Pelican - Knowledge

2572: 1240: 1908: 1890: 2851: 1868: 2198: 1702: 2356: 1398: 1123: 2719: 1691: 2918: 2711: 1365: 1427: 2332: 2259: 1930: 1718: 1337: 1770:, but how air sacs are inflated is not clear. The air sacs serve to keep the pelican remarkably buoyant in the water and may also cushion the impact of the pelican's body on the water surface when they dive from flight into water to catch fish. Superficial air sacs may also help to round body contours (especially over the abdomen, where surface protuberances may be caused by viscera changing size and position) to enable the overlying feathers to form more effective heat insulation and also to enable feathers to be held in position for good aerodynamics. 8414: 2065:. The only other pelican to feed using a similar technique is the Peruvian pelican, but its dives are typically from a lower height than the brown pelican. The Australian and American white pelicans may feed by low plunge-dives landing feet-first and then scooping up the prey with the beak, but they—as well as the remaining pelican species—primarily feed while swimming on the water. Aquatic prey is most commonly taken at or near the water surface. Although principally a fish eater, the Australian pelican is also an eclectic and opportunistic 1803: 1275: 9045: 1303: 163: 1456: 7767: 447: 2029: 1683: 3019: 133: 2021:

schools of small fish or form a line to drive them into the shallows, beating their wings on the water surface and then scooping up the prey. Although all pelican species may feed in groups or alone, the Dalmatian, pink-backed, and spot-billed pelicans are the only ones to prefer solitary feeding. When fishing in groups, all pelican species have been known to work together to catch their prey, and Dalmatian pelicans may even cooperate with

1107: 1951:

in the water while pointing, gaping, and thrusting their bills at each other. They can finish the process in a day. The tree-nesting species have a simpler process in which perched males advertise for females. The location of the breeding colony is constrained by the availability of an ample supply of fish to eat, although pelicans can use thermals to soar and commute for hundreds of kilometres daily to fetch food.

7753: 1749:

to yellow after the eggs are laid, while the throat pouch of the Peruvian pelican turns blue. The American white pelican grows a prominent knob on its bill that is shed once females have laid eggs. The plumage of immature pelicans is darker than that of adults. Newly hatched chicks are naked and pink, darkening to grey or black after 4 to 14 days, then developing a covering of white or grey

1979:; after about a week, they are able to put their heads into their parents' pouches and feed themselves. Sometimes before, but especially after being fed the pelican chick may seem to "throw a tantrum" by loudly vocalizing and dragging itself around in a circle by one wing and leg, striking its head on the ground or anything nearby and the tantrums sometimes end in what looks like a 3029: 1737:

the heaviest of flying birds, they are relatively light for their apparent bulk because of air pockets in the skeleton and beneath the skin, enabling them to float high in the water. The tail is short and square. The wings are long and broad, suitably shaped for soaring and gliding flight, and have the unusually large number of 30 to 35 secondary

478:. Four white-plumaged species tend to nest on the ground, and four brown or grey-plumaged species nest mainly in trees. The relationship between pelicans and people has often been contentious. The birds have been persecuted because of their perceived competition with commercial and recreational fishing. Their populations have fallen through 2035: 2033: 2031: 2274:

over-exploitation of fish stocks. It is listed as near threatened by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species as the population trend is downwards, especially in Mongolia, where it is nearly extinct. However, several European colonies are increasing in size and the largest colony for the species, at the

1199:

white pelican also belonged to this lineage, but was the first to diverge from the common ancestor of the other four species. This finding suggests that pelicans evolved in the Old World and spread into the Americas, and that preference for tree- or ground-nesting is more related to size than genetics.

2020:

up to 400 g (0.9 lb) and the great white pelican prefers somewhat larger fish, up to 600 g (1.3 lb), but in Europe, the latter species has been recorded taking fish up to 1,850 g (4.1 lb). In deep water, white pelicans often fish alone. Nearer the shore, several encircle

1995:

10–12 weeks after hatching. They may remain with their parents afterwards, but are now seldom or never fed. They are mature at three or four years old. Overall breeding success is highly variable. Pelicans live for 15 to 25 years in the wild, although one reached an age of 54 years in captivity.

1970:

The eggs are oval, white, and coarsely textured. All species normally lay at least two eggs; the usual clutch size is one to three, rarely up to six. Both sexes incubate with the eggs on top of or below the feet; they may display when changing shifts. Incubation takes 30–36 days; hatching success for

1744:

Males are generally larger than females and have longer bills. The smallest species is the brown pelican, small individuals of which can be no more than 2.75 kg (6.1 lb) and 1.06 m (3.5 ft) long, with a wingspan of as little as 1.83 m (6.0 ft). The largest is believed to

2904:

them with her own blood. Such legends may have arisen because of the impression a pelican sometimes gives that it is stabbing itself with its bill. In reality, it often presses this onto its chest to fully empty the pouch. Another possible derivation is the tendency of the bird to rest with its bill

2664:

acquired its black and white plumage. The story tells that the pelican was once a black bird. During a flood, he made a canoe to save drowning people. He fell in love with a woman and decided to save her, but she and her friends tricked him and escaped. The pelican consequently began preparing to go

2391:

In the late 1960s, following the major decline in brown pelican numbers in Louisiana from DDT poisoning, 500 pelicans were imported from Florida to augment and re-establish the population; over 300 subsequently died in April and May 1975 from poisoning by the pesticide endrin. About 14,000 pelicans,

2290:

Pelicans have been persecuted by humans for their perceived competition for fish, despite the fact that their diet overlaps little with fish caught by people. Starting in the 1880s, American white pelicans were clubbed and shot, their eggs and young were deliberately destroyed, and their feeding and

2281:

Widespread across Australia, the Australian pelican has a population generally estimated at between 300,000 and 500,000 individuals. Overall population numbers fluctuate widely and erratically depending on wetland conditions and breeding success across the continent. The species is assessed as being

2034: 1950:

and nest colonially. Pairs are monogamous for a single season, but the pair bond extends only to the nesting area; mates are independent away from the nest. The ground-nesting (white) species have a complex communal courtship involving a group of males chasing a single female in the air, on land, or

1748:

Pelicans have mainly light-coloured plumage, the exceptions being the brown and Peruvian pelicans. The bills, pouches, and bare facial skin of all species become brighter before breeding season commences. The throat pouch of the Californian subspecies of the brown pelican turns bright red, and fades

3674:

Hackett, S.J.; Kimball, R.T.; Reddy, S.; Bowie, R.C.K.; Braun, E.L.; Braun, M.J.; Chojnowski, J.L.; Cox, W.A.; Han, K.-L.; Harshman, J.; Huddleston, C.J.; Marks, B.D.; Miglia, K.J.; Moore, W.A.; Sheldon, F.H.; Steadman, D.W.; Witt, C.C.; Yuri, T. (2008). "A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their

1198:

pelicans formed one lineage, with the American white pelican sister to the two brown pelicans, and the five Old World species the other. The Dalmatian, pink-backed, and spot-billed were all closely related to one another, while the Australian white pelican was their next-closest relative. The great

2254:

The American white pelican has increased in numbers, with its population estimated at over 157,000 birds in 2005, becoming more numerous east of the continental divide, while declining in the west. However, whether its numbers have been affected by exposure to pesticides is unclear, as it has also

1966:

In all species, copulation takes place at the nest site; it begins shortly after pairing and continues for 3–10 days before egg-laying. The male brings the nesting material, in ground-nesting species (which may not build a nest) sometimes in the pouch, and in tree-nesting species crosswise in

1736:

of the lower bill and the flexible tongue muscles form the pouch into a basket for catching fish, and sometimes rainwater, though to not hinder the swallowing of large fish, the tongue itself is tiny. They have a long neck and short stout legs with large, fully webbed feet. Although they are among

2937:

Pelicans have featured extensively in heraldry, generally using the Christian symbolism of the pelican as a caring and self-sacrificing parent. Heraldic images featuring a "pelican vulning" refers to a pelican injuring herself, while a "pelican in her piety" refers to a female pelican feeding her

2387:

in pelicans and many other birds, causing eggshell thinning and weakening, and consequent breeding failure through the eggs being accidentally crushed by brooding birds. Since an effective ban on the use of DDT was implemented in the US in 1972, the eggshells of breeding brown pelicans there have

1954:

The Australian pelican has two reproductive strategies depending on the local degree of environmental predictability. Colonies of tens or hundreds, rarely thousands, of birds breed regularly on small coastal and subcoastal islands where food is seasonally or permanently available. In arid inland

2181:

Globally, pelican populations are adversely affected by these main factors: declining supplies of fish through overfishing or water pollution, destruction of habitat, direct effects of human activity such as disturbance at nesting colonies, hunting and culling, entanglement in fishing lines and

2317:

and deliberate, targeted persecution, pelicans are vulnerable to disturbance at their breeding colonies by birdwatchers, photographers, and other curious visitors. Human presence alone can cause the birds to accidentally displace or destroy their eggs, leave hatchlings exposed to predators and

2218:

estimates the global population of the brown pelican at 300,000. Numbers of brown pelican plummeted in the 1950s and 1960s, largely as a consequence of environmental DDT pollution, and the species was listed as endangered in the US in 1970. With restrictions on DDT use in the US from 1972, its

2269:

Great white pelicans range over a large area of Africa and southern Asia. The overall trend in numbers is uncertain, with a mix of regional populations that are increasing, declining, stable, or unknown, but no evidence has been found of rapid overall decline, and the status of the species is

1853:

consists of thrusting and snapping at opponents with their bills, or lifting and waving their wings in a threatening manner. Adult pelicans grunt when at the colony, but are generally silent elsewhere or outside breeding season. Conversely, colonies are noisy, as chicks vocalise extensively.

2230:

event and could experience similar declines in the future. Conservation needs include regular monitoring throughout the range to determine population trends, particularly after El Niño years, restricting human access to important breeding colonies, and assessing interactions with fisheries.

1782:) and 60° North (American white pelicans in western Canada). Birds of inland and coastal waters, they are absent from polar regions, the deep ocean, oceanic islands (except the Galapagos), and inland South America, as well as from the eastern coast of South America from the mouth of the 2273:

The Dalmatian pelican has a population estimated at between 10,000 and 20,000 following massive declines in the 19th and 20th centuries. The main ongoing threats include hunting, especially in eastern Asia, disturbance, coastal development, collision with overhead power lines, and the

1765:

under their skin situated across the ventral surface including the throat, breast, and undersides of the wings, as well as having air sacs in their bones. The air sacs are connected to the airways of the respiratory system, and the pelican can keep its air sacs inflated by closing its

2736:, a didactic Christian text from the 3rd or 4th century, claims that pelicans kill their young when they grow and strike their parents in the face, but then the mother laments them for three days, after which she strikes her side and brings them back to life with her blood. The 461:

Pelicans will frequent inland waterways but are most known for residing along maritime and coastal zones, where they feed principally on fish in their large throat pouches, diving into the water and catching them at/near the water's surface. They can adapt to varying degrees of

2234:

The spot-billed pelican has an estimated population between 13,000 and 18,000 and is considered to be near threatened in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Numbers declined substantially during the 20th century, one crucial factor being the eradication of the important

2032: 2771:

In a newer, also medieval version of the European myth, the pelican was thought to be particularly attentive to her young, to the point of providing them with blood by wounding her own breast when no other food was available. As a result, the pelican came to symbolise the

2431:, both directly by being oiled and by the impact on their food resources. A 2007 report to the California Fish and Game Commission estimated that during the previous 20 years, some 500–1000 brown pelicans had been affected by oil spills in California. A 2011 report by the 2247:. In the absence of substantial threats or evidence of declines across its range, its conservation status is assessed as being of least concern. Regional threats include the drainage of wetlands and increasing disturbance in southern Africa. The species is susceptible to 1818:

to waterproof it. Holding their wings only loosely against their bodies, pelicans float with relatively little of their bodies below the water surface. They dissipate excess heat by gular flutter – rippling the skin of the throat and pouch with the bill open to promote

2306:-producing seabirds was seen to threaten the livelihood of the guano collectors. More recently, such predation at South African seabird colonies has impacted on the conservation of threatened seabird populations, especially crowned cormorants, Cape cormorants, and 2049:

Large fish are caught with the bill-tip, then tossed up in the air to be caught and slid into the gullet head-first. A gull will sometimes stand on the pelican's head, peck it to distraction, and grab a fish from the open bill. Pelicans in their turn sometimes

1745:

be the Dalmatian, at up to 15 kg (33 lb) and 1.83 m (6.0 ft) in length, with a maximum wingspan of 3 m (9.8 ft). The Australian pelican's bill may grow up to 0.5 m (1.6 ft) long in large males, the longest of any bird.

2451:

can become wound around bill, wings, or legs, resulting in crippling, starvation, and often death. Local rescue organisations have been established in North America and Australia by volunteers to treat and rehabilitate injured pelicans and other wildlife.

1504:

in southeastern France, and is remarkably similar to modern forms. Its beak is almost complete and is morphologically identical to that of present-day pelicans, showing that this advanced feeding apparatus was already in existence at the time. An

1434:

Length 1.60–1.80 m (5.2–5.9 ft), wingspan 2.70–3.20 m (8.9–10.5 ft), weight 10–12 kg (22–26 lb). Largest pelican; differs from great white pelican in having curly nape feathers, grey legs and greyish-white plumage.

2239:

breeding colony in Burma through deforestation and the loss of feeding sites. The chief threats it faces are from habitat loss and human disturbance, but populations have mostly stabilised following increased protection in India and Cambodia.

581:, and the remainder into the Suliformes. In their place, herons, ibises, spoonbills, the hamerkop, and the shoebill have now been transferred into the Pelecaniformes. Molecular evidence suggests that the shoebill and the hamerkop form a 2291:

nesting sites were degraded by water management schemes and wetland drainage. Even in the 21st century, an increase in the population of American white pelicans in southeastern Idaho in the US was seen to threaten the recreational

1405:

Length 1.25–1.32 m (4.1–4.3 ft), wingspan 2.65–2.9 m (8.7–9.5 ft), weight 3.9–7 kg (8.6–15.4 lb). Grey and white plumage, occasionally pinkish on the back, with a yellow upper mandible and grey pouch.

2991:

is a pelican, and for most of its existence the headquarters of the service was located at Pelican House in Dublin, Ireland. The heraldic pelican also ended up as a pub name and image, though sometimes with the image of the ship

2801:

describes how “the pelican pierce her own breast with her bill … to nourish her young ones with her blood, and thereby to show that Christ the blessed so loveth his young, his people, as to save them from death by his blood.”

1463:

Length 1.27–1.52 m (4.2–5.0 ft), wingspan 2.5 m (8.2 ft), weight c. 5 kg (11 lb). Mainly grey-white all over, with a grey hindneck crest in breeding season, pinkish rump and spotted bill pouch.

2442:

Where pelicans interact with fishers, through either sharing the same waters or scavenging for fishing refuse, they are especially vulnerable to being hooked and entangled in both active and discarded fishing lines.

6386:

Management of American White Pelicans in Idaho. A Five-year Plan (2009–2013) to Balance American White Pelican and Native Cutthroat Trout Conservation Needs and Manage Impacts to Recreational Fisheries in Southeast

2016:, birds, and mammals are also eaten. The size of the preferred prey fish varies depending on pelican species and location. For example, in Africa, the pink-backed pelican generally takes fish ranging in size from 1372:

Length 1.60–1.90 m (5.2–6.2 ft), wingspan 2.3–2.5 m (7.5–8.2 ft), weight 4–8.2 kg (8.8–18.1 lb). Predominantly white with black along primaries and very large, pale pink bill.

2899:

The legends of self-wounding and the provision of blood occur across cultures. For example, an Indian folktale depicts a pelican that killed her young by rough treatment, but was then so contrite that she

2030: 1846:. As the air flows between the wings and the water surface, it is compressed to a higher density and exerts a stronger upward force against the bird above. Hence, substantial energy is saved while flying. 1983:

that results in the chick falling briefly unconscious; the reason is not clearly known, but a common belief is that it is to draw attention to itself and away from any siblings who are waiting to be fed.

540:. He described the distinguishing characteristics as a straight bill hooked at the tip, linear nostrils, a bare face, and fully webbed feet. This early definition included frigatebirds, cormorants, and 2552:. While this is usually not a serious problem even when present in such numbers that it covers the whole interior of the pouch, sometimes inflammation and bleeding may occur from it and harm the host. 1991:" of up to 100 birds in which parents recognise and feed only their own offspring. By 6–8 weeks they wander around, occasionally swimming, and may practise communal feeding. Young of all species 369:, for example, some 600 miles (965 km) from the nearest coastline (the Pacific West Coast). They have also been seen hundreds of miles inland in North America, having flown northwards along the 2270:

assessed as being of least concern. Threats include the drainage of wetlands, persecution and sport hunting, disturbance at the breeding colonies, and contamination by pesticides and heavy metals.

1282:

Length up to 1.4 m (4.6 ft), wingspan 2–2.3 m (6.6–7.5 ft), weight 3.6–4.5 kg (7.9–9.9 lb). Smallest pelican; distinguished by brown plumage; feeds by plunge-diving.

1247:

Length 1.3–1.8 m (4.3–5.9 ft), wingspan 2.44–2.9 m (8.0–9.5 ft), weight 5–9 kg (10–20 lb). Plumage almost entirely white, except for black primary and secondary

6589: 1975:, in the wild, usually all but one nestling dies within the first few weeks (later in the pink-backed and spot-billed species). Both parents feed their young. Small chicks are fed by 1310:

Length up to 1.52 m (5.0 ft), wingspan 2.48 m (8.1 ft), average weight 7 kg (15 lb). Dark with a white stripe from the crown down the sides of the neck.

1778:

Modern pelicans are found on all continents except Antarctica. They primarily inhabit warm regions, although breeding ranges extend to latitudes of 45° South (Australian pelicans in

2949:, evoking the christian symbology to equate the sacrifice of his blood to feed the nation. The pelican as a symbol also became synonymous with the increasing charity efforts of the 1987:

Parents of ground-nesting species sometimes drag older young around roughly by the head before feeding them. From about 25 days old, the young of these species gather in "pods" or "

6554:

Work, Thierry M.; Barr, Bradd; Beale, Allison M.; Fritz, Lawrence; Quilliam, Michael A.; Wright, Jeffrey L.C. (1993). "Epidemiology of domoic acid poisoning in Brown Pelicans (

2571: 1344:

Length 1.40–1.75 m (4.6–5.7 ft), wingspan 2.45–2.95 m (8.0–9.7 ft), weight 10–11 kg (22–24 lb). Plumage white, with pink facial patch and legs.

