5461:
5459:
5455:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5431:
5429:
5427:
5423:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5348:
5346:
5344:
5340:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5300:
5298:
5296:
5292:
5288:
5284:
5280:
5276:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5258:
5251:
5246:
5244:
5239:
5237:
5232:
5231:
5228:
5216:
5215:
5214:Saints Portal
5210:
5206:
5204:
5203:
5194:
5193:
5190:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5167:
5165:
5161:
5155:
5152:
5148:
5145:
5144:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5131:
5130:
5126:
5125:
5124:
5123:Agiosoritissa
5121:
5120:
5118:
5114:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5092:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5080:Black Madonna
5078:
5076:
5073:
5072:
5070:
5068:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5055:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5022:
5019:
5018:
5017:
5014:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4996:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4943:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4896:
4895:of all graces
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4863:
4861:
4859:
4855:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4827:
4824:
4823:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4805:
4802:
4801:
4800:
4797:
4796:
4793:
4790:
4786:
4776:
4773:
4772:
4770:
4766:
4758:
4755:
4754:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4732:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4722:
4720:
4718:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4705:
4695:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4687:
4683:
4675:
4672:
4671:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4653:
4650:
4649:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4630:
4624:
4621:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4603:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4560:
4557:
4556:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4549:
4547:
4542:
4534:
4531:
4530:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4501:
4498:
4494:
4489:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4468:
4465:
4462:
4459:
4456:
4453:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4427:
4422:
4420:
4415:
4413:
4408:
4407:
4404:
4395:
4393:9780567689757
4389:
4385:
4384:
4378:
4374:
4372:9780664218829
4368:
4364:
4363:
4357:
4353:
4351:9781512738711
4347:
4343:
4342:
4336:
4332:
4330:9780300231311
4326:
4322:
4321:
4315:
4311:
4309:9781134761210
4305:
4302:. Routledge.
4301:
4300:
4294:
4290:
4288:9781532656170
4284:
4280:
4279:
4273:
4269:
4267:9780819195241
4263:
4259:
4258:
4252:
4248:
4246:9780199761838
4242:
4238:
4237:
4231:
4227:
4221:
4217:
4216:
4210:
4206:
4204:9780195361490
4200:
4196:
4195:
4189:
4185:
4183:9781135948801
4179:
4176:. Routledge.
4175:
4174:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4159:9780190845919
4155:
4151:
4150:
4144:
4140:
4138:9781426750083
4134:
4130:
4129:
4123:
4119:
4117:9780814683453
4113:
4109:
4108:
4102:
4098:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4079:
4075:
4073:9780860120063
4069:
4065:
4064:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4015:
4011:
4009:9780470751336
4005:
4001:
4000:
3994:
3990:
3988:9781610695664
3984:
3980:
3979:
3973:
3969:
3967:9781625646453
3963:
3959:
3958:
3952:
3948:
3946:9780226653778
3942:
3938:
3937:
3931:
3927:
3925:9780802824912
3921:
3917:
3913:
3908:
3904:
3898:
3894:
3893:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3846:
3842:
3840:9780664224387
3836:
3832:
3831:
3825:
3821:
3815:
3811:
3810:
3804:
3800:
3798:9780664224387
3794:
3790:
3789:
3783:
3779:
3777:9781444393835
3773:
3769:
3768:
3762:
3758:
3756:9780198792550
3752:
3748:
3744:
3739:
3735:
3733:9780190616816
3729:
3725:
3724:
3718:
3714:
3712:9780141926605
3708:
3704:
3703:
3697:
3693:
3691:9780802824547
3687:
3683:
3682:
3676:
3672:
3670:9781451404234
3666:
3662:
3661:
3655:
3651:
3645:
3641:
3640:
3634:
3630:
3628:9780715607381
3624:
3620:
3619:
3613:
3609:
3607:9781556352935
3603:
3599:
3598:
3592:
3588:
3586:9781441236586
3582:
3578:
3577:
3571:
3567:
3565:9780802831675
3561:
3557:
3556:
3550:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3501:
3499:9780802838438
3495:
3491:
3490:
3484:
3480:
3478:9780664224165
3474:
3470:
3469:
3463:
3459:
3457:9781134409891
3453:
3450:. Routledge.
3449:
3448:
3442:
3438:
3436:9781681497372
3432:
3428:
3427:
3421:
3417:
3415:9780814658031
3411:
3407:
3406:
3400:
3396:
3394:9780801026942
3390:
3386:
3385:
3379:
3375:
3373:9781135960285
3369:
3366:. Routledge.
