237:
261:
225:
448:) that hydrolyzes the amide bond between the MurNAc and L-Ala (the first amino acid in the stem peptide). These amidases act as peptidoglycan scavengers because they render the resulting peptidoglycan fragments unable to bind to PGRP. They abolish cell-activating capacity of peptidoglycan and limit systemic uptake of peptidoglycan from the bacteria-laden intestinal tract and down-regulate or prevent over-activation of host defense pathways. Some of these amidases are also directly bactericidal, which further defends the host against infections and helps to control the numbers of commensal bacteria.
249:
359:. MurNAc-tripeptide is the minimum fragment of peptidoglycan that binds to PGRPs and MurNAc-tetrtapeptides and MurNAc-pentapeptides bind with higher affinity. Peptidoglycan binding usually induces a change in the structure of PGRP or interaction with another PGRP molecule that locks MurNAc-peptide in the binding grove. Some PGRPs can discriminate between different amino acids present in the peptide part of peptidoglycan, especially between the amino acid in the third position of peptidoglycan peptide, which is usually L-
20:
910:(EAE) in mice. The pro-inflammatory effect in asthma depends on the PGLYRP1-regulated intestinal microbiome, whereas in EAE, it depends on the expression of PGLYRP1 in monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils. PGLYRP1 also has anti-inflammatory effects, as it inhibits the activation of cytotoxic anti-tumor CD8 T cells and its deletion leads to decreased tumor growth in mice. Mice lacking
133:) and then discovered and cloned mouse and human PGRP orthologs, thus showing that PGRPs are highly conserved from insects to mammals. Also in 1998, Sergei Kiselev and coworkers independently discovered and cloned a protein from a mouse adenocarcinoma with the same sequence as PGRP, which they named Tag7. In 1999 Masanori Ochiai and Masaaki Ashida cloned the silkworm (
726:-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidases, that hydrolyze the amide bond between the MurNAc and L-alanine, the first amino acid in the stem peptide in bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan. The minimal peptidoglycan fragment hydrolyzed by PGLYRP2 is MurNAc-tripeptide. Hydrolysis of peptidoglycan by PGLYRP2 diminishes its pro-inflammatory activity.
6276:
Gupta, Akash; Arora, Gunjan; Rosen, Connor E.; Kloos, Zachary; Cao, Yongguo; Cerny, Jiri; Sajid, Andaleeb; Hoornstra, Dieuwertje; Golovchenko, Maryna; Rudenko, Natalie; Munderloh, Ulrike; Hovius, Joppe W.; Booth, Carmen J.; Jacobs-Wagner, Christine; Palm, Noah W. (2020-11-11). Coburn, Jenifer (ed.).
307:
PGRP domain has three peripheral α-helices and several central ÎČ-strands that form a peptidoglycan-binding groove on the front face of the molecule, whereas the back of the molecule has a PGRP-specific segment, which is often hydrophobic, diverse among various PGRPs, and not present in bacteriophage
169:
and coworkers discovered and cloned three human PGRPs, named PGRP-L, PGRP-Iα, and PGRP-IÎČ (for long and intermediate size transcripts). They established that human genome codes for a family of 4 PGRPs: PGRP-S (short PGRP) and PGRP-L, PGRP-Iα, and PGRP-IÎČ. Subsequently, the Human Genome
Organization
419:-DAP-containing peptidoglycan and activate IMD (immunodeficiency) signal transduction pathway that induces production of antimicrobial peptides active primarily against Gram-negative bacteria. This activation of IMD pathway also induces production of dual oxidase, which generates antimicrobial
186:, respectively, and this nomenclature is currently also used for other mammalian PGRPs. Sergei Kiselev and coworkers also independently cloned mouse PGLYRP2 (TagL). Thereafter, PGRPs have been identified throughout the animal kingdom, although lower metazoa (e.g., the nematode
9843:
Soomro, Sanam; Venkateswaran, Suresh; Vanarsa, Kamala; Kharboutli, Marwa; Nidhi, Malavika; Susarla, Ramya; Zhang, Ting; Sasidharan, Prashanth; Lee, Kyung Hyun; Rosh, Joel; Markowitz, James; Pedroza, Claudia; Denson, Lee A.; Hyams, Jeffrey; Kugathasan, Subra (2021-06-28).
8023:
Sharapova, Tatiana N.; Romanova, Elena A.; Chernov, Aleksandr S.; Minakov, Alexey N.; Kazakov, Vitaly A.; Kudriaeva, Anna A.; Belogurov, Alexey A.; Ivanova, Olga K.; Gabibov, Alexander G.; Telegin, Georgii B.; Yashin, Denis V.; Sashchenko, Lidia P. (2021-10-18).
124:), and named it Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein, because it specifically bound peptidoglycan and activated the prophenoloxidase cascade. In 1998 HĂ„kan Steiner and coworkers, using a differential display screen, identified and cloned a PGRP ortholog in a moth (
684:
Mouse PGLYRP1, PGLYRP2, PGLYRP3, and PGLYRP4 are also differentially expressed in the developing brain and this expression is influenced by the intestinal microbiome. Expression of PGLYRP1 is also induced in rat brain by sleep deprivation and in mouse brain by
7853:
Yashin, Denis V.; Ivanova, Olga K.; Soshnikova, Natalia V.; Sheludchenkov, Anton A.; Romanova, Elena A.; Dukhanina, Elena A.; Tonevitsky, Alexander G.; Gnuchev, Nikolai V.; Gabibov, Alexander G.; Georgiev, Georgii P.; Sashchenko, Lidia P. (2015-08-28).
7790:
Yashin, Denis V.; Dukhanina, Elena A.; Kabanova, Olga D.; Romanova, Elena A.; Lukyanova, Tamara I.; Tonevitskii, Alexsander G.; Raynes, Deborah A.; Gnuchev, Nikolai V.; Guerriero, Vince; Georgiev, Georgii P.; Sashchenko, Lidia P. (2011-03-25).
976:
and PGLYRP1-Hsp70 complexes and cytokine production in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. They also decrease inflammatory responses in a mouse model of acute lung injury and in the complete Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis in mice.
7666:
Sashchenko, Lidia P.; Dukhanina, Elena A.; Shatalov, Yury V.; Yashin, Denis V.; Lukyanova, Tamara I.; Kabanova, Olga D.; Romanova, Elena A.; Khaidukov, Sergei V.; Galkin, Alexander V.; Gnuchev, Nikolai V.; Georgiev, Georgii P. (2007-09-15).
7608:
Sashchenko, Lidia P.; Dukhanina, Elena A.; Yashin, Denis V.; Shatalov, Yurii V.; Romanova, Elena A.; Korobko, Elena V.; Demin, Alexander V.; Lukyanova, Tamara I.; Kabanova, Olga D.; Khaidukov, Sergei V.; Kiselev, Sergei L. (2004-01-16).
10386:
Achkar, Jacqueline M.; Cortes, Laetitia; Croteau, Pascal; Yanofsky, Corey; Mentinova, Marija; Rajotte, Isabelle; Schirm, Michael; Zhou, Yiyong; Junqueira-Kipnis, Ana Paula; Kasprowicz, Victoria O.; Larsen, Michelle (September 2015).
8820:
Klimczak-Tomaniak, Dominika; Bouwens, Elke; Schuurman, Anne-Sophie; Akkerhuis, K. Martijn; Constantinescu, Alina; Brugts, Jasper; Westenbrink, B. Daan; van
Ramshorst, Jan; Germans, Tjeerd; PÄ
czek, Leszek; Umans, Victor (June 2020).
9105:
Molyneaux, Philip L.; Willis-Owen, Saffron A. G.; Cox, Michael J.; James, Phillip; Cowman, Steven; Loebinger, Michael; Blanchard, Andrew; Edwards, Lindsay M.; Stock, Carmel; Daccord, CĂ©cile; Renzoni, Elisabetta A. (15 June 2017).
4387:"RNAi suppression of zebrafish peptidoglycan recognition protein 6 (zfPGRP6) mediated differentially expressed genes involved in Toll-like receptor signaling pathway and caused increased susceptibility to Flavobacterium columnare"
554:
and in eggs (e.g., zebrafish PGLYRP2 and PGLYRP5). These PGRPs have both peptidoglycan-hydrolyzing amidase activity and are directly bactericidal to both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and protect eggs and developing
327:
PGRP-LF, which has two PGRP domains. Mammalian PGRPs are secreted proteins that typically form dimers and contain either one PGRP domain (e.g., human PGLYRP1 and PGLYRP2) or two PGRP domains (e.g., human PGLYRP3 and PGLYRP4).
1143:
and correlate with disease activity index, renal damage, and abnormal lipid profile. Autoantibodies to PGLYRP2 are significantly increased in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Decreased expression of PGLYRP2 is found in
8386:
Gorecki, Anastazja M.; Bakeberg, Megan C.; Theunissen, Frances; Kenna, Jade E.; Hoes, Madison E.; Pfaff, Abigail L.; Akkari, P. Anthony; Dunlop, Sarah A.; KÔks, Sulev; Mastaglia, Frank L.; Anderton, Ryan S. (2020-11-17).
1962:"The differentially spliced mouse tagL gene, homolog of tag7/PGRP gene family in mammals and Drosophila, can recognize Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial cell wall independently of T phage lysozyme homology domain"
863:
and the effect of PGLYRP2 and PGLYRP3 on the intestinal microbiome is responsible for this protection. PGLYRP3 is anti-inflammatory in intestinal epithelial cells. PGLYRP4 has anti-inflammatory effect in a mouse model of
2065:
Christophides, George K.; Zdobnov, Evgeny; Barillas-Mury, Carolina; Birney, Ewan; Blandin, Stephanie; Blass, Claudia; Brey, Paul T.; Collins, Frank H.; Danielli, Alberto; Dimopoulos, George; Hetru, Charles (2002-10-04).
8880:"Association of peptidoglycan recognition protein 1 to postâmyocardial infarction and periodontal inflammation: A subgroup report from the PAROKRANK (Periodontal Disease and the Relation to Myocardial Infarction) study"
7722:
Dukhanina, Elena A.; Kabanova, Olga D.; Lukyanova, Tamara I.; Shatalov, Yury V.; Yashin, Denis V.; Romanova, Elena A.; Gnuchev, Nikolai V.; Galkin, Alexander V.; Georgiev, Georgii P.; Sashchenko, Lidia P. (2009-08-18).
7550:
Read, Christine B.; Kuijper, Joseph L.; Hjorth, Siv A.; Heipel, Mark D.; Tang, Xiaoting; Fleetwood, Andrew J.; Dantzler, Jeffrey L.; Grell, Susanne N.; Kastrup, Jesper; Wang, Camilla; Brandt, Cameron S. (2015-02-15).
10210:
Turturice, Benjamin A; Theorell, Juliana; Koenig, Mary Dawn; Tussing-Humphreys, Lisa; Gold, Diane R; Litonjua, Augusto A; Oken, Emily; Rifas-Shiman, Sheryl L; Perkins, David L; Finn, Patricia W (2021-02-10).
6742:
Dabrowski, Alexander N.; Conrad, Claudia; Behrendt, Ulrike; Shrivastav, Anshu; Baal, Nelli; Wienhold, Sandra M.; Hackstein, Holger; N'Guessan, Philippe D.; Aly, Sahar; Reppe, Katrin; Suttorp, Norbert (2019).
10027:
Arenius, Ilona; Ruokonen, Hellevi; Ortiz, Fernanda; Furuholm, Jussi; VĂ€limaa, Hannamari; Bostanci, Nagihan; Eskola, Maija; Maria
Heikkinen, Anna; Meurman, Jukka H.; Sorsa, Timo; Nylund, Karita (July 2020).
8328:
Goldman, Samuel M.; Kamel, Freya; Ross, G. Webster; Jewell, Sarah A.; Marras, Connie; Hoppin, Jane A.; Umbach, David M.; Bhudhikanok, Grace S.; Meng, Cheryl; Korell, Monica; Comyns, Kathleen (August 2014).
6807:
Dabrowski, Alexander N.; Shrivastav, Anshu; Conrad, Claudia; Komma, Kassandra; Weigel, Markus; Dietert, Kristina; Gruber, Achim D.; Bertrams, Wilhelm; Wilhelm, Jochen; Schmeck, Bernd; Reppe, Katrin (2019).
858:
Mouse PGRPs also play a role in maintaining anti- and pro-inflammatory homeostasis in the intestine, skin, lungs, joints, and brain. All four PGLYRPs protect mice from dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced
703:. Mouse and bovine PGLYRP1 also have antibacterial activity, and bovine PGLYRP1 has also antifungal activity. These human PGRPs kill bacteria by simultaneously inducing three synergistic stress responses:
10150:
Grande, Giuseppe; Vincenzoni, Federica; Milardi, Domenico; Pompa, Giuseppina; Ricciardi, Domenico; Fruscella, Erika; Mancini, Francesca; Pontecorvi, Alfredo; Castagnola, Massimo; Marana, Riccardo (2017).
399:
that activates cell-surface Toll-1 receptor. Toll-1 in turn triggers a signal transduction cascade that results in production of antimicrobial peptides primarily active against Gram-positive bacteria and
7960:
Romanova, Elena A.; Sharapova, Tatiana N.; Telegin, Georgii B.; Minakov, Alexei N.; Chernov, Alexander S.; Ivanova, Olga K.; Bychkov, Maxim L.; Sashchenko, Lidia P.; Yashin, Denis V. (20 February 2020).
487:. These PGRPs are confirmed or predicted amidases and some have antibacterial activity. They likely defend the hosts against infections or regulate colonization by certain commensal bacteria, such as
972:. By contrast, free PGLYRP1 acts as a TNFR1 antagonist by binding to TNFR1 and inhibiting its activation by PGLYRP1-Hsp70 complexes. Peptides from human PGLYRP1 also inhibit the cytotoxic effects of
8212:
Nkya, Siana; Mwita, Liberata; Mgaya, Josephine; Kumburu, Happiness; van
Zwetselaar, Marco; Menzel, Stephan; Mazandu, Gaston Kuzamunu; Sangeda, Raphael; Chimusa, Emile; Makani, Julie (5 June 2020).
8548:
Kainu, Kati; Kivinen, Katja; Zucchelli, Marco; Suomela, Sari; Kere, Juha; Inerot, Annica; Baker, Barbara S.; Powles, Anne V.; Fry, Lionel; Samuelsson, Lena; Saarialho-Kere, Ulpu (February 2009).
5310:"Chemically synthesized pathogen-associated molecular patterns increase the expression of peptidoglycan recognition proteins via toll-like receptors, NOD1 and NOD2 in human oral epithelial cells"
3025:"Overexpression of a pattern-recognition receptor, peptidoglycan-recognition protein-LE, activates imd/relish-mediated antibacterial defense and the prophenoloxidase cascade in Drosophila larvae"
7485:
Schnell, Alexandra; Huang, Linglin; Regan, Brianna M. L.; Singh, Vasundhara; Vonficht, Dominik; Bollhagen, Alina; Wang, Mona; Hou, Yu; Bod, Lloyd; Sobel, Raymond A.; Chihara, Norio; Madi, Asaf;
3276:
Zaidman-Rémy, Anna; Hervé, Mireille; Poidevin, Mickael; Pili-Floury, Sébastien; Kim, Min-Sung; Blanot, Didier; Oh, Byung-Ha; Ueda, Ryu; Mengin-Lecreulx, Dominique; Lemaitre, Bruno (April 2006).
8026:"Protein PGLYRP1/Tag7 Peptides Decrease the Proinflammatory Response in Human Blood Cells and Mouse Model of Diffuse Alveolar Damage of Lung through Blockage of the TREM-1 and TNFR1 Receptors"
7245:"Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein 4 Suppresses Early Inflammatory Responses to Bordetella pertussis and Contributes to Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptor Agonist-Mediated Disease Attenuation"
10501:
Zhou, Yong; Qin, Shizhen; Sun, Mingjuan; Tang, Li; Yan, Xiaowei; Kim, Taek-Kyun; Caballero, Juan; Glusman, Gustavo; Brunkow, Mary E.; Soloski, Mark J.; Rebman, Alison W. (3 January 2020).
5014:
Yao, Xianglan; Gao, Meixia; Dai, Cuilian; Meyer, Katharine S.; Chen, Jichun; Keeran, Karen J.; Nugent, Gayle Z.; Qu, Xuan; Yu, Zu-Xi; Dagur, Pradeep K.; McCoy, J. Philip (December 2013).
7669:"Cytotoxic T lymphocytes carrying a pattern recognition protein Tag7 can detect evasive, HLA-negative but Hsp70-exposing tumor cells, thereby ensuring FasL/Fas-mediated contact killing"
4725:
Lo, David; Tynan, Wendy; Dickerson, Janet; Mendy, Jason; Chang, Hwai-Wen; Scharf, Melinda; Byrne, Daragh; Brayden, David; Higgins, Lisa; Evans, Claire; O'Mahony, Daniel J. (July 2003).
940:) in solution and PGLYRP1-Hsp70 complexes are also secreted by cytotoxic lymphocytes, and these complexes are cytotoxic for tumor cells. This cytotoxicity is antagonized by metastasin (
3949:
Troll, Joshua V.; Adin, Dawn M.; Wier, Andrew M.; Paquette, Nicholas; Silverman, Neal; Goldman, William E.; Stadermann, Frank J.; Stabb, Eric V.; McFall-Ngai, Margaret J. (July 2009).
9218:
Nylund, Karita M.; Ruokonen, Hellevi; Sorsa, Timo; Heikkinen, Anna Maria; Meurman, Jukka H.; Ortiz, Fernanda; Tervahartiala, Taina; Furuholm, Jussi; Bostanci, Nagihan (January 2018).
8083:
Telegin, Georgii B.; Chernov, Aleksandr S.; Kazakov, Vitaly A.; Romanova, Elena A.; Sharapova, Tatiana N.; Yashin, Denis V.; Gabibov, Alexander G.; Sashchenko, Lidia P. (2021-06-07).
2852:
Kaneko, Takashi; Goldman, William E.; Mellroth, Peter; Steiner, HĂ„kan; Fukase, Koichi; Kusumoto, Shoichi; Harley, William; Fox, Alvin; Golenbock, Douglas; Silverman, Neal (May 2004).
2324:
Zhang, Yinong; van der Fits, Leslie; Voerman, Jane S.; Melief, Marie-Jose; Laman, Jon D.; Wang, Mu; Wang, Haitao; Wang, Minhui; Li, Xinna; Walls, Chad D.; Gupta, Dipika (2005-08-31).
5547:"Murine peptidoglycan recognition proteins PglyrpIalpha and PglyrpIbeta are encoded in the epidermal differentiation complex and are expressed in epidermal and hematopoietic tissues"
9909:
Glickman, Jacob W.; Dubin, Celina; Renert-Yuval, Yael; Dahabreh, Dante; Kimmel, Grace W.; Auyeung, Kelsey; Estrada, Yeriel D.; Singer, Giselle; Krueger, James G.; Pavel, Ana B.;
9552:
Teixeira, Mayla K. S.; Lira-Junior, Ronaldo; Lourenço, Eduardo José Veras; Telles, Daniel Moraes; Boström, Elisabeth A.; Figueredo, Carlos
Marcelo; Bostanci, Nagihan (May 2020).