2302:

Great white pelicans on Dyer Island, in the Western Cape region of South Africa, were culled during the 19th century because their predation of the eggs and chicks of

2214:

The combined population of brown and Peruvian pelicans is estimated at 650,000 birds, with around 250,000 in the United States and Caribbean, and 400,000 in Peru. The

7500: 6714:

Dyer, William G.; Williams, Ernest H. Jr; Mignucci-Giannoni, Antonio A.; Jimenez-Marrero, Nilda M.; Bunkley-Williams, Lucy; Moore, Debra P.; Pence Danny B. (2002).

6419: 4191: 2439:, said that 932 brown pelicans had been collected after being affected by oiling and estimated that 10 times that number had been harmed as a result of the spill. 6479: 4825: 1467:

Monotypic. Southern Asia from southern Pakistan across India east to Indonesia; extinct in the Philippines and possibly eastern China. Status: near threatened.

1834:, to commute distances up to 150 km (93 mi) to feeding areas. Pelicans also fly low (or "skim") over stretches of water, using a phenomenon known as 1661: 5249: 4702:

Louchart, Antoine; Tourment, Nicolas; Carrier, Julie (2011). "The Earliest Known Pelican Reveals 30 Million Years of Evolutionary Stasis in Beak Morphology".

7314: 2088:

are an important food source for great white pelicans. Several other bird species have been recorded in the diet of this pelican in South Africa, including

2544:. Healthy pelicans can usually cope with their lice, but sick birds may carry hundreds of individuals, which hastens a sick bird's demise. The pouch louse 2368:

DDT pollution in the environment was a major cause of decline of brown pelican populations in North America in the 1950s and 1960s. It entered the oceanic

1959:, pelicans breed opportunistically in very large numbers of up to 50,000 pairs, when irregular major floods, which may be many years apart, fill ephemeral 1581: 7195: 4738: 2160:

of chicks of their own species is known from the Australian, brown, and Peruvian pelicans. Non-native great white pelicans have been observed swallowing

2081:

and "anything from insects and small crustaceans to ducks and small dogs". Food is not stored in a pelican's throat pouch, contrary to popular folklore.

6806: 5420: 1794:, although their scarcity and isolated occurrence suggests that these remains may have merely been vagrants from Australia (much as is the case today). 577:, cormorants, gannets, boobies, and frigatebirds, all traditional members of the order, have since been reclassified: tropicbirds into their own order, 1589: 1285:

Five subspecies. Coastal distribution ranging from North America and the Caribbean to northern South America and the Galapagos. Status: least concern.

5393: 7612: 2827:

contains a depiction of a pelican feeding her young in an oval panel at the bottom of the title page. The "pelican in her piety" appears in the 1686

1728:

Pelicans are very large birds with very long bills characterised by a downcurved hook at the end of the upper mandible, and the attachment of a huge

482:, disturbance, and environmental pollution, and three species are of conservation concern. They also have a long history of cultural significance in 8471: 1347:

Monotypic. Patchy distribution from eastern Mediterranean east to Indochina and Malay Peninsula, and south to South Africa. Status: least concern.

1187: 2972:. The universities of Oxford and Cambridge each have colleges named for the religious festival nearest the dates of their establishment, and both 8977: 8145: 6771: 1478:

The fossil record shows that the pelican lineage has existed for at least 36 million years; the oldest known pelican fossil was assigned to

1146:

The eight living pelican species were traditionally divided into two groups, one containing four ground-nesters with mainly white adult plumage (

3728:"Phylogenetic Analysis of Pelecaniformes (Aves) Based on Osteological Data: Implications for Waterbird Phylogeny and Fossil Calibration Studies" 2226:

to exceed 500,000 mature individuals, and is possibly increasing, it has been much higher in the past. It declined dramatically during the 1998

8738: 7297:

Entre Príncipe Perfeito e Rei Pelicano - os Caminhos da Memória e da propaganda política através do estudo da imagem de D. João II (século XV)

3993: 9282: 1907: 1889: 2116:

and elsewhere. The Australian pelican, which is particularly willing to take a wide range of prey items, has been recorded feeding on young

9009: 8792: 8456: 7140: 5996:

Cursach, J.A.; J.R. Rau; J. Vilugrón (2016). "Presence of the Peruvian Pelican Pelicanus thagus in seabird colonies of Chilean Patagonia".

1867: 6384: 5718: 8803: 8775: 8755: 3787:"Avian higher-level phylogeny: Well-supported clades and what we can learn from a phylogenetic analysis of 2954 morphological characters" 9385: 8543: 8275: 7248: 7061: 2665:

to war against them by daubing himself with white clay as war paint. Before he had finished, another pelican, on seeing such a strange

2057:

The brown pelican usually plunge-dives head-first for its prey, from a height as great as 10–20 m (33–66 ft), especially for

1515:

on the basis of certain features originally considered unique, but later thought to lie within the range of interspecific variation in

6529: 6487:. California Fish and Game Commission Reports. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Planning and Evaluation. Archived from 3652:. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. Vol. 222. New York: American Museum of Natural History. pp. 131, 252. 7556: 6125: 4962:

Noriega, Jorge I.; Cenizo, Marcos; Brandoni, Diego; Pérez, Leandro M.; Tineo, David E.; Diederle, Juan M.; Bona, Paula (9 May 2023).

3517: 1257:. Breeds in inland Canada and United States, wintering in southern United States, Mexico and Central America. Status: least concern. 439:

and spread into the Americas; this is reflected in the relationships within the genus as the eight species divide into Old World and

1239: 9230: 8522: 7828: 2487:

or sometimes the inside of the pouch. A study of the parasites of the American white pelican found 75 different species, including

2197: 2850: 427:

have been classified in the same order. Fossil evidence of pelicans dates back at least 36 million years to the remains of a

9256: 3339: 1701: 5753: 3282:

Kuhl., H.; Frankl-Vilches, C.; Bakker, A.; Mayr, G.; Nikolaus, G.; Boerno, S. T.; Klages, S.; Timmermann, B.; Gahr, M. (2020).

7638: 7526: 9390: 7734: 7570: 7504: 6894: 6837: 5157: 4964:"A new pelican (Aves: Pelecanidae) from the Upper Miocene of Argentina: new clues about the origin of the New World lineages" 3525: 9261: 9405: 3511: 3085: 3007: 2756:

gushing from the wound in his side). This text was widely copied, translated, and sometimes closely paraphrased during the

1313:

Monotypic. Pacific Coast of South America from Ecuador and Peru south through to southern Chile. Status: near threatened.

8138: 4943:

Widhalm, J. (1886). "Die Fossilen Vogel-Knochen der Odessaer-Steppen-Kalk-Steinbrüche an der Neuen Slobodka bei Odessa".

4778:

Olson, Storrs L. (1985). "Faunal Turnover in South American Fossil Avifaunas: the Insufficiencies of the Fossil Record".

2355: 1826:

A fibrous layer deep in the breast muscles can hold the wings rigidly horizontal for gliding and soaring. Thus, they use

4195: 2227: 322:

and draining water from the scooped-up contents before swallowing. They have predominantly pale plumage, except for the

7720: 7451: 7225: 6488: 6341: 5531: 5087: 4625: 4455: 4167: 2823:

The pelican is featured in many Christian artworks, especially in Europe. For example, the first (1611) edition of the

1830:

for soaring to heights of 3000 m (10,000 ft) or more, combined both with gliding and with flapping flight in

2839:

in the City of London. Earlier medieval examples of the motif appear in painted murals, for example, the mural in the

7295: 7154: 7117: 7075: 7030: 5825: 5564: 5225: 5197: 5111: 4840: 4305: 4275: 3912: 3849: 3589: 3436: 3093: 2973: 435:

strata of Egypt that bears striking similarity to modern species of pelican. They are thought to have evolved in the

5028: 9344: 9209: 8413: 6869: 3844:. Marchant, S.; Higgins, P.J. (Coordinators). Melbourne, Victoria: Oxford University Press. 1990. pp. 737–38. 3559: 2958: 2380: 9287: 7318: 5953: 5280: 3616:

Rostrum edentulum, rectum: apice adunco, unguiculato. Nares lineares. Facies nuda. Pedes digitís omnibus palmatis.

3227:

El Adli, Joseph J.; Wilson Mantilla, Jeffrey A.; Antar, Mohammed Sameh M.; Gingerich, Philip D. (2 January 2021).

9222: 9191: 6853: 6720:, in Puerto Rico, with a Compilation of all Metazoan Parasites Reported from this Host in the Western Hemisphere" 5364: 2988: 2432: 1564:

Fossil finds from North America have been meagre compared with Europe, which has a richer fossil record. Several

1561:(of doubtful validity), being based on fragments providing insufficient evidence to support a valid description. 1330: 534: 245: 6713: 330:. The bills, pouches, and bare facial skin of all pelicans become brightly coloured before the breeding season. 8131: 7694: 7417: 7203: 6936: 5820:. Marchant, S.; Higgins, P.J. (Coordinators). Melbourne, Victoria: Oxford University Press. 1990. p. 742. 5779: 5591: 5497: 5347: 5322: 5106:. Marchant, S.; Higgins, P.J. (Coordinators). Melbourne, Victoria: Oxford University Press. 1990. p. 746. 4921: 4498: 4087: 4040: 2977: 2792:

describes Christ as the loving divine pelican, one drop of whose blood can save the world. Similarly, the 1678

1849:

Adult pelicans rely on visual displays and behaviour to communicate, particularly using their wings and bills.

4753: 2793: 2194:

as being at risk. All species breed readily in zoos, which is potentially useful for conservation management.

9362: 9269: 6506: 6156: 5428: 3628: 3112: 3089: 2761: 2718: 1397: 562: 9044: 8123: 3480: 2950: 2372:, contaminating and accumulating in several species, including one of the pelican's primary food fish – the 1810:

Pelicans swim well with their strong legs and their webbed feet. They rub the backs of their heads on their

7821: 5397: 4159:

A Wildlife Guide to Chile: Continental Chile, Chilean Antarctica, Easter Island, Juan Fernández Archipelago

2984: 7616: 9139: 9126: 7109:

In the beginning: the story of the King James Bible and how it changed a nation, a language and a culture

6953: 3140: 2436: 2341: 1690: 1122: 553: 2295:

fishery there, leading to official attempts to reduce pelican numbers through systematic harassment and

1194:

DNA sequencing of both mitochondrial and nuclear genes yielded quite different relationships; the three

9144: 5856: 5841: 5127: 4675: 4594: 4545: 4345: 4241: 4134: 3865: 3073: 2797: 9336: 7792: 7661: 6096: 5885:"Breeding Seabirds at Dassen Island, South Africa: Chances of Surviving Great White Pelican Predation" 4413: 3962: 1376:

Monotypic. Australia and New Guinea; vagrant to New Zealand, Solomons, Bismarck Archipelago, Fiji and

1162:), and one containing four grey- or brown-plumaged species which nest preferentially either in trees ( 361:, after heavy rains create temporary lakes. White pelicans are also observed at the American state of 333:

The eight living pelican species have a patchy, seasonally-dependent yet global distribution, ranging

162: 9349: 9297: 4877: 3081: 2749: 2448: 1976: 1409:

Monotypic. Africa, Seychelles and southwestern Arabia; extinct in Madagascar. Status: least concern.

849: 7474: 4826:"A New Species of Pelican (Aves: Pelecanidae) from the Lower Pliocene of North Carolina and Florida" 4004: 2698:, a term used for a water-carrying vessel and likened to the pouch of the pelican. The English name 5427:. New Orleans, Louisiana: Center for Environmental Communication, Loyola University. Archived from 2222:

The Peruvian pelican is listed as near threatened because, although the population is estimated by

2215: 1835: 738: 31: 17: 7273: 6672:

The Impact of Recreational Fishing on Estuarine Birdlife on the Far North Coast of New South Wales

585:

to the pelicans, though some doubt exists as to the exact relationships among the three lineages.

7814: 7786: 7067: 6449: 2255:

lost habitat through wetland drainage and competition with recreational use of lakes and rivers.

1936: 1686:

A brown pelican opening mouth and inflating air sac to display tongue and some inner bill anatomy

451: 7726: 7715: 6618: 6357: 6304: 6278: 6233: 6207: 6181: 5314: 3551: 3545: 3337: 2669:

creature, killed him with its beak, and all such pelicans have been black and white ever since.

2310:. This has led to suggestions that pelican numbers should be controlled at vulnerable colonies. 9323: 9066: 7923: 7586: 7317:. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Corpus Christi College, Cambridge University. 2011. Archived from 7144: 7107: 7020: 6394: 5730: 3428: 3420: 2969: 2867: 2805: 2773: 2765: 2405: 2223: 2202: 2149: 1694: 1227: 1159: 806: 686: 593: 7560: 5556: 4739:"Nomenclatural and Taxonomic Status of Fossil Birds Described by H. G. L. Reichenbach in 1852" 3229:"The earliest recorded fossil pelican, recovered from the late Eocene of Wadi Al-Hitan, Egypt" 2909:

has a blood-red pouch in the early breeding season and this may have contributed to the myth.

2710: 1646: 9318: 5774:. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Planning and Evaluation. pp. 183–184. 5189: 5183: 3045: 2930: 2680:

worshipped nature. They placed emphasis on animals and often depicted pelicans in their art.

2576: 2401: 2157: 2117: 1733: 764: 9310: 2917: 2874:

The self-sacrificial characterization of the pelican was reinforced by widely read medieval

1761:

Anatomical dissections of two brown pelicans in 1939 showed that pelicans have a network of

1191:

but in fact species with both sorts of appearance and nesting behavior are found in either.

9165: 9113: 6644: 6553: 6066: 3739: 3684: 3475:(Special Publication 1: The Biology and Conservation of the American White Pelican): 9–17. 3354: 3240: 3151: 3132: 3101: 2789: 2745: 2105: 1762: 1669: 1653: 1641: 6133: 5884: 3284:"An unbiased molecular approach using 3'UTRs resolves the avian family-level tree of life" 2622:

show that the pelican was believed to possess the ability to prophesy safe passage in the

2258: 2190:. Most species' populations are more or less stable, although three are classified by the 8: 9104: 7943: 7938: 7928: 7646: 4652: 4571: 4522: 4322: 4218: 4111: 3120: 3097: 2942: 2479:, and high densities of these biting insects may force pelican colonies to be abandoned. 2314: 2262: 2165: 1874: 1850: 1820: 1717: 1633: 1573: 1443: 1385: 1364: 1318: 1167: 1163: 1155: 669: 479: 471: 261: 141: 7267: 6871:

Old Testament (King James Version) – Book of Deuteronomy (also included in Jewish Torah)

6690: 6070: 5668: 5638: 4390: 3939: 3743: 3688: 3358: 3244: 2618:

as the "mother of the king" and thus seen as a goddess. References in nonroyal funerary

1988: 1426: 443:

lineages. This hypothesis is supported by fossil evidence from the oldest pelican taxa.

9400: 7948: 6749: 6571: 6039: 5978: 5835: 5307: 5272: 5121: 4991: 4795: 4719: 4295: 3859: 3762: 3727: 3708: 3492: 3484: 3340:"The phylogenetic relationships of the extant pelicans inferred from DNA sequence data" 3310: 3283: 3264: 3195:

The US government has not accepted the elevation of the two taxa into separate species.

2824: 2661: 2244: 1914: 1721: 1601: 1352: 1248: 1147: 157: 6994: 6855:

Old Testament (King James Version) – Book of Leviticus (also included in Jewish Torah)

5607:

Vestjens, W. J. M. (1977). "Breeding Behaviour and Ecology of the Australian Pelican,

2882: 9395: 9305: 9152: 8604: 8491: 8155: 7933: 7800: 7730: 7690: 7566: 7447: 7413: 7150: 7113: 7071: 7057: 7026: 6932: 6928: 6890: 6833: 6741: 6686: 6337: 6094: 6078: 5882: 5821: 5775: 5587: 5560: 5549: 5527: 5493: 5343: 5318: 5221: 5193: 5153: 5107: 5083: 4995: 4983: 4803: 4621: 4494: 4451: 4301: 4271: 4163: 4083: 4036: 3908: 3845: 3803: 3786: 3767: 3700: 3585: 3555: 3521: 3432: 3370: 3315: 3268: 3256: 3147: 3077: 3069: 3065: 3022: 2906: 2859: 2817: 2809: 2595: 2275: 2097: 1839: 1615: 1414: 1151: 957: 712: 370: 353:

and the open ocean; at least one species is known to migrate to the inland desert of

346: 6753: 6043: 4723: 3632: 3496: 1929: 1336: 885:

Evolutionary relationships among the extant species based on Kennedy et al. (2013).

8765: 8284: 8053: 7975: 7918: 7858: 7534: 6786: 6731: 6261:"Recent Population Status of the American White Pelican: A Continental Perspective" 6074: 6031: 5970: 5961: 5899: 5818:

Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds. Volume 1, Ratites to Ducks

5620: 5463: 5264: 5104:

Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds. Volume 1, Ratites to Ducks

4975: 4787: 4711: 4670: 4589: 4540: 4408: 4340: 4293: 4236: 4129: 3957: 3842:

Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds. Volume 1, Ratites to Ducks

3798: 3757: 3747: 3712: 3692: 3653: 3476: 3362: 3305: 3295: 3248: 2962: 2954: 2939: 2926: 2836: 2832: 2813: 2753: 2420: 2373: 2278:

in Greece, has reached about 1,400 breeding pairs following conservation measures.

2051: 1594: 1290: 1175: 823: 578: 519: 327: 9157: 9118: 6670: 6260: 4979: 3609: 3418: 3252: 2331: 9131: 8997: 7837: 7684: 7441: 7407: 7103: 6331: 5581: 5521: 5487: 5147: 4615: 4488: 4445: 4157: 4077: 4030: 3902: 3752: 2844: 2785: 2683: 2292: 2248: 2141: 2109: 2022: 1956: 1918: 1534: 1497: 1254: 566: 366: 122: 9274: 9196: 6736: 6715: 5452:"Induced Drag Savings From Ground Effect and Formation Flight in Brown Pelicans" 5145: 4963: 4701: 3673: 3366: 3228: 2144:, Mexico. Peruvian pelicans in Chile have been recorded feeding on nestlings of 1947: 1713:, US: This species will nest on the ground when no suitable trees are available. 467: 9217: 9204: 8215: 8200: 7841: 7772: 7196:"'Queen Elizabeth I: The Pelican Portrait', called Nicholas Hilliard (c. 1573)" 6477: 5309:

Canadian Feathers : a Loon-atics Guide to Anting, Mimicry and Dump-nesting

3541: 3338:

Kennedy, Martyn; Taylor, Scott A.; Nádvorník, Petr; Spencer, Hamish G. (2013).

