342:. On 23 October 1974, ERP guerrillas shot and killed Lieutenant-Colonel José Francisco Gardón as he was leaving the Buenos Aires hospital where he specialized in blood diseases. On 18 August 1975 Captain Miguel Alberto Keller, accompanied by an NCO and five conscripts were forced to stop their army lorry at what they believed to be a military checkpoint, and Keller was shot dead as he approached the ERP guerrillas waiting in ambush. In December 1975 a force of some 300 ERP guerrillas and supporting militants attacked the Monte Chingolo barracks outside Buenos Aires but lost 63 dead, many of whom were wounded in the attack and subsequently killed. In addition, seven army troops and three policemen were killed and 34 wounded (including 17 policemen). In all, 293 Argentine servicemen and police were killed fighting left-wing guerrillas between 1975 and 1976.
338:, during which 16 left-wing guerrillas who had attempted to escape detention had been shot dead, attacked the barracks at Azul, killing the Commanding Officer (Colonel Camilo Arturo Gay) and his wife (Hilda Irma Casaux) and kidnapping and later executing Lieutenant-Colonel Jorge Ibarzábal, with Patricia Gay the daughter of Gay and Casaux later taking her own life. However, in August, an assault on the Argentine Army's Villa Maria explosives factory in Cordoba and the 17th Airborne Infantry Regiment at Catamarca by 70 ERP guerrillas dressed in army fatigues, met mixed fortune after killing and wounding eight policemen and soldiers but losing 16 guerrillas shot dead after they surrendered to 300 paratroopers of the 17th Airborne Infantry Regiment under Lieutenant-Colonel Eduardo Humberto Cubas. During the attack in Villa Maria was kidnapped Colonel
781:
the trees while others were climbing up into them. Then, just before noon, a huge column of armed men, led by
Governor Oscar Bidegain, appeared at the southern approach to the overpass, flanked by two Leyland buses and some ambulances. A few minutes later someone fired a shot, and the battle was on. It raged for the next three hours (...) One of the Leyland buses was blown up by a grenade. Later, it was found to be full of weapons, with supports in the windows for machine guns (...) Thrown back, the Montoneros began to scatter, pursued by Osinde's men. Some of those who were caught were shot or badly beaten. Most were hauled to the International Hotel at the Ezeiza Airport, where Osinde had set up an emergency interrogation center, and were beaten unmercifully until they revealed who had ordered the attack."
577:, and this would result in a popular uprising followed by a civil war. On 29 March 1976, the ERP leadership lost twelve killed in a gun battle in downtown Buenos Aires with army elements (including the ERP Chief of Intelligence) but Santucho along with fifty guerrillas were able to fight their way out of the ambush. The Argentine Army and police scored more success in mid-April in Córdoba, when in a series of raids it captured and later killed some 300 militants entrusted with supporting the ERP operations in that province. During the first few months of the military junta, more than 70 policemen were killed in leftist actions In mid-1976, the Argentine Army completely destroyed the ERP's elite "Special Squad" in two violent firefights. The ERP's commander,
468:
581:, and Benito Urteaga were killed in July of that year by military forces led by captain Juan Carlos Leonetti of the 601st Intelligence Battalion. Several hundred guerrillas of the Guevarist Youth Group in training for operations to coincide with the 1978 World Cup in Argentina, were captured and killed in a series of raids in Zárate soon afterwards. Although the ERP continued for a while under the leadership of Enrique Gorriarán Merlo, by late 1977 the guerrilla threat had been eradicated or gone underground. In 2008, the PRT-ERP reported the loss of 5,000 of its members killed in action or having disappeared after being detained. By that time the
590:
dictatorship that ruled
Argentina from 1976 to 1983. Admittedly there were 12,000 disappeared in the form of PEN detainees that survived the dictatorship, thanks to international pressure to release them from the clandestine detention camps. Some 11,000 Argentines have applied for and received up to US$ 200,000 each as monetary compensation for the loss of loved ones during the military dictatorship. The PRT continued political activities, although limited to few members, organizing conventions even after democracy returned to the country. In December 2015, Professor Gustavo Morello (SJ) in his book
562:
junior officers, blamed the weakness of the government and began to seek a leader who they considered was strong enough to ensure a preservation of
Argentinian sovereignty, settling on Lieutenant-General Jorge Videla. On 11 February 1976, colonel Raúl Rafael Reyes, the commander of the 601st Air Defence Artillery Group, was killed and two army conscripts (Privates Tempone and Gómez) wounded in an ambush by six ERP guerrillas in the La Plata suburb of Buenos Aires.