3594:"Characterization of immune genes from the schistosome host snail Biomphalaria glabrata that encode peptidoglycan recognition proteins and gram-negative bacteria binding protein"
2453:
Lim, Jae-Hong; Kim, Min-Sung; Kim, Han-Eol; Yano, Tamaki; Oshima, Yoshiteru; Aggarwal, Kamna; Goldman, William E.; Silverman, Neal; Kurata, Shoichiro; Oh, Byung-Ha (2006-03-24).
795:
infection, as mice lacking PGLYRP1 have increased spirochete burden in the heart and joints, but not in the skin, indicating the role for PGLYRP1 in controlling dissemination of
8271:
Ng, David; Hu, Nan; Hu, Ying; Wang, Chaoyu; Giffen, Carol; Tang, Ze-Zhong; Han, Xiao-You; Yang, Howard H.; Lee, Maxwell P.; Goldstein, Alisa M.; Taylor, Philip R. (2008-10-01).
4678:"Defect in neutrophil killing and increased susceptibility to infection with nonpathogenic gram-positive bacteria in peptidoglycan recognition protein-S (PGRP-S)-deficient mice"
3090:
Park, Ji-Won; Kim, Chan-Hee; Kim, Jung-Hyun; Je, Byung-Rok; Roh, Kyung-Baeg; Kim, Su-Jin; Lee, Hyeon-Hwa; Ryu, Ji-Hwan; Lim, Jae-Hong; Oh, Byung-Ha; Lee, Won-Jae (2007-04-17).
8495:"Peptidoglycan recognition proteins Pglyrp3 and Pglyrp4 are encoded from the epidermal differentiation complex and are candidate genes for the Psors4 locus on chromosome 1q21"
8721:
Rohatgi, Anand; Ayers, Colby R.; Khera, Amit; McGuire, Darren K.; Das, Sandeep R.; Matulevicius, Susan; Timaran, Carlos H.; Rosero, Eric B.; de Lemos, James A. (April 2009).
6082:"Bactericidal peptidoglycan recognition protein induces oxidative stress in Escherichia coli through a block in respiratory chain and increase in central carbon catabolism"
9220:"Association of the salivary triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells/its ligand peptidoglycan recognition protein 1 axis with oral inflammation in kidney disease"
9432:
Yucel, Zeynep Pinar Keles; Silbereisen, Angelika; Emingil, Gulnur; Tokgoz, Yavuz; Kose, Timur; Sorsa, Timo; Tsilingaridis, Georgios; Bostanci, Nagihan (October 2020).
6875:"Pglyrp-Regulated Gut Microflora Prevotella falsenii, Parabacteroides distasonis and Bacteroides eggerthii Enhance and Alistipes finegoldii Attenuates Colitis in Mice"
387:
PGRPs are the main sensors of bacteria in insects and the main components of their antimicrobial defenses. PGRPs activate signaling cascades that induce production of
4956:"Peptidoglycan recognition protein 1 enhances experimental asthma by promoting Th2 and Th17 and limiting regulatory T cell and plasmacytoid dendritic cell responses"
4063:
Huang, Shengfeng; Wang, Xin; Yan, Qingyu; Guo, Lei; Yuan, Shaochun; Huang, Guangrui; Huang, Huiqing; Li, Jun; Dong, Meiling; Chen, Shangwu; Xu, Anlong (2011-02-15).
6208:"Formate dehydrogenase, ubiquinone, and cytochrome bd-I are required for peptidoglycan recognition protein-induced oxidative stress and killing in Escherichia coli"
4611:"Isolation, characterization, and antimicrobial properties of bovine oligosaccharide-binding protein. A microbicidal granule protein of eosinophils and neutrophils"
925:
Some mammalian PGRPs can also function as host receptor agonists or antagonists. Human PGLYRP1 complexed with peptidoglycan or multimerized binds to and stimulates
455:
PGRP-LF) do not bind peptidoglycan and lack intracellular signaling domain â they complex with PGRP-LC and function to down-regulate activation of the IMD pathway.
2797:
Leulier, François; Parquet, Claudine; Pili-Floury, Sebastien; Ryu, Ji-Hwan; Caroff, Martine; Lee, Won-Jae; Mengin-Lecreulx, Dominique; Lemaitre, Bruno (May 2003).
9915:"Cross-sectional study of blood biomarkers of patients with moderate to severe alopecia areata reveals systemic immune and cardiovascular biomarker dysregulation"
8664:"Next-generation sequencing-based genomic profiling analysis reveals novel mutations for clinical diagnosis in Chinese primary epithelial ovarian cancer patients"
1664:
Kiselev, Sergei L.; Kustikova, Olga S.; Korobko, Elena V.; Prokhortchouk, Egor B.; Kabishev, Andrei A.; Lukanidin, Evgenii M.; Georgiev, Georgii P. (1998-07-17).
8938:
Han, Yanxin; Hua, Sha; Chen, Yanjia; Yang, Wenbo; Zhao, Weilin; Huang, Fanyi; Qiu, Zeping; Yang, Chendie; Jiang, Jie; Su, Xiuxiu; Yang, Ke; Jin, Wei (May 2021).
2679:
Gobert, Vanessa; Gottar, Marie; Matskevich, Alexey A.; Rutschmann, Sophie; Royet, Julien; Belvin, Marcia; Hoffmann, Jules A.; Ferrandon, Dominique (2003-12-19).
2512:"Selective recognition of synthetic lysine and meso-diaminopimelic acid-type peptidoglycan fragments by human peptidoglycan recognition proteins I{alpha} and S"
10329:
Huang, Fei; Liu, Xu; Cheng, Yongjing; Sun, Xiaolin; Li, Yingni; Zhao, Jing; Cao, Di; Wu, Qin; Pan, Xiaoli; Deng, Haiteng; Tian, Mei; Li, Zhanguo (2021-08-31).
6458:"Respiratory chain components are required for peptidoglycan recognition protein-induced thiol depletion and killing in Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli"
9499:"The effect of smoking on gingival crevicular fluid peptidoglycan recognition protein-1 level following initial periodontal therapy in chronic periodontitis"
6674:"Functions of Peptidoglycan Recognition Proteins (Pglyrps) at the Ocular Surface: Bacterial Keratitis in Gene-Targeted Mice Deficient in Pglyrp-2, -3 and -4"
5832:"Human peptidoglycan recognition proteins require zinc to kill both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and are synergistic with antibacterial peptides"
3837:
Goodson, Michael S.; Kojadinovic, Mila; Troll, Joshua V.; Scheetz, Todd E.; Casavant, Thomas L.; Soares, M. Bento; McFall-Ngai, Margaret J. (November 2005).
7308:"Peptidoglycan recognition protein Pglyrp2 protects mice from psoriasis-like skin inflammation by promoting regulatory T cells and limiting Th17 responses"
6672:
Gowda, Ranjita N.; Redfern, Rachel; Frikeche, Jihane; Pinglay, Sudarshan; Foster, James
William; Lema, Carolina; Cope, Leslie; Chakravarti, Shukti (2015).
1172:
A silkworm larvae plasma (SLP) test to detect peptidoglycan, based on activation of the prophenoloxidase cascade by PGRP in the hemolymph of the silkworm,
10446:"Serum sCD14, PGLYRP2 and FGA as potential biomarkers for multidrugâresistant tuberculosis based on dataâindependent acquisition and targeted proteomics"
4547:; Li, Xinna; Cocklin, Ross R.; Wang, Minhui; Wang, Mu; Fukase, Koichi; Inamura, Seiichi; Kusumoto, Shoichi; Gupta, Dipika; Dziarski, Roman (2003-12-05).
10444:
Chen, Jing; Han, YuâShuai; Yi, WenâJing; Huang, Huai; Li, ZhiâBin; Shi, LiâYing; Wei, LiâLiang; Yu, Yi; Jiang, TingâTing; Li, JiâCheng (November 2020).
6015:; Rompca, Annemarie; Gaballa, Ahmed; Helmann, John D.; Chan, Jefferson; Chang, Christopher J.; Hozo, Iztok; Gupta, Dipika; Dziarski, Roman (July 2014).
10615:
Das, Apabrita Ayan; Choudhury, Kamalika Roy; Jagadeeshaprasad, M. G.; Kulkarni, Mahesh J.; Mondal, Prakash
Chandra; Bandyopadhyay, Arun (2020-06-30).
5602:"Peptidoglycan recognition proteins protect mice from experimental colitis by promoting normal gut flora and preventing induction of interferon-gamma"
434:
PGRP-S) activate the prophenoloxidase cascade, which results in the formation of melanin, reactive oxygen species, and other antimicrobial compounds.
4006:
Troll, Joshua V.; Bent, Eric H.; Pacquette, Nicholas; Wier, Andrew M.; Goldman, William E.; Silverman, Neal; McFall-Ngai, Margaret J. (August 2010).
3951:"Peptidoglycan induces loss of a nuclear peptidoglycan recognition protein during host tissue development in a beneficial animal-bacterial symbiosis"
8493:
Sun, Chao; Mathur, Punam; Dupuis, Josée; Tizard, Rich; Ticho, Barry; Crowell, Tom; Gardner, Humphrey; Bowcock, Anne M.; Carulli, John (March 2006).
5430:"Role of mouse peptidoglycan recognition protein PGLYRP2 in the innate immune response to Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection in vivo"
9377:
Raivisto, T.; Heikkinen, A. M.; Silbereisen, A.; Kovanen, L.; Ruokonen, H.; Tervahartiala, T.; Haukka, J.; Sorsa, T.; Bostanci, N. (October 2020).
8723:"The association between peptidoglycan recognition protein-1 and coronary and peripheral atherosclerosis: Observations from the Dallas Heart Study"
4128:; Wang, Shiyong; Qi, Jin; Echtenkamp, Stephen F.; Chatterjee, Rohini; Wang, Mu; Boons, Geert-Jan; Dziarski, Roman; Gupta, Dipika (September 2007).
9273:
Luo, Qing; Li, Xue; Zhang, Lu; Yao, Fangyi; Deng, Zhen; Qing, Cheng; Su, Rigu; Xu, Jianqing; Guo, Yang; Huang, Zikun; Li, Junming (January 2019).
9609:
Inanc, Nevsun; Mumcu, Gonca; Can, Meryem; Yay, Meral; Silbereisen, Angelika; Manoil, Daniel; Direskeneli, Haner; Bostanci, Nagihan (2021-02-03).
6341:"Mammalian peptidoglycan recognition protein binds peptidoglycan with high affinity, is expressed in neutrophils, and inhibits bacterial growth"
8085:"A 8-mer Peptide of PGLYRP1/Tag7 Innate Immunity Protein Binds to TNFR1 Receptor and Inhibits TNFα-Induced Cytotoxic Effect and Inflammation"
5545:
Mathur, Punam; Murray, Beth; Crowell, Thomas; Gardner, Humphrey; Allaire, Normand; Hsu, Yen-Ming; Thill, Greg; Carulli, John P. (June 2004).
5250:"Peptidoglycan recognition protein 2 (N-acetylmuramoyl-L-Ala amidase) is induced in keratinocytes by bacteria through the p38 kinase pathway"
707:, thiol stress, and metal stress. Bacterial killing by these PGRPs does not involve cell membrane permeabilization, cell wall hydrolysis, or
8770:"Association Between Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein-1 and Incident Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Events: The Dallas Heart Study"
3745:"Molecular cloning and mRNA expression of peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP) gene in bay scallop (Argopecten irradians, Lamarck 1819)"
94:, PGRPs either kill bacteria directly by interacting with their cell wall or outer membrane, or hydrolyze peptidoglycan. They also modulate
6614:"Mouse peptidoglycan recognition protein PGLYRP-1 plays a role in the host innate immune response against Listeria monocytogenes infection"
5368:
Duerr, C. U.; Salzman, N. H.; Dupont, A.; Szabo, A.; Normark, B. H.; Normark, S.; Locksley, R. M.; Mellroth, P.; Hornef, M. W. (May 2011).
4826:
Cho, Ju Hyun; Fraser, Iain P.; Fukase, Koichi; Kusumoto, Shoichi; Fujimoto, Yukari; Stahl, Gregory L.; Ezekowitz, R. Alan B. (2005-10-01).
2455:"Structural basis for preferential recognition of diaminopimelic acid-type peptidoglycan by a subset of peptidoglycan recognition proteins"
1136:. Umbilical cord blood serum concentration of PGLYRP1 is inversely associated with pediatric asthma and pulmonary function in adolescence.
7178:"Differential effects of peptidoglycan recognition proteins on experimental atopic and contact dermatitis mediated by Treg and Th17 cells"
5308:
Uehara, A.; Sugawara, Y.; Kurata, S.; Fujimoto, Y.; Fukase, K.; Kusumoto, S.; Satta, Y.; Sasano, T.; Sugawara, S.; Takada, H. (May 2005).
1271:; Gupta, Dipika; Dziarski, Roman (11 November 2011). "Peptidoglycan recognition proteins: modulators of the microbiome and inflammation".
10898:
10558:
Yang, Zongyi; Feng, Jia; Xiao, Li; Chen, Xi; Yao, Yuanfei; Li, Yiqun; Tang, Yu; Zhang, Shuai; Lu, Min; Qian, Yu; Wu, Hongjin (May 2020).
8550:"Association of psoriasis to PGLYRP and SPRR genes at PSORS4 locus on 1q shows heterogeneity between Finnish, Swedish and Irish families"
6557:"Mammalian peptidoglycan recognition proteins kill bacteria by activating two-component systems and modulate microbiome and inflammation"
5490:"Gene silencing and overexpression of porcine peptidoglycan recognition protein long isoforms: involvement in beta-defensin-1 expression"
3490:"The Drosophila peptidoglycan-recognition protein LF interacts with peptidoglycan-recognition protein LC to downregulate the Imd pathway"
3488:
Basbous, Nada; Coste, Franck; Leone, Philippe; Vincentelli, Renaud; Royet, Julien; Kellenberger, Christine; Roussel, Alain (April 2011).
10617:"Proteomic analysis detects deregulated reverse cholesterol transport in human subjects with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction"
9788:
Ortiz, Fernanda; Nylund, Karita M.; Ruokonen, Hellevi; Meurman, Jukka H.; Furuholm, Jussi; Bostanci, Nagihan; Sorsa, Timo (2020-08-04).
9674:
Silbereisen, Angelika; LiraâJunior, Ronaldo; Ă
kerman, Sigvard; Klinge, Björn; Boström, Elisabeth A.; Bostanci, Nagihan (November 2023).
7668:
5952:
Bobrovsky, Pavel; Manuvera, Valentin; Polina, Nadezhda; Podgorny, Oleg; Prusakov, Kirill; Govorun, Vadim; Lazarev, Vassili (July 2016).
3547:"Cellular clot formation in a sipunculan worm: entrapment of foreign particles, cell death and identification of a PGRP-related protein"
3023:
Takehana, Aya; Katsuyama, Tomonori; Yano, Tamaki; Oshima, Yoshiteru; Takada, Haruhiko; Aigaki, Toshiro; Kurata, Shoichiro (2002-10-15).
4727:"Peptidoglycan recognition protein expression in mouse Peyer's Patch follicle associated epithelium suggests functional specialization"
642:) cells, and inflammatory macrophages. Some mammals, e.g. pigs, express multiple splice forms of PGLYRP2 with differential expression.
1005:
genes than healthy controls. These results suggest that PGRPs protect humans from these inflammatory diseases, and that mutations in
907:
2968:
Ha, Eun-Mi; Lee, Kyung-Ah; Seo, You Yeong; Kim, Sung-Hee; Lim, Jae-Hong; Oh, Byung-Ha; Kim, Jaesang; Lee, Won-Jae (September 2009).
7725:"Opposite roles of metastasin (S100A4) in two potentially tumoricidal mechanisms involving human lymphocyte protein Tag7 and Hsp70"
550:, intestine, pancreas, spleen, and skin, and bacteria can increase their expression. PGRPs are also highly expressed in developing
2210:"Crystal structure of human peptidoglycan recognition protein I alpha bound to a muramyl pentapeptide from Gram-positive bacteria"
2208:
Guan, Rongjin; Brown, Patrick H.; Swaminathan, Chittoor P.; Roychowdhury, Abhijit; Boons, Geert-Jan; Mariuzza, Roy A. (May 2006).
8214:"Identifying genetic variants and pathways associated with extreme levels of fetal hemoglobin in sickle cell disease in Tanzania"
4187:"Short and long peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) in zebrafish, with findings of multiple PGRP homologs in teleost fish"
3902:
Coteur, Geoffroy; Mellroth, Peter; De
Lefortery, Coline; Gillan, David; Dubois, Philippe; Communi, David; Steiner, HĂ„kan (2007).
697:
Human PGLYRP1, PGLYRP3, and PGLYRP4 are directly bactericidal for both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and a spirochete
618:) is constitutively expressed in the liver, from where it is secreted into the blood. Liver PGLYRP2 and earlier identified serum
162:. By homology searches of available sequences, they also predicted the presence of a long form of human and mouse PGRP (PGRP-L).
10560:"Tumor-Derived Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein 2 Predicts Survival and Antitumor Immune Responses in Hepatocellular Carcinoma"
8823:"Temporal patterns of macrophage- and neutrophil-related markers are associated with clinical outcome in heart failure patients"
4340:"Molecular cloning and functional characterization of peptidoglycan recognition protein 6 in grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella"
2510:
Kumar, Sanjay; Roychowdhury, Abhijit; Ember, Brian; Wang, Qian; Guan, Rongjin; Mariuzza, Roy A.; Boons, Geert-Jan (2005-11-04).
891:-induced intestinal inflammation. But PGLYRP2 has also pro-inflammatory effects, as it promotes the development of experimental
296:
PGRPs contain at least one C-terminal peptidoglycan recognition domain (PGRP domain), which is about 165 amino acids long. This
9790:"Salivary Biomarkers of Oral Inflammation Are Associated With Cardiovascular Events and Death Among Kidney Transplant Patients"
7425:"Sex-dependent alterations in motor and anxiety-like behavior of aged bacterial peptidoglycan sensing molecule 2 knockout mice"
5133:"Differential expression of peptidoglycan recognition protein 2 in the skin and liver requires different transcription factors"
2970:"Coordination of multiple dual oxidase-regulatory pathways in responses to commensal and infectious microbes in drosophila gut"
6745:"Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein 2 Regulates Neutrophil Recruitment Into the Lungs After Streptococcus pneumoniae Infection"
7366:; Qi, Jin; Wang, Shiyong; Wang, Minhui; Li, Xinna; Kim, Yun-Gi; NĂșñez, Gabriel; Gupta, Dipika; Dziarski, Roman (2009-02-19).
1440:
7611:"Peptidoglycan recognition protein tag7 forms a cytotoxic complex with heat shock protein 70 in solution and in lymphocytes"
6810:"Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein 4 Limits Bacterial Clearance and Inflammation in Lungs by Control of the Gut Microbiota"
4130:"Zebrafish peptidoglycan recognition proteins are bactericidal amidases essential for defense against bacterial infections"
3839:"Identifying components of the NF-kappaB pathway in the beneficial Euprymna scolopes-Vibrio fischeri light organ symbiosis"
9322:
Silbereisen, A.; Hallak, A. K.; Nascimento, G. G.; Sorsa, T.; Belibasakis, G. N.; Lopez, R.; Bostanci, N. (October 2019).