3365:
3364:
3358:
3354:
3352:9781587686764
3348:
3344:
3343:
3337:
3333:
3327:
3323:
3322:
3316:
3312:
3310:9780802824158
3306:
3302:
3301:
3295:
3291:
3289:9780664224974
3285:
3281:
3280:
3274:
3270:
3268:9780567084118
3264:
3260:
3259:
3253:
3249:
3247:9789053565032
3243:
3239:
3238:
3232:
3228:
3226:9780192802903
3222:
3218:
3214:
3209:
3205:
3203:9780810879799
3199:
3195:
3194:
3188:
3184:
3182:9780664256500
3178:
3174:
3173:
3167:
3163:
3157:
3149:
3147:9781579183554
3143:
3139:
3138:
3132:
3128:
3126:9781107172784
3122:
3118:
3117:
3111:
3107:
3105:9780802811189
3101:
3097:
3096:
3090:
3086:
3084:9780809121687
3080:
3076:
3075:
3069:
3065:
3063:9780802837851
3059:
3055:
3054:
3048:
3044:
3042:9780664235925
3038:
3034:
3033:
3027:
3023:
3021:9780664221072
3017:
3013:
3012:
3006:
3002:
3000:9781571132963
2996:
2992:
2991:
2985:
2981:
2979:9780814658567
2975:
2971:
2970:
2964:
2960:
2958:9780805432480
2954:
2950:
2949:
2943:
2939:
2937:9781136260674
2933:
2930:. Routledge.
2929:
2928:
2922:
2918:
2916:9781474230476
2912:
2908:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2857:
2851:, p. 82.
2850:
2845:
2838:
2833:
2826:
2821:
2814:
2809:
2803:
2798:
2791:
2786:
2784:
2776:
2771:
2764:
2759:
2752:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2735:
2730:
2723:
2722:Bauckham 2015
2718:
2712:, p. 59.
2711:
2706:
2699:
2694:
2687:
2682:
2676:, p. 94.
2675:
2670:
2664:, p. 56.
2663:
2658:
2651:
2646:
2639:
2638:McGuckin 2010
2634:
2627:
2621:
2613:
2607:
2603:
2602:
2594:
2587:
2586:Campbell 1996
2582:
2575:
2570:
2562:
2556:
2552:
2551:
2543:
2535:
2529:
2525:
2524:
2516:
2508:
2502:
2498:
2497:
2489:
2481:
2475:
2471:
2470:
2463:
2455:
2449:
2445:
2444:
2436:
2428:
2422:
2418:
2417:
2409:
2407:
2398:
2392:
2388:
2387:
2379:
2372:
2367:
2360:
2355:
2348:
2343:
2336:
2332:
2325:
2317:
2311:
2307:
2306:
2298:
2290:
2284:
2280:
2279:
2271:
2257:
2253:
2247:
2233:
2229:
2223:
2215:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2196:
2189:
2184:
2177:
2172:
2166:
2161:
2147:
2143:
2137:
2129:
2123:
2119:
2118:
2110:
2103:
2098:
2092:, p. 59.
2091:
2086:
2078:
2072:
2064:
2058:
2051:
2041:
2037:
2031:
2025:, p. 57.
2024:
2019:
2017:
2009:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1968:
1963:
1961:
1953:
1948:
1941:
1936:
1929:
1924:
1917:
1912:
1897:
1896:
1888:
1881:
1876:
1869:
1862:
1858:
1852:
1844:
1842:9780813200941
1838:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1821:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1801:
1793:
1787:
1783:
1782:
1774:
1760:
1756:
1750:
1742:
1741:
1733:
1725:
1719:
1715:
1714:
1706:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1675:(1): 83â104.
1674:
1670:
1666:
1659:
1652:
1647:
1640:
1639:
1632:
1624:
1623:
1616:
1610:, p. 61.
1609:
1604:
1602:
1587:
1583:
1577:
1570:
1565:
1551:
1547:
1541:
1534:
1529:
1522:
1517:
1510:
1505:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1443:
1439:
1433:
1431:
1422:
1421:
1414:
1412:
1403:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1384:
1378:, p. 61.
1377:
1372:
1365:
1360:
1358:
1351:, p. 43.