647:
a massive popular uprising, that could have led to civil war. In their newspapers and in the
Argentine press, the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo denounced the way Alfonsín had handled the La Tablada incident, making a connection between what had happened to their disappeared children and the treatment endured by the MTP guerrillas. Gorriarán was given a life sentence along with other MTP comrades, but was freed by interim president Eduardo Duhalde two days before
38:
770:"Moyano classified her armed operations more carefully into arms thefts, attacks on property, takeovers (of towns buildings, broadcasting stations, or police and military posts), bombings, kidnappings, hijackings, and deaths (i.e., assassinations). She found that bombings ( 855 incidents), arms thefts (278) and takeovers (200) were the most frequent kinds of guerrilla action between 1969 and 1973."
651:'s access to power in 2003. In protest to Duhalde's decision, former Lieutenant-Colonel Emilio Guillermo Nani who took part in the fighting to recover the La Tablada barracks and lost an eye as a consequence, formally announced that he would be returning the medal for wounded military personnel that he won during the administration of Argentine president
400:. Politician Gustavo Breide Obeid, who fought as an army captain against ERP guerrillas in Tucumán Province, claimed in 2007 that mercenaries from Jordan, Nicaragua and Angola served in the 'Ramón Rosa Jimenez' Mountain Company. By December 1974, the guerrillas numbered about 100 fighters, with a 400-person support network from the Montoneros. Led by
216:
543:
at the industrial suburb of Monte
Chingolo, south of Buenos Aires. The attackers were defeated and driven off with 53 ERP guerrillas and 9 supporting militants killed. Seven army troops and three policemen were reported killed. In this particular battle the ERP and supporting Montoneros militants had
780:
Guerrillas and
Generals: The "Dirty War" in Argentina, Paul H. Lewis, Pages 88-89, Greenwood Publishing Group (2002) "Around midmorning they began to notice suspicious movements beyond the fields that flanked the airport highway. Men with different-colored armbands were positioning themselves behind
662:
In
January 2016 for the first time in decades, Mauricio Macri (the previous president of Argentina) through the new Human Rights Secretary Claudio Avruj, granted an audience to CELTYV (Centre for Legal Studies on Terrorism and its Victims) representing the victims of left-wing terrorism in Argentina
646:
as an anti-personnel weapon, and in which the guerrillas used captured army conscripts as 'shields' and ended in the capture of the surviving MTP members. Alfonsín countered the claim that the MTP were trying to forestall a military coup and declared that the attack had the ultimate goal of sparking
547:
On 30 December a bomb exploded at the headquarters of the
Argentine Army in Buenos Aires, injuring at least six soldiers. In the eyes of the military, the credibility of the government was now destroyed and the strategy of attrition was bankrupt. The guerrillas had even successfully utilized divers
561:
on 22 August 1975 while moored in the port of
Ensenada. The damage was so great that the ship remained unseaworthy for several years. By the end of 1975, a total of 137 servicemen and police had been killed that year by left wing guerrillas. Elements within the armed forces, particularly among the
534:
In
December 1975 most 5th Brigade units were committed to the border areas of Tucumán with over 5,000 troops deployed in the province. There was however, nothing to prevent infiltrating through this outer ring and the ERP were still strong inside Buenos Aires. Mario Santucho's Christmas offensive
291:
executive Victor Samuelson and obtaining a ransom of $ 12 million. They also assaulted several companies' offices using heavily armed commandos of the ERP's elite "Special Squad". Although claim and counter-claim are invariably difficult to reconcile, figures released for an official publication,
589:
against active civilian collaborators, non-violent students, intellectuals, and political activists who were presumed to form the social, non-combatant base of the insurgents. According to different sources, 12,261 to 30,000 people, are estimated to have disappeared and died during the military
326:
The ERP publicly remained in the forefront. ERP guerrilla activity took the form of attacks on military outposts, police stations and convoys. In 1971, 57 policemen were killed fighting the left-wing guerrillas, and in 1972 another 38 policemen lost their lives in the guerrilla violence. On 28
1519:"Whether one accepts the higher or lower estimates, Argentina's guerrilla organizations, backed by multimillion dollar war chests, were formidable — and lethal ( ...) Their collaborators reached into every level and every sector of society, and no one was safe from their vengeance."
531:. In the aftermath, 12 soldiers and 2 policemen were killed and several wounded. The sophistication of the operation, and the getaway cars and safehouses they used to escape from the crash-landing site, suggest several hundred guerrillas and their civilian supporters were involved.