244:
gene on chromosome 19 and schematic gene, cDNA, and protein structures with exons, introns, and protein domains indicated.
232:
gene on chromosome 19 and schematic gene, cDNA, and protein structures with exons, introns, and protein domains indicated.
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
650:
646:
615:
577:
285:
281:
277:
273:
268:
gene on chromosome 1 and schematic gene, cDNA, and protein structures with exons, introns, and protein domains indicated.
256:
gene on chromosome 1 and schematic gene, cDNA, and protein structures with exons, introns, and protein domains indicated.
8389:"Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Associated With Gut Homeostasis Influence Risk and Age-at-Onset of Parkinson's Disease"
5660:
Arentsen, T.; Qian, Y.; Gkotzis, S.; Femenia, T.; Wang, T.; Udekwu, K.; Forssberg, H.; Diaz Heijtz, R. (February 2017).
3374:"PGRP-LB is a maternally transmitted immune milk protein that influences symbiosis and parasitism in tsetse's offspring"
7068:"Peptidoglycan recognition protein 3 and Nod2 synergistically protect mice from dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis"
6456:; Kashyap, Des R.; Kowalczyk, Dominik A.; Rudner, David Z.; Wang, Xindan; Gupta, Dipika; Dziarski, Roman (2021-01-08).
4293:"Functional characterization of a short peptidoglycan recognition protein, PGRP5 in grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella"
3792:"Peptidoglycan recognition protein of Chlamys farreri (CfPGRP-S1) mediates immune defenses against bacterial infection"
2742:
Bischoff, Vincent; Vignal, CĂ©cile; Boneca, Ivo G.; Michel, Tatiana; Hoffmann, Jules A.; Royet, Julien (November 2004).
442:
297:
8603:
Igartua, Catherine; Davenport, Emily R.; Gilad, Yoav; Nicolae, Dan L.; Pinto, Jayant; Ober, Carole (1 February 2017).
5190:"Purification and characterization of N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanine amidase from human plasma using monoclonal antibodies"
3217:
Bischoff, Vincent; Vignal, CĂ©cile; Duvic, Bernard; Boneca, Ivo G.; Hoffmann, Jules A.; Royet, Julien (February 2006).
729:
Unlike invertebrate and lower vertebrate PGRPs, mammalian PGRPs have only limited role in defense against infections.
6515:"Inflammatory properties of peptidoglycan are decreased after degradation by human N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanine amidase"
6398:"Bovine peptidoglycan recognition protein-S: antimicrobial activity, localization, secretion, and binding properties"
9733:"Identification of genes and pathways associated with subchondral bone in osteoarthritis via bioinformatic analysis"
7915:"The Tag7-Hsp70 cytotoxic complex induces tumor cell necroptosis via permeabilisation of lysosomes and mitochondria"
7123:
Zenhom, Marwa; Hyder, Ayman; de Vrese, Michael; Heller, Knut J.; Roeder, Thomas; Schrezenmeir, JĂŒrgen (April 2012).
2134:
Guan, Rongjin; Roychowdhury, Abhijit; Ember, Brian; Kumar, Sanjay; Boons, Geert-Jan; Mariuzza, Roy A. (2004-12-07).
110:
The first PGRP was discovered in 1996 by
Masaaki Ashida and coworkers, who purified a 19 kDa protein present in the
7963:"A 12-mer Peptide of Tag7 (PGLYRP1) Forms a Cytotoxic Complex with Hsp70 and Inhibits TNF-Alpha Induced Cell Death"
949:
6948:; Detzner, Ashley A.; Juarez-Rodriguez, Maria D.; Hozo, Iztok; Gupta, Dipika; Dziarski, Roman (15 December 2019).
6612:
Osanai, Arihiro; Sashinami, Hiroshi; Asano, Krisana; Li, Sheng-Jun; Hu, Dong-Liang; Nakane, Akio (February 2011).
918:
show signs of immune dysregulation, which results in Th1 cytokine response and impairment of antibody response to
395:) detect L-lysine-containing peptidoglycan and activate a proteolytic cascade that generates an endogenous ligand
9846:"Predicting disease course in ulcerative colitis using stool proteins identified through an aptamer-based screen"
3651:"Distribution of multiple peptidoglycan recognition proteins in the tissues of Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas"
3092:"Clustering of peptidoglycan recognition protein-SA is required for sensing lysine-type peptidoglycan in insects"
1960:
Kibardin, A. V.; Mirkina, I. I.; Baranova, E. V.; Zakeyeva, I. R.; Georgiev, G. P.; Kiselev, S. L. (2003-02-14).
341:
PGRPs bind peptidoglycan, the main component of bacterial cell wall. Peptidoglycan is a polymer of ÎČ(1-4)-linked
7856:"Tag7 (PGLYRP1) in Complex with Hsp70 Induces Alternative Cytotoxic Processes in Tumor Cells via TNFR1 Receptor"
4338:
Li, Jun Hua; Yu, Zhang Long; Xue, Na Na; Zou, Peng Fei; Hu, Jing Yu; Nie, P.; Chang, Ming Xian (February 2014).
3790:
Yang, Jialong; Wang, Wan; Wei, Xiumei; Qiu, Limei; Wang, Lingling; Zhang, Huan; Song, Linsheng (December 2010).
3698:"Involvement of Pacific oyster CgPGRP-S1S in bacterial recognition, agglutination and granulocyte degranulation"
2618:"Drosophila Toll is activated by Gram-positive bacteria through a circulating peptidoglycan recognition protein"
1866:"Peptidoglycan Recognition Proteins: A NOVEL FAMILY OF FOUR HUMAN INNATE IMMUNITY PATTERN RECOGNITION MOLECULES"
580:) has the highest level of expression of all mammalian PGRPs. PGLYRP1 is highly constitutively expressed in the
7793:"The heat shock-binding protein (HspBP1) protects cells against the cytotoxic action of the Tag7-Hsp70 complex"
5719:"The cloning of a rat peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP) and its induction in brain by sleep deprivation"
4442:"Zebrafish peptidoglycan recognition protein SC (zfPGRP-SC) mediates multiple intracellular signaling pathways"
2903:"Drosophila peptidoglycan recognition protein LC (PGRP-LC) acts as a signal-transducing innate immune receptor"
2854:"Monomeric and polymeric gram-negative peptidoglycan but not purified LPS stimulate the Drosophila IMD pathway"
8448:"Association of PGLYRP2 gene polymorphism and sporadic Parkinson's disease in northern Chinese Han population"
1921:
Kibardin, A. V.; Mirkina, I. I.; Korneeva, E. A.; Gnuchev, N. V.; Georgiev, G. P.; Kiselev, S. L. (May 2000).
6279:"A human secretome library screen reveals a role for Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein 1 in Lyme borreliosis"
1723:"A Pattern Recognition Protein for Peptidoglycan: CLONING THE cDNA AND THE GENE OF THE SILKWORM, BOMBYX MORI"
665:, and at a much lower level in the remaining parts of the intestinal tract. PGLYRP4 is also expressed in the
39:
8878:
Rathnayake, Nilminie; Gustafsson, Anders; Sorsa, Timo; Norhammar, Anna; Bostanci, Nagihan (September 2022).
7125:"Peptidoglycan recognition protein 3 (PglyRP3) has an anti-inflammatory role in intestinal epithelial cells"
2744:"Function of the drosophila pattern-recognition receptor PGRP-SD in the detection of Gram-positive bacteria"
10095:"Bioinformatics Analysis of Key Genes and Pathways Associated with Thrombosis in Essential Thrombocythemia"
9165:"Proteomic analysis of serum and sputum analytes distinguishes controlled and poorly controlled asthmatics"
1140:
673:-secreting glands in the throat. Bacteria and their products increase expression of PGLYRP3 and PGLYRP4 in
379:
bacteria and Gram-positive bacilli. Some PGRPs can also discriminate between MurNAc and its anhydro form.
8995:"Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein 1 Attenuates Atherosclerosis by Suppressing Endothelial Cell Adhesion"
5600:; Jing, Xuefang; Park, Shin Yong; Wang, Shiyong; Li, Xinna; Gupta, Dipika; Dziarski, Roman (2010-08-19).
5428:
Lee, Jooeun; Geddes, Kaoru; Streutker, Catherine; Philpott, Dana J.; Girardin, Stephen E. (August 2012).
3743:
Ni, Duojiao; Song, Linsheng; Wu, Longtao; Chang, Yaqing; Yu, Yundong; Qiu, Limei; Wang, Lingling (2007).
2326:"Identification of serum N-acetylmuramoyl-l-alanine amidase as liver peptidoglycan recognition protein 2"
881:-induced airway inflammation. PGLYRP2 is anti-inflammatory and protects mice from experimentally-induced
3441:"The Drosophila peptidoglycan recognition protein PGRP-LF blocks PGRP-LC and IMD/JNK pathway activation"
10331:"Antibody to peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGLYRP)-2 as a novel biomarker in rheumatoid arthritis"
8768:
Brownell, Nicholas K.; Khera, Amit; de Lemos, James A.; Ayers, Colby R.; Rohatgi, Anand (17 May 2016).
5767:; Schneider, Armin; KrĂŒger, Carola; Schmid, Roland; Dziarski, Roman; Schwaninger, Markus (2008-01-10).
2270:"Characterization of human serum N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanine amidase purified by affinity chromatography"
990:
631:
463:
PGRPs are present and constitutively expressed or induced by bacteria in most invertebrates, including
215:) has 13 PGRP genes, whose transcripts are alternatively spliced into 19 proteins, while the mosquito (
10817:
Wolf, Andrea J.; Underhill, David M. (2018). "Peptidoglycan recognition by the innate immune system".
9163:
Kasaian, M. T.; Lee, J.; Brennan, A.; Danto, S. I.; Black, K. E.; Fitz, L.; Dixon, A. E. (July 2018).
6206:; Kowalczyk, Dominik A.; Shan, Yue; Yang, Chun-Kai; Gupta, Dipika; Dziarski, Roman (6 February 2020).
5897:"Peptidoglycan recognition proteins kill bacteria by activating protein-sensing two-component systems"
899:
lung infection in mice. PGLYRP2 also regulates motor activity and anxiety-dependent behavior in mice.
9611:"Elevated serum TREM-1 is associated with periodontitis and disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis"
2567:
Rutschmann, S.; Jung, A. C.; Hetru, C.; Reichhart, J. M.; Hoffmann, J. A.; Ferrandon, D. (May 2000).
630:
induce low level of PGLYRP2 expression in the skin and gastrointestinal epithelial cells, intestinal
10389:"Host Protein Biomarkers Identify Active Tuberculosis in HIV Uninfected and Co-infected Individuals"
10272:"PGLYRP2 as a novel biomarker for the activity and lipid metabolism of systemic lupus erythematosus"
5830:; Liu, Li-Hui; Wang, Shiyong; Li, Xinna; Lu, Xiaofeng; Gupta, Dipika; Dziarski, Roman (2007-03-01).
5370:"Control of intestinal Nod2-mediated peptidoglycan recognition by epithelium-associated lymphocytes"
3696:
Iizuka, Masao; Nagasaki, Toshihiro; Takahashi, Keisuke G.; Osada, Makoto; Itoh, Naoki (March 2014).
3219:"Downregulation of the Drosophila immune response by peptidoglycan-recognition proteins SC1 and SC2"
8940:"Circulating PGLYRP1 Levels as a Potential Biomarker for Coronary Artery Disease and Heart Failure"
8147:"Genetic Association of Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein Variants with Inflammatory Bowel Disease"
7066:; Zulfiqar, Fareeha; Park, Shin Yong; NĂșñez, Gabriel; Dziarski, Roman; Gupta, Dipika (2014-09-15).
3439:
Maillet, Frédéric; Bischoff, Vincent; Vignal, Cécile; Hoffmann, Jules; Royet, Julien (2008-05-15).
1157:
808:
525:), all of which are predicted peptidoglycan-hydrolyzing amidases and at least one is bactericidal.
9970:"Analysis of potential hub genes involved in the pathogenesis of Chinese type 1 diabetic patients"
5016:"Peptidoglycan recognition protein 1 promotes house dust mite-induced airway inflammation in mice"
2569:"The Rel protein DIF mediates the antifungal but not the antibacterial host defense in Drosophila"
8447:
6017:"Peptidoglycan recognition proteins kill bacteria by inducing oxidative, thiol, and metal stress"
4828:"Human peptidoglycan recognition protein S is an effector of neutrophil-mediated innate immunity"
3904:"Peptidoglycan recognition proteins with amidase activity in early deuterostomes (Echinodermata)"
1537:"Purification of a Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein from Hemolymph of the Silkworm, Bombyx mori"
1340:"Peptidoglycan recognition proteins: pleiotropic sensors and effectors of antimicrobial defences"
1077:
546:
splice variants. They are constitutively expressed in many tissues of adult fish, such as liver,
420:
159:
142:
10030:"The relationship between oral diseases and infectious complications in patients under dialysis"
9676:"Association of salivary TREMâ1 and PGLYRP1 inflammatory markers with nonâcommunicable diseases"
7368:"PGLYRP-2 and Nod2 are both required for peptidoglycan-induced arthritis and local inflammation"
4492:"A mammalian peptidoglycan recognition protein with N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase activity"
1132:, consistent with pro-inflammatory effects of PGLYRP1. Lower expression of PGLYRP1 was found in
851:-deficient mice have significant changes in the composition of their intestinal microbiomes and
170:
Gene
Nomenclature Committee changed the gene symbols of PGRP-S, PGRP-L, PGRP-Iα, and PGRP-IÎČ to
9275:"Serum PGLYRPâ1 is a highly discriminatory biomarker for the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis"
8993:
Jin, Yao; Huang, Hui; Shu, Xinyi; Liu, Zhuhui; Lu, Lin; Dai, Yang; Wu, Zhijun (December 2021).
8662:
Zhang, Lei; Luo, Min; Yang, Hongying; Zhu, Shaoyan; Cheng, Xianliang; Qing, Chen (2019-02-20).
5662:"The bacterial peptidoglycan-sensing molecule Pglyrp2 modulates brain development and behavior"
4065:"The evolution and regulation of the mucosal immune complexity in the basal chordate amphioxus"
2393:; Wang, Minhui; Qi, Jin; Wang, Haitao; Li, Xinna; Gupta, Dipika; Dziarski, Roman (2006-03-03).
1042:
775:
750:
716:
521:
388:
376:
364:
188:
9434:"Salivary biomarkers in the context of gingival inflammation in children with cystic fibrosis"
4234:"Evolutionary origin of peptidoglycan recognition proteins in vertebrate innate immune system"
1927:
Doklady Biochemistry: Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Biochemistry Section
9324:"Regulation of PGLYRP1 and TREM-1 during Progression and Resolution of Gingival Inflammation"
9050:"Unveiling differentially expressed genes upon regulation of transcription factors in sepsis"
7491:"Targeting PGLYRP1 promotes antitumor immunity while inhibiting autoimmune neuroinflammation"
1161:
1069:
973:
735:
565:
PGRPs are also proven or predicted amidases and likely have similar functions to fish PGRPs.
208:
10099:
Medical Science Monitor: International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research
8605:"Host genetic variation in mucosal immunity pathways influences the upper airway microbiome"
989:
variants or changed expression of PGRPs are associated with several diseases. Patients with
236:
9857:
9622:
8158:
8145:; Hozo, Iztok; Rangarajan, Sneha; Mariuzza, Roy A.; Dziarski, Roman; Gupta, Dipika (2013).
7913:
Yashin, Denis V.; Romanova, Elena A.; Ivanova, Olga K.; Sashchenko, Lidia P. (April 2016).
7736:
7189:
6886:
6685:
6219:
5895:; Wang, Minhui; Liu, Li-Hui; Boons, Geert-Jan; Gupta, Dipika; Dziarski, Roman (June 2011).
4774:"Expression of the peptidoglycan recognition protein, PGRP, in the lactating mammary gland"
4609:
Tydell, C. Chace; Yount, Nannette; Tran, Dat; Yuan, Jun; Selsted, Michael E. (2002-05-31).
3850:
3385:
3103:
3036:
2914:
2692:
2629:
2147:
2079:
1796:
1610:
1210:
1093:
1026:
877:
730:
699:
349:
10503:"Measurement of Organ-Specific and Acute-Phase Blood Protein Levels in Early Lyme Disease"
8738:
4790:
4773:
2799:"The Drosophila immune system detects bacteria through specific peptidoglycan recognition"
1215:
8:
9910:
9675:
6080:; Kuzma, Marcin; Kowalczyk, Dominik A.; Gupta, Dipika; Dziarski, Roman (September 2017).
5488:
Sang, Yongming; Ramanathan, Balaji; Ross, Christopher R.; Blecha, Frank (November 2005).
4008:"Taming the symbiont for coexistence: a host PGRP neutralizes a bacterial symbiont toxin"
1785:"A family of peptidoglycan recognition proteins in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster"
1666:"Molecular Cloning and Characterization of the Mouse tag7 Gene Encoding a Novel Cytokine"
1599:"A peptidoglycan recognition protein in innate immunity conserved from insects to humans"
1018:
887:
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489:
368:
342:
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6223:
3854:
3389:
3107:
3040:
2918:
2696:
2633:
2151:
2083:
2012:"Crystal structure of peptidoglycan recognition protein LB from Drosophila melanogaster"
1800:
1614:
1420:
758:-deficient mice are more sensitive to systemic infections with non-pathogenic bacteria (
260:
224:
10842:
10800:
10773:
10737:
10720:
10688:
10671:
10652:
10592:
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10535:
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10445:
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8530:
8475:
8423:
8388:
8363:
8330:
8305:
8273:"Replication of a genome-wide case-control study of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma"
8272:
8248:
8213:
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8119:
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929:(triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1), a receptor present on neutrophils,
760:
733:
application of PGLYRP3 or PGLYRP4 in mice protects from intranasal lung infection with
311:
Invertebrate PGRPs can be small secreted proteins (e.g., PGRP-SB, -SA, -SD, and -LB in
5105:
5072:
4742:
4507:
3067:
3024:
2945:
2902:
2870:
2853:
2585:
2568:
2178:
2135:
1977:
677:
and oral epithelial cells. When expressed in the same cells, PGLYRP3 and PGLYRP4 form
10877:
10834:
10805:
10750:
10742:
10701:
10693:
10656:
10644:
10636:
10597:
10579:
10540:
10522:
10483:
10465:
10426:
10408:
10372:
10360:
10352:
10311:
10293:
10252:
10234:
10192:
10174:
10132:
10114:
10079:
10067:
10059:
10009:
9991:
9954:
9942:
9934:
9891:
9873:
9829:
9817:
9809:
9770:
9752:
9731:
Yang, Zhanyu; Ni, Jiangdong; Kuang, Letian; Gao, Yongquan; Tao, Shibin (2020-09-11).