3116: 3105: 2723: 2638: 2541: 2307: 2236: 2085: 1971:

undisturbed pairs can be as high as 95%, but because of sibling competition or

1802: 1738: 1526: 1521: 921: 463: 408: 342: 214: 6097:"Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Removal of the Brown Pelican ( 5451: 4715: 2887:, "I wound, I injure, I hurt") herself" was used in religious iconography and 2514:

The brown pelican has a similarly extensive range of parasites. The nematodes

1963:

and provide large amounts of food for several months before drying out again.

1823:. They roost and loaf communally on beaches, sandbanks, and in shallow water. 1274: 9379: 8658: 8373: 8153: 7913: 7781: 7202:. Liverpool, United Kingdom: National Museums Liverpool. 1998. Archived from 6504: 6057:

Crivelli, Alain J.; Schreiber, Ralph W. (1984). "Status of the Pelecanidae".

5772:

National accomplishments in pollution control, 1970–1980: some case histories

4987: 4661: 4580: 4531: 4399: 4331: 4227: 4120: 3948: 3605: 3300: 3260: 3136: 3128: 2999: 2840: 2687: 2673: 2633:, pelican is not considered kosher (fit for consumption), as it is a type of 2615: 2599: 2555:

In May 2012, hundreds of Peruvian pelicans were reported to have perished in

2469: 2461: 2337: 2145: 2113: 2093: 2039: 2017: 1706: 1506: 1493: 1438:

Monotypic. South-eastern Europe to India and China. Status: near threatened.

1326: 1262: 1171: 597: 530: 507: 323: 241: 84: 7970: 7233: 7139: 6832:. Routledge Dictionaries. Abingdon, United Kingdom: Routledge. p. 125. 5250:"Functional Aspects of the Pneumatic System of the California Brown Pelican" 4367: 3696: 3154:

in 1910 with several variations by other authors. The original version ran:

3064:, which is known colloquially as the Pelican State; the bird appears on the 2384: 1967:

the bill. The female then heaps the material up to form a simple structure.

1302: 9089: 8832: 8707: 8553: 8346: 8194: 7766: 7758: 6745: 4807: 4294:

Mullarney, Killian; Svensson, Lars; Zetterström, Dan; Grant, Peter (1999).

3771: 3704: 3374: 3319: 3124: 3057: 3053: 3033: 2922: 2901: 2649: 2447:

are swallowed or catch in the skin of the pouch or webbed feet, and strong

2133: 2129: 1843: 1791: 1783: 1750: 1607: 1557: 1511: 582: 446: 350: 315: 253: 6095:

Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of the Interior (17 November 2009).

5468: 5181: 4447:

The Handbook of Bird Identification: For Europe and the Western Palearctic

3879: 9243: 9098: 8986: 8888: 8745: 8700: 8693: 8584: 8480: 8336: 8324: 8293: 8254: 8163: 8017: 7862: 7555: 7177: 7053: 6791: 4075: 3419:

Nelson, J. Bryan; Schreiber, Elizabeth Anne; Schreiber, Ralph W. (2003).

2994: 2781: 2757: 2732: 2657: 2645: 2530: 2412: 2361:

Oiled brown pelican being washed at a rescue center in Fort Jackson, 2010

2207: 2161: 2137: 2125: 2089: 1831: 1811: 1787: 1538: 1480: 1455: 1179: 610: 589: 490: 475: 428: 377: 307: 224: 59: 9235: 7806: 7785: 7022:

The Signs and Symbols Bible: The Definitive Guide to Mysterious Markings

6575: 5922:

Smith, A.C.M.; U. Munro (2008). "Cannibalism in the Australian Pelican (

4032:

A Guide to the Birds of Panama: With Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and Honduras

2084:

Pelicans may also eat birds. In southern Africa, eggs and chicks of the

9016: 8949: 8933: 8922: 8881: 8874: 8867: 8651: 8644: 8623: 8512: 8313: 6329: 5982: 5276: 4799: 3584:(2nd ed.). Oxford, United Kingdom: Clarendon Press. p. 1299. 3488: 3108: 2653: 2623: 2465: 2409: 2397: 2377: 2009: 1878: 1729: 1682: 1530: 1489: 1178:). The largely marine brown and Peruvian pelicans, formerly considered 909: 605: 570: 455: 385: 358: 303: 145: 104: 69: 6018:

Daigre, M.; P. Arce; A. Simeone (2012). "Fledgling Peruvian Pelicans (

5624: 4162:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 174–75. 3044:. The brown pelican is the national bird of three Caribbean countries— 9178: 9023: 8915: 8853: 8782: 8686: 8637: 8616: 8573: 8563: 8353: 8303: 8239: 7853: 6035: 5904: 5365:"New fossil records of pelicans (Aves: Pelecanidae) from New Zealand" 4901:

Rich, P.V.; van Tets, J. (1981). "The Fossil Pelicans of Australia".

4879:

Catalogue of the Fossil Birds in the British Museum (Natural History)

3467:

Keith, James O. (2005). "An Overview of the American White Pelican".

3061: 2878:. The device of "a pelican in her piety" or "a pelican vulning (from 2777: 2699: 2603: 2560: 2523: 2492: 2444: 2428: 2153: 2121: 2101: 2070: 2066: 2005: 1972: 1960: 1552: 1547: 1195: 1088: 483: 440: 436: 416: 381: 354: 174: 132: 109: 53: 9248: 9060: 6969:

Grant, Martin L. (1951). "The Origin of the Common Names of Birds".

5974: 5268: 4791: 3657: 3634:

Analyse de la nature ou, Tableau de l'univers et des corps organisés

3226: 3018: 2427:

As waterbirds that feed on fish, pelicans are highly susceptible to

2243:

The pink-backed pelican has a large population ranging over much of

1724:

displaying the extent of its throat pouch (Lakes Entrance, Victoria)

522:

times, the word was applied to both the pelican and the woodpecker.

9183: 9083: 8966: 8959: 8942: 8898: 8846: 8823: 8722: 8679: 8672: 8665: 8630: 8593: 8532: 8364: 8182: 8159: 8104: 8095: 8049: 8026: 7971: 4945:

Schriften der Neurussische Gesellschaft der Naturforscher zu Odessa

4270:. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. pp. 93–98. 3614:(in Latin). Vol. 1. Stockholm: Lars Salvius. pp. 132–34. 3049: 2888: 2875: 2741: 2549: 2536:

Many pelican parasites are found in other bird groups, but several

2508: 2473: 2393: 2369: 2074: 2062: 1896: 1779: 1710: 1377: 1183: 1128: 1112: 1016: 996: 559: 558:

The family Pelecanidae was introduced (as Pelicanea) by the French

487: 466:, from freshwater and brackish to—most commonly—seawater. They are 397: 393: 334: 194: 99: 94: 79: 74: 64: 7479:

List of national birds and flowers or plants of European countries

6807:"Pelícanos en La Libertad murieron por desnutrición y parasitosis" 5883:

Mwema, Martin M.; de Ponte Machado, Marta; Ryan, Peter G. (2010).

5149:

Marine Biology: A Derivative of the Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences

3880:"Zoological Nomenclature Resource: Pelecaniformes (Version 2.003)" 2686:

was given its name by the Spanish because of the large numbers of

1673:, Miller, 1966 (Late Oligocene to Middle Miocene, South Australia) 9357: 9170: 8905: 8860: 8839: 8264: 8083: 8005: 7892: 7503:. Barbados Investment and Development Corporation. Archived from 5492:. New Delhi, India: Discovery Publishing House. pp. 315–16. 4265: 4035:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 63. 4028: 3637:(in French). Vol. 1815. Palermo: Self-published. p. 72. 3041: 2946: 2828: 2740:

explains this as mirroring the pain inflicted on God by people's

2666: 2634: 2630: 2619: 2607: 2488: 2296: 2078: 2058: 2043: 1980: 1827: 1815: 1767: 1625:, Fraas, 1870 (Middle Miocene, Bavaria, Germany) (transferred to 1542: 1501: 541: 424: 389: 338: 149: 114: 89: 7689:. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. p. 506. 7340: 7182:

The Pilgrim's Progress from This World, to That Which Is to Come

5995: 2004:

The diet of pelicans usually consists of fish, but occasionally

1895:

A spot-billed pelican feeding a juvenile in a nest in a tree at

8812: 8176: 8048: 7718:. In del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi (eds.). 6685: 4268:

The Birds of the Western Palearctic concise edition (2 volumes)

4003:. US Fish & Wildlife Service. November 2009. Archived from 2606:. It was depicted in art on the walls of tombs, and figured in 2484: 2416: 2187: 2013: 1992: 1485: 601: 574: 432: 400: 184: 46: 6420:"Code of Practice for the Protection of the Dalmatian Pelican" 6101:) From the Federal List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife" 5795:

Jaramillo, A. (2009). "Humboldt Current seabirding in Chile".

5372:

Tuhinga: Records of the Museum of New Zealand te PapaTongarewa

5215: 1182:, are sometimes separated from the others by placement in the 1106: 9331: 8432: 8388: 8188: 8074: 8057: 7996: 7979: 7883: 7866: 6668: 5586:(2nd ed.). Cape Town, South Africa: Struik. p. 22. 5146:

Steele, John H.; Thorpe, Steve A.; Turekian, Karl K. (2010).

4493:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. p. 96. 3281: 2879: 2808:

adopted the symbol, portraying herself as the "mother of the

2537: 2533:

population, possibly endangering the pelican on this island.

2480: 2303: 1790:

bones have been recovered from as far south as New Zealand's

1568:

species have been described from fossil material, including:

1492:

stage/age) deposits of the Birket Qarun Formation within the

941: 420: 299: 7412:. London, United Kingdom: Wordsworth Editions. p. 295. 7365:. Prague, Czech Republic: Charles University in Prague. 2012 7362: 7052: 6922: 6769: 6478:

Burkett, Esther; Logsdon, Randi J.; Fien, Kristi M. (2007).

6265:

USDA National Wildlife Research Center – Staff Publications.

5526:. Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona Press. p. 36. 5182:

Perrins, Christopher M.; Middleton, Alex L.A, eds. (1998) .

3028: 2788:" ("Humbly We Adore Thee"), where in the penultimate verse, 2318:

adverse weather, or even abandon their colonies completely.

1577:, Rich & van Tets, 1981 (Late Pliocene, South Australia) 565:

in 1815. Pelicans give their name to the Pelecaniformes, an

7565:. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. p. 668. 7384: 7112:. New York: Anchor Books, a Division of Random House, Inc. 6017: 5701: 5699: 5697: 5695: 5693: 5691: 5689: 5152:. London, United Kingdom: Academic Press. pp. 524–30. 3791:

Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research

3143:, a pelican feeding her young, has been in use since 1885. 2968:

The image became linked to the medieval religious feast of

2677: 2566: 2556: 2504: 2500: 2251:

of toxins and the destruction of nesting trees by logging.

2191: 1814:

to pick up an oily secretion, which they transfer to their

1806:

An Australian pelican gliding with its large wings extended

1697:

with knob which develops on bill before the breeding season

412: 362: 319: 311: 204: 7025:. New York, NY: Sterling Publishing Company. p. 263. 6925:

The Spirit of Ancient Peru:Treasures from the Larco Museum

6505:

Ehrlich, Paul R.; Dobkin, David S.; Wheye, Darryl (1988).

5932:

Waterbirds: The International Journal of Waterbird Biology

5555:. New York, New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 5362: 4961: 3547:

Origins: a Short Etymological Dictionary of Modern English

2945:

adopted the pelican as is own personal sygil while he was

2784:. This mythical characteristic is referenced in the hymn " 2408:, when their food fish (anchovies) were contaminated with 5954:"Predation by a Brown Pelican at a Mixed Species Heronry" 5009:

Miller, A.H. (1966). "The Fossil Pelicans of Australia".

4450:. London, United Kingdom: A&C Black. pp. 83–85. 2496: 2400:

in 1990. In 1991, abnormal numbers of brown pelicans and

2183: 6716:"Helminth and Arthropod Parasites of the Brown Pelican, 5686: 4882:. London, United Kingdom: British Museum. pp. 37–45 4443: 2714:

Statue of pelican wounding its breast to feed its chicks

2388:

thickened and their populations have largely recovered.

7184:. New York: Pocket Books (published 1957). p. 227. 6830:

The Routledge Dictionary of Egyptian Gods And Goddesses

6336:. Collingwood, Victoria: CSIRO Publishing. p. 97. 5729:. National Geographic. 11 November 2010. Archived from 3481:

10.1675/1524-4695(2005)28[9:aootaw]2.0.co;2

3127:

coin, issued in 1996. The name and image were used for

2987:

also have a pelican as their emblem. The symbol of the

2219:

population has recovered, and it was delisted in 2009.

6675:. Ballina, New South Wales: Australian Seabird Rescue. 6022:) attack and consume younger unrelated conspecifics". 5342:. London, United Kingdom: Random Century. p. 46. 5313:. Calgary, Alberta: Simply Wild Publications. p. 4900: 4650: 4620:. London, United Kingdom: A&C Black. p. 110. 4569: 4520: 4388: 4320: 4216: 4109: 3937: 3933: 3931: 3115:. A white pelican logo is used by the Portuguese bank 2392:

including 7500 American white pelicans, perished from

5921: 5754:"Does a Pelican's Bill Hold More Than its Belly Can?" 5713: 5711: 5579: 3579: 2870:

wears the medieval symbol of the pelican on her chest

2128:. Brown pelicans have been reported preying on young 1665:, Davies, 1880 (Early Pliocene, Siwalik Hills, India) 1585:, Davies, 1880 (Early Pliocene, Siwalik Hills, India) 9005: 8955: 8911: 8894: 8788: 8771: 8761: 8751: 8734: 8612: 8569: 8559: 8549: 8539: 8528: 8518: 8508: 8468: 8452: 8342: 8332: 8309: 8299: 8251: 8235: 7748: 7446:. London, United Kingdom: Random House. p. 99. 6958:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 14. 6692:

Fleas, Flukes and Cuckoos. A Study of Bird Parasites

6330:

Robin, Libby; Joseph, Leo; Heinsohn, Robert (2009).

4076:

Sibley, Charles Gald; Monroe, Burt Leavelle (1990).

3650:

History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names

3611:

Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae Editio Decima

3516:. London, United Kingdom: Christopher Helm. p. 1605:, Milne-Edwards, 1863 (Early Miocene, France) (see: 7796:. Vol. XVIII (9th ed.). pp. 474–475. 7102: 6889:. New York, New York: Cosimo Inc. pp. 140–41. 4833:

Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington

4646: 4644: 3928: 3904:

Common Coastal Birds of Florida & the Caribbean

2702:is also derived by corruption of the Spanish word. 2548:occurs in the pouch and so it cannot be removed by 1637:, Widhalm, 1886 (Late Miocene, near Odesa, Ukraine) 1533:– or a similar aquatic bird such as a pseudotooth ( 392:, pelicans instead are most closely related to the 6955:An etymological dictionary of the English Language 5708: 5548: 5306: 4676:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22697604A117970266.en 4595:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22697599A119401118.en 4546:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22697595A111822418.en 4346:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22697590A132595920.en 4266:Snow, David; Perrins, Christopher M, eds. (1998). 4242:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22697619A132596827.en 4155: 4135:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22733989A132663224.en 3907:. Sarasota, Florida: Pineapple Press. p. 11. 3427:. Richmond Hill, Ontario: Firefly Books. pp. 1657:, Olson, 1999 (Early Pliocene, North Carolina, US) 6770:Overstreet, Robin M.; Curran, Stephen S. (2005). 6056: 5053: 4903:Records of the South Australian Museum (Adelaide) 4875: 4414:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22697608A93623945.en 3963:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22697611A93624242.en 3580:Simpson, J.; Weiner, E., eds. (1989). "Pelican". 592:very similar to those of modern species from the 514:(πελεκάν), which is itself derived from the word 9377: 7613:"Albanian coins in issue in 1995, 1996 and 2000" 7018: 6951: 4823: 4777: 4641: 4103: 3040:The great white pelican is the national bird of 7533:. St Christopher National Trust. Archived from 6333:Boom & Bust: Bird Stories for a Dry Country 6154: 5751: 5523:Unnatural Landscapes: Tracking Invasive Species 5243: 5241: 5239: 5237: 5220:. Calton, United Kingdom: Poyser. p. 443. 5216:Campbell, Bruce; Lack, Elizabeth, eds. (1985). 4736: 4697: 4695: 4693: 4079:Distribution and Taxonomy of Birds of the World 4071: 4069: 4067: 4065: 4063: 4061: 4059: 3550:. New York, New York: Greenwich House. p. 3466: 3060:. It is also the state bird of the US state of 2953:during his reign and the reconstruction of the 588:The oldest known record of Pelicans is a right 554:Pelecaniformes § Systematics and evolution 6809:(in Spanish). Peru.com, 4 May 2012. 4 May 2012 6765: 6763: 6645:"Quick Reference for Rescuing Hooked Pelicans" 5188:. New York, New York: Facts on File. pp. 4565: 4563: 2610:texts, as a protective symbol against snakes. 2182:hooks, and the presence of pollutants such as 1921:, Australia: This species nests on the ground. 27:Genus of large water birds with a throat pouch 8139: 7822: 7063:The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church 6695:. London: Collins. pp. 32, 121, 147, 215 6599:. Center for Biological Diversity. April 2011 6534:The Victoria Advocate: Julius Ermis' Outdoors 6527: 6382: 6013: 6011: 5794: 5745: 5666: 4514: 7141:United States Conference of Catholic Bishops 6884: 6827: 6258: 6157:"Brown pelicans off endangered species list" 5917: 5915: 5854: 5765: 5763: 5583:Southern African Birds: A Photographic Guide 5551:Pete Dunne's Essential Field Guide Companion 5234: 5008: 4690: 4613: 4289: 4287: 4056: 4029:Ridgely, Robert S.; Gwynne, John A. (1992). 4001:Endangered Species Program information sheet 3836: 3834: 3513:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names 2925:depict a "pelican in her piety" both in the 2132:in California and the eggs and nestlings of 1881:, India: This species builds nests in trees. 1496:in Egypt. A more complete fossil pelican of 7098: 7096: 7094: 6760: 6679: 6530:"Bird species regroup with residue decline" 6259:King, D. Tommy; Anderson, Daniel W (2005). 5947: 5945: 5812: 5810: 5029:"Brown Pelican breeding and nesting habits" 4942: 4919: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4560: 4382: 4314: 4189: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3726:Smith, N.D. (2010). Desalle, Robert (ed.). 3275: 2980:, feature pelicans on their coats of arms. 2961:, which were mainly patronaged by his wife 2464:, pelicans are susceptible to a variety of 1773: 496: 403:(although these two birds are not actually 8146: 8132: 7829: 7815: 7659: 7146:Catholic Household Blessings & Prayers 6132:. National Audubon Society. Archived from 6008: 5449: 5247: 4210: 4082:. Yale University Press. pp. 314–15. 3669: 3667: 3627: 2575:Breeding pelicans. Wall fragment from the 2321: 2285: 2171: 1709:with a chick in a nest in Chesapeake Bay, 1619:, Wetmore, 1933 (Late Pliocene, Idaho, US) 131: 7836: 7579: 7557:United States Central Intelligence Agency 6790: 6772:"Parasites of the American White Pelican" 6735: 6481:Status Review of California Brown Pelican 6473: 6471: 6447: 5912: 5903: 5760: 5481: 5479: 5467: 5058:. New York, New York: Dover Publications. 4674: 4593: 4544: 4439: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4412: 4370:. Unique Australian Animals. January 2000 4344: 4284: 4240: 4133: 3961: 3802: 3761: 3751: 3719: 3540: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3309: 3299: 3164:His bill will hold more than his belican, 2529:have caused illness and mortality in the 1597:, 1891 (Middle Miocene, Bavaria, Germany) 7405: 7091: 6669:Ferris, Lance; Ferris, Rochelle (2004). 5942: 5807: 5606: 5304: 5096: 4602: 4486: 3894: 3872: 3811: 3604: 3176:But I'm damned if I see how the helican. 3146:The pelican is the subject of a popular 3027: 3017: 2916: 2849: 2717: 2709: 2570: 2567:Religion, mythology, and popular culture 2455: 2257: 2196: 2027: 1857: 1801: 1797: 1716: 1700: 1689: 1681: 445: 7713: 7682: 7615:. Bank of Albania. 2009. Archived from 7307: 6992: 6923:Berrin, Kathleen; Larco Museum (1997). 6393:. Idaho Fish & Game. Archived from 5662: 5660: 5540: 5519: 5396:. Australian Geographic. Archived from 5211: 5209: 5077: 4871: 4869: 4867: 4865: 4863: 4861: 4819: 4817: 4190:Austermühle, Stefan (17 October 2010). 3664: 3598: 3509: 2760:, for instance by 13th-century authors 1955:Australia, especially in the endorheic 1645:, Noriega et. al., 2023 (Late Miocene, 407:'storks'), and are placed in the order 14: 9378: 7780: 7439: 7176: 6988: 6986: 6984: 6468: 6090: 6088: 5878: 5876: 5874: 5485: 5476: 5418: 5331: 5177: 5175: 5173: 5171: 5169: 4746:Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 4428: 4261: 4259: 3900: 3445: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3326: 569:which has a varied taxonomic history. 9065: 9064: 8430: 8213: 8127: 8047: 7969: 7852: 7810: 7725:. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. pp. 7605: 7293: 7265: 6968: 6887:Myth, Ritual & Religion, Volume 1 6799: 6707: 6625:. Santa Barbara Wildlife Care Network 5580:Davidson, Ian; Sinclair, Ian (2006). 5573: 5546: 5394:"Mysteries of the Australian pelican" 5387: 5385: 5363:Gill, B.J.; Tennyson, A.J.D. (2002). 5141: 5139: 5137: 4926:Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 3725: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3347:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2816:was painted around 1573, probably by 2559:from a combination of starvation and 2042:diving into the sea to catch fish in 1537:), but is not generally considered a 9363:965B1A2D-F1C1-4D10-A340-08DAEE5E59AC 9337:136BC376-04E4-C3F1-3E17-E041864C50EC 9298:2b14bd97-9620-464e-9e36-719fa674bcee 9223:5af7b9f2-626e-4242-898c-7442107c5494 7527:"National Symbols: The Coat of Arms" 7269:A Glossary of Terms Used in Heraldry 7246: 6564:Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 6155:Cappiello, Dina (12 November 2009). 5951: 5769: 5752:Freeman, Shanna (24 November 2008). 5657: 5631: 5391: 5337: 5206: 5082:. Princeton University. p. 78. 4858: 4814: 3784: 3647: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3086:University of Louisiana at Lafayette 3002:'s famous ship was initially called 2746:self-sacrifice of Jesus on the cross 345:. Pelicans are absent from interior 7686:The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations 7046: 6981: 6085: 5871: 5705:Elliott (1992), p. 295-298, 309–311 5669:"Pelican's Pigeon Meal not so Rare" 5425:College of Social Sciences Intranet 5166: 5080:The Princeton Encyclopedia of Birds 4662:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 4581:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 4532:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 4444:Beaman, Mark; Madge, Steve (2010). 4400:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 4332:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 4256: 4228:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 4121:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 3949:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 3119:, and a pelican is depicted on the 2894: 310:. They are characterized by a long 280: 24: 8214: 7721:Handbook of the Birds of the World 7662:"The case of the pelican limerick" 7303:. Universidade Federal Flaminense. 6148: 5857:"Pelicans Filmed Gobbling Gannets" 5382: 5134: 4968:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 4922:"Pliocene Bird Remains from Idaho" 3568: 3381: 3233:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2921:The arms of the Kiszely family of 2694:is itself derived from the Arabic 1500:age is known from deposits at the 1488:(middle to late part of the early 1454: 1425: 1396: 1363: 1335: 1301: 1273: 1238: 144:in breeding condition flying over 121:Possible an early origin based on 25: 9417: 9386:Extant Chattian first appearances 7744: 7385:"Irish Blood Transfusion Service" 5667:Clarke, James (30 October 2006). 5639:"Pelican Swallows Pigeon in Park" 3423:. In Perrins, Christopher (ed.). 3209: 3135:of nonfiction books published by 3111:team, Tulane University, and the 3094:Southeastern Louisiana University 3023:Flag of the US state of Louisiana 2974:Corpus Christi College, Cambridge 2780:, supplementing the image of the 2210:, Island of Santa Cruz, Galápagos 1494:Wadi Al-Hitan World Heritage Site 1141: 9043: 8412: 7765: 7751: 7676: 7653: 7631: 7549: 7519: 7501:"Pelican Craft Centre: Overview" 7493: 7467: 7433: 7399: 7377: 7355: 7343:. Corpus Christi College, Oxford 7333: 7287: 7259: 7240: 7218: 7188: 7170: 7133: 7087:– via oxfordreference.com. 7012: 6962: 6945: 6916: 6903: 6878: 6862: 6846: 6821: 6662: 6637: 6611: 6582: 6547: 6521: 6498: 6383:Wackenhut, M. (17 August 2009). 5855:Walker, Matt (5 November 2009). 5078:Perrins, Christopher M. (2009). 5011:Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 4490:Guide to the Birds of Madagascar 3882:. zoonomen.net. 14 December 2011 3804:10.1111/j.1439-0469.2007.00433.x 3160:A wonderful bird is the pelican, 2959:Hospital Real de Todos-os-Santos 2812:". A portrait of her called the 2354: 2330: 1928: 1906: 1888: 1866: 1732:pouch to the lower. The slender 1473: 1121: 1105: 1091:based on Hackett et al. (2008). 529:was first formally described by 161: 57: 7803:on the Internet Bird Collection 7716:"Family Pelecanidae (Pelicans)" 7230:online catalog. Anne Marschall" 6528:Ermis, Julius (29 April 1982). 6441: 6412: 6376: 6350: 6323: 6297: 6271: 6252: 6226: 6200: 6174: 6118: 6050: 5989: 5848: 5788: 5600: 5513: 5456:Journal of Experimental Biology 5443: 5412: 5356: 5298: 5071: 5062: 5056:The Bird, its Form and Function 5047: 5021: 5002: 4955: 4936: 4913: 4894: 4771: 4730: 4651:BirdLife International (2017). 4570:BirdLife International (2017). 4521:BirdLife International (2017). 4480: 4471: 4389:BirdLife International (2016). 4360: 4321:BirdLife International (2018). 4217:BirdLife International (2018). 4183: 4149: 4110:BirdLife International (2018). 4022: 3986: 3977: 3938:BirdLife International (2016). 3778: 3641: 3621: 3288:Molecular Biology and Evolution 3189: 3013: 2989:Irish Blood Transfusion Service 2705: 2433:Center for Biological Diversity 7707: 7249:"The Symbolism of the Pelican" 6911:The Mochica: A Culture of Peru 6448:Gunderson, Dan (16 May 2012). 5392:Reid, Julian (28 April 2010). 3629:Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel 3534: 3503: 2978:Corpus Christi College, Oxford 2938:young with her own blood. The 2435:, a year after the April 2010 2340:, covered with oil, after the 2176: 1677: 376:Long thought to be related to 13: 1: 7226:"The Pelican in its Piety at 6024:Wilson Journal of Ornithology 5926:) and Australian White Ibis ( 4980:10.1080/02724634.2023.2202702 3425:Firefly Encyclopedia of Birds 3253:10.1080/02724634.2021.1903910 3202: 3113:University of the West Indies 3090:Loyola University New Orleans 2955:Hospital das Caldas da Rainha 2580: 600:in Egypt, dating to the late 563:Constantine Samuel Rafinesque 470:birds, travelling in flocks, 9391:National symbols of Barbados 7723:, Volume 1: Ostrich to Ducks 7683:Knowles, Elizabeth (1999) . 6874:. Bible Gateway. p. 14. 6858:. Bible Gateway. p. 11. 6079:10.1016/0006-3207(84)90063-6 5450:Hainsworth, F. Reed (1988). 4194:. Mundo Azul. Archived from 3753:10.1371/journal.pone.0013354 2985:Charles University in Prague 2951:Santas Casas da Misericórdia 2637:and therefore considered an 2614:was also referred to in the 2516:Contracaecum multipapillatum 518:(πέλεκυς) meaning "axe". In 501: 7: 9406:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus 7363:"First Faculty of Medicine" 6779:Gulf and Caribbean Research 6737:10.1080/0307945021000005815 6558:) and Brandt's Cormorants ( 5892:Endangered Species Research 5520:Terrill, Ceiridwen (2007). 5419:Thomas, Bob (2 June 2011). 5340:New Zealand's Extinct Birds 4839:(3): 503–09. Archived from 4156:Chester, Sharon R. (2008). 3367:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.09.034 3141:Packer Collegiate Institute 3100:, and is the mascot of the 2912: 2794:Christian allegorical novel 2437:Deepwater Horizon oil spill 2396:after eating fish from the 1756: 547: 373:and other large waterways. 10: 9422: 7978:: Balaenicipitidae · 7562:The World Factbook 2016–17 7060:, eds. (2005). "pelican". 6619:"The Brown Pelican Crisis" 6560:Phalacrocorax penicillatus 6362:BirdLife species factsheet 6283:BirdLife species factsheet 6238:BirdLife species factsheet 6186:BirdLife species factsheet 5338:Gill, Brian James (1991). 5248:Richardson, Frank (1939). 5054:Beebe, C. William (1965). 4876:Lydekker, Richard (1891). 4487:Langrand, Olivier (1990). 3510:Jobling, James A. (2010). 3074:Louisiana State University 3032:Pelican on the Albanian 1 3006:, and adorned the British 2626:for someone who had died. 2577:Sun Temple of Nyuserre Ini 1999: 1213:Common and binomial names 551: 29: 9073: 9039: 8996: 8976: 8932: 8822: 8802: 8730: 8721: 8603: 8583: 8499: 8490: 8467: 8443: 8439: 8431: 8426: 8409: 8387: 8363: 8323: 8283: 8274: 8250: 8226: 8222: 8209: 8171: 8093: 8073: 8069: 8043: 8015: 7995: 7991: 7965: 7902: 7882: 7878: 7848: 7666:Louisiana Conservationist 7593:(in Portuguese). Montepio 7294:Silva, Priscilla (2007). 7253:Arlington Catholic Herald 7019:Gauding, Madonna (2009). 