1543:"Durante la vigencia del estado de sitio entre noviembre de 1974 y octubre de 1983, los organismos de derechos humanos denunciaron la existencia de 12 mil presos politicos legales en las distintas cárceles de 'maxima seguridad' a lo largo de todo el territorio de Argentina."
515:(militants) were involved in the planning and execution of the most elaborate Montoneros operation in the so-called "Dirty War", which involved the hijacking of a civilian airliner, taking over the provincial airport, attacking the 29th Infantry Regiment's barracks at
435:, joined later by 1,500 more troops from the 4th Airborne Infantry Brigade and 8th Mountain Infantry Brigade. The pattern of the war was largely dictated by the nature of the terrain, the mountains, rivers and extensive jungle denying both sides easy movement. The
327:
December 1972, Marine Private Julio César Provenzano of the ERP, is killed when the bomb he planted in one of the lavatories of the Argentine Naval Headquarters went off prematurely. On 3 April 1973, ERP guerrillas kidnapped Rear-Admiral Francisco Agustín Alemán.
459:
headquarters staff was killed in October and the remainder dispersed by the end of the year. While most of the leaders of the movement were killed outright, many of the captured ERP subalterns and sympathizers were incarcerated during the government of
455:", as well as a civic action campaign. By July, the Argentine Army commandos were mounting search-and-destroy missions. The Army special forces discovered Santucho's base camp in August, then raided the ERP urban headquarters in September. Most of the
296:(Buenos Aires: Ediciones Depalma) at least give an indication of the kind of guerrilla activity undertaken, with claims that the rural guerrillas occupied 52 towns, robbed 166 banks and took US$ 76 million in ransoms for the kidnappings of 185 people.
544:
about 1,000 deployed against 1,000 government forces. This large-scale operation was made possible not only by the planning of the guerrillas involved, but also by their supporters who provided houses to hide them, supplies and the means of escape.
487:(SIDE) agents that enabled Argentine security agencies to destroy what was left of the ERP, although pockets of ERP guerrillas continued to operate in the heavily wooded Tucuman mountains for many months. The case, during which an
311:, that started when Lieutenant-Colonel Jorge Osinde's crowd monitoring right-wing Peronist militia reported the arrival of heavily armed Montoneros in two buses the day that Peron returned from exile. Victor E. Samuelson, an
1179:"Luego fundó la Unidad Básica de Combate Logística (UBCL) en la que el Hippte era el jefe. Con el tiempo logró contar con cerca de treinta combatientes, alrededor de doscientos militantes, y mayor número de simpatizantes."
898:
610:
had taken power in 1979. An ERP commando team comprising veterans of the "Dirty War" under Gorriarán Merlo, for example, demonstrated their active involvement in the revolutionary struggle by killing ex-dictator
506:
Meanwhile, the guerrilla movement switched its main effort to the north and on 5 October 1975 guerrillas struck the 29th Mountain Infantry Regiment. The 5th Brigade suffered a major blow at the hands of
381:
to the presidency in 1973, the ERP shifted to a rural strategy designed to secure a large land area as a base of military operations against the Argentine state. The ERP leadership chose to send the
315:
executive, was abducted on 6 December 1973 by the ERP. He was released after 144 days in captivity, after the Exxon Corporation paid a record ransom of $ 14.2 million. The avowed aim of the ERP was a
447:
served as a light ground-attack and reconnaissance aircraft. While fighting the guerrilla in the jungle and mountains, Vilas concentrated on uprooting the ERP support network in the towns, using
902:
1767:
1733:
1948:
594:(Oxford University Press, 2015) concluded that during the "Dirty War" in Argentina "15,000 people were killed, 8,000 were jailed and some 6,000 were exiled."
1822:
1053:
1548:
1707:
20:
801:
519:
and capturing its cache of arms, and finally escaping by air. Once the operation was over, they made good their escape towards a remote area in
1933:
1087:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1428:
1017:
713:
1595:
1938:
1659:
1844:
1177:
Setentistas: De La Plata a la Casa Rosada, Fernando Amato, Christian Boyanovsky Bazán, Page 338, Editorial Sudamericana, (1 January 2008)
1563:
State terrorism in Latin America: Chile, Argentina, and international human, Thomas C. Wright, Page 158, Rowman & Littlefield, 2007
422:
campaign in February 1975. In all, 83 servicemen and policemen were killed in fighting the left-wing guerrillas, between 1973 and 1974.
1908:
1289:
1162:
834:
855:
1191:
363:(ELN) to fight alongside the ERP and Montoneros in Argentina, but the plans failed to materialize largely due to the military coup.