9717:
9705:
9697:
9656:
9638:
9595:
9583:
9575:
9538:
9526:
9518:
9483:
9471:
9463:
9418:
9406:
9398:
9363:
9351:
9343:
9304:
9296:
9247:
9239:
9192:
9184:
9145:
9127:
9087:
9069:
9034:
9022:
9014:
8979:
8967:
8959:
8917:
8899:
8860:
8842:
8799:
8791:
8750:
8742:
8703:
8685:
8644:
8626:
8577:
8569:
8565:
8522:
8514:
8479:
8467:
8428:
8410:
8368:
8350:
8310:
8292:
8253:
8235:
8194:
8176:
8124:
8106:
8065:
8047:
8002:
7984:
7942:
7934:
7895:
7877:
7832:
7814:
7772:
7754:
7696:
7688:
7640:
7632:
7590:
7572:
7536:
7524:
7506:
7490:
7454:
7446:
7405:
7387:
7345:
7327:
7282:
7264:
7225:
7207:
7152:
7144:
7105:
7087:
7049:
7037:
7029:
6991:
6979:
6971:
6922:
6904:
6849:
6831:
6784:
6766:
6721:
6703:
6651:
6633:
6594:
6576:
6534:
6526:
6495:
6477:
6427:
6419:
6370:
6362:
6318:
6300:
6253:
6235:
6182:
6164:
6145:"How innate immunity proteins kill bacteria and why they are not prone to resistance"
6119:
6101:
6056:
6038:
5991:
5973:
5954:"Recombinant Human Peptidoglycan Recognition Proteins Reveal Antichlamydial Activity"
5934:
5916:
5861:
5853:
5796:
5788:
5746:
5738:
5699:
5681:
5639:
5621:
5574:
5566:
5527:
5509:
5505:
5467:
5449:
5399:
5391:
5339:
5331:
5326:
5309:
5287:
5269:
5265:
5227:
5219:
5205:
5162:
5154:
5110:
5092:
5088:
5053:
5035:
4993:
4975:
4930:
4912:
4865:
4847:
4803:
4795:
4754:
4746:
4707:
4699:
4640:
4632:
4578:
4570:
4519:
4511:
4469:
4461:
4414:
4406:
4367:
4359:
4320:
4312:
4273:
4255:
4214:
4206:
4167:
4149:
4094:
4086:
4045:
4027:
4023:
3988:
3970:
3966:
3931:
3923:
3884:
3866:
3862:
3819:
3811:
3772:
3764:
3725:
3717:
3678:
3670:
3655:
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part B, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
3631:
3613:
3574:
3566:
3527:
3509:
3470:
3462:
3421:
3403:
3354:
3346:
3307:
3299:
3278:"The Drosophila amidase PGRP-LB modulates the immune response to bacterial infection"
3258:
3240:
3191:
3183:
3139:
3121:
3072:
3054:
2997:
2989:
2950:
2932:
2883:
2875:
2826:
2818:
2771:
2763:
2716:
2708:
2681:"Dual activation of the Drosophila toll pathway by two pattern recognition receptors"
2653:
2645:
2598:
2590:
2541:
2533:
2484:
2476:
2424:
2416:
2353:
2345:
2297:
2289:
2247:
2229:
2183:
2165:
2103:
2095:
2039:
2031:
1989:
1981:
1942:
1934:
1895:
1887:
1832:
1827:
1814:
1784:
1783:
Werner, T.; Liu, G.; Kang, D.; Ekengren, S.; Steiner, H.; Hultmark, D. (2000-12-05).
1752:
1744:
1695:
1687:
1646:
1641:
1628:
1598:
1566:
1558:
1514:
1436:
1367:
1359:
1288:
872:
765:
495:
217:
158:, which they classified into short (S) and long (L) forms based on the size of their
78:, PGRPs kill bacteria indirectly by activating one of four unique effector pathways:
9259:
8534:
7708:
7652:
7466:
6439:
6382:
5873:
5808:
5411:
5351:
5174:
4590:
4549:"Human peptidoglycan recognition protein-L is an N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase"
4426:
4106:
3203:
3009:
2783:
2728:
2553:
2436:
2051:
1907:
1764:
1707:
1578:
1379:
511:), have extensive innate immune system (but no adaptive immunity) and have multiple
396:
10867:
10846:
10826:
10795:
10785:
10732:
10683:
10628:
10587:
10571:
10530:
10514:
10473:
10457:
10416:
10400:
10342:
10301:
10283:
10242:
10224:
10182:
10164:
10122:
10106:
10049:
10041:
9999:
9981:
9926:
9881:
9865:
9801:
9760:
9744:
9687:
9646:
9630:
9565:
9510:
9453:
9445:
9390:
9335:
9286:
9231:
9204:
9176:
9135:
9119:
9077:
9061:
9006:
8951:
8907:
8891:
8850:
8834:
8781:
8734:
8693:
8675:
8634:
8616:
8589:
8561:
8506:
8459:
8418:
8400:
8358:
8342:
8300:
8284:
8243:
8225:
8184:
8166:
8114:
8096:
8055:
8037:
7992:
7974:
7926:
7885:
7867:
7822:
7804:
7762:
7744:
7680:
7622:
7580:
7564:
7514:
7498:
7436:
7395:
7379:
7335:
7319:
7272:
7256:
7215:
7197:
7136:
7095:
7079:
7021:
6961:
6912:
6894:
6839:
6821:
6774:
6756:
6711:
6693:
6641:
6625:
6584:
6568:
6485:
6469:
6409:
6352:
6308:
6290:
6243:
6227:
6172:
6156:
6109:
6093:
6046:
6028:
5981:
5965:
5924:
5908:
5843:
5780:
5730:
5689:
5673:
5629:
5613:
5558:
5517:
5501:
5457:
5441:
5381:
5321:
5277:
5261:
5209:
5201:
5144:
5100:
5084:
5043:
5027:
4983:
4967:
4920:
4904:
4855:
4839:
4785:
4738:
4689:
4622:
4560:
4503:
4453:
4398:
4351:
4304:
4263:
4245:
4198:
4157:
4141:
4076:
4035:
4019:
3978:
3962:
3915:
3874:
3858:
3803:
3756:
3709:
3662:
3621:
3605:
3558:
3517:
3501:
3452:
3411:
3393:
3338:
3289:
3248:
3230:
3173:
3129:
3111:
3062:
3044:
2981:
2940:
2922:
2865:
2838:
2810:
2755:
2700:
2665:
2637:
2580:
2523:
2496:
2466:
2406:
2395:"Peptidoglycan recognition proteins are a new class of human bactericidal proteins"
2337:
2281:
2237:
2221:
2173:
2155:
2087:
2023:
1973:
1877:
1822:
1804:
1734:
1677:
1636:
1618:
1548:
1504:
1494:
1428:
1351:
1300:
1280:
1014:
922:. PGLYRP1 also promotes wound healing in experimentally-induced keratitis in mice.
740:
704:
604:
79:
10721:"Detection of peptidoglycan in human plasma using the silkworm larvae plasma test"
10518:
4652:
3545:
Blanco, Guillermo A.; Malchiodi, Emilio L.; De Marzi, Mauricio C. (October 2008).
2136:"Structural basis for peptidoglycan binding by peptidoglycan recognition proteins"
2115:
211:
PGRPs, classified into long (L) and short (S) forms. For instance, the fruit fly (
10872:
10855:
10670:
Tsuchiya, M.; Asahi, N.; Suzuoki, F.; Ashida, M.; Matsuura, S. (September 1996).
9010:
8955:
8463:
8171:
7930:
7684:
7423:
Arentsen, Tim; Khalid, Roksana; Qian, Yu; Diaz Heijtz, Rochellys (January 2018).
7202:
7025:
6899:
6698:
6295:
6033:
5784:
4402:
4232:
Montaño, Adriana M.; Tsujino, Fumi; Takahata, Naoyuki; Satta, Yoko (2011-03-25).
4202:
4145:
3294:
3277:
3235:
2341:
1121:
1065:
1064:
Several diseases are associated with increased expression of PGLYRP1, including:
1053:
variants are associated with psoriasis and composition of airway microbiome, and
654:
248:
10632:
10404:
9748:
8446:
Luan, Mengting; Jin, Jianing; Wang, Ying; Li, Xiaoyuan; Xie, Anmu (April 2022).
7140:
6414:
6397:
5848:
5831:
5562:
2268:
De Pauw, P.; Neyt, C.; Vanderwinkel, E.; Wattiez, R.; Falmagne, P. (June 1995).
10288:
9930:
9869:
9634:
9570:
9553:
9123:
8786:
8769:
8230:
8142:
7729:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
7502:
7383:
7363:
7303:
7173:
7063:
7005:
6945:
6870:
6552:
6473:
6453:
6336:
6231:
6203:
6140:
6077:
6012:
5892:
5827:
5764:
5617:
5597:
5245:
5073:"Innate immune responses in peptidoglycan recognition protein L-deficient mice"
4951:
4888:
4843:
4694:
4677:
4673:
4544:
4125:
3666:
3457:
3440:
3378:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3342:
3096:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3029:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2907:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2390:
2140:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1861:
1478:
1416:
1335:
1268:
1105:
1058:
953:
868:
pneumonia and sepsis, which also depends on the PGLYRP4-controlled microbiome.
666:
635:
166:
125:
43:
10169:
9065:
8680:
8621:
8510:
8405:
8101:
7441:
7424:
7243:
Skerry, Ciaran; Goldman, William E.; Carbonetti, Nicholas H. (February 2019).
6160:
4676:; Platt, Kenneth A.; Gelius, Eva; Steiner, HĂ„kan; Gupta, Dipika (2003-07-15).
4457:
4355:
4308:
3919:
3807:
3760:
3713:
3609:
3562:
1923:"Molecular cloning of a new mouse gene tagL containing a lysozyme-like domain"
559:
from bacterial infections. They may also regulate several signaling pathways.
323:). They usually have one C-terminal PGRP domain, with few exceptions, such as
10892:
10790:
10746:
10697:
10672:"Detection of peptidoglycan and beta-glucan with silkworm larvae plasma test"
10640:
10583:
10526:
10469:
10412:
10356:
10297:
10238:
10178:
10118:
10063:
9995:
9986:
9938:
9877:
9813:
9756:
9701:
9642:
9579:
9522:
9467:
9402:
9394:
9347:
9339:
9300:
9243:
9188:
9131:
9073:
9048:
Zhang, Junli; Cheng, Yuelei; Duan, Minmin; Qi, Nannan; Liu, Jian (May 2017).
9018:
8963:
8903:
8846:
8795:
8746:
8689:
8630:
8573:
8518:
8414:
8354:
8296:
8239:
8180:
8110:
8051:
7988:
7938:
7881:
7818:
7758:
7692:
7636:
7576:
7568:
7510:
7450:
7391:
7331:
7323:
7306:; Gupta, Dipika; Hurwich, Risa; Kim, Chang H.; Dziarski, Roman (2011-12-01).
7268:
7211:
7148:
7091:
7083:
7033:
6975:
6966:
6949:
6908:
6835:
6826:
6770:
6761:
6707:
6637:
6580:
6530:
6481:
6423:
6366:
6304:
6239:
6168:
6105:
6042:
5977:
5920:
5857:
5792:
5742:
5717:
Rehman, A.; Taishi, P.; Fang, J.; Majde, J. A.; Krueger, J. M. (2001-01-07).
5685:
5625:
5570:
5513:
5453:
5395:
5335:
5273:
5223:
5158:
5096:
5039:
5031:
4979:
4971:
4916:
4851:
4799:
4750:
4703:
4636:
4574:
4515:
4465:
4410:
4363:
4316:
4259:
4210:
4153:
4090:
4081:
4064:
4031:
3974:
3927:
3870:
3815:
3768:
3721:
3674:
3617:
3570:
3513:
3466:
3407:
3350:
3327:"PGRP-SB1: an N-acetylmuramoyl L-alanine amidase with antibacterial activity"
3303:
3244:
3187:
3125:
3058:
2993:
2936:
2879:
2822:
2767:
2712:
2649:
2594:
2537:
2480:
2420:
2349:
2293:
2233:
2169:
2099:
2035:
1985:
1938:
1891:
1818:
1809:
1748:
1739:
1722:
1691:
1682:
1665:
1632:
1623:
1562:
1553:
1536:
1363:
1339:
1205:
1133:
1073:
969:
708:
600:
301:
47:
9235:
7872:
7809:
7749:
6513:
Hoijer, M. A.; Melief, M. J.; Debets, R.; Hazenberg, M. P. (December 1997).
6396:
Tydell, C. Chace; Yuan, Jun; Tran, Patti; Selsted, Michael E. (2006-01-15).
4490:
Gelius, Eva; Persson, Carina; Karlsson, Jenny; Steiner, HĂ„kan (2003-07-11).
4250:
3398:
3116:
2927:
2704:
2160:
2091:
1499:
10881:
10856:"Bacterial Peptidoglycans from Microbiota in Neurodevelopment and Behavior"
10838:
10809:
10754:
10648:
10616:
10601:
10544:
10487:
10430:
10364:
10315:
10256:
10196:
10136:
10071:
10029:
10013:
9946:
9914:
9895:
9821:
9789:
9774:
9709:
9660:
9587:
9530:
9498:
9475:
9433:
9410:
9379:"Regulation of Salivary Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein 1 in Adolescents"
9378:
9355:
9323:
9308:
9251:
9219:
9196:
9164:
9149:
9091:
9026:
8971:
8921:
8864:
8803:
8754:
8722:
8707:
8648:
8581:
8549:
8526:
8494:
8471:
8432:
8372:
8314:
8257:
8198:
8128:
8069:
8006:
7946:
7914:
7899:
7836:
7776:
7700:
7644:
7627:
7610:
7594:
7553:"Cutting Edge: identification of neutrophil PGLYRP1 as a ligand for TREM-1"
7528:
7486:
7458:
7409:
7349:
7286:
7229:
7156:
7124:
7109:
7041:
7009:
6983:
6926:
6853:
6788:
6725:
6655:
6598:
6499:
6431:
6374:
6357:
6340:
6322:
6257:
6186:
6123:
6060:
5995:
5938:
5865:
5800:
5768:
5750:
5734:
5718:
5703:
5643:
5578:
5546:
5531:
5471:
5403:
5343:
5291:
5166:
5149:
5132:
5114:
5057:
4997:
4934:
4869:
4807:
4758:
4726:
4711:
4644:
4627:
4610:
4582:
4565:
4548:
4523:
4491:
4473:
4441:
4418:
4386:
4371:
4339:
4324:
4292:
4277:
4218:
4186:
4171:
4098:
4049:
3992:
3935:
3903:
3888:
3823:
3791:
3776:
3744:
3729:
3697:
3682:
3650:
3635:
3578:
3546:
3531:
3474:
3425:
3358:
3326:
3311:
3262:
3195:
3178:
3161:
3143:
3076:
3049:
3001:
2969:
2954:
2887:
2830:
2798:
2775:
2743:
2720:
2680:
2657:
2617:
2602:
2545:
2528:
2511:
2488:
2471:
2454:
2428:
2411:
2394:
2357:
2325:
2285:
2251:
2187:
2107:
2067:
2043:
2011:
1993:
1961:
1946:
1922:
1899:
1882:
1865:
1836:
1756:
1518:
1371:
1292:
1153:
1149:
1125:
674:
151:
95:
87:
19:
10774:"Uptake, recognition and responses to peptidoglycan in the mammalian host"
10705:
9554:"The modulation of the TREM-1/PGLYRP1/MMP-8 axis in peri-implant diseases"
9291:
9274:
8819:
8042:
6873:; Park, Shin Yong; Kashyap, Des Raj; Dowd, Scot E.; Gupta, Dipika (2016).
6572:
6538:
6514:
5769:"Peptidoglycan recognition protein-S (PGRP-S) is upregulated by NF-kappaB"
5231:
5189:
3505:
2301:
2269:
1699:
1650:
1570:
10830:
9449:
8895:
8331:"Peptidoglycan recognition protein genes and risk of Parkinson's disease"
7979:
7260:
6629:
5969:
5445:
4908:
3162:"A scavenger function for a Drosophila peptidoglycan recognition protein"
2225:
1101:
961:
581:
355:(MurNAc) cross-linked by short peptides composed of alternating L- and D-
154:
and coworkers discovered a family of 12 highly diversified PGRP genes in
120:
83:
67:
10229:
10209:
10110:
10054:
9458:
6950:"The Pglyrp1-Regulated Microbiome Enhances Experimental Allergic Asthma"
5677:
1597:
Kang, D.; Liu, G.; Lundstrom, A.; Gelius, E.; Steiner, H. (1998-08-18).
1355:
748:, and intravenous administration of PGLYRP1 protects mice from systemic
10461:
9968:
Yang, Shuting; Cao, Chuqing; Xie, Zhiguo; Zhou, Zhiguang (March 2020).
9692:
8838:
5386:
5369:
5188:
Hoijer, M. A.; Melief, M. J.; Keck, W.; Hazenberg, M. P. (1996-02-09).
4893:"A novel antimicrobial peptidoglycan recognition protein in the cornea"
4891:; Lee, Seakwoo; Dziarski, Roman; Chakravarti, Shukti (September 2009).
2616:
Michel, T.; Reichhart, J. M.; Hoffmann, J. A.; Royet, J. (2001-12-13).
2064:
1129:
1097:
933:
and macrophages that induces production of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
608:
593:
589:
585:
391:
and other immune effectors. Soluble PGRPs (e.g. PGRP-SA and PGRP-SD in
356:
99:
10575:
10045:
9514:
9180:
8346:
8288:
6097:
5214:
622:-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase are the same protein encoded by the
7008:; 't Hart, Bert A.; Power, Christopher; Dziarski, Roman (July 2020).
957:
892:
882:
817:
780:
678:
662:
597:
562:
530:
111:
71:
51:
10614:
9842:
7852:
5912:
5131:
Li, Xinna; Wang, Shiyong; Wang, Haitao; Gupta, Dipika (2006-07-28).
4772:
Kappeler, S. R.; Heuberger, C.; Farah, Z.; Puhan, Z. (August 2004).
3275:
2985:
2641:
1663:
1535:
Yoshida, Hideya; Kinoshita, Kuninori; Ashida, Masaaki (1996-06-07).
1284:
1009:
genes are among the genetic factors predisposing to these diseases.
272:
Mammals have up to four PGRPs, all of which are secreted. These are
9673:
9497:
Karsiyaka Hendek, Meltem; Kisa, Ucler; Olgun, Ebru (January 2020).
9376:
7010:"Bacterial Peptidoglycan as a Driver of Chronic Brain Inflammation"
2901:
Choe, Kwang-Min; Lee, Hyangkyu; Anderson, Kathryn V. (2005-01-25).
2759:
1117:
965:
930:
783:, but not to systemic infections with several pathogenic bacteria (
712:
686:
627:
508:
484:
63:
55:
8877:
7721:
6944:
4291:
Li, Jun Hua; Chang, Ming Xian; Xue, Na Na; Nie, P. (August 2013).
2814:
2027:
9908:
9551:
7665:
7607:
6741:
1108:, cardiovascular events and death in kidney transplant patients,
1001:, have significantly more frequent missense variants in all four
860:
476:
315:), larger transmembrane proteins (e.g., PGRP-LA, -LC, and -LF in
115:
59:
9321:
3901:
2678:
2207:
902:
PGLYRP1 is pro-inflammatory and promotes experimentally-induced
871:
PGLYRP3 and PGLYRP4 are anti-inflammatory and protect mice from
611:
cells in the eye, mouth, and respiratory and intestinal tracts.