6999:ChristianIconography.Info 6993:Stracke, Richard (2018). 6952:Skeat, Walter W. (1888). 6909:Benson, Elizabeth (1972) 4824:Olson, Storrs L. (1999). 4716:10.1007/s10336-010-0537-5 4669:: e.T22697604A117970266. 4588:: e.T22697599A119401118. 4539:: e.T22697595A111822418. 4339:: e.T22697590A132595920. 4235:: e.T22697619A132596827. 4128:: e.T22733989A132663224. 3942:Pelecanus erythrorhynchos 3901:Nellis, David W. (2001). 3582:Oxford English Dictionary 3082:Louisiana Tech University 3072:. It adorns the seals of 2983:The medical faculties of 2449:monofilament fishing line 2077:sites, as well as taking 1380:. Status: least concern. 1232:Pelecanus erythrorhynchos 1204: 1043: 1014: 994: 987: 980: 955: 939: 932: 925: 907: 900: 846: 820: 803: 796: 788: 761: 735: 709: 683: 666: 659: 651: 643: 635: 627: 608:), referred to the genus 277: 272: 259: 252: 158:Scientific classification 156: 139: 130: 41: 8166:and their extinct allies 7714:Elliott, Andrew (1992). 7639:"Middle School Handbook" 7587:"Montepio institutional" 7406:Rothwell, David (2006). 7247:Saunders, Rev. William. 6913:New York: Praeger Press. 6689:; Clay, Theresa (1953). 6364:. BirdLife International 6311:. BirdLife International 6285:. BirdLife International 6240:. BirdLife International 6214:. BirdLife International 6188:. BirdLife International 5952:Mora, Miguel A. (1989). 5924:Pelecanus conspicillatus 5609:Pelecanus Conspicillatus 5421:"Bird Flight Over Water" 5033:Florida Wildlife Viewing 4752:: 311–16. Archived from 4737:Mlikovsky, Jiri (1995). 4407:: e.T22697608A93623945. 4393:Pelecanus conspicillatus 3956:: e.T22697611A93624242. 3648:Bock, Walter J. (1994). 3182: 2690:nesting there. The word 2216:National Audubon Society 1774:Distribution and habitat 1357:Pelecanus conspicillatus 1251:only visible in flight. 1099:Closest living relatives 506:The name comes from the 497:Taxonomy and systematics 306:that make up the family 32:Pelican (disambiguation) 7793:Encyclopædia Britannica 7409:Dictionary of Pub Names 7068:Oxford University Press 6650:. University of Florida 6161:San Francisco Chronicle 6059:Biological Conservation 5611:, in New South Wales". 5068:Elliott (1992), p. 290. 4300:. Collins. p. 76. 3697:10.1126/science.1157704 3675:Evolutionary History". 3172:Food enough for a week, 3168:He can take in his beak 3150:originally composed by 3056:—and features on their 2854:Queen Elizabeth I: the 2322:Poisoning and pollution 2286:Culling and disturbance 2172:Status and conservation 2150:Peruvian diving petrels 2054:from other waterbirds. 1937:Dauphin Island, Alabama 1481:Eopelecanus aegyptiacus 1160:American white pelicans 850:P. erythrorhynchos 544:, as well as pelicans. 486:, and in Christian and 7924:American white pelican 7440:Sugden, John (2012) . 6927:. New York, New York: 6885:Lang, Andrew (2005) . 6718:Pelecanus occidentalis 6556:Pelecanus occidentalis 6099:Pelecanus occidentalis 5840:: CS1 maint: others ( 5305:Bumstead, Pat (2001). 5126:: CS1 maint: others ( 4704:Journal of Ornithology 4655:Pelecanus philippensis 4477:Elliott (1992), p. 309 4114:Pelecanus occidentalis 3983:Elliott (1992), p. 310 3864:: CS1 maint: others ( 3301:10.1093/molbev/msaa191 3180: 3037: 3025: 2934: 2871: 2866: 1573), in which 2806:Elizabeth I of England 2798:The Pilgrim’s Progress 2766:Bartholomaeus Anglicus 2727: 2715: 2587: 2586:. Neues Museum, Berlin 2406:Santa Cruz, California 2266: 2224:BirdLife International 2211: 2203:Pelecanus occidentalis 2120:, and young and adult 2046: 1807: 1725: 1714: 1698: 1695:American white pelican 1687: 1509:fossil has been named 1484:and was found in late 1459: 1448:Pelecanus philippensis 1430: 1401: 1368: 1340: 1306: 1278: 1267:Pelecanus occidentalis 1243: 1228:American white pelican 739:P. conspicillatus 594:Birket Qarun Formation 458: 9319:Paleobiology Database 7591:Montepio Bank website 7272:. J. Parker. p. 7266:Gough, Henry (1894). 7149:. USCCB. p. 12. 6828:Hart, George (2005). 6509:. Stanford University 6450:"Loving 'em to death" 6429:. Life Natura Program 6279:"Great White Pelican" 6234:"Pink-backed Pelican" 6208:"Spot-billed Pelican" 5756:. HowStuffWorks, Inc. 5486:Khanna, D.R. (2005). 5469:10.1242/jeb.135.1.431 5218:A Dictionary of Birds 5185:Encyclopedia of Birds 4614:Brazil, Mark (2009). 4325:Pelecanus onocrotalus 3156: 3046:Saint Kitts and Nevis 3031: 3021: 2920: 2853: 2721: 2713: 2579:at Abu Gurob, Egypt. 2574: 2456:Parasites and disease 2261: 2200: 2118:Australian white ibis 2106:greater crested terns 2038: 1858:Breeding and lifespan 1805: 1798:Behaviour and ecology 1720: 1704: 1693: 1685: 1623:Pelecanus intermedius 1512:Miopelecanus gracilis 1458: 1429: 1400: 1367: 1339: 1323:Pelecanus onocrotalus 1305: 1277: 1242: 958:Ibises and spoonbills 533:in his landmark 1758 472:hunting cooperatively 449: 262:Pelecanus onocrotalus 45:Temporal range: late 9218:Fauna Europaea (new) 7649:on 17 February 2013. 6995:"The Pelican Symbol" 6792:10.18785/gcr.1701.04 6494:on 20 December 2011. 6358:"Australian Pelican" 5928:Threskiornis molucca 5547:Dunne, Pete (2006). 5035:. M. Timothy O'Keefe 4920:Wetmore, A. (1933). 4368:"Australian Pelican" 3152:Dixon Lanier Merritt 3102:New Orleans Pelicans 2790:Saint Thomas Aquinas 2752:the sinful (see the 2660:, describes how the 2598:) was associated in 2263:Great white pelicans 2168:in London, England. 1913:A nesting colony of 1670:Pelecanus tirarensis 1662:Pelecanus sivalensis 1654:Pelecanus schreiberi 1642:Pelecanus paranensis 1629:by Cheneval in 1984) 1174:), or on sea rocks ( 960:(Threskiornithidae) 807:P. occidentalis 687:P. philippensis 431:recovered from late 349:South America, from 30:For other uses, see 7944:Spot-billed pelican 7939:Pink-backed pelican 7929:Great white pelican 7660:Laney, Rex (1958). 7104:McGrath, Alister E. 6427:Information leaflet 6305:"Dalmatian Pelican" 6071:1984BCons..30..147C 5797:Neotropical Birding 5286:on 20 November 2018 4525:Pelecanus rufescens 4010:on 11 November 2012 3744:2010PLoSO...513354S 3689:2008Sci...320.1763H 3359:2013MolPE..66..215K 3245:2021JVPal..41E3910E 3098:Southern University 2905:on its breast; the 2847:, Essex (c. 1350). 2722:WWII 1944 Scottish 2602:with death and the 2546:Piagetiella peralis 2402:Brandt's cormorants 2315:habitat destruction 1915:Australian pelicans 1875:spot-billed pelican 1851:Agonistic behaviour 1821:evaporative cooling 1647:Entre Ríos Province 1634:Pelecanus odessanus 1574:Pelecanus cadimurka 1444:Spot-billed pelican 1390:Pelecanus rufescens 1386:Pink-backed pelican 1319:Great white pelican 765:P. onocrotalus 480:habitat destruction 390:gannets and boobies 142:great white pelican 8056:: Scopidae · 7949:Australian pelican 7200:Walker Art Gallery 6687:Rothschild, Miriam 6562:) in California". 6267:(Paper 40): 48–54. 6182:"Peruvian Pelican" 6136:on 5 November 2013 5998:Marine Ornithology 5733:on 24 January 2010 4617:Birds of East Asia 4297:Collins Bird Guide 4192:"Peruvian Pelican" 3139:. The seal of the 3123:of the Albanian 1 3038: 3026: 2935: 2872: 2762:Guillaume le Clerc 2728: 2716: 2676:people of ancient 2662:Australian pelican 2631:Jewish dietary law 2588: 2527:Ribeiroia ondatrae 2483:may attach to the 2472:is carried by the 2415:, produced by the 2383:is a reproductive 2282:of least concern. 2267: 2245:sub-Saharan Africa 2212: 2098:crowned cormorants 2047: 1877:nesting colony at 1808: 1726: 1722:Australian pelican 1715: 1699: 1688: 1602:Pelecanus gracilis 1582:Pelecanus cautleyi 1519:. The Late Eocene 1460: 1431: 1402: 1369: 1353:Australian pelican 1341: 1307: 1279: 1244: 1205:Living species of 459: 318:used for catching 9373: 9372: 9306:Open Tree of Life 9067:Taxon identifiers 9058: 9057: 9054: 9053: 9037: 9036: 9033: 9032: 8717: 8716: 8605:Threskiornithinae 8492:Threskiornithidae 8422: 8421: 8407: 8406: 8383: 8382: 8121: 8120: 8117: 8116: 8113: 8112: 8039: 8038: 8035: 8034: 7961: 7960: 7957: 7956: 7934:Dalmatian pelican 7736:978-84-87334-10-8 7572:978-0-16-093327-1 7531:Historic Heritage 7507:on 10 August 2014 7443:Sir Francis Drake 7236:on 12 April 2016. 7058:E. A. Livingstone 6929:Thames and Hudson 6896:978-1-59605-204-8 6839:978-0-415-34495-1 6400:on 24 August 2012 6309:Species factsheet 6212:Species factsheet 5645:. 25 October 2006 5625:10.1071/WR9770037 5613:Wildlife Research 5159:978-0-08-096480-5 4759:on 6 October 2013 4574:Pelecanus crispus 3785:Mayr, G. (2007). 3683:(5884): 1763–68. 3527:978-1-4081-2501-4 3078:Tulane University 2907:Dalmatian pelican 2860:Nicholas Hilliard 2835:in the church of 2818:Nicholas Hilliard 2810:Church of England 2782:lamb and the flag 2776:of Jesus and the 2343:Deepwater Horizon 2276:Small Prespa Lake 2036: 1616:Pelecanus halieus 1471: 1470: 1419:Pelecanus crispus 1415:Dalmatian pelican 1222:Range and status 1139: 1138: 1085: 1084: 1076: 1075: 1067: 1066: 1058: 1057: 1032: 1031: 969: 968: 889: 888: 879: 878: 870: 869: 861: 860: 835: 834: 776: 775: 750: 749: 724: 723: 698: 697: 670:P. rufescens 371:Mississippi River 328:Peruvian pelicans 287: 286: 248: 125: 16:(Redirected from 9413: 9366: 9365: 9353: 9352: 9340: 9339: 9327: 9326: 9314: 9313: 9301: 9300: 9291: 9290: 9278: 9277: 9275:NHMSYS0000533599 9265: 9264: 9252: 9251: 9239: 9238: 9226: 9225: 9213: 9212: 9200: 9199: 9187: 9186: 9174: 9173: 9161: 9160: 9148: 9147: 9135: 9134: 9122: 9121: 9109: 9108: 9107: 9094: 9093: 9092: 9062: 9061: 9049: 9047: 9007: 8957: 8913: 8896: 8790: 8773: 8763: 8753: 8736: 8728: 8727: 8614: 8571: 8561: 8551: 8541: 8530: 8520: 8510: 8497: 8496: 8470: 8454: 8441: 8440: 8428: 8427: 8417: 8416: 8344: 8334: 8311: 8301: 8285:Balaenicipitidae 8281: 8280: 8253: 8237: 8224: 8223: 8211: 8210: 8148: 8141: 8134: 8125: 8124: 8071: 8070: 8045: 8044: 7993: 7992: 7967: 7966: 7919:Peruvian pelican 7880: 7879: 7850: 7849: 7831: 7824: 7817: 7808: 7807: 7797: 7789: 7775: 7770: 7769: 7761: 7756: 7755: 7754: 7740: 7701: 7700: 7680: 7674: 7673: 7657: 7651: 7650: 7645:. Archived from 7635: 7629: 7628: 7626: 7624: 7609: 7603: 7602: 7600: 7598: 7583: 7577: 7576: 7553: 7547: 7546: 7544: 7542: 7523: 7517: 7516: 7514: 7512: 7497: 7491: 7490: 7488: 7486: 7475:"National Birds" 7471: 7465: 7464: 7462: 7460: 7437: 7431: 7430: 7428: 7426: 7403: 7397: 7396: 7394: 7392: 7381: 7375: 7374: 7372: 7370: 7359: 7353: 7352: 7350: 7348: 7341:"Corpus Christi" 7337: 7331: 7330: 7328: 7326: 7311: 7305: 7304: 7302: 7291: 7285: 7284: 7282: 7280: 7263: 7257: 7256: 7244: 7238: 7237: 7232:. Archived from 7228:Painted Churches 7222: 7216: 7215: 7213: 7211: 7206:on 16 April 2014 7192: 7186: 7185: 7174: 7168: 7167: 7165: 7163: 7137: 7131: 7130: 7128: 7126: 7100: 7089: 7088: 7086: 7084: 7066:(3rd ed.). 7050: 7044: 7043: 7041: 7039: 7016: 7010: 7009: 7007: 7005: 6990: 6979: 6978: 6966: 6960: 6959: 6949: 6943: 6942: 6920: 6914: 6907: 6901: 6900: 6882: 6876: 6875: 6866: 6860: 6859: 6850: 6844: 6843: 6825: 6819: 6818: 6816: 6814: 6803: 6797: 6796: 6794: 6776: 6767: 6758: 6757: 6739: 6711: 6705: 6704: 6702: 6700: 6683: 6677: 6676: 6666: 6660: 6659: 6657: 6655: 6649: 6641: 6635: 6634: 6632: 6630: 6615: 6609: 6608: 6606: 6604: 6594: 6586: 6580: 6579: 6551: 6545: 6544: 6542: 6540: 6525: 6519: 6518: 6516: 6514: 6502: 6496: 6495: 6493: 6486: 6475: 6466: 6465: 6463: 6461: 6445: 6439: 6438: 6436: 6434: 6424: 6416: 6410: 6409: 6407: 6405: 6399: 6392: 6380: 6374: 6373: 6371: 6369: 6354: 6348: 6347: 6327: 6321: 6320: 6318: 6316: 6301: 6295: 6294: 6292: 6290: 6275: 6269: 6268: 6256: 6250: 6249: 6247: 6245: 6230: 6224: 6223: 6221: 6219: 6204: 6198: 6197: 6195: 6193: 6178: 6172: 6171: 6169: 6167: 6152: 6146: 6145: 6143: 6141: 6122: 6116: 6115: 6114:(220): 59444–72. 6108:Federal Register 6105: 6092: 6083: 6082: 6054: 6048: 6047: 6036:10.1676/12-011.1 6020:Pelecanus thagus 6015: 6006: 6005: 5993: 5987: 5986: 5958: 5949: 5940: 5939: 5919: 5910: 5909: 5907: 5905:10.3354/esr00243 5889: 5880: 5869: 5868: 5866: 5864: 5852: 5846: 5845: 5839: 5831: 5814: 5805: 5804: 5792: 5786: 5785: 5767: 5758: 5757: 5749: 5743: 5742: 5740: 5738: 5715: 5706: 5703: 5684: 5683: 5681: 5679: 5664: 5655: 5654: 5652: 5650: 5635: 5629: 5628: 5604: 5598: 5597: 5577: 5571: 5570: 5554: 5544: 5538: 5537: 5517: 5511: 5510: 5508: 5506: 5489:Biology of Birds 5483: 5474: 5473: 5471: 5447: 5441: 5440: 5438: 5436: 5431:on 12 April 2016 5416: 5410: 5409: 5407: 5405: 5389: 5380: 5379: 5369: 5360: 5354: 5353: 5335: 5329: 5328: 5312: 5302: 5296: 5295: 5293: 5291: 5285: 5279:. Archived from 5254: 5245: 5232: 5231: 5213: 5204: 5203: 5179: 5164: 5163: 5143: 5132: 5131: 5125: 5117: 5100: 5094: 5093: 5075: 5069: 5066: 5060: 5059: 5051: 5045: 5044: 5042: 5040: 5025: 5019: 5018: 5006: 5000: 4999: 4959: 4953: 4952: 4940: 4934: 4933: 4917: 4911: 4910: 4898: 4892: 4891: 4889: 4887: 4873: 4856: 4855: 4853: 4851: 4845: 4830: 4821: 4812: 4811: 4775: 4769: 4768: 4766: 4764: 4758: 4743: 4734: 4728: 4727: 4699: 4688: 4687: 4685: 4683: 4678: 4648: 4639: 4638: 4636: 4634: 4611: 4600: 4599: 4597: 4567: 4558: 4557: 4555: 4553: 4548: 4518: 4512: 4511: 4509: 4507: 4484: 4478: 4475: 4469: 4468: 4466: 4464: 4441: 4426: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4416: 4386: 4380: 4379: 4377: 4375: 4364: 4358: 4357: 4355: 4353: 4348: 4318: 4312: 4311: 4291: 4282: 4281: 4263: 4254: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4244: 4221:Pelecanus thagus 4214: 4208: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4187: 4181: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4153: 4147: 4146: 4144: 4142: 4137: 4107: 4101: 4100: 4098: 4096: 4073: 4054: 4053: 4051: 4049: 4026: 4020: 4019: 4017: 4015: 4009: 3998: 3990: 3984: 3981: 3975: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3965: 3935: 3926: 3925: 3923: 3921: 3898: 3892: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3876: 3870: 3869: 3863: 3855: 3838: 3809: 3808: 3806: 3782: 3776: 3775: 3765: 3755: 3723: 3717: 3716: 3671: 3662: 3661: 3645: 3639: 3638: 3625: 3619: 3618: 3602: 3596: 3595: 3577: 3566: 3565: 3538: 3532: 3531: 3507: 3501: 3500: 3464: 3443: 3442: 3416: 3379: 3378: 3344: 3335: 3324: 3323: 3313: 3303: 3279: 3273: 3272: 3224: 3196: 3193: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 2940:King of Portugal 2895:Origin in nature 2856:Pelican Portrait 2837:St Mary Abchurch 2833:Grinling Gibbons 2825:King James Bible 2814:Pelican Portrait 2585: 2582: 2421:Pseudo-nitzschia 2374:northern anchovy 2358: 2334: 2265:loafing in Kenya 2166:St. James's Park 2110:African penguins 2073:that forages in 2037: 2023:great cormorants 1932: 1917:on the coast of 1910: 1892: 1870: 1590:Pelecanus fraasi 1295:Pelecanus thagus 1291:Peruvian pelican 1202: 1201: 1176:Peruvian pelican 1125: 1109: 990: 989: 983: 982: 935: 934: 928: 927: 903: 902: 896: 895: 891: 890: 799: 798: 791: 790: 662: 661: 654: 653: 646: 645: 638: 637: 630: 629: 622: 621: 617: 616: 579:Phaethontiformes 535:10th edition of 240: 166: 165: 135: 120: 119: 56: 39: 38: 21: 9421: 9420: 9416: 9415: 9414: 9412: 9411: 9410: 9376: 9375: 9374: 9369: 9361: 9356: 9348: 9343: 9335: 9330: 9322: 9317: 