1800:
1418:
Political Violence and Trauma in Argentina, Antonius C. G. M. Robben, Page 201, University of Pennsylvania Press (25 January 2005)
1687:
1366:
189:
1627:
389:
at the edge of the long-impoverished Andean highlands in the northwest corner of Argentina. Many of the officers in the rural
1381:
Review of the River Plate: A weekly journal dealing with commercial financial and economic affairs, 30 December 1975, p. 1021
279:
methods such as assassinations and kidnappings of government officials and foreign company executives. For example, in 1973
496:
398:"The only place where we didn't attempt to promote a revolution was in Mexico. Everywhere else, without exception, we tried"
1459:
410:
The growth in ERP strength in the northwest, together with an increase in urban violence carried out by the left-Peronist
407:
Santucho's armed guerrillas in the northwestern province of Tucuman never exceeded 300 in the first year of the campaign.
492:
353:
1648:
1605:
639:
359:
299:
The group continued the violent campaign even after democratic elections and the return to civilian rule in 1973, with
1493:"Cedema.org - Viendo: A 32 años de la caída en combate de Mario Roberto Santucho y la Dirección Histórica del PRT-ERP"
1777:
1743:
1469:
1299:
1201:
1063:
977:
811:
1271:
429:, placed under the command of Brigadier-General Acdel Vilas began immediately deploying in the Tucumán mountains in
1492:
268:
1322:
1226:
1943:
1517:
Guerrillas and Generals: The "Dirty War" in Argentina, Paul H. Lewis, Page 47, Greenwood Publishing Group (2002)
1391:
1343:
924:
768:
Guerrillas and Generals: The "Dirty War" in Argentina, Paul H. Lewis, Page 52, Greenwood Publishing Group (2002)
464:, but little mercy was shown to captured guerrillas and civilian collaborators during the military dictatorship.
320:
1679:
945:
552:
1097:
617:
404:, they soon established control over a third of the province and organized a base of some 2,500 sympathizers.
1573:
483:
to promote the JCR unity effort. As a way to save himself, he provided information about the organization to
339:
743:
484:
790:
U.S. Executive Freed in Argentina; Guerrillas Got Record $ 14.2 Million. Los Angeles Times. (30 April 1974)
117:
1545:
396:
In July 2008, Cuban leader Fidel Castro admitted that he supported the guerrilla forces in South America:
443:
bombers of the Argentine Air Force were used for offensive air support while the North American T-34 and
634:(which at the time was leading a series of trials against members of the Argentine Military accused of
467:
280:
77:
664:
643:
440:
1129:
612:
535:
opened on 23 December 1975. The operation was dramatic in its impact, with ERP units, supported by
1546:
Entre resistentes e “irrecuperables”: Memorias de ex presas y presos políticos (1974-1983), p. 13.
1436:
1025:
876:
721:
431:
372:
276:
1656:
491:
official transmitted information obtained from the prisoners (Amilcar was detained along with a
578:
401:
51:
967:
386:
272:
1251:
582:
573:
in March 1976. In his editorial immediately after the military takeover, Santucho wrote that
1264:
1150:
316:
122:
8:
436:
239:
444:
1928:
687:
652:
631:
419:
146:
1684:
1363:
648:
1773:
1739:
1601:
1465:
1295:
1197:
1093:
1059:
973:
807:
549:
520:
425:
Some 3,500 soldiers of the 5th Mountain Infantry Brigade, and two companies of elite
249:
219:
161:
151:
570:
1823:"El secretario de Derechos Humanos recibió a familiares de víctimas del terrorismo"
693:
603:
516:
500:
479:
In May 1975, ERP representative Amilcar Santucho was captured trying to cross into
261:
174:
68:
55:
1691:
1663:
1552:
1370:
1275:
1230:
1166:
335:
308:
227:
91:
461:
415:
1632:
656:
284:
222:
in the hands of the ERP; he was eventually shot and killed by the organization.
64:
1089:
Determinants of Gross Human Rights Violations by State and State Sponsored ...