502:
10270:
Li, Hui; Meng, Defang; Jia, Jieting; Wei, Hua (December 2021).
8022:
7959:
7912:
7789:
6339:; Gelius, E.; Liu, G.; Steiner, H.; Dziarski, R. (2000-08-11).
5951:
3160:
Mellroth, Peter; Karlsson, Jenny; Steiner, Hakan (2003-02-28).
2068:"Immunity-related genes and gene families in Anopheles gambiae"
1959:
1089:
1081:
945:
941:
903:
821:
658:
653:) are constitutively expressed in the skin, in the eye, and in
556:
551:
472:
401:
360:
147:
91:
75:
9108:"Host-Microbial Interactions in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis"
8385:
8141:
6806:
4954:; Jing, Xuefang; Gupta, Dipika; Dziarski, Roman (2013-04-01).
3836:
2323:
2267:
1920:
835:
Mouse PGRPs play a role in maintaining healthy microbiome, as
9431:
8082:
7422:
7004:
5248:; Gupta, Dipika; Li, Xinna; Dziarski, Roman (November 2005).
5071:
Xu, Min; Wang, Zhien; Locksley, Richard M. (September 2004).
3438:
2330:
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Proteins and Proteomics
937:
926:
670:
480:
468:
24:
10719:
Kobayashi, T.; Tani, T.; Yokota, T.; Kodama, M. (May 2000).
10149:
10026:
9217:
9104:
8602:
8547:
5307:
4489:
3695:
3592:
Zhang, Si-Ming; Zeng, Yong; Loker, Eric S. (November 2007).
3487:
2851:
2796:
2615:
2566:
1864:; Xu, Zhaojun; Gupta, Dipika; Dziarski, Roman (2001-09-14).
1139:
Increased serum PGLYRP2 levels are present in patients with
855:-deficient mice also have changes in their lung microbiome.
195:
In 2003, Byung-Ha Oh and coworkers crystalized PGRP-LB from
10853:
10772:
Bastos, Paulo A D; Wheeler, Richard; Boneca, Ivo G (2021).
10385:
6671:
6512:
6011:
4887:
4771:
4231:
3022:
964:. This cytotoxicity is associated with permeabilization of
936:
Human and mouse PGLYRP1 (Tag7) bind heat shock protein 70 (
547:
464:
140:
In 2000, based on the available sequence of the fruit fly (
74:. The mechanism of action of PGRPs varies between taxa. In
10669:
9787:
9112:
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
8767:
6452:
6076:
5659:
5544:
5427:
5020:
American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology
4672:
2741:
2509:
2133:
10718:
9496:
7122:
5763:
5187:
3216:
1145:
10854:
Gonzalez-Santana, Ayoze; Diaz Heijtz, Rochellys (2020).
8720:
7176:; Gupta, Dipika; Kim, Chang H.; Dziarski, Roman (2011).
6202:
5487:
2010:
Kim, Min-Sung; Byun, Minji; Oh, Byung-Ha (August 2003).
10213:"Perinatal granulopoiesis and risk of pediatric asthma"
7549:
7242:
6869:
5367:
4825:
3544:
3159:
9162:
8327:
7484:
6611:
5194:
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects
4005:
1596:
1534:
607:' microfold (M) cells, and to a much lesser extent in
8492:
8211:
7062:
6395:
5716:
4950:
4724:
3948:
1782:
895:, bacterially-induced keratitis, and inflammation in
538:
genes, but they are not all orthologous to mammalian
441:
PGRP-SB, -SC, and -LB) are peptidoglycan hydrolases (
7172:
6551:
6275:
4440:
Chang, M. X.; Wang, Y. P.; Nie, P. (February 2009).
10771:
7302:
6335:
5891:
5244:
4608:
4496:
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
3331:
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
458:
4124:
3649:Itoh, Naoki; Takahashi, Keisuke G. (August 2008).
1860:
1415:
1267:
4543:
1421:"Peptidoglycan Recognition Proteins and Lysozyme"
319:), or intracellular proteins (e.g., PGRP-LEfl in
10890:
10557:
10328:
9608:
9047:
5596:
4897:Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science
4185:Chang, M. X.; Nie, P.; Wei, L. L. (April 2007).
1721:Ochiai, Masanori; Ashida, Masaaki (1999-04-23).
1483:"The peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs)"
573:All four mammalian PGRPs are secreted proteins.
8661:
7489:; Regev, Aviv; Kuchroo, Vijay K. (2023-10-12).
6555:; Kashyap, Des Raj; Gupta, Dipika (June 2012).
5130:
4062:
3324:
2900:
1789:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1603:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
722:Human, mouse, and porcine PGLYRP2 are enzymes,
10500:
10443:
9967:
9919:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
9730:
8992:
8937:
7362:
5070:
5013:
3789:
3591:
3325:Mellroth, Peter; Steiner, HĂ„kan (2006-12-01).
493:in the light organ of Hawaiian bobtail squid,
10816:
9272:
8774:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
8445:
6139:
5826:
4290:
3742:
3648:
2452:
1477:
1334:
948:. PGLYRP1-Hsp70 complexes bind to the TNFR1 (
503:Expression and functions in lower vertebrates
415:PGRP-LE) function as receptors â they detect
23:Structure of human PGLYRP1 protein. Based on
10269:
4439:
3089:
2389:
1720:
1013:variants are also associated with increased
221:) has 7 PGRP genes, with 9 splice variants.
42:with at least one peptidoglycan recognition
8030:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
6561:Microbial Drug Resistance (Larchmont, N.Y.)
4184:
2967:
298:peptidoglycan-binding type 2 amidase domain
10450:Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine
10153:"Cervical mucus proteome in endometriosis"
8270:
4337:
3372:Wang, Jingwen; Aksoy, Serap (2012-06-26).
791:). However, PGLYRP1 protects mice against
10871:
10799:
10789:
10736:
10687:
10591:
10534:
10477:
10420:
10346:
10305:
10287:
10246:
10228:
10186:
10168:
10126:
10053:
10003:
9985:
9885:
9764:
9691:
9650:
9569:
9457:
9290:
9139:
9081:
8911:
8854:
8785:
8697:
8679:
8638:
8620:
8422:
8404:
8362:
8304:
8247:
8229:
8188:
8170:
8118:
8100:
8059:
8041:
7996:
7978:
7889:
7871:
7826:
7808:
7766:
7748:
7626:
7584:
7518:
7440:
7399:
7339:
7276:
7219:
7201:
7099:
6965:
6916:
6898:
6843:
6825:
6778:
6760:
6715:
6697:
6645:
6588:
6489:
6413:
6356:
6312:
6294:
6247:
6176:
6113:
6050:
6032:
5985:
5928:
5847:
5693:
5633:
5521:
5461:
5385:
5325:
5281:
5213:
5148:
5104:
5047:
4987:
4924:
4859:
4789:
4693:
4626:
4564:
4391:Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology
4267:
4249:
4161:
4080:
4039:
3982:
3878:
3625:
3521:
3456:
3415:
3397:
3371:
3293:
3252:
3234:
3177:
3133:
3115:
3066:
3048:
2944:
2926:
2869:
2584:
2527:
2470:
2410:
2241:
2177:
2159:
2009:
1881:
1826:
1808:
1738:
1681:
1640:
1622:
1552:
1508:
1498:
908:experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
10725:FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology
10676:FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology
4384:
4344:Developmental and Comparative Immunology
3908:Developmental and Comparative Immunology
3796:Developmental and Comparative Immunology
3749:Developmental and Comparative Immunology
3702:Developmental and Comparative Immunology
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1025:variants are associated with esophageal
799:during the systemic phase of infection.
568:
542:and different species may have multiple
411:PGRP-LC) and intracellular PGRPs (e.g.,
336:
259:
247:
235:
223:
18:
9383:JDR Clinical and Translational Research
9328:JDR Clinical and Translational Research
8933:
8931:
8815:
8813:
8018:
8016:
7848:
7846:
7480:
7478:
7476:
7298:
7296:
7168:
7166:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1419:; Royet, Julien; Gupta, Dipika (2016),
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
692:
382:
10891:
10335:Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology
10093:Guo, Chao; Li, Zhenling (2019-12-05).
8999:Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology
8944:Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology
6940:
6938:
6936:
6865:
6863:
6802:
6800:
6798:
6737:
6735:
6667:
6665:
6271:
6269:
6267:
6198:
6196:
6135:
6133:
6072:
6070:
6007:
6005:
5887:
5885:
5883:
5822:
5820:
5818:
5655:
5653:
5592:
5590:
5588:
5483:
5481:
5423:
5421:
5363:
5361:
5303:
5301:
5126:
5124:
5009:
5007:
4946:
4944:
4883:
4881:
4879:
4821:
4819:
4817:
4668:
4666:
4664:
4662:
4604:
4602:
4600:
4539:
4537:
4535:
4533:
4485:
4483:
4120:
4118:
4116:
3843:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
3155:
3153:
2448:
2446:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2311:
828:-deficient mice are more sensitive to
803:-deficient mice are more sensitive to
10092:
8739:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.07.015
2263:
2261:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2005:
2003:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1411:
1409:
1330:
507:Early fish-like chordates, amphioxi (
8928:
8810:
8013:
7843:
7473:
7293:
7163:
4385:Chang, M. X.; Nie, P. (2008-08-15).
1778:
1776:
1774:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1530:
1528:
1454:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1228:
980:
956:) and induce a cytotoxic effect via
875:and PGLYRP4 also protects mice from
7797:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
7615:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
6933:
6860:
6795:
6732:
6662:
6345:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
6264:
6193:
6130:
6067:
6002:
5880:
5815:
5650:
5585:
5478:
5418:
5358:
5298:
5137:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
5121:
5004:
4941:
4876:
4814:
4659:
4615:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
4597:
4553:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
4530:
4480:
4113:
3166:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
3150:
2516:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
2459:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
2443:
2399:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
2364:
2308:
2274:Protein Expression and Purification
1201:Peptidoglycan recognition protein 4
1196:Peptidoglycan recognition protein 3
1191:Peptidoglycan recognition protein 2
1186:Peptidoglycan recognition protein 1
651:peptidoglycan recognition protein 4
647:peptidoglycan recognition protein 3
616:peptidoglycan recognition protein 2
578:peptidoglycan recognition protein 1
286:peptidoglycan recognition protein 4
282:peptidoglycan recognition protein 3
278:peptidoglycan recognition protein 2
274:peptidoglycan recognition protein 1
13:
10899:Peptidoglycan recognition proteins
10765:
10738:10.1111/j.1574-695X.2000.tb01456.x
10689:10.1111/j.1574-695X.1996.tb00063.x
9806:10.1016/j.transproceed.2020.07.007
9680:Journal of Clinical Periodontology
2258:
2194:
2122:
2000:
1843:
1433:10.1016/b978-0-12-374279-7.02022-1
446:-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidases
437:Several small insect PGRPs (e.g.,
102:and interact with host receptors.
38:) are a group of highly conserved
32:Peptidoglycan recognition proteins
14:
10910:
9169:Clinical and Experimental Allergy
6143:; Gupta, Dipika (February 2018).
4791:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)73392-5
3551:Journal of Invertebrate Pathology
1771:
1585:
1525:
1386:
1307:
944:) and heat shock-binding protein
10712:
10663:
10608:
10551:
10494:
10437:
10379:
10348:10.55563/clinexprheumatol/vlvlqu
10322:
10263:
10203:
10143:
10086:
10020:
9974:Annals of Translational Medicine
9961:
9902:
9836:
9781:
9724:
9667:
9602:
9545:
9490:
9425:
9370:
9315:
9266:
9211:
9156:
9098:
9041:
8986:
8871:
8761:
8714:
8655:
8596:
8566:10.1111/j.1600-0625.2008.00769.x
8541:
8486:
8439:
8379:
8321:
8264:
8205:
8135:
8076:
7953:
7906:
7783:
7715:
7659:
7601:
7543:
7416:
7356:
7236:
7116:
7056:
5506:10.1128/IAI.73.11.7133-7141.2005
5327:10.1111/j.1462-5822.2004.00500.x
5266:10.1128/IAI.73.11.7216-7225.2005
5089:10.1128/MCB.24.18.7949-7957.2004
4024:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2009.02121.x
3967:10.1111/j.1462-5822.2009.01315.x
3863:10.1128/AEM.71.11.6934-6946.2005
1338:; Dziarski, Roman (April 2007).
950:tumor necrosis factor receptor-1
459:Functions in other invertebrates
192:) and plants do not have PGRPs.
8393:Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience
8277:International Journal of Cancer
7860:Journal of Biological Chemistry
6998:
6605:
6545:
6506:
6446:
6389:
6329:
5945:
5757:
5710:
5538:
5238:
5181:
5064:
4765:
4718:
4446:Fish & Shellfish Immunology
4433:
4378:
4331:
4297:Fish & Shellfish Immunology
4284:
4225:
4178:
4056:
3999:
3942:
3895:
3830:
3783:
3736:
3689:
3642:
3585:
3538:
3481:
3432:
3365:
3318:
3269:
3210:
3083:
3016:
2961:
2894:
2845:
2790:
2735:
2672:
2609:
2560:
2503:
2058:
1953:
1914:
1870:Journal of Biological Chemistry
1727:Journal of Biological Chemistry
1670:Journal of Biological Chemistry
1541:Journal of Biological Chemistry
1167:
1148:-associated and drug-sensitive
1104:and muscle and joint diseases,
519:genes in the Florida lancelet (
451:Some other insect PGRPs (e.g.,
304:and bacterial type 2 amidases.
5077:Molecular and Cellular Biology
1714:
1657:
1427:, Elsevier, pp. 389â403,
1124:, infectious complications in
1:
10519:10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00569
7429:Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
4743:10.1016/s0008-8749(03)00155-2
4508:10.1016/s0006-291x(03)01096-9
2871:10.1016/s1074-7613(04)00104-9
2586:10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80208-3
1978:10.1016/s0022-2836(02)01401-8
1425:Encyclopedia of Immunobiology
1221:
1057:variants are associated with
1041:variants are associated with
632:intraepithelial T lymphocytes
40:pattern recognition receptors
10873:10.1016/j.molmed.2020.05.003
10860:Trends in Molecular Medicine
10507:Journal of Proteome Research
10276:Lipids in Health and Disease
9558:Clinical Oral Investigations
9011:10.1097/FJC.0000000000001100
8956:10.1097/FJC.0000000000000996
8464:10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136547
8172:10.1371/journal.pone.0067393
7931:10.1016/j.biochi.2016.01.007
7685:10.1182/blood-2006-12-064444
7203:10.1371/journal.pone.0024961
7026:10.1016/j.molmed.2019.11.006
7014:Trends in Molecular Medicine
6900:10.1371/journal.pone.0146162
6699:10.1371/journal.pone.0137129
6296:10.1371/journal.ppat.1009030
6034:10.1371/journal.ppat.1004280
5785:10.1016/j.neulet.2007.10.027
5206:10.1016/0304-4165(95)00136-0
4403:10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.04.003
4203:10.1016/j.molimm.2006.12.029
4146:10.1016/j.immuni.2007.07.020
3295:10.1016/j.immuni.2006.02.012
3236:10.1371/journal.ppat.0020014
2342:10.1016/j.bbapap.2005.07.001
1966:Journal of Molecular Biology
1141:systemic lupus erythematosus
331:
291:
105:
7:
10633:10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103796
10405:10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.07.039
9794:Transplantation Proceedings
9749:10.1097/MD.0000000000022142
8668:Journal of Ovarian Research
7141:10.1016/j.imbio.2011.10.013
6415:10.4049/jimmunol.176.2.1154
5849:10.4049/jimmunol.178.5.3116
5563:10.1016/j.ygeno.2004.01.003
1344:Nature Reviews Microbiology
1179:
407:Transmembrane PGRPs (e.g.,
46:capable of recognizing the
10:
10915:
10289:10.1186/s12944-021-01515-8
9931:10.1016/j.jaad.2020.04.138
9870:10.1038/s41467-021-24235-0
9635:10.1038/s41598-021-82335-9
9571:10.1007/s00784-019-03047-z
9279:Molecular Medicine Reports
9124:10.1164/rccm.201607-1408OC
8787:10.1016/j.jacc.2016.02.063
8231:10.1186/s12881-020-01059-1
7503:10.1038/s41590-023-01645-4
7384:10.1016/j.chom.2008.12.010
6474:10.1038/s41598-020-79811-z
6232:10.1038/s41598-020-58302-1
5618:10.1016/j.chom.2010.07.005
4844:10.1182/blood-2005-02-0530
4695:10.1182/blood-2002-12-3853
4012:Environmental Microbiology
3667:10.1016/j.cbpb.2008.04.011
3458:10.1016/j.chom.2008.04.002
3343:10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.09.139
1092:, chronic kidney disease,
991:inflammatory bowel disease
711:, but is synergistic with
207:Insects generate up to 19
199:and solved its structure.
10819:Nature Reviews Immunology
10778:FEMS Microbiology Reviews
10170:10.1186/s12014-017-9142-4
9438:Journal of Periodontology
9224:Journal of Periodontology
9066:10.1007/s13205-017-0713-x
8884:Journal of Periodontology
8681:10.1186/s13048-019-0494-4
8622:10.1186/s40168-016-0227-5
8511:10.1007/s00439-005-0115-8
8406:10.3389/fnagi.2020.603849
8102:10.3389/fimmu.2021.622471
7442:10.1016/j.bbi.2017.09.014
6749:Frontiers in Microbiology
6519:European Cytokine Network
6161:10.1007/s00294-017-0737-0
4458:10.1016/j.fsi.2008.11.007
4356:10.1016/j.dci.2013.09.014
4309:10.1016/j.fsi.2013.04.025
3920:10.1016/j.dci.2006.11.006
3808:10.1016/j.dci.2010.08.006
3761:10.1016/j.dci.2006.09.001
3714:10.1016/j.dci.2013.10.011
3610:10.1007/s00251-007-0245-3
3563:10.1016/j.jip.2008.05.006
1273:Nature Reviews Immunology
906:, skin inflammation, and
528:Fish, such as zebrafish (
426:Some insect PGRPs (e.g.,
9987:10.21037/atm.2020.02.171
9395:10.1177/2380084419894287
9340:10.1177/2380084419844937
8554:Experimental Dermatology
7569:10.4049/jimmunol.1402303
7324:10.4049/jimmunol.1101068
7084:10.4049/jimmunol.1301548
6967:10.4049/jimmunol.1900711
6827:10.3389/fimmu.2019.02106
6762:10.3389/fmicb.2019.00199
5032:10.1165/rcmb.2013-0001OC
4972:10.4049/jimmunol.1202675
4778:Journal of Dairy Science
4238:BMC Evolutionary Biology
4082:10.4049/jimmunol.1001824
1810:10.1073/pnas.97.25.13772
1740:10.1074/jbc.274.17.11854
1683:10.1074/jbc.273.29.18633
1624:10.1073/pnas.95.17.10078
1554:10.1074/jbc.271.23.13854
1481:; Gupta, Dipika (2006).