9309: 9304: 9296: 9294: 9286: 9281: 9273: 9268: 9260: 9255: 9247: 9242: 9234: 9229: 9221: 9216: 9208: 9203: 9195: 9190: 9182: 9177: 9169: 9164: 9156: 9151: 9143: 9138: 9130: 9125: 9117: 9112: 9103: 9102: 9097: 9088: 9087: 9082: 9069: 9059: 9050: 9041: 9029: 8998:Tigriornithinae 8992: 8972: 8928: 8818: 8798: 8713: 8599: 8579: 8486: 8463: 8435: 8418: 8411: 8403: 8379: 8359: 8319: 8270: 8246: 8218: 8205: 8167: 8152: 8122: 8109: 8089: 8065: 8031: 8011: 7987: 7953: 7898: 7874: 7844: 7835: 7787:"Pelican" 7771: 7764: 7757: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7737: 7710: 7705: 7704: 7697: 7681: 7677: 7658: 7654: 7637: 7636: 7632: 7622: 7620: 7619:on 6 March 2009 7611: 7610: 7606: 7596: 7594: 7585: 7584: 7580: 7573: 7554: 7550: 7540: 7538: 7537:on 13 July 2012 7525: 7524: 7520: 7510: 7508: 7499: 7498: 7494: 7484: 7482: 7473: 7472: 7468: 7458: 7456: 7454: 7438: 7434: 7424: 7422: 7420: 7404: 7400: 7390: 7388: 7383: 7382: 7378: 7368: 7366: 7361: 7360: 7356: 7346: 7344: 7339: 7338: 7334: 7324: 7322: 7321:on 19 July 2012 7315:"College Crest" 7313: 7312: 7308: 7300: 7292: 7288: 7278: 7276: 7264: 7260: 7245: 7241: 7224: 7223: 7219: 7209: 7207: 7194: 7193: 7189: 7175: 7171: 7161: 7159: 7157: 7138: 7134: 7124: 7122: 7120: 7101: 7092: 7082: 7080: 7078: 7051: 7047: 7037: 7035: 7033: 7017: 7013: 7003: 7001: 6991: 6982: 6967: 6963: 6950: 6946: 6939: 6921: 6917: 6908: 6904: 6897: 6883: 6879: 6868: 6867: 6863: 6852: 6851: 6847: 6840: 6826: 6822: 6812: 6810: 6805: 6804: 6800: 6774: 6768: 6761: 6724:Avian Pathology 6712: 6708: 6698: 6696: 6684: 6680: 6667: 6663: 6653: 6651: 6647: 6643: 6642: 6638: 6628: 6626: 6623:News and Events 6617: 6616: 6612: 6602: 6600: 6592: 6590:"A Deadly Toll" 6588: 6587: 6583: 6552: 6548: 6538: 6536: 6526: 6522: 6512: 6510: 6507:"DDT and Birds" 6503: 6499: 6491: 6484: 6476: 6469: 6459: 6457: 6446: 6442: 6432: 6430: 6422: 6418: 6417: 6413: 6403: 6401: 6397: 6390: 6381: 6377: 6367: 6365: 6356: 6355: 6351: 6344: 6328: 6324: 6314: 6312: 6303: 6302: 6298: 6288: 6286: 6277: 6276: 6272: 6257: 6253: 6243: 6241: 6232: 6231: 6227: 6217: 6215: 6206: 6205: 6201: 6191: 6189: 6180: 6179: 6175: 6165: 6163: 6153: 6149: 6139: 6137: 6130:Species profile 6126:"Brown Pelican" 6124: 6123: 6119: 6103: 6093: 6086: 6055: 6051: 6016: 6009: 5994: 5990: 5975:10.2307/1368134 5956: 5950: 5943: 5920: 5913: 5887: 5881: 5872: 5862: 5860: 5853: 5849: 5833: 5832: 5828: 5816: 5815: 5808: 5793: 5789: 5782: 5768: 5761: 5750: 5746: 5736: 5734: 5717: 5716: 5709: 5704: 5687: 5677: 5675: 5665: 5658: 5648: 5646: 5637: 5636: 5632: 5605: 5601: 5594: 5578: 5574: 5567: 5545: 5541: 5534: 5518: 5514: 5504: 5502: 5500: 5484: 5477: 5448: 5444: 5434: 5432: 5417: 5413: 5403: 5401: 5400:on 14 June 2012 5390: 5383: 5367: 5361: 5357: 5350: 5336: 5332: 5325: 5303: 5299: 5289: 5287: 5283: 5269:10.2307/1364267 5252: 5246: 5235: 5228: 5214: 5207: 5200: 5180: 5167: 5160: 5144: 5135: 5119: 5118: 5114: 5102: 5101: 5097: 5090: 5076: 5072: 5067: 5063: 5052: 5048: 5038: 5036: 5027: 5026: 5022: 5007: 5003: 4974:(5): e2202702. 4960: 4956: 4941: 4937: 4918: 4914: 4899: 4895: 4885: 4883: 4874: 4859: 4849: 4847: 4846:on 19 July 2012 4843: 4828: 4822: 4815: 4792:10.2307/2408747 4776: 4772: 4762: 4760: 4756: 4741: 4735: 4731: 4700: 4691: 4681: 4679: 4649: 4642: 4632: 4630: 4628: 4612: 4603: 4568: 4561: 4551: 4549: 4519: 4515: 4505: 4503: 4501: 4485: 4481: 4476: 4472: 4462: 4460: 4458: 4442: 4429: 4419: 4417: 4387: 4383: 4373: 4371: 4366: 4365: 4361: 4351: 4349: 4319: 4315: 4308: 4292: 4285: 4278: 4264: 4257: 4247: 4245: 4215: 4211: 4201: 4199: 4188: 4184: 4174: 4172: 4170: 4154: 4150: 4140: 4138: 4108: 4104: 4094: 4092: 4090: 4074: 4057: 4047: 4045: 4043: 4027: 4023: 4013: 4011: 4007: 3996: 3994:"Brown Pelican" 3992: 3991: 3987: 3982: 3978: 3968: 3966: 3936: 3929: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3899: 3895: 3885: 3883: 3878: 3877: 3873: 3857: 3856: 3852: 3840: 3839: 3812: 3783: 3779: 3724: 3720: 3672: 3665: 3646: 3642: 3626: 3622: 3603: 3599: 3592: 3578: 3569: 3562: 3542:Partridge, Eric 3539: 3535: 3528: 3508: 3504: 3465: 3446: 3439: 3417: 3382: 3342: 3336: 3327: 3280: 3276: 3239:(1): e1903910. 3225: 3210: 3205: 3200: 3199: 3194: 3190: 3185: 3179: 3175: 3174: 3171: 3170: 3167: 3166: 3163: 3162: 3159: 3016: 2915: 2897: 2845:Belchamp Walter 2786:Adoro te devote 2754:blood and water 2708: 2684:Alcatraz Island 2584: 2430 BCE 2583: 2569: 2458: 2366: 2365: 2364: 2363: 2362: 2359: 2350: 2349: 2348: 2335: 2324: 2308:bank cormorants 2293:cutthroat trout 2288: 2249:bioaccumulation 2237:Sittaung valley 2179: 2174: 2142:Baja California 2028: 2002: 1957:Lake Eyre basin 1944: 1943: 1942: 1941: 1940: 1939:, United States 1933: 1924: 1923: 1922: 1919:New South Wales 1911: 1902: 1901: 1900: 1893: 1884: 1883: 1882: 1871: 1860: 1800: 1776: 1759: 1739:flight feathers 1680: 1541:. The supposed 1535:Pelagornithidae 1498:early Oligocene 1476: 1450: 1446: 1421: 1417: 1392: 1388: 1360:Temminck, 1824 1359: 1355: 1325: 1321: 1297: 1293: 1270:Linnaeus, 1766 1269: 1265: 1234: 1230: 1144: 1135: 1134: 1133: 1132: 1131: 1126: 1117: 1116: 1115: 1110: 1101: 1100: 1086: 1077: 1068: 1059: 1033: 1021:Balaeniceps rex 1001:Scopus umbretta 970: 880: 871: 862: 836: 777: 751: 725: 713:P. crispus 699: 556: 550: 537:Systema Naturae 504: 499: 474:, and breeding 367:Great Salt Lake 268: 265: 239: 160: 126: 123:molecular clock 118: 117: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 51: 50: 43: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9419: 9409: 9408: 9403: 9398: 9393: 9388: 9371: 9370: 9368: 9367: 9354: 9341: 9328: 9315: 9302: 9292: 9279: 9266: 9253: 9240: 9227: 9214: 9205:Fauna Europaea 9201: 9188: 9175: 9162: 9149: 9136: 9123: 9110: 9095: 9079: 9077: 9071: 9070: 9056: 9055: 9052: 9051: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9034: 9031: 9030: 9028: 9027: 9020: 9013: 9002: 9000: 8994: 8993: 8991: 8990: 8982: 8980: 8974: 8973: 8971: 8970: 8963: 8953: 8946: 8938: 8936: 8930: 8929: 8927: 8926: 8919: 8909: 8902: 8892: 8885: 8878: 8871: 8864: 8857: 8850: 8843: 8836: 8828: 8826: 8820: 8819: 8817: 8816: 8808: 8806: 8800: 8799: 8797: 8796: 8786: 8779: 8769: 8759: 8749: 8742: 8731: 8725: 8719: 8718: 8715: 8714: 8712: 8711: 8704: 8697: 8690: 8683: 8676: 8669: 8662: 8655: 8648: 8641: 8634: 8627: 8620: 8609: 8607: 8601: 8600: 8598: 8597: 8589: 8587: 8581: 8580: 8578: 8577: 8567: 8557: 8547: 8537: 8526: 8516: 8505: 8503: 8501:incertae sedis 8494: 8488: 8487: 8485: 8484: 8476: 8474: 8472:Xenerodiopidae 8465: 8464: 8462: 8461: 8449: 8447: 8445:incertae sedis 8437: 8436: 8424: 8423: 8420: 8419: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8404: 8402: 8401: 8400: 8399: 8393: 8391: 8385: 8384: 8381: 8380: 8378: 8377: 8369: 8367: 8361: 8360: 8358: 8357: 8350: 8340: 8329: 8327: 8321: 8320: 8318: 8317: 8307: 8297: 8289: 8287: 8278: 8272: 8271: 8269: 8268: 8260: 8258: 8248: 8247: 8245: 8244: 8232: 8230: 8228:incertae sedis 8220: 8219: 8216:Pelecaniformes 8207: 8206: 8204: 8203: 8201:Pelecaniformes 8197: 8191: 8185: 8179: 8172: 8169: 8168: 8151: 8150: 8143: 8136: 8128: 8119: 8118: 8115: 8114: 8111: 8110: 8108: 8107: 8101: 8099: 8091: 8090: 8088: 8087: 8079: 8077: 8067: 8066: 8041: 8040: 8037: 8036: 8033: 8032: 8030: 8029: 8023: 8021: 8013: 8012: 8010: 8009: 8001: 7999: 7989: 7988: 7963: 7962: 7959: 7958: 7955: 7954: 7952: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7916: 7910: 7908: 7900: 7899: 7897: 7896: 7888: 7886: 7876: 7875: 7846: 7845: 7842:Pelecaniformes 7834: 7833: 7826: 7819: 7811: 7805: 7804: 7801:Pelican videos 7798: 7782:Newton, Alfred 7777: 7776: 7773:Animals portal 7762: 7746: 7745:External links 7743: 7742: 7741: 7735: 7709: 7706: 7703: 7702: 7695: 7675: 7672:(10): 6–7, 22. 7652: 7630: 7604: 7578: 7571: 7559:, ed. (2016). 7548: 7518: 7492: 7466: 7453:978-1448129508 7452: 7432: 7418: 7398: 7376: 7354: 7332: 7306: 7286: 7258: 7239: 7217: 7187: 7169: 7155: 7132: 7118: 7090: 7076: 7045: 7031: 7011: 6980: 6961: 6944: 6937: 6915: 6902: 6895: 6877: 6861: 6845: 6838: 6820: 6798: 6759: 6706: 6678: 6661: 6636: 6610: 6581: 6546: 6520: 6497: 6467: 6440: 6411: 6375: 6349: 6343:978-0643096066 6342: 6322: 6296: 6270: 6251: 6225: 6199: 6173: 6147: 6117: 6084: 6049: 6030:(3): 603–607. 6007: 5988: 5941: 5911: 5870: 5847: 5826: 5806: 5787: 5780: 5759: 5744: 5707: 5685: 5656: 5630: 5599: 5592: 5572: 5565: 5539: 5533:978-0816525232 5532: 5512: 5498: 5475: 5442: 5411: 5381: 5355: 5348: 5330: 5323: 5297: 5233: 5226: 5205: 5198: 5165: 5158: 5133: 5112: 5095: 5089:978-0691140704 5088: 5070: 5061: 5046: 5020: 5001: 4954: 4935: 4912: 4893: 4857: 4813: 4786:(5): 1174–77. 4770: 4729: 4689: 4640: 4627:978-0713670400 4626: 4601: 4559: 4513: 4499: 4479: 4470: 4457:978-1408134948 4456: 4427: 4381: 4359: 4313: 4306: 4283: 4276: 4255: 4209: 4198:on 4 June 2012 4182: 4169:978-0691129761 4168: 4148: 4102: 4088: 4055: 4041: 4021: 3985: 3976: 3927: 3913: 3893: 3871: 3850: 3810: 3777: 3738:(10): e13354. 3718: 3663: 3640: 3620: 3597: 3590: 3567: 3560: 3533: 3526: 3502: 3444: 3437: 3380: 3325: 3274: 3207: 3206: 3204: 3201: 3198: 3197: 3187: 3186: 3184: 3181: 3157: 3117:Montepio Geral 3106:Lahti Pelicans 3104:NBA team, the 3015: 3012: 3008:halfpenny coin 2970:Corpus Christi 2914: 2911: 2896: 2893: 2724:blood donation 2707: 2704: 2688:brown pelicans 2639:unclean animal 2568: 2565: 2460:As with other 2457: 2454: 2360: 2353: 2352: 2351: 2338:Brown pelicans 2336: 2329: 2328: 2327: 2326: 2325: 2323: 2320: 2287: 2284: 2178: 2175: 2173: 2170: 2146:imperial shags 2086:Cape cormorant 2040:Brown pelicans 2001: 1998: 1934: 1927: 1926: 1925: 1912: 1905: 1904: 1903: 1894: 1887: 1886: 1885: 1872: 1865: 1864: 1863: 1862: 1861: 1859: 1856: 1799: 1796: 1775: 1772: 1758: 1755: 1679: 1676: 1675: 1674: 1666: 1658: 1650: 1638: 1630: 1620: 1612: 1598: 1586: 1578: 1522:Protopelicanus 1475: 1472: 1469: 1468: 1465: 1461: 1452: 1440: 1439: 1436: 1432: 1423: 1411: 1410: 1407: 1403: 1394: 1382: 1381: 1374: 1370: 1361: 1349: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1333: 1315: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1299: 1287: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1271: 1259: 1258: 1252: 1245: 1236: 1224: 1223: 1220: 1217: 1214: 1210: 1209: 1188:Leptopelecanus 1172:brown pelicans 1143: 1142:Living species 1140: 1137: 1136: 1127: 1120: 1119: 1118: 1111: 1104: 1103: 1102: 1098: 1097: 1096: 1095: 1093: 1083: 1082: 1079: 1078: 1074: 1073: 1070: 1069: 1065: 1064: 1061: 1060: 1056: 1055: 1052: 1051: 1042: 1039: 1038: 1035: 1034: 1030: 1029: 1026: 1025: 1013: 1010: 1009: 1006: 1005: 993: 988: 986: 981: 979: 976: 975: 972: 971: 967: 966: 963: 962: 954: 951: 950: 947: 946: 938: 933: 931: 926: 924: 922:Pelecaniformes 918: 917: 914: 913: 906: 901: 899: 894: 887: 886: 882: 881: 877: 876: 873: 872: 868: 867: 864: 863: 859: 858: 855: 854: 845: 842: 841: 838: 837: 833: 832: 829: 828: 824:P. thagus 819: 816: 815: 812: 811: 802: 797: 795: 789: 787: 783: 782: 779: 778: 774: 773: 770: 769: 760: 757: 756: 753: 752: 748: 747: 744: 743: 734: 731: 730: 727: 726: 722: 721: 718: 717: 708: 705: 704: 701: 700: 696: 695: 692: 691: 682: 679: 678: 675: 674: 665: 660: 658: 652: 650: 644: 642: 636: 634: 628: 626: 620: 552:Main article: 549: 546: 503: 500: 498: 495: 464:water salinity 409:Pelecaniformes 343:temperate zone 285: 284: 275: 274: 270: 269: 267:Linnaeus, 1758 266: 257: 256: 250: 249: 232: 228: 227: 222: 218: 217: 215:Pelecaniformes 212: 208: 207: 202: 198: 197: 192: 188: 187: 182: 178: 177: 172: 168: 167: 154: 153: 137: 136: 128: 127: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 63: 58: 44: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9418: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9383: 9381: 9364: 9359: 9355: 9351: 9346: 9342: 9338: 9333: 9329: 9325: 9320: 9316: 9312: 9307: 9303: 9299: 9293: 9289: 9284: 9280: 9276: 9271: 9267: 9263: 9258: 9254: 9250: 9245: 9241: 9237: 9232: 9228: 9224: 9219: 9215: 9211: 9206: 9202: 9198: 9193: 9189: 9185: 9180: 9176: 9172: 9167: 9163: 9159: 9154: 9150: 9146: 9141: 9137: 9133: 9128: 9124: 9120: 9115: 9111: 9106: 9100: 9096: 9091: 9085: 9081: 9080: 9078: 9076: 9072: 9068: 9063: 9048: 9046: 9026: 9025: 9021: 9019: 9018: 9014: 9012: 9011: 9004: 9003: 9001: 8999: 8995: 8989: 8988: 8984: 8983: 8981: 8979: 8978:Cochleariinae 8975: 8969: 8968: 8964: 8962: 8961: 8954: 8952: 8951: 8947: 8945: 8944: 8940: 8939: 8937: 8935: 8931: 8925: 8924: 8920: 8918: 8917: 8910: 8908: 8907: 8903: 8901: 8900: 8893: 8891: 8890: 8886: 8884: 8883: 8879: 8877: 8876: 8872: 8870: 8869: 8865: 8863: 8862: 8858: 8856: 8855: 8851: 8849: 8848: 8844: 8842: 8841: 8837: 8835: 8834: 8830: 8829: 8827: 8825: 8821: 8815: 8814: 8810: 8809: 8807: 8805: 8801: 8795: 8794: 8787: 8785: 8784: 8780: 8778: 8777: 8770: 8768: 8767: 8760: 8758: 8757: 8750: 8748: 8747: 8743: 8741: 8740: 8733: 8732: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8720: 8710: 8709: 8705: 8703: 8702: 8698: 8696: 8695: 8691: 8689: 8688: 8684: 8682: 8681: 8677: 8675: 8674: 8670: 8668: 8667: 8663: 8661: 8660: 8659:Mesembrinibis 8656: 8654: 8653: 8649: 8647: 8646: 8642: 8640: 8639: 8635: 8633: 8632: 8628: 8626: 8625: 8621: 8619: 8618: 8611: 8610: 8608: 8606: 8602: 8596: 8595: 8591: 8590: 8588: 8586: 8582: 8576: 8575: 8568: 8566: 8565: 8558: 8556: 8555: 8548: 8546: 8545: 8538: 8535: 8534: 8527: 8525: 8524: 8517: 8515: 8514: 8507: 8506: 8504: 8502: 8498: 8495: 8493: 8489: 8483: 8482: 8478: 8477: 8475: 8473: 8466: 8459: 8458: 8451: 8450: 8448: 8446: 8442: 8438: 8434: 8429: 8425: 8415: 8397: 8396: 8395: 8394: 8392: 8390: 8386: 8376: 8375: 8371: 8370: 8368: 8366: 8362: 8356: 8355: 8351: 8349: 8348: 8341: 8339: 8338: 8331: 8330: 8328: 8326: 8322: 8316: 8315: 8308: 8306: 8305: 8298: 8296: 8295: 8291: 8290: 8288: 8286: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8273: 8267: 8266: 8262: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8249: 8242: 8241: 8234: 8233: 8231: 8229: 8225: 8221: 8217: 8212: 8208: 8202: 8198: 8196: 8192: 8190: 8186: 8184: 8180: 8178: 8174: 8173: 8170: 8165: 8161: 8157: 8149: 8144: 8142: 8137: 8135: 8130: 8129: 8126: 8106: 8103: 8102: 8100: 8098: 8097: 8092: 8086: 8085: 8081: 8080: 8078: 8076: 8072: 8068: 8063: 8059: 8055: 8051: 8046: 8042: 8028: 8025: 8024: 8022: 8020: 8019: 8014: 8008: 8007: 8003: 8002: 8000: 7998: 7994: 7990: 7985: 7981: 7977: 7973: 7968: 7964: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7914:Brown pelican 7912: 7911: 7909: 7907: 7906: 7901: 7895: 7894: 7890: 7889: 7887: 7885: 7881: 7877: 7872: 7868: 7864: 7860: 7856: 7851: 7847: 7843: 7839: 7832: 7827: 7825: 7820: 7818: 7813: 7812: 7809: 7802: 7799: 7795: 7794: 7788: 7783: 7779: 7778: 7774: 7768: 7763: 7760: 7749: 7738: 7732: 7728: 7724: 7722: 7717: 7712: 7711: 7698: 7692: 7688: 7687: 7679: 7671: 7667: 7663: 7656: 7648: 7644: 7640: 7634: 7618: 7614: 7608: 7592: 7588: 7582: 7574: 7568: 7564: 7563: 7558: 7552: 7536: 7532: 7528: 7522: 7506: 7502: 7496: 7480: 7476: 7470: 7455: 7449: 7445: 7444: 7436: 7421: 7415: 7411: 7410: 7402: 7386: 7380: 7364: 7358: 7342: 7336: 7320: 7316: 7310: 7299: 7298: 7290: 7275: 7271: 7270: 7262: 7254: 7250: 7243: 7235: 7231: 7229: 7221: 7205: 7201: 7197: 7191: 7183: 7179: 7173: 7158: 7156:9781574556452 7152: 7148: 7147: 7142: 7136: 7121: 7119:9781444745269 7115: 7111: 7110: 7105: 7099: 7097: 7095: 7079: 7077:9780199566716 7073: 7069: 7065: 7064: 7059: 7055: 7049: 7034: 7032:9781402770043 7028: 7024: 7023: 7015: 7000: 6996: 6989: 6987: 6985: 6977:(2): 116–119. 