1902:
418:
to issue "annihilation decrees" and expand the military's powers to fight a
378:
635:
626:
615:
in 1980. Gorriarán returned to Argentina in 1987 to become a leader of the
586:
557:
was severely damaged by explosives placed under her keel by frogmen of the
448:
257:
105:
511:, when over one-hundred—perhaps several hundred—Montoneros guerrillas and
215:
1247:
1234:
253:
134:
1496:
655:. The MTP still exist today as a political movement which has abandoned
602:
After the destruction of the left-wing in Argentina, some revolutionary
1268:
1223:
681:
607:
575:"a river of blood will separate the military from the Argentine people"
558:
524:
411:
300:
231:
138:
109:
1533:(APDH). Estimates by human rights organizations estimate up to 30,000
1248:"OPERATION CONDOR EXPLAINED - Latin America: the 30 years' dirty war"
1130:"Página/12 :: El país :: Gorriarán Merlo cuenta su versión"
676:
566:
452:
347:
199:
186:
130:
95:
1801:""Me siento defraudado; soy doctor en idiotez", aseguró Emilio Nani"
1685:
El ataque a La Tablada, la última aventura de la guerrilla argentina
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
480:
426:
345:
In 1976 there had been plans to send a large part of the Uruguayan
304:
899:"Ataque a la Fabrica de Polvoras y Explosivos Villa Maria Cordoba"
37:
1405:
877:"Cuando Perón habló de "exterminar uno a uno" a los guerrilleros"
528:
585:
had expanded its own campaign against "subversives" to include
548:
of the Grupo Especial de Combate of the Montoneros: the modern
235:
126:
539:, mounting a large scale assault against the army supply base
527:, eventually landed on a crop field not far from the city of
312:
1887:
Argentina, 1943-1987: The National Revolution and Resistance
288:
244:
1893:
Monte Chingolo, la mayor batalla de la guerrilla argentina
1001:
Monte Chingolo. La mayor batalla de la guerrilla argentina
1657:
Alcune testimonianze sull'uso militare del fosforo bianco
1652:
488:
366:
1881:
Argentina's Lost Patrol : Armed Struggle, 1969-1979
1708:"La Tablada: niegan que una atacante haya sido fusilada"
1594:
Joseph, Gilbert M.; Spenser, Daniela (11 January 2008).
1344:"The Sydney Morning Herald - Google News Archive Search"
1119:
Enrique Díaz-Araujo. La guerrilla en sus libros. p. 98.
414:
following Perón's death in 1974, led the government of
630:
was imminent against the new democratic government of
1047:
1045:
1043:
569:", dispensing with the civilian government through a
1636:, 12 January 2001 - URL accessed on 9 February 2007
267:
The ERP launched its guerrilla campaign against the
226:
The ERP was founded as the armed wing of the PRT, a
1869:
Guerrillas and Generals: The Dirty War in Argentina
1392:"The Spokesman-Review - Google News Archive Search"
1323:"The Montreal Gazette - Google News Archive Search"
1086:Heinz, Wolfgang S.; Frühling, Hugo (27 July 1999).
1040:
925:"Lodi News-Sentinel - Google News Archive Search"
565:The Argentine armed forces moved ahead with the "
1900:
319:against the Argentine government in pursuit of "
1949:Paramilitary organisations based in Argentina
1877:, by Blanca Rina Santucho (1997, in Spanish).
1593:
1085:
667:, head of the Grandmothers of Plaza de Mayo.
663:in a move that drew strong condemnation from
638:violations), Enrique Gorriarán Merlo led the
592:The Catholic Church and Argentina's Dirty War
451:tactics later adopted nationwide during the "
385:(Ramón Rosa Jimenez Mountain Company) to the
193:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1245:
946:"The Phoenix - Google News Archive Search"
621:(All For the Motherland Movement or MTP).
195:Partido Revolucionario de los Trabajadores
1735:The Politics of Human Rights in Argentina
242:. During the 1960s, the PRT adopted the
1429:"ARGENTINA: Battling Against Subversion"
1287:
1005:
835:"Star-News - Google News Archive Search"
466:
294:Crónica de la subversión en la Argentina
214:
1845:"'Macri says he's too busy to meet us'"
1765:
1574:"A Story That Has Not Really Been Told"
1457:
642:, during which the Argentine army used
606:made their way to Nicaragua, where the
1901:
1672:
1051:
856:"The Age - Google News Archive Search"
624:Claiming another military coup by the
367:Operations in Tucumán and Buenos Aires
354:Movimiento de Izquierda Revolucionaria
1934:Trotskyist organisations in Argentina
1731:
1189:
965:
799:
383:Compania del Monte Ramón Rosa Jimenez
334:, named in commemoration of the 1972
1914:Guerrilla movements in Latin America
1895:, by Gustavo Plis-Sterenberg (2003).
1364:Monte Chingolo: Voces de Resistencia
736:
1939:Military wings of socialist parties
1766:Bouvard, Marguerite Guzman (1994).