1158:hepatocellular carcinoma
592:, and also in activated
369:meso-diaminopimelic acid
202:
9236:10.1902/jop.2017.170218
8089:Frontiers in Immunology
7873:10.1074/jbc.M115.639732
7810:10.1074/jbc.M110.163436
7750:10.1073/pnas.0900116106
7372:Cell Host & Microbe
6814:Frontiers in Immunology
5606:Cell Host & Microbe
4251:10.1186/1471-2148-11-79
3445:Cell Host & Microbe
3399:10.1073/pnas.1116431109
3117:10.1073/pnas.0610924104
2928:10.1073/pnas.0404952102
2705:10.1126/science.1085432
2161:10.1073/pnas.0407856101
2092:10.1126/science.1077136
1500:10.1186/gb-2006-7-8-232
1078:coronary artery disease
1027:squamous cell carcinoma
885:-like inflammation and
807:-induced keratitis and
584:and in the granules of
421:reactive oxygen species
143:Drosophila melanogaster
82:cascade, Toll pathway,
10791:10.1093/femsre/fuaa044
7628:10.1074/jbc.M307513200
7249:Infection and Immunity
6618:Infection and Immunity
6358:10.1074/jbc.M001239200
6086:Molecular Microbiology
5958:Infection and Immunity
5735:10.1006/cyto.2000.0800
5494:Infection and Immunity
5434:Infection and Immunity
5254:Infection and Immunity
5150:10.1074/jbc.M601017200
4628:10.1074/jbc.M200659200
4566:10.1074/jbc.M307758200
3179:10.1074/jbc.M208900200
3050:10.1073/pnas.212301199
2529:10.1074/jbc.M506385200
2472:10.1074/jbc.M513030200
2412:10.1074/jbc.M511631200
2286:10.1006/prep.1995.1049
1883:10.1074/jbc.M105566200
993:(IBD), which includes
776:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
751:Listeria monocytogenes
717:antibacterial peptides
681:-linked heterodimers.
522:Branchiostoma floridae
389:antimicrobial peptides
269:
257:
245:
233:
189:Caenorhabditis elegans
58:. They are present in
28:
27:rendering of PDB 1yck.
10621:Journal of Proteomics
9850:Nature Communications
9292:10.3892/mmr.2018.9632
8043:10.3390/ijms222011213
7557:Journal of Immunology
7312:Journal of Immunology
7072:Journal of Immunology
6954:Journal of Immunology
6573:10.1089/mdr.2012.0002
6402:Journal of Immunology
5836:Journal of Immunology
5314:Cellular Microbiology
4960:Journal of Immunology
4069:Journal of Immunology
3955:Cellular Microbiology
3506:10.1038/embor.2011.19
1162:myocardial infarction
1098:gingival inflammation
1070:myocardial infarction
736:Staphylococcus aureus
569:Expression in mammals
430:PGRP-SA and -LE, and
337:Peptidoglycan binding
263:
251:
239:
227:
209:alternatively spliced
22:
10831:10.1038/nri.2017.136
9911:Guttman-Yassky, Emma
9450:10.1002/JPER.19-0415
8896:10.1002/JPER.21-0595
8452:Neuroscience Letters
8218:BMC Medical Genetics
7980:10.3390/cells9020488
7261:10.1128/IAI.00601-18
6630:10.1128/IAI.00466-10
5970:10.1128/IAI.01495-15
5773:Neuroscience Letters
5666:Molecular Psychiatry
5446:10.1128/IAI.00168-12
4909:10.1167/iovs.08-3040
4191:Molecular Immunology
2226:10.1110/ps.062077606
1216:Bacterial cell walls
1211:Innate immune system
1094:rheumatoid arthritis
878:Bordetella pertussis
832:-induced pneumonia.
700:Borrelia burgdorferi
693:Functions in mammals
534:), typically have 4
383:Functions in insects
10456:(21): 12537â12549.
10230:10.7554/eLife.63745
10157:Clinical Proteomics
10111:10.12659/MSM.918719
9862:2021NatCo..12.3989S
9627:2021NatSR..11.2888I
8163:2013PLoSO...867393Z
7866:(35): 21724â21731.
7803:(12): 10258â10264.
7741:2009PNAS..10613963D
7735:(33): 13963â13967.
7194:2011PLoSO...624961P
6891:2016PLoSO..1146162D
6690:2015PLoSO..1037129G
6351:(32): 24490â24499.
6224:2020NatSR..10.1993K
5678:10.1038/mp.2016.182
5143:(30): 20738â20748.
4731:Cellular Immunology
4621:(22): 19658â19664.
4559:(49): 49044â49052.
3855:2005ApEnM..71.6934G
3390:2012PNAS..10910552W
3384:(26): 10552â10557.
3108:2007PNAS..104.6602P
3041:2002PNAS...9913705T
3035:(21): 13705â13710.
2919:2005PNAS..102.1122C
2697:2003Sci...302.2126G
2691:(5653): 2126â2130.
2634:2001Natur.414..756M
2522:(44): 37005â37012.
2152:2004PNAS..10117168G
2146:(49): 17168â17173.
2084:2002Sci...298..159C
1876:(37): 34686â34694.
1801:2000PNAS...9713772W
1795:(25): 13772â13777.
1733:(17): 11854â11858.
1676:(29): 18633â18639.
1615:1998PNAS...9510078K
1609:(17): 10078â10082.
1547:(23): 13854â13860.
1356:10.1038/nrmicro1620
1043:Parkinson's disease
1019:sickle cell disease
888:Salmonella enterica
626:gene. Bacteria and
353:-acetylmuramic acid
86:, and induction of
10462:10.1111/jcmm.15796
9693:10.1111/jcpe.13858
9615:Scientific Reports
8839:10.1002/ehf2.12678
8335:Movement Disorders
6462:Scientific Reports
6212:Scientific Reports
5387:10.1038/mi.2010.71
5374:Mucosal Immunology
1110:ulcerative colitis
1086:pulmonary fibrosis
999:ulcerative colitis
761:Micrococcus luteus
346:-acetylglucosamine
270:
264:Location of human
258:
252:Location of human
246:
240:Location of human
234:
228:Location of human
29:
10576:10.1002/hep.30924
10046:10.1111/odi.13296
9800:(10): 3231â3235.
9686:(11): 1467â1475.
9515:10.1111/odi.13207
9444:(10): 1339â1347.
9181:10.1111/cea.13151
9118:(12): 1640â1650.
8827:ESC Heart Failure
8780:(19): 2310â2312.
8347:10.1002/mds.25895
8289:10.1002/ijc.23682
8143:Zulfiqar, Fareeha
7495:Nature Immunology
7318:(11): 5813â5823.
6960:(12): 3113â3125.
6098:10.1111/mmi.13733
5500:(11): 7133â7141.
5260:(11): 7216â7225.
5083:(18): 7949â7957.
4197:(11): 3005â3023.
3849:(11): 6934â6946.
3802:(12): 1300â1307.
3102:(16): 6602â6607.
2974:Nature Immunology
2803:Nature Immunology
2754:(11): 1175â1180.
2748:Nature Immunology
2628:(6865): 756â759.
2465:(12): 8286â8295.
2078:(5591): 159â165.
2016:Nature Immunology
1442:978-0-08-092152-5
981:Medical relevance
873:atopic dermatitis
754:infection. Also,
603:, and intestinal
515:genes â e.g., 18
496:Euprymna scolopes
300:is homologous to
218:Anopheles gambiae
50:component of the
10906:
10885:
10875:
10850:
10813:
10803:
10793:
10759:
10758:
10740:
10716:
10710:
10709:
10691:
10682:(2â3): 129â134.
10667:
10661:
10660:
10612:
10606:
10605:
10595:
10570:(5): 1626â1642.
10555:
10549:
10548:
10538:
10498:
10492:
10491:
10481:
10441:
10435:
10434:
10424:
10399:(9): 1160â1168.
10383:
10377:
10376:
10350:
10326:
10320:
10319:
10309:
10291:
10267:
10261:
10260:
10250:
10232:
10207:
10201:
10200:
10190:
10172:
10147:
10141:
10140:
10130:
10090:
10084:
10083:
10057:
10040:(5): 1045â1052.
10024:
10018:
10017:
10007:
9989:
9965:
9959:
9958:
9906:
9900:
9899:
9889:
9840:
9834:
9833:
9785:
9779:
9778:
9768:
9728:
9722:
9721:
9695:
9671:
9665:
9664:
9654:
9606:
9600:
9599:
9573:
9564:(5): 1837â1844.
9549:
9543:
9542:
9494:
9488:
9487:
9461:
9429:
9423:
9422:
9374:
9368:
9367:
9319:
9313:
9312:
9294:
9270:
9264:
9263:
9215:
9209:
9208:
9160:
9154:
9153:
9143:
9102:
9096:
9095:
9085:
9045:
9039:
9038:
8990:
8984:
8983:
8935:
8926:
8925:
8915:
8890:(9): 1325â1335.
8875:
8869:
8868:
8858:
8833:(3): 1190â1200.
8817:
8808:
8807:
8789:
8765:
8759:
8758:
8718:
8712:
8711:
8701:
8683:
8659:
8653:
8652:
8642:
8624:
8600:
8594:
8593:
8545:
8539:
8538:
8505:(1â2): 113â125.
8490:
8484:
8483:
8443:
8437:
8436:
8426:
8408:
8383:
8377:
8376:
8366:
8341:(9): 1171â1180.
8325:
8319:
8318:
8308:
8283:(7): 1610â1615.
8268:
8262:
8261:
8251:
8233:
8209:
8203:
8202:
8192:
8174:
8139:
8133:
8132:
8122:
8104:
8080:
8074:
8073:
8063:
8045:
8020:
8011:
8010:
8000:
7982:
7957:
7951:
7950:
7910:
7904:
7903:
7893:
7875:
7850:
7841:
7840:
7830:
7812:
7787:
7781:
7780:
7770:
7752:
7719:
7713:
7712:
7679:(6): 1997â2004.
7663:
7657:
7656:
7630:
7621:(3): 2117â2124.
7605:
7599:
7598:
7588:
7563:(4): 1417â1421.
7547:
7541:
7540:
7522:
7487:Anderson, Ana C.
7482:
7471:
7470:
7444:
7420:
7414:
7413:
7403:
7360:
7354:
7353:
7343:
7300:
7291:
7290:
7280:
7240:
7234:
7233:
7223:
7205:
7170:
7161:
7160:
7120:
7114:
7113:
7103:
7078:(6): 3055â3069.
7060:
7054:
7053:
7002:
6996:
6995:
6969:
6942:
6931:
6930:
6920:
6902:
6867:
6858:
6857:
6847:
6829:
6804:
6793:
6792:
6782:
6764:
6739:
6730:
6729:
6719:
6701:
6669:
6660:
6659:
6649:
6609:
6603:
6602:
6592:
6549:
6543:
6542:
6510:
6504:
6503:
6493:
6450:
6444:
6443:
6417:
6408:(2): 1154â1162.
6393:
6387:
6386:
6360:
6333:
6327:
6326:
6316:
6298:
6289:(11): e1009030.
6273:
6262:
6261:
6251:
6200:
6191:
6190:
6180:
6149:Current Genetics
6137:
6128:
6127:
6117:
6074:
6065:
6064:
6054:
6036:
6013:Kashyap, Des Raj
6009:
6000:
5999:
5989:
5964:(7): 2124â2130.
5949:
5943:
5942:
5932:
5893:Kashyap, Des Raj
5889:
5878:
5877:
5851:
5842:(5): 3116â3125.
5824:
5813:
5812:
5761:
5755:
5754:
5714:
5708:
5707:
5697:
5657:
5648:
5647:
5637:
5594:
5583:
5582:
5557:(6): 1151â1163.
5542:
5536:
5535:
5525:
5485:
5476:
5475:
5465:
5440:(8): 2645â2654.
5425:
5416:
5415:
5389:
5365:
5356:
5355:
5329:
5305:
5296:
5295:
5285:
5242:
5236:
5235:
5217:
5185:
5179:
5178:
5152:
5128:
5119:
5118:
5108:
5068:
5062:
5061:
5051:
5011:
5002:
5001:
4991:
4966:(7): 3480â3492.
4948:
4939:
4938:
4928:
4903:(9): 4185â4191.
4885:
4874:
4873:
4863:
4838:(7): 2551â2558.
4823:
4812:
4811:
4793:
4784:(8): 2660â2668.
4769:
4763:
4762:
4722:
4716:
4715:
4697:
4670:
4657:
4656:
4630:
4606:
4595:
4594:
4568:
4545:Wang, Zheng-Ming
4541:
4528:
4527:
4487:
4478:
4477:
4437:
4431:
4430:
4397:(3â4): 295â301.
4382:
4376:
4375:
4335:
4329:
4328:
4288:
4282:
4281:
4271:
4253:
4229:
4223:
4222:
4182:
4176:
4175:
4165:
4122:
4111:
4110:
4084:
4075:(4): 2042â2055.
4060:
4054:
4053:
4043:
4018:(8): 2190â2203.
4003:
3997:
3996:
3986:
3961:(7): 1114â1127.
3946:
3940:
3939:
3899:
3893:
3892:
3882:
3834:
3828:
3827:
3787:
3781:
3780:
3740:
3734:
3733:
3693:
3687:
3686:
3646:
3640:
3639:
3629:
3589:
3583:
3582:
3542:
3536:
3535:
3525:
3485:
3479:
3478:
3460:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3419:
3401:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3322:
3316:
3315:
3297:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3256:
3238:
3214:
3208:
3207:
3181:
3172:(9): 7059â7064.
3157:
3148:
3147:
3137:
3119:
3087:
3081:
3080:
3070:
3052:
3020:
3014:
3013:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2948:
2930:
2913:(4): 1122â1126.
2898:
2892:
2891:
2873:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2588:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2531:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2474:
2450:
2441:
2440:
2414:
2405:(9): 5895â5907.
2387:
2362:
2361:
2321:
2306:
2305:
2265:
2256:
2255:
2245:
2220:(5): 1199â1206.
2205:
2192:
2191:
2181:
2163:
2131:
2120:
2119:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2007:
1998:
1997:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1933:(1â6): 103â105.
1918:
1912:
1911:
1885:
1858:
1841:
1840:
1830:
1812:
1780:
1769:
1768:
1742:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1685:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1644:
1626:
1594:
1583:
1582:
1556:
1532:
1523:
1522:
1512:
1502:
1475:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1413:
1384:
1383:
1332:
1305:
1304:
1265:
1176:, is available.
1015:fetal hemoglobin
705:oxidative stress
655:mucous membranes
80:prophenoloxidase
10914:
10913:
10909:
10908:
10907:
10905:
10904:
10903:
10889:
10888:
10768:
10766:Further reading
10763:
10762:
10717:
10713:
10668:
10664:
10613:
10609:
10556:
10552:
10499:
10495:
10442:
10438:
10384:
10380:
10327:
10323:
10268:
10264:
10208:
10204:
10148:
10144:
10091:
10087:
10025:
10021:
9966:
9962:
9907:
9903:
9841:
9837:
9786:
9782:
9729:
9725:
9672:
9668:
9607:
9603:
9550:
9546:
9495:
9491:
9430:
9426:
9375:
9371:
9320:
9316:
9271:
9267:
9216:
9212:
9161:
9157:
9103:
9099:
9046:
9042:
8991:
8987:
8936:
8929:
8876:
8872:
8818:
8811:
8766:
8762:
8727:Atherosclerosis
8719:
8715:
8660:
8656:
8601:
8597:
8546:
8542:
8491:
8487:
8444:
8440:
8384:
8380:
8326:
8322:
8269:
8265:
8210:
8206:
8140:
8136:
8081:
8077:
8021:
8014:
7958:
7954:
7911:
7907:
7851:
7844:
7788:
7784:
7720:
7716:
7664:
7660:
7606:
7602:
7548:
7544:
7483:
7474:
7421:
7417:
7361:
7357:
7304:Park, Shin Yong
7301:
7294:
7241:
7237:
7174:Park, Shin Yong
7171:
7164:
7121:
7117:
7061:
7057:
7003:
6999:
6943:
6934:
6885:(1): e0146162.
6871:Dziarski, Roman
6868:
6861:
6805:
6796:
6740:
6733:
6684:(9): e0137129.
6670:
6663:
6610:
6606:
6553:Dziarski, Roman
6550:
6546:
6511:
6507:
6451:
6447:
6394:
6390:
6334:
6330:
6274:
6265:
6204:Kashyap, Des R.
6201:
6194:
6141:Dziarski, Roman
6138:
6131:
6078:Kashyap, Des R.
6075:
6068:
6027:(7): e1004280.
6010:
6003:
5950:
5946:
5913:10.1038/nm.2357
5901:Nature Medicine
5890:
5881:
5825:
5816:
5762:
5758:
5715:
5711:
5658:
5651:
5595:
5586:
5543:
5539:
5486:
5479:
5426:
5419:
5366:
5359:
5306:
5299:
5243:
5239:
5186:
5182:
5129:
5122:
5069:
5065:
5012:
5005:
4952:Park, Shin Yong
4949:
4942:
4886:
4877:
4824:
4815:
4770:
4766:
4723:
4719:
4674:Dziarski, Roman
4671:
4660:
4607:
4598:
4542:
4531:
4488:
4481:
4438:
4434:
4383:
4379:
4336:
4332:
4289:
4285:
4230:
4226:
4183:
4179:
4123:
4114:
4061:
4057:
4004:
4000:
3947:
3943:
3900:
3896:
3835:
3831:
3788:
3784:
3741:
3737:
3694:
3690:
3647:
3643:
3604:(11): 883â898.
3590:
3586:
3543:
3539:
3486:
3482:
3437:
3433:
3370:
3366:
3323:
3319:
3274:
3270:
3215:
3211:
3158:
3151:
3088:
3084:
3021:
3017:
2986:10.1038/ni.1765
2966:
2962:
2899:
2895:
2850:
2846:
2795:
2791:
2740:
2736:
2677:
2673:
2642:10.1038/414756a
2614:
2610:
2565:
2561:
2508:
2504:
2451:
2444:
2388:
2365:
2322:
2309:
2266:
2259:
2214:Protein Science
2206:
2195:
2132:
2123:
2063:
2059:
2008:
2001:
1958:
1954:
1919:
1915:
1859:
1844:
1781:
1772:
1719:
1715:
1662:
1658:
1595:
1586:
1533:
1526:
1479:Dziarski, Roman
1476:
1455:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1417:Dziarski, Roman
1414:
1387:
1333:
1308:
1285:10.1038/nri3089
1266:
1229:
1224:
1182:
1170:
1122:type I diabetes
1114:Crohn's disease
1066:atherosclerosis
995:Crohn's disease
983:
695:
667:salivary glands
657:in the tongue,
649:) and PGLYRP4 (
636:dendritic cells
605:Peyer's patches
571:
505:
490:Vibrio fischeri
461:
385:
339:
334:
294:
213:D. melanogaster
205:
118:of a silkworm (
108:
17:
12:
11:
5:
10912:
10902:
10901:
10887:
10886:
10866:(8): 729â743.