1350:
1345:
1338:
1333:
1326:
1319:
1313:, p. 44.
1312:
1307:
1300:
1295:
1288:
1283:
1277:, p. 28.
1276:
1271:
1269:
1262:
1257:
1250:
1245:
1243:
1235:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1216:
1211:
1209:
1201:
1200:Campbell 1996
1196:
1194:
1186:
1185:Collinge 2012
1181:
1179:
1171:
1166:
1164:
1149:
1145:
1139:
1132:
1127:
1120:
1115:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1095:
1088:
1084:
1078:
1070:
1069:
1061:
1047:
1043:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1025:
1024:Bromiley 1995
1020:
1013:
1012:Hesemann 2016
1008:
1004:
984:
974:
965:
961:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
907:
901:
899:
898:John P. Meier
894:
890:
888:
883:
881:
877:
873:
868:
864:
862:
858:
853:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
830:
825:
821:
817:
816:
811:
807:
800:
796:
795:
789:
776:
775:
774:Lumen Gentium
768:
760:
758:
754:
749:
744:
740:
738:
734:
733:Pope Martin I
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
704:
701:
697:
689:
685:
680:
671:
669:
665:
661:
657:
652:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
633:Theodore Beza
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
591:John Wycliffe
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
569:, a Lutheran
568:
564:
563:Martin Luther
560:
556:
552:
551:
545:
535:
533:
523:
521:
517:
512:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
483:
478:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
439:
437:
433:
428:
424:
420:
416:
407:
403:
401:
400:
395:
391:
387:
382:
372:
370:
366:
362:
357:
355:
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6579:Anastasius I
6549:Adeodatus II
6523:
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6308:Peter Chanel
6293:Ăscar Romero
6188:Lorenzo Ruiz
6163:Great Martyr
5732:Peter Damian
5541:Peter Claver
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5271:canonization
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4977:Regina caeli
4972:Salve Regina
4871:Coredemptrix
4866:Christotokos
4826:month of May
4635:: later life
4616:Resurrection
4554:Annunciation
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2896:Bibliography
2882:. Retrieved
2870:
2866:
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2849:Prothro 2019
2844:
2837:Prothro 2019
2832:
2825:Calkins 2008
2820:
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2734:Nicklas 2011
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1759:www.ccel.org
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1442:www.ccel.org
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1046:www.ccel.org
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617:Matthew 1:25
616:
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7062:Melchizedek
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6799:Marcellus I
6794:Marcellinus
6714:Gregory VII
6709:Gregory III
6624:Celestine V
6619:Celestine I
6614:Callixtus I
6604:Boniface IV
6594:Benedict II
6569:Alexander I
6544:Adeodatus I
6363:Ulma Family
6353:Thomas More
6203:Martyrology
6178:John Fisher
5827:Evangelists
5707:Bonaventure
5361:Bartholomew
5295:Virgin Mary
5137:Derzhavnaya
4799:Apparitions
4606:Crucifixion
2176:Nathan 2018
2090:Hunter 1993
2023:Hunter 1993
2008:Hunter 1993
1967:Polcar 2016
1952:Hunter 1999
1940:Nathan 2018
1928:Hunter 2008
1916:Hunter 2008
1901:18 February
1376:Hunter 1993
1234:Polcar 2016
656:Anabaptists
649:Lutheranism
645:Anglicanism
637:Incarnation
613:John Calvin
607:Melanchthon
595:John Wesley
526:Middle Ages
381:monasticism
363:(170â235),
324:post partum
189:2nd century
94:Protestants
46:Eleusa icon
7390:Categories
6949:Zephyrinus
6909:Stephen IV
6894:Sixtus III
6874:Simplicius
6819:Nicholas I
6744:John XXIII
6734:Innocent I
6704:Gregory II
6694:Gelasius I
6599:Boniface I
6559:Agapetus I
6554:Adrian III
6525:Matriarchs
6466:Patriarchs
6085:Zephyrinus
5458:Confessors
5426:Archangels
5318:Assumption
5269:Stages of
5154:Hodegetria
5075:Assumption
5028:Magnificat
4833:Feast days
4788:Veneration
4752:Protestant
4686:Apocryphal
4664:Coronation
4659:Assumption
4611:Deposition
4566:Visitation
3544:2016-08-30