1018:"ARGENTINA: Hanging from the Cliff"
706:
13:
1288:Crenshaw, Martha (November 2010).
640:1989 attack on La Tablada Regiment
234:tradition, but soon turned to the
179:Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo
14:
1960:
1909:Defunct communist militant groups
1531:Asamblea por los Derechos Humanos
499:, was one practical operation of
185:) was the military branch of the
1924:History of Argentina (1973–1976)
1919:History of Argentina (1955–1973)
1055:State Terrorism in Latin America
1024:. 5 January 1976. Archived from
36:
1862:
1837:
1815:
1793:
1759:
1725:
1700:
1642:
1621:
1587:
1566:
1557:
1536:
1529:The lower estimate is from the
1523:
1511:
1485:
1451:
1421:
1384:
1375:
1357:
1336:
1315:
1281:
1246:Abramovici, Pierre (May 2001).
1239:
1217:
1183:
1171:
1143:
1122:
1113:
1079:
993:
959:
938:
917:
891:
720:. 25 March 1974. Archived from
303:'s return. On 20 June 1973 the
269:Argentine military dictatorship
1435:. 12 July 1976. Archived from
869:
848:
827:
793:
784:
774:
762:
618:Movimiento Todos por la Patria
393:company were trained in Cuba.
16:Far-left militant organization
1:
1889:, by Donald C. Hodges (1988).
1738:. Stanford University Press.
1092:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
714:"Corporations: Record Ransom"
699:
340:Argentino del Valle Larraburu
1772:. Rowman & Littlefield.
1058:. Rowman & Littlefield.
597:
503:, which had started in 1973
190:Workers' Revolutionary Party
7:
1461:From Vietnam to El Salvador
744:"Court: Exxon Ransom Valid"
670:
256:, who had fought alongside
171:People's Revolutionary Army
31:People's Revolutionary Army
21:People's Revolutionary Army
10:
1965:
1871:, by Paul H. Lewis (2001).
1769:Revolutionizing Motherhood
1458:Spencer, David E. (1996).
1052:Wright, Thomas C. (2007).
485:Secretaría de Inteligencia
370:
287:led the ERP kidnapping of
210:
205:
18:
1883:, by Maria Moyano (1995).
1600:. Duke University Press.
999:Gustavo Plis-Sterenberg,
665:Estela Barnes de Carlotto
332:Compañía Héroes de Trelew
307:movement split after the
157:
145:
116:
101:
86:
44:
35:
30:
1551:24 February 2014 at the
1464:. Greenwood Publishing.
1369:30 November 2009 at the
1196:. Greenwood Publishing.
972:. Greenwood Publishing.
806:. Greenwood Publishing.
360:National Liberation Army
330:In January 1974 the ERP
275:in 1969, using targeted
1229:27 October 2007 at the
1193:Guerrillas and Generals
1190:Lewis, Paul H. (2002).
969:Guerrillas and Generals
966:Lewis, Paul H. (2002).
803:Guerrillas and Generals
800:Lewis, Paul H. (2002).
495:member) to the Chilean
432:Operacion Independencia
373:Operativo Independencia
357:(MIR) and the Bolivian
281:Enrique Gorriarán Merlo
277:urban guerrilla warfare
238:theory, especially the
147:Political position
78:Enrique Gorriarán Merlo
1944:Terrorism in Argentina
1732:Brysk, Alison (1994).
1274:19 August 2007 at the
579:Mario Roberto Santucho
476:
402:Mario Roberto Santucho
223:
194:
178:
52:Mario Roberto Santucho
1875:Nosotros Los Santucho
1265:free access in French
1252:Le Monde diplomatique
583:military dictatorship
470:
351:(MLN-T), the Chilean
218:
1294:. Penn State Press.