10851:
10825:(4): 243â254.
10814:
10784:(1): fuaa044.
10767:
10764:
10761:
10760:
10711:
10662:
10607:
10550:
10513:(1): 346â359.
10493:
10436:
10378:
10341:(5): 988â994.
10321:
10262:
10202:
10142:
10085:
10019:
9960:
9925:(2): 370â380.
9913:(2020-05-04).
9901:
9835:
9780:
9743:(37): e22142.
9723:
9666:
9601:
9544:
9509:(1): 166â172.
9489:
9424:
9389:(4): 332â341.
9369:
9334:(4): 352â359.
9314:
9285:(1): 589â594.
9265:
9230:(1): 117â129.
9210:
9175:(7): 814â824.
9155:
9097:
9040:
9005:(4): 615â621.
8985:
8950:(5): 578â585.
8927:
8870:
8809:
8760:
8733:(2): 569â575.
8713:
8654:
8595:
8560:(2): 109â115.
8540:
8499:Human Genetics
8485:
8438:
8378:
8320:
8263:
8204:
8134:
8075:
8012:
7952:
7905:
7842:
7782:
7714:
7658:
7600:
7542:
7472:
7415:
7378:(2): 137â150.
7355:
7292:
7235:
7162:
7135:(4): 412â419.
7115:
7055:
7020:(7): 670â682.
6997:
6946:Banskar, Sunil
6932:
6859:
6794:
6731:
6661:
6624:(2): 858â866.
6604:
6567:(3): 280â285.
6544:
6525:(4): 375â381.
6505:
6454:Yang, Chun-Kai
6445:
6388:
6328:
6283:PLOS Pathogens
6263:
6192:
6155:(1): 125â129.
6129:
6092:(5): 755â776.
6066:
6021:PLOS Pathogens
6001:
5944:
5907:(6): 676â683.
5879:
5814:
5779:(2): 138â141.
5765:Lang, Ming-Fei
5756:
5709:
5672:(2): 257â266.
5649:
5612:(2): 147â162.
5584:
5537:
5477:
5417:
5380:(3): 325â334.
5357:
5320:(5): 675â686.
5297:
5237:
5180:
5120:
5063:
5026:(6): 902â911.
5003:
4940:
4875:
4813:
4764:
4717:
4688:(2): 689â697.
4658:
4596:
4529:
4502:(4): 988â994.
4479:
4452:(2): 264â274.
4432:
4377:
4350:(2): 244â255.
4330:
4303:(2): 221â230.
4283:
4224:
4177:
4140:(3): 518â529.
4112:
4055:
3998:
3941:
3914:(8): 790â804.
3894:
3829:
3782:
3755:(6): 548â558.
3735:
3688:
3661:(4): 409â417.
3641:
3598:Immunogenetics
3584:
3557:(2): 156â165.
3537:
3500:(4): 327â333.
3480:
3451:(5): 293â303.
3431:
3364:
3337:(4): 994â999.
3317:
3288:(4): 463â473.
3268:
3223:PLOS Pathogens
3209:
3149:
3082:
3015:
2980:(9): 949â957.
2960:
2893:
2864:(5): 637â649.
2844:
2809:(5): 478â484.
2789:
2760:10.1038/ni1123
2734:
2671:
2608:
2579:(5): 569â580.
2559:
2502:
2442:
2363:
2307:
2280:(3): 371â378.
2257:
2193:
2121:
2057:
2022:(8): 787â793.
1999:
1972:(2): 467â474.
1952:
1913:
1842:
1770:
1713:
1656:
1584:
1524:
1487:Genome Biology
1453:
1441:
1385:
1350:(4): 264â277.
1306:
1279:(12): 837â51.
1226:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1181:
1178:
1169:
1166:
1106:osteoarthritis
1059:ovarian cancer
982:
979:
954:death receptor
920:B. burgdorferi
916:B. burgdorferi
914:infected with
797:B. burgdorferi
793:B. burgdorferi
694:
691:
640:natural killer
570:
567:
504:
501:
460:
457:
384:
381:
338:
335:
333:
330:
293:
290:
284:(PGLYRP3) and
204:
201:
167:Roman Dziarski
107:
104:
16:Protein family
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10911:
10900:
10897:
10896:
10894:
10883:
10879:
10874:
10869:
10865:
10861:
10857:
10852:
10848:
10844:
10840:
10836:
10832:
10828:
10824:
10820:
10815:
10811:
10807:
10802:
10797:
10792:
10787:
10783:
10779:
10775:
10770:
10769:
10756:
10752:
10748:
10744:
10739:
10734:
10730:
10726:
10722:
10715:
10707:
10703:
10699:
10695:
10690:
10685:
10681:
10677:
10673:
10666:
10658:
10654:
10650:
10646:
10642:
10638:
10634:
10630:
10626:
10622:
10618:
10611:
10603:
10599:
10594:
10589:
10585:
10581:
10577:
10573:
10569:
10565:
10561:
10554:
10546:
10542:
10537:
10532:
10528:
10524:
10520:
10516:
10512:
10508:
10504:
10497:
10489:
10485:
10480:
10475:
10471:
10467:
10463:
10459:
10455:
10451:
10447:
10440:
10432:
10428:
10423:
10418:
10414:
10410:
10406:
10402:
10398:
10394:
10390:
10382:
10374:
10370:
10366:
10362:
10358:
10354:
10349:
10344:
10340:
10336:
10332:
10325:
10317:
10313:
10308:
10303:
10299:
10295:
10290:
10285:
10281:
10277:
10273:
10266:
10258:
10254:
10249:
10244:
10240:
10236:
10231:
10226:
10222:
10218:
10214:
10206:
10198:
10194:
10189:
10184:
10180:
10176:
10171:
10166:
10162:
10158:
10154:
10146:
10138:
10134:
10129:
10124:
10120:
10116:
10112:
10108:
10105:: 9262â9271.
10104:
10100:
10096:
10089:
10081:
10077:
10073:
10069:
10065:
10061:
10056:
10051:
10047:
10043:
10039:
10035:
10034:Oral Diseases
10031:
10023:
10015:
10011:
10006:
10001:
9997:
9993:
9988:
9983:
9979:
9975:
9971:
9964:
9956:
9952:
9948:
9944:
9940:
9936:
9932:
9928:
9924:
9920:
9916:
9912:
9905:
9897:
9893:
9888:
9883:
9879:
9875:
9871:
9867:
9863:
9859:
9855:
9851:
9847:
9839:
9831:
9827:
9823:
9819:
9815:
9811:
9807:
9803:
9799:
9795:
9791:
9784:
9776:
9772:
9767:
9762:
9758:
9754:
9750:
9746:
9742:
9738:
9734:
9727:
9719:
9715:
9711:
9707:
9703:
9699:
9694:
9689:
9685:
9681:
9677:
9670:
9662:
9658:
9653:
9648:
9644:
9640:
9636:
9632:
9628:
9624:
9620:
9616:
9612:
9605:
9597:
9593:
9589:
9585:
9581:
9577:
9572:
9567:
9563:
9559:
9555:
9548:
9540:
9536:
9532:
9528:
9524:
9520:
9516:
9512:
9508:
9504:
9503:Oral Diseases
9500:
9493:
9485:
9481:
9477:
9473:
9469:
9465:
9460:
9455:
9451:
9447:
9443:
9439:
9435:
9428:
9420:
9416:
9412:
9408:
9404:
9400:
9396:
9392:
9388:
9384:
9380:
9373:
9365:
9361:
9357:
9353:
9349:
9345:
9341:
9337:
9333:
9329:
9325:
9318:
9310:
9306:
9302:
9298:
9293:
9288:
9284:
9280:
9276:
9269:
9261:
9257:
9253:
9249:
9245:
9241:
9237:
9233:
9229:
9225:
9221:
9214:
9206:
9202:
9198:
9194:
9190:
9186:
9182:
9178:
9174:
9170:
9166:
9159:
9151:
9147:
9142:
9137:
9133:
9129:
9125:
9121:
9117:
9113:
9109:
9101:
9093:
9089:
9084:
9079:
9075:
9071:
9067:
9063:
9059:
9055:
9051:
9044:
9036:
9032:
9028:
9024:
9020:
9016:
9012:
9008:
9004:
9000:
8996:
8989:
8981:
8977:
8973:
8969:
8965:
8961:
8957:
8953:
8949:
8945:
8941:
8934:
8932:
8923:
8919:
8914:
8909:
8905:
8901:
8897:
8893:
8889:
8885:
8881:
8874:
8866:
8862:
8857:
8852:
8848:
8844:
8840:
8836:
8832:
8828:
8824:
8816:
8814:
8805:
8801:
8797:
8793:
8788:
8783:
8779:
8775:
8771:
8764:
8756:
8752:
8748:
8744:
8740:
8736:
8732:
8728:
8724:
8717:
8709:
8705:
8700:
8695:
8691:
8687:
8682:
8677:
8673:
8669:
8665:
8658:
8650:
8646:
8641:
8636:
8632:
8628:
8623:
8618:
8614:
8610:
8606:
8599:
8591:
8587:
8583:
8579:
8575:
8571:
8567:
8563:
8559:
8555:
8551:
8544:
8536:
8532:
8528:
8524:
8520:
8516:
8512:
8508:
8504:
8500:
8496:
8489:
8481:
8477:
8473:
8469:
8465:
8461:
8457:
8453:
8449:
8442:
8434:
8430:
8425:
8420:
8416:
8412:
8407:
8402:
8398:
8394:
8390:
8382:
8374:
8370:
8365:
8360:
8356:
8352:
8348:
8344:
8340:
8336:
8332:
8324:
8316:
8312:
8307:
8302:
8298:
8294:
8290:
8286:
8282:
8278:
8274:
8267:
8259:
8255:
8250:
8245:
8241:
8237:
8232:
8227:
8223:
8219:
8215:
8208:
8200:
8196:
8191:
8186:
8182:
8178:
8173:
8168:
8164:
8160:
8157:(6): e67393.
8156:
8152:
8148:
8144:
8138:
8130:
8126:
8121:
8116:
8112:
8108:
8103:
8098:
8094:
8090:
8086:
8079:
8071:
8067:
8062:
8057:
8053:
8049:
8044:
8039:
8036:(20): 11213.
8035:
8031:
8027:
8019:
8017:
8008:
8004:
7999:
7994:
7990:
7986:
7981:
7976:
7972:
7968:
7964:
7956:
7948:
7944:
7940:
7936:
7932:
7928:
7924:
7920:
7916:
7909:
7901:
7897:
7892:
7887:
7883:
7879:
7874:
7869:
7865:
7861:
7857:
7849:
7847:
7838:
7834:
7829:
7824:
7820:
7816:
7811:
7806:
7802:
7798:
7794:
7786:
7778:
7774:
7769:
7764:
7760:
7756:
7751:
7746:
7742:
7738:
7734:
7730:
7726:
7718:
7710:
7706:
7702:
7698:
7694:
7690:
7686:
7682:
7678:
7674:
7670:
7662:
7654:
7650:
7646:
7642:
7638:
7634:
7629:
7624:
7620:
7616:
7612:
7604:
7596:
7592:
7587:
7582:
7578:
7574:
7570:
7566:
7562:
7558:
7554:
7546:
7538:
7534:
7530:
7526:
7521:
7516:
7512:
7508:
7504:
7500:
7496:
7492:
7488:
7481:
7479:
7477:
7468:
7464:
7460:
7456:
7452:
7448:
7443:
7438:
7434:
7430:
7426:
7419:
7411:
7407:
7402:
7397:
7393:
7389:
7385:
7381:
7377:
7373:
7369:
7365:
7364:Saha, Sukumar
7359:
7351:
7347:
7342:
7337:
7333:
7329:
7325:
7321:
7317:
7313:
7309:
7305:
7299:
7297:
7288:
7284:
7279:
7274:
7270:
7266:
7262:
7258:
7254:
7250:
7246:
7239:
7231:
7227:
7222:
7217:
7213:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7195:
7191:
7188:(9): e24961.
7187:
7183:
7179:
7175:
7169:
7167:
7158:
7154:
7150:
7146:
7142:
7138:
7134:
7130:
7129:Immunobiology
7126:
7119:
7111:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7093:
7089:
7085:
7081:
7077:
7073:
7069:
7065:
7064:Jing, Xuefang
7059:
7051:
7047:
7043:
7039:
7035:
7031:
7027:
7023:
7019:
7015:
7011:
7007:
7006:Laman, Jon D.
7001:
6993:
6989:
6985:
6981:
6977:
6973:
6968:
6963:
6959:
6955:
6951:
6947:
6941:
6939:
6937:
6928:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6910:
6906:
6901:
6896:
6892:
6888:
6884:
6880:
6876:
6872:
6866:
6864:
6855:
6851:
6846:
6841:
6837:
6833:
6828:
6823:
6819:
6815:
6811:
6803:
6801:
6799:
6790:
6786:
6781:
6776:
6772:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6754:
6750:
6746:
6738:
6736:
6727:
6723:
6718:
6713:
6709:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6691:
6687:
6683:
6679:
6675:
6668:
6666:
6657:
6653:
6648:
6643:
6639:
6635:
6631:
6627:
6623:
6619:
6615:
6608:
6600:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6582:
6578:
6574:
6570:
6566:
6562:
6558:
6554:
6548:
6540:
6536:
6532:
6528:
6524:
6520:
6516:
6509:
6501:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6483:
6479:
6475:
6471:
6467:
6463:
6459:
6455:
6449:
6441:
6437:
6433:
6429:
6425:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6407:
6403:
6399:
6392:
6384:
6380:
6376:
6372:
6368:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6350:
6346:
6342:
6338:
6332:
6324:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6306:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6288:
6284:
6280:
6272:
6270:
6268:
6259:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6241:
6237:
6233:
6229:
6225:
6221:
6217:
6213:
6209:
6205:
6199:
6197:
6188:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6170:
6166:
6162:
6158:
6154:
6150:
6146:
6142:
6136:
6134:
6125:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6107:
6103:
6099:
6095:
6091:
6087:
6083:
6079:
6073:
6071:
6062:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6044:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6026:
6022:
6018:
6014:
6008:
6006:
5997:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5979:
5975:
5971:
5967:
5963:
5959:
5955:
5948:
5940:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5922:
5918:
5914:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5894:
5888:
5886:
5884:
5875:
5871:
5867:
5863:
5859:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5841:
5837:
5833:
5829:
5823:
5821:
5819:
5810:
5806:
5802:
5798:
5794:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5774:
5770:
5766:
5760:
5752:
5748:
5744:
5740:
5736:
5732:
5728:
5724:
5720:
5713:
5705:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5687:
5683:
5679:
5675:
5671:
5667:
5663:
5656:
5654:
5645:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5627:
5623:
5619:
5615:
5611:
5607:
5603:
5599:
5598:Saha, Sukumar
5593:
5591:
5589:
5580:
5576:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5560:
5556:
5552:
5548:
5541:
5533:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5515:
5511:
5507:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5491:
5484:
5482:
5473:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5443:
5439:
5435:
5431:
5424:
5422:
5413:
5409:
5405:
5401:
5397:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5379:
5375:
5371:
5364:
5362:
5353:
5349:
5345:
5341:
5337:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5319:
5315:
5311:
5304:
5302:
5293:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5275:
5271:
5267:
5263:
5259:
5255:
5251:
5247:
5241:
5233:
5229:
5225:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5207:
5203:
5199:
5195:
5191:
5184:
5176:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5127:
5125:
5116:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5067:
5059:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5041:
5037:
5033:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5010:
5008:
4999:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4947:
4945:
4936:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4884:
4882:
4880:
4871:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4822:
4820:
4818:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4775:
4768:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4728:
4721:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4669:
4667:
4665:
4663:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4605:
4603:
4601:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4540:
4538:
4536:
4534:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4486:
4484:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4436:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4381:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4334:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4287:
4279:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4228:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4181:
4173:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4059:
4051:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4002:
3994:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3945:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3898:
3890:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3833:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3786:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3739:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3692:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3645:
3637:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3588:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3541:
3533:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3484:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3435:
3427:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3368:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3321:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3272:
3264:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3213:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3156:
3154:
3145:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3086:
3078:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3019:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2964:
2956:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2897:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2848:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2815:10.1038/ni922
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2793:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2738:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2675:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2612:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2563:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2506:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2449:
2447:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2264:
2262:
2253:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2189:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2061:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2028:10.1038/ni952
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2006:
2004:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1956:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1917:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1717:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1660:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1531:
1529:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1444:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1336:Royet, Julien
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1269:Royet, Julien
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1227:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1206:Peptidoglycan
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1177:
1175:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1135:
1134:endometriosis
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1074:heart failure
1071:
1067:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
978:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
952:, which is a
951:
947:
943:
939:
934:
932:
928:
923:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
900:
898:
897:S. pneumoniae
894:
890:
889:
884:
880:
879:
874:
869:
867:
866:S. pneumoniae
862:
856:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
833:
831:
830:S. pneumoniae
827:
823:
819:
815:
814:
811:
810:Streptococcus
806:
805:P. aeruginosa
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
777:
772:
771:
768:
763:
762:
757:
753:
752:
747:
746:
743:
738:
737:
732:
727:
725:
720:
718:
714:
710:
709:osmotic shock
706:
702:
701:
690:
688:
682:
680:
676:
675:keratinocytes
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
643:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
612:
610:
606:
602:
601:mammary gland
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
574:
566:
564:
560:
558:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
532:
526:
524:
523:
518:
514:
510:
500:
498:
497:
492:
491:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
456:
454:
449:
447:
445:
440:
435:
433:
429:
424:
422:
418:
414:
410:
405:
403:
398:
394:
390:
380:
378:
377:Gram-negative
374:
370:
366:
365:Gram-positive
362:
358:
354:
352:
348:(GlcNAc) and
347:
345:
329:
326:
322:
318:
314:
309:
305:
303:
302:bacteriophage
299:
289:
287:
283:
279:
275:
267:
262:
255:
250:
243:
238:
231:
226:
222:
220:
219:
214:
210:
200:
198:
193:
191:
190:
185:
181:
177:
173:
168:
163:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
144:
138:
136:
132:
131:
128:
123:
122:
117:
113:
103:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
48:peptidoglycan
45:
41:
37:
33:
26:
21:
10863:
10859:
10822:
10818:
10781:
10777:
10731:(1): 49â53.