6976: 6972: 6965: 6957: 6956: 6948: 6940: 6934: 6930: 6926: 6919: 6912: 6906: 6898: 6892: 6888: 6881: 6873: 6872: 6865: 6857: 6856: 6849: 6841: 6835: 6831: 6824: 6808: 6802: 6793: 6788: 6784: 6780: 6773: 6766: 6764: 6755: 6751: 6747: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6730:(5): 441–48. 6729: 6725: 6721: 6719: 6710: 6694: 6693: 6688: 6682: 6674: 6673: 6665: 6646: 6640: 6624: 6620: 6614: 6598: 6591: 6585: 6577: 6573: 6569: 6565: 6561: 6557: 6550: 6535: 6531: 6524: 6508: 6501: 6490: 6483: 6482: 6474: 6472: 6455: 6451: 6444: 6428: 6421: 6415: 6396: 6389: 6388: 6379: 6363: 6359: 6353: 6345: 6339: 6335: 6334: 6326: 6310: 6306: 6300: 6284: 6280: 6274: 6266: 6262: 6255: 6239: 6235: 6229: 6213: 6209: 6203: 6187: 6183: 6177: 6162: 6158: 6151: 6135: 6131: 6127: 6121: 6113: 6109: 6102: 6100: 6091: 6089: 6080: 6076: 6072: 6068: 6065:(2): 147–56. 6064: 6060: 6053: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6025: 6021: 6014: 6012: 6003: 5999: 5992: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5969:(3): 742–43. 5968: 5964: 5963: 5955: 5948: 5946: 5938:(4): 632–635. 5937: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5918: 5916: 5906: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5886: 5879: 5877: 5875: 5858: 5851: 5843: 5837: 5829: 5827:0-19-553068-3 5823: 5819: 5813: 5811: 5802: 5798: 5791: 5783: 5777: 5773: 5770:Anon (1980). 5766: 5764: 5755: 5748: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5722: 5714: 5712: 5702: 5700: 5698: 5696: 5694: 5692: 5690: 5674: 5670: 5663: 5661: 5644: 5640: 5634: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5603: 5595: 5589: 5585: 5584: 5576: 5568: 5566:0-618-23648-1 5562: 5558: 5553: 5552: 5543: 5535: 5529: 5525: 5524: 5516: 5501: 5495: 5491: 5490: 5482: 5480: 5470: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5446: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5415: 5399: 5395: 5388: 5386: 5377: 5373: 5366: 5359: 5351: 5345: 5341: 5334: 5326: 5320: 5316: 5311: 5310: 5301: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5251: 5244: 5242: 5240: 5238: 5229: 5227:0-85661-039-9 5223: 5219: 5212: 5210: 5201: 5199:0-8160-1150-8 5195: 5191: 5187: 5186: 5178: 5176: 5174: 5172: 5170: 5161: 5155: 5151: 5150: 5142: 5140: 5138: 5129: 5123: 5115: 5113:0-19-553068-3 5109: 5105: 5099: 5091: 5085: 5081: 5074: 5065: 5057: 5050: 5034: 5030: 5024: 5016: 5012: 5005: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4958: 4950: 4947:(in German). 4946: 4939: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4916: 4909:(12): 235–64. 4908: 4904: 4897: 4881: 4880: 4872: 4870: 4868: 4866: 4864: 4862: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4827: 4820: 4818: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4774: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4740: 4733: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4698: 4696: 4694: 4677: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4663: 4658: 4656: 4647: 4645: 4629: 4623: 4619: 4618: 4610: 4608: 4606: 4596: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4582: 4577: 4575: 4566: 4564: 4547: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4533: 4528: 4526: 4517: 4502: 4496: 4492: 4491: 4483: 4474: 4459: 4453: 4449: 4448: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4415: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4401: 4396: 4394: 4385: 4369: 4363: 4347: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4333: 4328: 4326: 4317: 4309: 4307:0-00-219728-6 4303: 4299: 4298: 4290: 4288: 4279: 4277:0-19-854099-X 4273: 4269: 4262: 4260: 4243: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4229: 4224: 4222: 4213: 4197: 4193: 4186: 4171: 4165: 4161: 4160: 4152: 4136: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4122: 4117: 4115: 4106: 4091: 4085: 4081: 4080: 4072: 4070: 4068: 4066: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4044: 4038: 4034: 4033: 4025: 4006: 4002: 3995: 3989: 3980: 3964: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3950: 3945: 3943: 3934: 3932: 3916: 3914:1-56164-191-X 3910: 3906: 3905: 3897: 3881: 3875: 3867: 3861: 3853: 3851:0-19-553068-3 3847: 3843: 3837: 3835: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3805: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3781: 3773: 3769: 3764: 3759: 3754: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3722: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3670: 3668: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3644: 3636: 3635: 3630: 3624: 3617: 3613: 3612: 3607: 3601: 3593: 3591:0-19-861186-2 3587: 3583: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3563: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3548: 3543: 3537: 3529: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3514: 3506: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3440: 3438:1-55297-777-3 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3353:(1): 215–22. 3352: 3348: 3341: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3321: 3317: 3312: 3307: 3302: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3278: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3208: 3192: 3188: 3178: 3155: 3153: 3149: 3144: 3142: 3138: 3137:Penguin Books 3134: 3130: 3129:Pelican Books 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3058:coats of arms 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3035: 3030: 3024: 3020: 3011: 3009: 3005: 3001: 3000:Francis Drake 2997: 2996: 2990: 2986: 2981: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2966: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2941: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2919: 2910: 2908: 2903: 2892: 2890: 2886: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2852: 2848: 2846: 2842: 2841:parish church 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2821: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2800: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2769: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2734: 2725: 2720: 2712: 2703: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2679: 2675: 2670: 2668: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2642: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2627: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2616:Pyramid Texts 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2600:Ancient Egypt 2597: 2593: 2590:The pelican ( 2578: 2573: 2564: 2563:infestation. 2562: 2558: 2553: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2542:host-specific 2539: 2534: 2532: 2528: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2512: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2475: 2471: 2470:Avian malaria 2467: 2463: 2462:bird families 2453: 2450: 2446: 2440: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2425: 2423: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2389: 2386: 2382: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2357: 2346: 2344: 2339: 2333: 2319: 2316: 2311: 2309: 2305: 2300: 2298: 2294: 2283: 2279: 2277: 2271: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2250: 2246: 2241: 2238: 2232: 2229: 2225: 2220: 2217: 2209: 2205: 2204: 2199: 2195: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2169: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2136:and nestling 2135: 2134:cattle egrets 2131: 2130:common murres 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2114:Dassen Island 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2094:Malgas Island 2091: 2087: 2082: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2055: 2053: 2045: 2041: 2026: 2024: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 1997: 1994: 1990: 1985: 1982: 1978: 1977:regurgitation 1974: 1968: 1964: 1962: 1958: 1952: 1949: 1946:Pelicans are 1938: 1931: 1920: 1916: 1909: 1898: 1891: 1880: 1876: 1869: 1855: 1852: 1847: 1845: 1842:and increase 1841: 1837: 1836:ground effect 1833: 1829: 1824: 1822: 1817: 1813: 1804: 1795: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1771: 1769: 1764: 1754: 1752: 1746: 1742: 1740: 1735: 1731: 1723: 1719: 1712: 1708: 1707:brown pelican 1703: 1696: 1692: 1684: 1672: 1671: 1667: 1664: 1663: 1659: 1656: 1655: 1651: 1648: 1644: 1643: 1639: 1636: 1635: 1631: 1628: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1617: 1613: 1610: 1609: 1604: 1603: 1599: 1596: 1592: 1591: 1587: 1584: 1583: 1579: 1576: 1575: 1571: 1570: 1569: 1567: 1562: 1560: 1559: 1554: 1550: 1549: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1523: 1518: 1514: 1513: 1508: 1507:Early Miocene 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1482: 1474:Fossil record 1466: 1462: 1457: 1453: 1451:Gmelin, 1789 1449: 1445: 1442: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1413: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1399: 1395: 1393:Gmelin, 1789 1391: 1387: 1384: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1351: 1350: 1346: 1343: 1338: 1334: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1317: 1316: 1312: 1309: 1304: 1300: 1298:Molina, 1782 1296: 1292: 1289: 1288: 1284: 1281: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1263:Brown pelican 1261: 1260: 1256: 1253: 1250: 1246: 1241: 1237: 1235:Gmelin, 1789 1233: 1229: 1226: 1225: 1221: 1218: 1215: 1212: 1211: 1208: 1203: 1200: 1197: 1192: 1190: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1130: 1124: 1114: 1108: 1094: 1092: 1090: 1081: 1080: 1072: 1071: 1063: 1062: 1054: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1041: 1040: 1037: 1036: 1028: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1018: 1012: 1011: 1008: 1007: 1004: 1002: 998: 992: 991: 985: 984: 978: 977: 974: 973: 965: 964: 961: 959: 953: 952: 949: 948: 945: 943: 937: 936: 930: 929: 923: 920: 919: 916: 915: 912: 911: 905: 904: 898: 897: 893: 892: 884: 883: 875: 874: 866: 865: 857: 856: 853: 852: 851: 844: 843: 840: 839: 831: 830: 827: 826: 825: 818: 817: 814: 813: 810: 809: 808: 801: 800: 793: 792: 785: 784: 781: 780: 772: 771: 768: 767: 766: 759: 758: 755: 754: 746: 745: 742: 741: 740: 733: 732: 729: 728: 720: 719: 716: 715: 714: 707: 706: 703: 702: 694: 693: 690: 689: 688: 681: 680: 677: 676: 673: 672: 671: 664: 663: 656: 655: 648: 647: 640: 639: 632: 631: 624: 623: 619: 618: 615: 614: 612: 607: 603: 599: 598:Wadi El Hitan 595: 591: 586: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 561: 555: 545: 543: 539: 538: 532: 531:Carl Linnaeus 528: 523: 521: 517: 513: 509: 508:Ancient Greek 494: 492: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 457: 453: 448: 444: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 374: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 351:polar regions 348: 344: 340: 336: 335:latitudinally 331: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 296: 291: 283: 282: 276: 271: 264: 263: 258: 255: 251: 247: 243: 238: 237: 233: 230: 229: 226: 223: 220: 219: 216: 213: 210: 209: 206: 203: 200: 199: 196: 193: 190: 189: 186: 183: 180: 179: 176: 173: 170: 169: 164: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 138: 134: 129: 124: 116: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 55: 48: 40: 37: 33: 19: 9074: 9042: 9022: 9015: 9008: 8985: 8965: 8958: 8948: 8941: 8921: 8914: 8904: 8897: 8887: 8880: 8873: 8866: 8859: 8852: 8845: 8838: 8831: 8811: 8791: 8781: 8774: 8764: 8754: 8744: 8739:Ardeagrandis 8737: 8708:Threskiornis 8706: 8699: 8692: 8685: 8678: 8671: 8664: 8657: 8650: 8643: 8636: 8629: 8622: 8615: 8592: 8572: 8562: 8554:Rhynchaeites 8552: 8542: 8531: 8521: 8511: 8500: 8479: 8455: 8444: 8372: 8352: 8347:Miopelecanus 8345: 8335: 8312: 8302: 8292: 8263: 8238: 8227: 8195:Aequornithes 8094: 8082: 8061: 8016: 8004: 7983: 7904: 7903: 7891: 7870: 7854: 7791: 7759:Birds portal 7719: 7685: 7678: 7669: 7665: 7655: 7647:the original 7642: 7633: 7621:. Retrieved 7617:the original 7607: 7595:. Retrieved 7590: 7581: 7561: 7551: 7539:. Retrieved 7535:the original 7530: 7521: 7509:. Retrieved 7505:the original 7495: 7483:. Retrieved 7478: 7469: 7457:. Retrieved 7442: 7435: 7423:. Retrieved 7408: 7401: 7389:. Retrieved 7379: 7367:. Retrieved 7357: 7345:. Retrieved 7335: 7323:. Retrieved 7319:the original 7309: 7296: 7289: 7277:. Retrieved 7268: 7261: 7252: 7242: 7234:the original 7227: 7220: 7208:. Retrieved 7204:the original 7199: 7190: 7181: 7178:Bunyan, John 7172: 7162:20 September 7160:. Retrieved 7145: 7135: 7125:20 September 7123:. Retrieved 7108: 7081:. Retrieved 7062: 7048: 7038:20 September 7036:. Retrieved 7021: 7014: 7002:. Retrieved 6998: 6974: 6970: 6964: 6954: 6947: 6924: 6918: 6910: 6905: 6886: 6880: 6870: 6864: 6854: 6848: 6829: 6823: 6811:. Retrieved 6801: 6782: 6778: 6727: 6723: 6717: 6709: 6697:. Retrieved 6691: 6681: 6671: 6664: 6652:. Retrieved 6639: 6627:. Retrieved 6622: 6613: 6601:. Retrieved 6596: 6584: 6570:(1): 54–62. 6567: 6563: 6559: 6555: 6549: 6537:. Retrieved 6533: 6523: 6511:. Retrieved 6500: 6489:the original 6480: 6458:. Retrieved 6453: 6443: 6431:. Retrieved 6426: 6414: 6402:. Retrieved 6395:the original 6385: 6378: 6366:. Retrieved 6361: 6352: 6332: 6325: 6313:. Retrieved 6308: 6299: 6287:. Retrieved 6282: 6273: 6264: 6254: 6242:. Retrieved 6237: 6228: 6216:. Retrieved 6211: 6202: 6190:. Retrieved 6185: 6176: 6164:. Retrieved 6160: 6150: 6138:. Retrieved 6134:the original 6129: 6120: 6111: 6107: 6098: 6062: 6058: 6052: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6001: 5997: 5991: 5966: 5960: 5935: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5895: 5891: 5861:. Retrieved 5850: 5817: 5800: 5796: 5790: 5771: 5747: 5735:. Retrieved 5731:the original 5726: 5720: 5676:. Retrieved 5672: 5647:. Retrieved 5642: 5633: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5602: 5582: 5575: 5550: 5542: 5522: 5515: 5503:. Retrieved 5488: 5459: 5455: 5445: 5433:. Retrieved 5429:the original 5424: 5414: 5402:. Retrieved 5398:the original 5375: 5371: 5358: 5339: 5333: 5308: 5300: 5288:. Retrieved 5281:the original 5263:(1): 13–17. 5260: 5256: 5217: 5184: 5148: 5103: 5098: 5079: 5073: 5064: 5055: 5049: 5037:. Retrieved 5032: 5023: 5014: 5010: 5004: 4971: 4967: 4957: 4948: 4944: 4938: 4929: 4925: 4915: 4906: 4902: 4896: 4884:. Retrieved 4878: 4848:. Retrieved 4841:the original 4836: 4832: 4783: 4779: 4773: 4761:. Retrieved 4754:the original 4749: 4745: 4732: 4710:(1): 15–20. 