1291:Terrorism in Context
1165:2 March 2024 at the
457:Compania del Monte's
377:After the return of
317:communist revolution
19:For other uses, see
1690:23 May 2007 at the
1439:on 20 February 2011
1028:on 20 February 2011
905:on 26 February 2012
724:on 22 December 2008
387:province of Tucumán
273:Juan Carlos Onganía
240:Cultural Revolution
102:Active regions
90:Establishment of a
1803:. 29 December 2000
1694:, 23 January 2004
1662:3 May 2007 at the
1628:E/CN.4/2001/NGO/98
688:Nicaragua Betrayed
554:Santísima Trinidad
541:Domingo Viejobueno
523:. The aircraft, a
477:
473:Ramón Rosa Jiménez
420:counter-insurgency
336:Massacre of Trelew
230:emerging from the
224:
1825:. 14 January 2016
879:. 18 January 2009
550:type 42 destroyer
521:Santa Fe province
220:Oberdan Sallustro
181:, abbreviated as
167:
166:
162:Orthodox Peronism
1956:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1810:
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1797:
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1763:
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1729:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1676:
1670:
1668:
1651:cable quoted by
1646:
1640:
1639:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1597:In from the Cold
1591:
1585:
1584:
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1570:
1564:
1561:
1555:
1540:
1534:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1509:
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1506:
1504:
1495:. Archived from
1489:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1425:
1419:
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1313:
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1279:
1262:
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1224:Operation Condor
1221:
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1212:
1210:
1187:
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990:
988:
986:
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956:
954:
952:
942:
936:
935:
933:
931:
921:
915:
914:
912:
910:
901:. Archived from
895:
889:
888:
886:
884:
873:
867:
866:
864:
862:
852:
846:
845:
843:
841:
831:
825:
824:
822:
820:
797:
791:
788:
782:
778:
772:
766:
760:
759:
757:
755:
740:
734:
733:
731:
729:
710:
644:white phosphorus
613:Anastasio Somoza
517:Formosa province
501:Operation Condor
445:FMA IA 58 Pucará
321:proletarian rule
262:Cuban Revolution
252:associated with
250:guerilla warfare
197:
123:Marxism–Leninism
73:
60:
40:
28:
27:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1899:
1898:
1865:
1860:
1859:
1849:
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1799:
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1760:
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1730:
1726:
1716:
1714:
1706:
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1692:Wayback Machine
1677:
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1647:
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1553:Wayback Machine
1541:
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1499:on 25 July 2011
1491:
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1380:
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1371:Wayback Machine
1362:
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1276:Wayback Machine
1256:
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1244:
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1231:Wayback Machine
1222:
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1204:
1188:
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1167:Wayback Machine
1155:
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1128:
1127:
1123:
1118:
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828:
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767:
763:
753:
751:
742:
741:
737:
727:
725:
712:
711:
707:
702:
673:
649:Néstor Kirchner
600:
375:
369:
309:Ezeiza massacre
228:communist party
213:
208:
137:
133:
129:
125:
92:socialist state
82:
69:
56:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1962:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1897:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1878:
1872:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1836:
1814:
1792:
1778:
1758:
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1699:
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1641:
1633:United Nations
1620:
1607:978-0822341215
1606:
1586:
1565:
1556:
1535:
1522:
1510:
1484:
1470:
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1121:
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1098:
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978:
958:
937:
916:
890:
868:
847:
826:
812:
792:
783:
773:
761:
750:. 28 July 1981
748:New York Times
735:
704:
703:
701:
698:
697:
696:
691:
684:
679:
672:
669:
657:armed struggle
599:
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371:Main article:
368:
365:
285:Benito Urteaga
212:
209:
207:
204:
165:
164:
159:
155:
154:
149:
143:
142:
120:
114:
113:
108:(urban) &
103:
99:
98:
88:
84:
83:
81:
80:
75:
65:Benito Urteaga
62:
48:
46:
42:
41:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1961:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