10728:
10724:
10714:
10679:
10675:
10665:
10624:
10620:
10610:
10567:
10563:
10553:
10510:
10506:
10496:
10453:
10449:
10439:
10396:
10393:eBioMedicine
10392:
10381:
10338:
10334:
10324:
10279:
10275:
10265:
10220:
10216:
10205:
10160:
10156:
10145:
10102:
10098:
10088:
10055:10138/325947
10037:
10033:
10022:
9977:
9973:
9963:
9922:
9918:
9904:
9853:
9849:
9838:
9797:
9793:
9783:
9740:
9736:
9726:
9683:
9679:
9669:
9618:
9614:
9604:
9561:
9557:
9547:
9506:
9502:
9492:
9459:10138/327022
9441:
9437:
9427:
9386:
9382:
9372:
9331:
9327:
9317:
9282:
9278:
9268:
9227:
9223:
9213:
9172:
9168:
9158:
9115:
9111:
9100:
9057:
9053:
9043:
9002:
8998:
8988:
8947:
8943:
8887:
8883:
8873:
8830:
8826:
8777:
8773:
8763:
8730:
8726:
8716:
8671:
8667:
8657:
8612:
8608:
8598:
8557:
8553:
8543:
8502:
8498:
8488:
8455:
8451:
8441:
8396:
8392:
8381:
8338:
8334:
8323:
8280:
8276:
8266:
8221:
8217:
8207:
8154:
8150:
8137:
8092:
8088:
8078:
8033:
8029:
7970:
7966:
7955:
7922:
7918:
7908:
7863:
7859:
7800:
7796:
7785:
7732:
7728:
7717:
7676:
7672:
7661:
7618:
7614:
7603:
7560:
7556:
7545:
7494:
7432:
7428:
7418:
7375:
7371:
7358:
7315:
7311:
7252:
7248:
7238:
7185:
7181:
7132:
7128:
7118:
7075:
7071:
7058:
7017:
7013:
7000:
6957:
6953:
6882:
6878:
6817:
6813:
6752:
6748:
6681:
6677:
6621:
6617:
6607:
6564:
6560:
6547:
6522:
6518:
6508:
6465:
6461:
6448:
6405:
6401:
6391:
6348:
6344:
6331:
6286:
6282:
6215:
6211:
6152:
6148:
6089:
6085:
6024:
6020:
5961:
5957:
5947:
5904:
5900:
5839:
5835:
5828:Wang, Minhui
5776:
5772:
5759:
5726:
5722:
5712:
5669:
5665:
5609:
5605:
5554:
5550:
5540:
5497:
5493:
5437:
5433:
5377:
5373:
5317:
5313:
5257:
5253:
5246:Wang, Haitao
5240:
5200:(1): 57â64.
5197:
5193:
5183:
5140:
5136:
5080:
5076:
5066:
5023:
5019:
4963:
4959:
4900:
4896:
4835:
4831:
4781:
4777:
4767:
4734:
4730:
4720:
4685:
4681:
4618:
4614:
4556:
4552:
4499:
4495:
4449:
4445:
4435:
4394:
4390:
4380:
4347:
4343:
4333:
4300:
4296:
4286:
4241:
4237:
4227:
4194:
4190:
4180:
4137:
4133:
4072:
4068:
4058:
4015:
4011:
4001:
3958:
3954:
3944:
3911:
3907:
3897:
3846:
3842:
3832:
3799:
3795:
3785:
3752:
3748:
3738:
3708:(1): 30â34.
3705:
3701:
3691:
3658:
3654:
3644:
3601:
3597:
3587:
3554:
3550:
3540:
3497:
3494:EMBO Reports
3493:
3483:
3448:
3444:
3434:
3381:
3377:
3367:
3334:
3330:
3320:
3285:
3281:
3271:
3226:
3222:
3212:
3169:
3165:
3099:
3095:
3085:
3032:
3028:
3018:
2977:
2973:
2963:
2910:
2906:
2896:
2861:
2857:
2847:
2806:
2802:
2792:
2751:
2747:
2737:
2688:
2684:
2674:
2625:
2621:
2611:
2576:
2572:
2562:
2519:
2515:
2505:
2462:
2458:
2402:
2398:
2391:Lu, Xiaofeng
2336:(1): 34â46.
2333:
2329:
2277:
2273:
2217:
2213:
2143:
2139:
2075:
2071:
2060:
2019:
2015:
1969:
1965:
1955:
1930:
1926:
1916:
1873:
1869:
1792:
1788:
1730:
1726:
1716:
1673:
1669:
1659:
1606:
1602:
1544:
1540:
1490:
1486:
1446:, retrieved
1424:
1347:
1343:
1276:
1272:
1173:
1171:
1168:Applications
1154:Lyme disease
1150:tuberculosis
1138:
1126:hemodialysis
1063:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1022:
1010:
1006:
1002:
986:
984:
970:mitochondria
935:
924:
919:
915:
911:
901:
896:
886:
876:
870:
865:
857:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
834:
829:
825:
812:
809:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
774:
769:
766:
759:
755:
749:
744:
741:
734:
728:
723:
721:
698:
696:
683:
644:
623:
619:
613:
575:
572:
561:
543:
539:
535:
529:
527:
520:
516:
512:
506:
494:
488:
462:
452:
450:
443:
438:
436:
431:
427:
425:
416:
412:
408:
406:
392:
386:
372:
350:
343:
340:
324:
320:
316:
312:
310:
306:
295:
271:
265:
253:
241:
229:
216:
212:
206:
196:
194:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
164:
155:
152:Dan Hultmark
141:
139:
134:
129:
127:Trichoplusia
126:
119:
109:
96:inflammation
88:phagocytosis
35:
31:
30:
9856:(1): 3989.
9621:(1): 2888.
7435:: 345â354.
6218:(1): 1993.
5729:(1): 8â17.
4889:Ghosh, Amit
4737:(1): 8â16.
1174:Bombyx mori
962:necroptosis
742:Escherichia
594:macrophages
590:eosinophils
586:neutrophils
582:bone marrow
531:Danio rerio
357:amino acids
288:(PGLYRP4).
280:(PGLYRP2),
276:(PGLYRP1),
160:transcripts
121:Bombyx mori
84:IMD pathway
68:echinoderms
10627:: 103796.
10564:Hepatology
9980:(6): 295.
8609:Microbiome
8458:: 136547.
8224:(1): 125.
7973:(2): 488.
5215:1765/62308
3229:(2): e14.
1493:(8): 232.
1448:2020-10-22
1222:References
1130:thrombosis
813:pneumoniae
731:Intranasal
609:epithelial
453:Drosophila
439:Drosophila
428:Drosophila
413:Drosophila
409:Drosophila
393:Drosophila
325:Drosophila
321:Drosophila
317:Drosophila
313:Drosophila
308:amidases.
197:Drosophila
156:Drosophila
100:microbiome
10747:0928-8244
10698:0928-8244
10657:218532507
10641:1876-7737
10584:1527-3350
10527:1535-3907
10470:1582-1838
10413:2352-3964
10373:231575423
10357:1593-098X
10298:1476-511X
10282:(1): 95.
10239:2050-084X
10179:1542-6416
10119:1643-3750
10080:211045697
10064:1601-0825
9996:2305-5839
9955:218532915
9939:1097-6787
9878:2041-1723
9830:225451024
9814:1873-2623
9757:1536-5964
9718:260349050
9702:0303-6979
9643:2045-2322
9596:201283050
9580:1436-3771
9539:203850763
9523:1601-0825
9484:211523360
9468:1943-3670
9419:209434091
9403:2380-0852
9364:129941967
9348:2380-0852
9301:1791-3004
9244:1943-3670
9189:1365-2222
9132:1535-4970
9074:2190-572X
9060:(1): 46.
9054:3 Biotech
9035:235962339
9019:0160-2446
8980:232356516
8964:0160-2446
8904:0022-3492
8847:2055-5822
8796:1558-3597
8747:1879-1484
8690:1757-2215
8674:(1): 19.
8631:2049-2618
8615:(1): 16.
8574:1600-0625
8519:0340-6717
8480:247028433
8415:1663-4365
8355:1531-8257
8297:1097-0215
8240:1471-2350
8181:1932-6203
8111:1664-3224
8052:1422-0067
7989:2073-4409
7939:1638-6183
7925:: 32â36.
7919:Biochimie
7882:0021-9258
7819:1083-351X
7759:1091-6490
7693:0006-4971
7637:0021-9258
7577:1550-6606
7537:263963953
7511:1529-2908
7451:1090-2139
7392:1934-6069
7332:1550-6606
7269:1098-5522
7212:1932-6203
7149:1878-3279
7092:1550-6606
7050:211835568
7034:1471-499X
6992:207942798
6976:1550-6606
6909:1932-6203
6836:1664-3224
6771:1664-302X
6708:1932-6203
6638:1098-5522
6581:1931-8448
6531:1148-5493
6482:2045-2322
6468:(1): 64.
6424:0022-1767
6367:0021-9258
6305:1553-7374
6240:2045-2322
6169:1432-0983
6106:1365-2958
6043:1553-7374
5978:1098-5522
5921:1546-170X
5858:0022-1767
5793:0304-3940
5743:1043-4666
5686:1476-5578
5626:1934-6069
5571:0888-7543
5514:0019-9567
5454:1098-5522
5396:1935-3456
5336:1462-5814
5274:0019-9567
5224:0006-3002
5159:0021-9258
5097:0270-7306
5040:1535-4989
4980:1550-6606
4917:1552-5783
4852:0006-4971
4800:0022-0302
4751:0008-8749
4704:0006-4971
4637:0021-9258
4575:0021-9258
4516:0006-291X
4466:1095-9947
4411:0165-2427
4364:1879-0089
4317:1095-9947
4260:1471-2148
4211:0161-5890
4154:1074-7613
4126:Li, Xinna
4091:1550-6606
4032:1462-2920
3975:1462-5822
3928:0145-305X
3871:0099-2240
3816:1879-0089
3769:0145-305X
3722:1879-0089
3675:1096-4959
3618:0093-7711
3571:1096-0805
3514:1469-3178
3467:1934-6069
3408:1091-6490
3351:0006-291X
3304:1074-7613
3245:1553-7374
3188:0021-9258
3126:0027-8424
3059:0027-8424
2994:1529-2916
2937:0027-8424
2880:1074-7613
2823:1529-2908
2768:1529-2908
2713:1095-9203
2650:0028-0836
2595:1074-7613
2538:0021-9258
2481:0021-9258
2421:0021-9258
2350:0006-3002
2294:1046-5928
2234:0961-8368
2170:0027-8424
2100:1095-9203
2036:1529-2908
1986:0022-2836
1939:0012-4958
1892:0021-9258
1862:Liu, Chao
1819:0027-8424
1749:0021-9258
1692:0021-9258
1633:0027-8424
1563:0021-9258
1364:1740-1526
966:lysosomes
958:apoptosis
931:monocytes
893:arthritis
883:psoriasis
818:pneumonia
816:-induced
785:S. aureus
781:keratitis
779:-induced
773:) and to
679:disulfide
663:esophagus
645:PGLYRP3 (
628:cytokines
614:PGLYRP2 (
598:lactating
576:PGLYRP1 (
563:Amphibian
509:lancelets
375:-DAP) in
367:cocci or
332:Functions
292:Structure
165:In 2001,
112:hemolymph
106:Discovery
72:chordates
52:cell wall
10893:Category
10882:32507655
10839:29292393
10810:32897324
10755:10767607
10649:32376501
10602:31479523
10545:31618575
10488:32967043
10431:26501113
10365:33427621
10316:34461924
10257:33565964
10197:28174513
10137:31801935
10072:32026534
10014:32355739
9947:32376430
9896:34183667
9822:32768288
9775:32925767
9737:Medicine
9710:37524498
9661:33536478
9588:31444693
9531:31587460
9476:32100289
9411:31860804
9356:31013451
9309:30431075
9260:21830535
9252:28846062
9197:29665127
9150:28085486
9092:28444588
9027:34269701
8972:33760799
8922:35344208
8865:32196993
8804:27173041
8755:18774573
8708:30786925
8649:28143570
8582:18643845
8535:31486449
8527:16362825
8472:35218888
8433:33328979
8373:24838182
8315:18649358
8258:32503527
8199:23840689
8151:PLOS ONE
8129:34163464
8070:34681871
8007:32093269
7947:26796882
7900:26183779
7837:21247889
7777:19666596
7709:14869208
7701:17551095
7653:23485070
7645:14585845
7595:25595774
7529:37828379
7520:10864036
7497:: 1â13.
7467:27790787
7459:28951252
7410:19218085
7350:22048773
7287:30510103
7230:21949809
7182:PLOS ONE
7157:22099350
7110:25114103
7042:32589935
6984:31704882
6927:26727498
6879:PLOS ONE
6854:31616404
6820:: 2106.
6789:30837960
6726:26332373
6678:PLOS ONE
6656:21134971
6599:22432705
6500:33420211
6440:11173657
6432:16394004
6383:24226481
6375:10827080
6323:33175909
6258:32029761
6187:28840318
6124:28621879
6061:25032698
5996:27160295
5939:21602801
5874:22160694
5866:17312159
5809:54406942
5801:18035491
5751:11145837
5723:Cytokine
5704:27843150
5644:20709292
5579:15177568
5551:Genomics
5532:16239507
5472:22615249
5412:10298644
5404:20980996
5352:20544993
5344:15839897
5292:16239516
5175:22076229
5167:16714290
5115:15340057
5058:23808363
4998:23420883
4935:19387073
4870:15956276
4808:15328291
4759:14572796
4712:12649138
4645:11880375
4591:35373818
4583:14506276
4524:12821140
4474:19084604
4427:41534729
4419:18495251
4372:24099967
4325:23659995
4278:21439073
4219:17296228
4172:17892854
4134:Immunity
4107:25397745
4099:21248255
4050:21966913
3993:19416268
3936:17240448
3889:16269728
3824:20713083
3777:17064771
3730:24201133
3683:18538602
3636:17805526
3579:18621387
3532:21372849
3475:18474356
3426:22689989
3359:17046713
3312:16618604
3282:Immunity
3263:16518472
3204:22490347
3196:12496260
3144:17409189
3077:12359879
3010:26945390
3002:19668222
2955:15657141
2888:15142531
2858:Immunity
2831:12692550
2784:22507734
2776:15448690
2729:36399744
2721:14684822
2658:11742401
2603:10843389
2573:Immunity
2554:44913130
2546:16129677
2489:16428381
2437:21943426
2429:16354652
2358:16054449
2252:16641493
2188:15572450
2108:12364793
2052:11458146
2044:12845326
1994:12559914
1947:10935177
1908:44619852
1900:11461926
1837:11106397
1765:38022527
1757:10207004
1708:11417742
1579:20831557
1519:16930467
1380:39569790
1372:17363965
1293:22076558
1180:See also
1118:alopecia
985:Genetic
770:subtilis
767:Bacillus
713:lysozyme
687:ischemia
485:starfish
477:scallops
137:) PGRP.
64:mollusks
56:bacteria
10847:3894187
10801:7794044
10706:8880138
10593:7318564
10536:7981273
10479:7686995
10422:4588417
10307:8404349
10248:7889076
10188:5290661
10128:6911306
10005:7186604
9887:8239008
9858:Bibcode
9766:7489699
9652:7859204
9623:Bibcode
9205:4938216
9141:5476909
9083:5428098
8913:9796725
8856:7261550
8699:6381667
8640:5286564
8590:5771478
8424:7718032
8364:4777298
8306:2552411
8249:7275552
8190:3686734
8159:Bibcode
8120:8215708
8061:8538247
7998:7072780
7891:4571894
7828:3060480
7768:2729003
7737:Bibcode
7586:4319313
7401:2671207
7341:3221838
7278:6346131
7221:3174980
7190:Bibcode
7101:4157132
6918:4699708
6887:Bibcode
6845:6763742
6780:6389715
6755:: 199.
6717:4558058
6686:Bibcode
6647:3028829
6590:3412580
6539:9459617
6491:7794252
6337:Liu, C.
6314:7657531
6249:7005000
6220:Bibcode
6178:5777906
6115:5570643
6052:4102600
5987:4936355
5930:3176504
5695:5285465
5635:2998413
5523:1273832
5463:3434585
5283:1273900
5232:8605233
5049:3931111
4989:3608703
4926:3052780
4861:1895263
4269:3071341
4163:2074879
4041:2889240
3984:2758052
3880:1287678
3851:Bibcode
3627:3632339
3523:3077246
3417:3387098
3386:Bibcode
3254:1383489
3135:1871832
3104:Bibcode
3037:Bibcode
2915:Bibcode
2839:2430114
2693:Bibcode
2685:Science
2666:4401465
2630:Bibcode
2497:6805851
2302:7663175
2243:2242522
2148:Bibcode
2080:Bibcode
2072:Science
1797:Bibcode
1700:9660837
1651:9707603
1611:Bibcode
1571:8662762
1510:1779587
1301:5266193
1055:PGLYRP4
1051:PGLYRP4
1047:PGLYRP3
1039:PGLYRP4
1035:PGLYRP3
1031:PGLYRP2
1023:PGLYRP2
1011:PGLYRP1
912:PGLYRP1
861:colitis
853:PGLYRP1
849:PGLYRP4
847:-, and
845:PGLYRP3
841:PGLYRP2
837:PGLYRP1
826:PGLYRP4
801:PGLYRP2
789:E. coli
756:PGLYRP1
624:PGLYRP2
557:embryos
552:oocytes
540:PGLYRPs
473:oysters
432:B. mori
397:SpÀtzle
266:PGLYRP4
254:PGLYRP3
242:PGLYRP2
230:PGLYRP1
184:PGLYRP4
180:PGLYRP3
176:PGLYRP2
172:PGLYRP1
135:B. mori
116:cuticle
92:mammals
76:insects
60:insects
10880:
10845:
10837:
10808:
10798:
10753:
10745:
10704:
10696:
10655:
10647:
10639:
10600:
10590:
10582:
10543:
10533:
10525:
10486:
10476:
10468:
10429:
10419:
10411:
10371:
10363:
10355:
10314:
10304:
10296:
10255:
10245:
10237:
10195:
10185:
10177:
10135:
10125:
10117:
10078:
10070:
10062:
10012:
10002:
9994:
9953:
9945:
9937:
9894:
9884:
9876:
9828:
9820:
9812:
9773:
9763:
9755:
9716:
9708:
9700:
9659:
9649:
9641:
9594:
9586:
9578:
9537:
9529:
9521:
9482:
9474:
9466:
9417:
9409:
9401:
9362:
9354:
9346:
9307:
9299:
9258:
9250:
9242:
9203:
9195:
9187:
9148:
9138:
9130:
9090:
9080:
9072:
9033:
9025:
9017:
8978:
8970:
8962:
8920:
8910:
8902:
8863:
8853:
8845:
8802:
8794:
8753:
8745:
8706:
8696:
8688:
8647:
8637:
8629:
8588:
8580:
8572:
8533:
8525:
8517:
8478:
8470:
8431:
8421:
8413:
8371:
8361:
8353:
8313:
8303:
8295:
8256:
8246:
8238:
8197:
8187:
8179:
8127:
8117:
8109:
8068:
8058:
8050:
8005:
7995:
7987:
7945:
7937:
7898:
7888:
7880:
7835:
7825:
7817:
7775:
7765:
7757:
7707:
7699:
7691:
7651:
7643:
7635:
7593:
7583:
7575:
7535:
7527:
7517:
7509:
7465:
7457:
7449:
7408:
7398:
7390:
7348:
7338:
7330:
7285:
7275:
7267:
7228:
7218:
7210:
7155:
7147:
7108:
7098:
7090:
7048:
7040:
7032:
6990:
6982:
6974:
6925:
6915:
6907:
6852:
6842:
6834:
6787:
6777:
6769:
6724:
6714:
6706:
6654:
6644:
6636:
6597:
6587:
6579:
6537:
6529:
6498:
6488:
6480:
6438:
6430:
6422:
6381:
6373:
6365:
6321:
6311:
6303:
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