2813:Brown 1978
2763:Kelly 1975
2674:Dodds 2004
2261:2022-06-05
2237:2022-06-18
2151:2022-02-11
2045:2022-06-18
1989:2022-07-21
1764:2022-02-10
1651:Wirth 2016
1591:2023-01-10
1555:2024-01-29
1447:2022-06-16
1364:Wirth 2016
1215:Lohse 1966
1153:2024-02-05
1131:Losch 2008
1051:2021-12-21
995:References
846:Mark 15:40
834:Epiphanius
654:Among the
621:Calvinists
532:Paulicians
489:Athanasius
369:Epiphanius
361:Hippolytus
350:Epiphanius
335:Epiphanius
331:Victorinus
311:Tertullian
273:Hegesippus
235:Protestant
150:) of Jesus
146:brothers (
7436:Methodism
7205:Genevieve
7112:Zephaniah
6919:Symmachus
6904:Stephen I
6889:Sixtus II
6869:Silverius
6864:Sergius I
6824:Paschal I
6814:Miltiades
6724:Hormisdas
6699:Gregory I
6684:Felix III
6669:Evaristus
6664:Eutychian
6649:Eleuterus
6644:Dionysius
6639:Damasus I
6634:Cornelius
6629:Clement I
6574:Anacletus
6318:Philomena
5965:Dionysius
5940:Damasus I
5885:Anatolius
5571:Disciples
5506:Homobonus
5466:Anatolius
5279:Venerable
4984:Ave Maria
4957:Antiphons
4936:Theotokos
4891:Mediatrix
4838:Patronage
4821:Devotions
4816:Christmas
4717:Christian
4708:Mariology
4669:Queenship
4647:Dormition
4633:Tradition
4623:Pentecost
4504:Tradition
4473:Elizabeth
4451:(husband)
4053:171539085
4045:1063-8512
3895:. BRILL.
3882:201446177
3770:. Wiley.
3539:170719507
3525:: 47â71.
3156:cite book
2873:(1): 26.
2802:Luke 1:34
1697:171114843
1689:2473-3725
1521:Bell 2012
1488:0008-7912
1332:um.edu.mt
1249:Gill 2004
1000:Citations
876:Augustine
725:virginity
664:theotokos
599:Methodism
587:Bullinger
583:Wollebius
497:Augustine
436:Barbatian
423:Augustine
390:Helvidius
280:Ebionites
265:portrays
86:Anglicans
82:Lutherans
7289:See also
7190:Euphemia
7027:Jeremiah
7007:Habakkuk
6964:Prophets
6939:Vitalian
6934:Victor I
6884:Sixtus I
6879:Siricius
6809:Martin I
6789:Lucius I
6754:Julius I
6719:Hilarius
6689:Felix IV
6659:Eusebius
6654:Eugene I
6584:Anicetus
6456:Remigius
6411:Boniface
5817:Irenaeus
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5343:Apostles
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4999:Akathist
4757:Lutheran
4747:Orthodox
4730:Catholic
4725:Anglican
4469:(mother)
4463:(father)
3874:27638435
3854:Saeculum
2879:43720810
1496:43721789
904:See also
857:Luke 2:7
850:adelphoi
842:adelphoi
838:adelphoi
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770:â
674:Doctrine
668:Apologia
660:Hubmaier
603:Osiander
459:in partu
443:in partu
432:Sarmatio
427:in partu
419:in partu
415:Jovinian
365:Eusebius
319:docetist
315:in partu
247:in partu
237:scholar
225:and the
211:Irenaeus
148:adelphoi
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6859:Pontian
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6729:Hyginus
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6589:Anterus
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6328:Stephen
6095:Martyrs
5862:Fathers
5835:Matthew
5642:Ambrose
5609:Timothy
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5486:Dominic
5448:Raphael
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5434:Gabriel
5386:Matthew
5283:Blessed
5163:Related
4952:Angelus
4945:Prayers
4906:Panagia
4901:New Eve
4843:Shrines
4775:Islamic
4735:history
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4461:Joachim
2884:18 June
940:New Eve
887:John 19
824:Matthew
777:, No.57
735:at the
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6764:Leo II
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6674:Fabian
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5860:Church
5652:Jerome
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4768:Other
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3870:JSTOR
3535:S2CID
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1861:p. 31
1693:S2CID
1492:JSTOR
1328:(PDF)
956:Notes
729:Jesus
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7037:Joel
6982:Anna
6977:Amos
6804:Mark
6514:Noah
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6474:Adam
5850:John
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5840:Mark
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5376:John
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