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1920:
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1779:9780842024877
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1301:9780271044422
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1269:in Portuguese
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1203:9780275973605
1199:
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809:
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723:
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718:Time Magazine
715:
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695:
692:
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660:
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653:Raúl Alfonsín
650:
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632:Raúl Alfonsín
629:
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441:B.62 Canberra
439:fighters and
438:
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428:
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50:
49:
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43:
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1874:
1868:
1863:Bibliography
1848:. Retrieved
1839:
1827:. Retrieved
1817:
1805:. Retrieved
1795:
1783:. Retrieved
1768:
1761:
1749:. Retrieved
1734:
1727:
1715:. Retrieved
1711:
1702:
1696:(in Spanish)
1678:
1674:
1667:(in Italian)
1644:
1638:(in Spanish)
1631:
1623:
1611:. Retrieved
1596:
1589:
1577:. Retrieved
1568:
1559:
1542:
1538:
1530:
1525:
1518:
1513:
1501:. Retrieved
1497:the original
1487:
1475:. Retrieved
1460:
1453:
1441:. Retrieved
1437:the original
1432:
1423:
1395:. Retrieved
1386:
1377:
1359:
1347:. Retrieved
1338:
1326:. Retrieved
1317:
1305:. Retrieved
1290:
1283:
1255:. Retrieved
1241:
1219:
1207:. Retrieved
1192:
1185:
1178:
1173:
1154:. Retrieved
1145:
1133:. Retrieved
1124:
1115:
1103:. Retrieved
1088:
1081:
1069:. Retrieved
1054:
1030:. Retrieved
1026:the original
1021:
1000:
995:
983:. Retrieved
968:
961:
949:. Retrieved
940:
928:. Retrieved
919:
907:. Retrieved
903:the original
893:
881:. Retrieved
871:
859:. Retrieved
850:
838:. Retrieved
829:
817:. Retrieved
802:
795:
786:
776:
769:
764:
752:. Retrieved
747:
738:
726:. Retrieved
722:the original
717:
708:
686:
661:
636:human rights
627:Carapintadas
625:
623:
616:
601:
591:
587:state terror
574:
564:
553:
546:
540:
536:
533:
512:
508:
505:
478:
475:Company Flag
472:
462:Isabel Perón
456:
449:state terror
437:A-4B Skyhawk
430:
424:
416:Isabel Perón
409:
406:
397:
395:
391:guerrilleros
390:
382:
376:
358:
352:
346:
344:
331:
329:
325:
298:
293:
266:
258:Fidel Castro
248:strategy of
243:
225:
182:
170:
168:
106:Buenos Aires
70:
57:
25:
1785:23 February
1751:23 February
1613:23 February
1503:23 February
1477:23 February
1443:23 February
1397:23 February
1349:23 February
1328:23 February
1307:23 February
1257:15 December
1235:John Dinges
1209:23 February
1156:23 February
1151:"Página/12"
1105:23 February
1071:23 February
1032:23 February
985:23 February
951:23 February
930:23 February
861:23 February
840:23 February
819:23 February
754:11 November
728:11 November
694:Raúl Argemí
608:Sandinistas
571:coup d'état
260:during the
254:Che Guevara
135:Foco theory
1903:Categories
1712:La Capital
1099:9041112022
700:References
682:Montoneros
559:Montoneros
537:Montoneros
525:Boeing 737
513:milicianos
509:Montoneros
412:Montoneros
379:Juan Perón
301:Juan Peron
271:headed by
232:Trotskyist
198:, PRT) in
141:(factions)
139:Trotskyism
1929:Dirty War
1680:El Clarín
909:23 August
677:Dirty War
598:Aftermath
567:Dirty War
453:Dirty War
427:commandos
348:Tupamaros
200:Argentina
187:communist
158:Opponents
131:Guevarism
96:Argentina
1688:Archived
1660:Archived
1549:Archived
1433:TIME.com
1367:Archived
1272:Archived
1227:Archived
1163:Archived
1022:TIME.com
671:See also
481:Paraguay
305:Peronist
245:foquista
152:Far-left
118:Ideology
1653:RaiNews
529:Rafaela
211:Origins
206:History
175:Spanish
112:(rural)
110:Tucumán
87:Motives
71:†
58:†
45:Leaders
1850:11 May
1829:11 May
1807:11 May
1776:
1742:
1717:11 May
1604:
1579:11 May
1468:
1298:
1200:
1135:11 May
1096:
1062:
976:
883:11 May
810:
604:cadres
471:Monte
236:Maoist
127:Maoism
67:
54:
313:Exxon
1852:2016
1831:2016
1809:2016
1787:2015
1774:ISBN
1753:2015
1740:ISBN
1719:2016
1655:24:
1649:ANSA
1615:2015
1602:ISBN
1581:2016
1505:2015
1479:2015
1466:ISBN
1445:2015
1399:2015
1351:2015
1330:2015
1309:2015
1296:ISBN
1267:and
1259:2006
1211:2015
1198:ISBN
1158:2015
1137:2016
1107:2015
1094:ISBN
1073:2015
1060:ISBN
1034:2015
987:2015
974:ISBN
953:2015
932:2015
911:2009
885:2016
863:2015
842:2015
821:2015
808:ISBN
756:2012
730:2012
497:DINA
289:Esso
283:and
169:The
493:MIR
489:FBI
323:."
183:ERP
94:in
1905::
1710:.
1683:.
1630:,
1431:.
1407:^
1250:.
1233:,
1042:^
1020:.
1007:^
746:.
716:.
659:.
264:.
202:.
177::
1854:.
1833:.
1811:.
1789:.
1755:.
1721:.
1669:.
1617:.
1583:.
1507:.
1481:.
1447:.
1401:.
1353:.
1332:.
1311:.
1278:)
1263:(
1261:.
1213:.
1160:.
1139:.
1109:.
1075:.
1036:.
989:.
955:.
934:.
913:.
887:.
865:.
844:.
823:.
758:.
732:.
192:(
173:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