4707: 4703: 4680:. Retrieved 4666: 4660: 4654: 4631:. Retrieved 4616: 4585: 4579: 4573: 4550:. Retrieved 4536: 4530: 4524: 4516: 4504:. Retrieved 4489: 4482: 4473: 4461:. Retrieved 4446: 4418:. Retrieved 4404: 4398: 4392: 4384: 4372:. Retrieved 4362: 4350:. Retrieved 4336: 4330: 4324: 4316: 4296: 4267: 4246:. Retrieved 4232: 4226: 4220: 4212: 4200:. Retrieved 4196:the original 4185: 4173:. Retrieved 4158: 4151: 4139:. Retrieved 4125: 4119: 4113: 4105: 4093:. Retrieved 4078: 4046:. Retrieved 4031: 4024: 4012:. Retrieved 4005:the original 4000: 3988: 3979: 3967:. Retrieved 3953: 3947: 3941: 3918:. Retrieved 3903: 3896: 3884:. Retrieved 3874: 3841: 3794: 3790: 3780: 3735: 3731: 3721: 3680: 3676: 3649: 3643: 3633: 3623: 3615: 3610: 3606:Linnaeus, C. 3600: 3581: 3561:0-517-414252 3546: 3536: 3512: 3505: 3472: 3468: 3424: 3350: 3346: 3291: 3287: 3277: 3236: 3232: 3191: 3158: 3145: 3054:Sint Maarten 3039: 3014:Modern usage 3003: 2993: 2982: 2967: 2936: 2923:Benedekfalva 2898: 2883: 2873: 2863: 2855: 2822: 2804: 2796: 2770: 2737: 2731: 2729: 2706:Christianity 2695: 2691: 2682: 2671: 2650:Murri people 2643: 2628: 2611: 2591: 2589: 2554: 2545: 2535: 2531:Puerto Rican 2526: 2520:C. mexicanum 2519: 2515: 2513: 2477:Culex pipens 2476: 2459: 2441: 2426: 2419: 2390: 2367: 2342: 2312: 2301: 2289: 2280: 2272: 2268: 2253: 2242: 2233: 2221: 2213: 2201: 2180: 2162:city pigeons 2138:great egrets 2126:silver gulls 2083: 2056: 2048: 2003: 1986: 1969: 1965: 1953: 1945: 1935:Pelicans at 1848: 1825: 1812:preen glands 1809: 1792:South Island 1786:southwards. 1784:Amazon River 1777: 1760: 1747: 1743: 1727: 1668: 1660: 1652: 1649:, Argentina) 1640: 1632: 1627:Miopelecanus 1626: 1622: 1614: 1608:Miopelecanus 1606: 1600: 1588: 1580: 1572: 1565: 1563: 1558:nomen dubium 1556: 1546: 1527:pelecaniform 1520: 1516: 1510: 1479: 1477: 1447: 1422:Bruch, 1832 1418: 1389: 1356: 1322: 1294: 1266: 1231: 1219:Description 1206: 1193: 1186: 1145: 1087: 1046: 1044: 1020: 1015: 1000: 995: 956: 940: 908: 848: 847: 822: 821: 805: 804: 763: 762: 737: 736: 711: 710: 685: 684: 668: 667: 609: 587: 583:sister group 557: 536: 526: 524: 515: 511: 505: 460: 452:National Zoo 450:Pelicans at 404: 378:frigatebirds 375: 332: 316:throat pouch 314:and a large 294: 293: 289: 288: 278: 260: 254:Type species 235: 234: 36: 9244:iNaturalist 9099:Wikispecies 8987:Cochlearius 8889:Pilherodius 8746:Calherodius 8701:Theristicus 8694:Thaumatibis 8585:Plataleinae 8481:Xenerodiops 8398:See below ↓ 8337:Eopelecanus 8325:Pelecanidae 8294:Balaeniceps 8255:Torotigidae 8018:Balaeniceps 7984:Balaeniceps 7863:Pelecanidae 7708:Cited texts 7054:F. L. Cross 6460:14 February 5290:22 February 4932:(20): 1–12. 4682:11 November 4552:11 November 4420:11 November 4352:11 November 4248:11 November 4141:11 November 3969:11 November 3294:: 108–127. 2995:Golden Hind 2902:resurrected 2868:Elizabeth I 2758:Middle Ages 2738:Physiologus 2733:Physiologus 2658:Andrew Lang 2656:, cited by 2646:origin myth 2413:domoic acid 2313:Apart from 2208:Tortuga Bay 2177:Populations 2158:Cannibalism 2148:, juvenile 2096:as well as 2090:Cape gannet 2052:snatch prey 2010:crustaceans 2008:, turtles, 1832:V formation 1678:Description 1180:conspecific 1168:spot-billed 1164:pink-backed 1156:great white 944:(Ardeidae) 611:Eopelecanus 590:tibiotarsus 571:Tropicbirds 491:iconography 429:tibiotarsus 386:tropicbirds 308:Pelecanidae 304:water birds 225:Pelecanidae 9380:Categories 9017:Tigriornis 9010:Taphophoyx 8950:Ixobrychus 8934:Botaurinae 8923:Zonerodius 8882:Nyctanassa 8875:Nycticorax 8868:Gorsachius 8793:Proardeola 8652:Lophotibis 8645:Geronticus 8624:Bostrychia 8513:Gerandibis 8457:Ardeacites 8314:Paludiavis 8154:Genera of 7696:0198601735 7643:packer.edu 7419:1840222662 6938:0500018022 6456:. MPR News 5898:: 125–31. 5863:5 November 5781:1236274539 5649:25 October 5593:1770072446 5499:817141933X 5462:: 431–44. 5349:1869411250 5324:0968927807 5257:The Condor 4500:0300043104 4089:0300049692 4042:0691025126 3469:Waterbirds 3421:"Pelicans" 3203:References 3109:ice hockey 3070:state seal 3066:state flag 2876:bestiaries 2744:, and the 2654:Queensland 2624:underworld 2445:Fish hooks 2429:oil spills 2410:neurotoxic 2398:Salton Sea 2378:metabolite 2154:grey gulls 2122:grey teals 2102:kelp gulls 2092:chicks on 2006:amphibians 1961:salt lakes 1948:gregarious 1879:Uppalapadu 1838:to reduce 1490:Priabonian 1148:Australian 1045:Pelicans ( 910:Suliformes 606:Priabonian 525:The genus 476:colonially 468:gregarious 456:Bangladesh 417:spoonbills 382:cormorants 359:Red Centre 146:Walvis Bay 52:36–0 9401:Pelecanus 9132:Pelecanus 9119:Pelecanus 9105:Pelecanus 9075:Pelecanus 9024:Tigrisoma 8916:Zeltornis 8854:Butorides 8804:Agamiinae 8783:Oroanassa 8776:Nyctisoma 8756:Eoceornis 8687:Pseudibis 8638:Eudocimus 8617:Apteribis 8574:Xenicibis 8564:Vadaravis 8354:Pelecanus 8304:Goliathia 8240:Cladornis 8175:Kingdom: 7905:Pelecanus 7871:Pelecanus 7481:. Eupedia 7279:19 August 7106:(2012) . 6785:: 31–48. 6454:Statewide 6218:11 August 5836:cite book 5727:Factsheet 5721:Pelecanus 5719:"Pelican 5619:: 37–58. 5122:cite book 5017:: 181–90. 4996:258605013 4988:0272-4634 4780:Evolution 3860:cite book 3797:: 63–72. 3269:236269386 3261:0272-4634 3062:Louisiana 2963:D. Leonor 2778:Eucharist 2700:albatross 2696:al-caduos 2648:from the 2604:afterlife 2561:roundworm 2540:are very 2524:trematode 2509:nematodes 2489:tapeworms 2466:parasites 2345:oil spill 2071:carnivore 2067:scavenger 2059:anchovies 1973:siblicide 1788:Subfossil 1705:An adult 1566:Pelecanus 1553:Patagonia 1548:Liptornis 1539:pelecanid 1525:may be a 1517:Pelecanus 1255:Monotypic 1207:Pelecanus 1196:New World 1152:Dalmatian 1089:Cladogram 1047:Pelecanus 527:Pelecanus 520:classical 502:Etymology 484:mythology 441:New World 437:Old World 355:Australia 347:Amazonian 337:from the 302:of large 295:Pelecanus 236:Pelecanus 181:Kingdom: 175:Eukaryota 49:–Recent, 9396:Pelicans 9236:10650925 9171:45509058 9084:Wikidata 8967:Zebrilus 8960:Pikaihao 8943:Botaurus 8899:Proardea 8847:Bubulcus 8824:Ardeinae 8723:Ardeidae 8680:Plegadis 8673:Phimosus 8666:Nipponia 8631:Cercibis 8594:Platalea 8544:Protibis 8533:Mopsitta 8365:Scopidae 8276:Pelecani 8183:Chordata 8181:Phylum: 8177:Animalia 8164:pelicans 8105:Hamerkop 8050:Hamerkop 8027:Shoebill 7972:Shoebill 7855:Pelicans 7784:(1885). 7623:23 March 7180:(1678). 7143:(2007). 6754:21351183 6746:12427338 6654:5 August 6629:5 August 6603:6 August 6576:20460314 6539:8 August 6513:6 August 6433:3 August 6368:7 August 6315:9 August 6289:7 August 6244:7 August 6192:7 August 6140:9 August 6044:84928683 6004:: 27–30. 5803:: 27–39. 5737:28 April 5673:BBC News 5643:BBC News 5435:1 August 5378:: 39–44. 5039:5 August 4850:27 April 4808:28561505 4763:29 April 4724:21016885 3772:20976229 3732:PLOS ONE 3705:18583609 3658:2246/830 3631:(1815). 3608:(1758). 3544:(1983). 3497:85813418 3375:23059726 3320:32781465 3148:limerick 3050:Barbados 2957:and the 2913:Heraldry 2889:heraldry 2742:idolatry 2692:alcatraz 2608:funerary 2596:Egyptian 2550:preening 2522:and the 2474:mosquito 2404:died at 2394:botulism 2385:toxicant 2370:food web 2075:landfill 2063:menhaden 1897:Garapadu 1828:thermals 1780:Tasmania 1763:air sacs 1757:Air sacs 1711:Maryland 1595:Lydekker 1545:pelican 1531:suliform 1378:Wallacea 1327:Linnaeus 1184:subgenus 1129:Shoebill 1113:Hamerkop 1017:Shoebill 997:Hamerkop 560:polymath 548:Taxonomy 488:heraldic 425:bitterns 398:hamerkop 394:shoebill 298:) are a 290:Pelicans 273:Species 242:Linnaeus 221:Family: 195:Chordata 191:Phylum: 185:Animalia 171:Domain: 18:Pelicans 9358:ZooBank 8906:Syrigma 8861:Egretta 8840:Ardeola 8265:Torotix 8199:Order: 8193:Clade: 8187:Class: 8084:Species 8006:Species 7893:Species 7865:· 7727:290–311 7597:29 June 7541:20 July 7511:21 July 7485:20 July 7459:29 June 7425:29 June 7391:13 June 7210:29 July 6813:29 June 6699:29 June 6404:21 July 6166:13 June 6067:Bibcode 5983:1368134 5505:29 June 5404:18 June 5277:1364267 4886:29 June 4800:2408747 4633:29 June 4506:29 June 4463:29 June 4374:10 June 4175:29 June 4095:29 June 4048:29 June 3920:29 June 3763:2954798 3740:Bibcode 3713:6472805 3685:Bibcode 3677:Science 3489:4132643 3355:Bibcode 3311:7783168 3241:Bibcode 3133:imprint 3121:reverse 3042:Romania 3004:Pelican 2947:Infante 2943:John II 2884:vulnerō 2829:reredos 2774:Passion 2750:redeems 2667:piebald 2635:seabird 2481:Leeches 2347:of 2010 2297:culling 2228:El Niño 2079:carrion 2044:Jamaica 2014:insects 2000:Feeding 1989:crèches 1981:seizure 1899:, India 1816:plumage 1768:glottis 1543:Miocene 1502:Luberon 1249:remiges 794: 786: 657: 649: 641: 633: 625: 596:in the 575:darters 516:pelekys 512:pelekan 341:to the 339:tropics 292:(genus 279:8, see 231:Genus: 211:Order: 201:Class: 150:Namibia 42:Pelican 9350:137052 9311:316994 9295:NZOR: 9262:174683 9192:EURING 9184:1PELKG 9090:Q19413 8813:Agamia 8766:Matuku 8523:Milnea 8374:Scopus 8160:herons 8096:Scopus 8062:Scopus 8054:family 7976:family 7859:family 7733: 7693: 7569: 7450: 7416: 7387:. IBTS 7153: 7116: 7083:6 June 7074: 7029: 7004:6 June 6935: 6893: 6836: 6752: 6744: 6597:Report 6574: 6340: 6042: 5981: 5962:Condor 5824: 5778: 5678:5 July 5590: 5563: 5530: 5496: 5346: 5321: 5275: 5224: 5196: 5156: 5110: 5086: 4994: 4986: 4951:: 3–9. 4806: 4798: 4722: 4624: 4497: 4454: 4304: 4274: 4202:9 June 4166: 4086: 4039: 4014:9 June 3911: 3886:21 May 3848: 3770: 3760: 3711: 3703: 3588: 3558: 3524: 3495: 3487: 3435: 3373: 3318: 3308: 3267: 3259: 3096:, and 3084:, the 3052:, and 2998:. Sir 2976:, and 2931:shield 2748:which 2726:poster 2620:papyri 2507:, and 2493:flukes 2417:diatom 2376:. Its 2188:endrin 2152:, and 2108:, and 1993:fledge 1486:Eocene 1216:Image 1158:, and 942:Herons 602:Eocene 542:sulids 433:Eocene 423:, and 421:herons 413:Ibises 401:storks 388:, and 47:Eocene 9345:WoRMS 9332:Plazi 9324:39673 9288:33617 9210:96611 8833:Ardea 8433:Ardei 8389:Ardei 8075:Genus 8058:genus 7997:Genus 7980:genus 7884:Genus 7867:genus 7838:Order 7369:2 May 7347:2 May 7325:2 May 7301:(PDF) 6775:(PDF) 6750:S2CID 6648:(PDF) 6593:(PDF) 6572:JSTOR 6492:(PDF) 6485:(PDF) 6423:(PDF) 6398:(PDF) 6391:(PDF) 6387:Idaho 6104:(PDF) 6040:S2CID 5979:JSTOR 5957:(PDF) 5888:(PDF) 5859:. BBC 5559:–19. 5368:(PDF) 5284:(PDF) 5273:JSTOR 5253:(PDF) 5190:53–54 4992:S2CID 4844:(PDF) 4829:(PDF) 4796:JSTOR 4757:(PDF) 4742:(PDF) 4720:S2CID 4008:(PDF) 3997:(PDF) 3709:S2CID 3493:S2CID 3485:JSTOR 3429:78–81 3343:(PDF) 3265:S2CID 3183:Notes 3131:, an 3036:coin. 2927:crest 2880:Latin 2864:circa 2858:, by 2674:Moche 2612:Henet 2592:henet 2505:ticks 2501:fleas 2497:flies 2304:guano 1730:gular 1555:is a 1551:from 567:order 510:word 324:brown 300:genus 9283:NCBI 9257:ITIS 9249:4324 9231:GBIF 9179:EPPO 9158:6K7T 9145:4573 9140:BOLD 8189:Aves 8156:ibis 7731:ISBN 7691:ISBN 7625:2009 7599:2012 7567:ISBN 7543:2012 7513:2012 7487:2012 7461:2012 7448:ISBN 7427:2012 7414:ISBN 7393:2012 7371:2012 7349:2012 7327:2012 7281:2017 7212:2012 7164:2019 7151:ISBN 7127:2019 7114:ISBN 7085:2022 7072:ISBN 7040:2019 7027:ISBN 7006:2022 6971:BIOS 6933:ISBN 6891:ISBN 6834:ISBN 6815:2012 6742:PMID 6701:2012 6656:2012 6631:2012 6605:2012 6541:2012 6515:2012 6462:2017 6435:2012 6406:2012 6370:2012 6338:ISBN 6317:2012 6291:2012 6246:2012 6220:2012 6194:2012 6168:2012 6142:2012 5930:)". 5865:2009 5842:link 5822:ISBN 5776:ISBN 5739:2012 5680:2007 5651:2006 5588:ISBN 5561:ISBN 5528:ISBN 5507:2012 5494:ISBN 5437:2012 5406:2012 5344:ISBN 5319:ISBN 5292:2013 5222:ISBN 5194:ISBN 5154:ISBN 5128:link 5108:ISBN 5084:ISBN 5041:2012 4984:ISSN 4888:2012 4852:2012 4804:PMID 4765:2012 4684:2021 4667:2017 4635:2012 4622:ISBN 4586:2017 4554:2021 4537:2017 4508:2012 4495:ISBN 4465:2012 4452:ISBN 4422:2021 4405:2016 4376:2012 4354:2021 4337:2018 4302:ISBN 4272:ISBN 4250:2021 4233:2018 4204:2012 4177:2012 4164:ISBN 4143:2021 4126:2018 4097:2012 4084:ISBN 4050:2012 4037:ISBN 4016:2012 3971:2021 3954:2016 3922:2012 3909:ISBN 3888:2012 3866:link 3846:ISBN 3768:PMID 3701:PMID 3586:ISBN 3556:ISBN 3522:ISBN 3433:ISBN 3371:PMID 3316:PMID 3257:ISSN 3068:and 2929:and 2764:and 2730:The 2678:Peru 2672:The 2557:Peru 2538:lice 2518:and 2485:vent 2192:IUCN 2186:and 2124:and 2069:and 2061:and 1844:lift 1840:drag 1751:down 1734:rami 1331:1758 1170:and 405:true 396:and 363:Utah 326:and 320:prey 312:beak 281:text 246:1758 205:Aves 60:PreꞒ 9270:NBN 9197:919 9166:EoL 9153:CoL 9127:AFD 9114:ADW 7274:451 6787:doi 6732:doi 6075:doi 6032:doi 6028:124 5971:doi 5900:doi 5621:doi 5557:118 5464:doi 5460:135 5315:129 5265:doi 4976:doi 4837:112 4788:doi 4750:181 4712:doi 4708:150 4671:doi 4590:doi 4541:doi 4409:doi 4341:doi 4237:doi 4130:doi 3958:doi 3799:doi 3758:PMC 3748:doi 3693:doi 3681:320 3654:hdl 3552:479 3518:296 3477:doi 3363:doi 3306:PMC 3296:doi 3249:doi 3125:lek 3034:lek 2843:of 2831:by 2652:of 2644:An 2629:In 2594:in 2381:DDE 2184:DDT 2164:in 2140:in 2112:on 2018:fry 1529:or 365:'s 357:'s 9382:: 9360:: 9347:: 9334:: 9321:: 9308:: 9285:: 9272:: 9259:: 9246:: 9233:: 9220:: 9207:: 9194:: 9181:: 9168:: 9155:: 9142:: 9129:: 9116:: 9101:: 9086:: 8162:, 8158:, 8060:: 7982:: 7869:: 7861:: 7840:: 7790:. 7729:. 7668:. 7664:. 7641:. 7589:. 7529:. 7477:. 7251:. 7198:. 7093:^ 7070:. 7056:; 6997:. 6983:^ 6975:22 6973:. 6931:. 6783:17 6781:. 6777:. 6762:^ 6748:. 6740:. 6728:31 6726:. 6722:. 6621:. 6595:. 6568:24 6566:. 6532:. 6470:^ 6452:. 6425:. 6360:. 6307:. 6281:. 6263:. 6236:. 6210:. 6184:. 6159:. 6128:. 6112:74 6110:. 6106:. 6087:^ 6073:. 6063:30 6061:. 6038:. 6026:. 6010:^ 6002:44 6000:. 5977:. 5967:91 5965:. 5959:. 5944:^ 5936:31 5934:. 5914:^ 5894:. 5890:. 5873:^ 5838:}} 5834:{{ 5809:^ 5799:. 5762:^ 5725:. 5710:^ 5688:^ 5671:. 5659:^ 5641:. 5615:. 5478:^ 5458:. 5454:. 5423:. 5384:^ 5376:13 5374:. 5370:. 5317:. 5271:. 5261:41 5259:. 5255:. 5236:^ 5208:^ 5192:. 5168:^ 5136:^ 5124:}} 5120:{{ 5031:. 5015:14 5013:. 4990:. 4982:. 4972:42 4970:. 4966:. 4949:10 4930:87 4928:. 4924:. 4907:18 4905:. 4860:^ 4835:. 4831:. 4816:^ 4802:. 4794:. 4784:39 4782:. 4748:. 4744:. 4718:. 4706:. 4692:^ 4665:. 4659:. 4643:^ 4604:^ 4584:. 4578:. 4562:^ 4535:. 4529:. 4430:^ 4403:. 4397:. 4335:. 4329:. 4286:^ 4258:^ 4231:. 4225:. 4124:. 4118:. 4058:^ 3999:. 3952:. 3946:. 3930:^ 3862:}} 3858:{{ 3813:^ 3795:46 3793:. 3789:. 3766:. 3756:. 3746:. 3734:. 3730:. 3707:. 3699:. 3691:. 3679:. 3666:^ 3570:^ 3554:. 3520:. 3491:. 3483:. 3473:28 3471:. 3447:^ 3431:. 3383:^ 3369:. 3361:. 3351:66 3349:. 3345:. 3328:^ 3314:. 3304:. 3292:38 3290:. 3286:. 3263:. 3255:. 3247:. 3237:41 3235:. 3231:. 3211:^ 3092:, 3088:, 3080:, 3076:, 3048:, 3010:. 2965:. 2891:. 2820:. 2768:. 2641:. 2581:c. 2511:. 2503:, 2499:, 2495:, 2491:, 2468:. 2424:. 2299:. 2206:, 2156:. 2104:, 2100:, 2025:. 2012:, 1873:A 1753:. 1741:. 1593:, 1329:, 1166:, 1154:, 1150:, 1049:) 1023:) 1003:) 573:, 493:. 454:, 419:, 415:, 411:. 384:, 380:, 244:, 152:. 148:, 140:A 110:Pg 54:Ma 9006:† 8956:† 8912:† 8895:† 8789:† 8772:† 8762:† 8752:† 8735:† 8613:† 8570:† 8560:† 8550:† 8540:† 8536:? 8529:† 8519:† 8509:† 8469:† 8460:? 8453:† 8343:† 8333:† 8310:† 8300:† 8257:? 8252:† 8243:? 8236:† 8147:e 8140:t 8133:v 8064:) 8052:( 7986:) 7974:( 7873:) 7857:( 7830:e 7823:t 7816:v 7739:. 7699:. 7670:1 7627:. 7601:. 7575:. 7545:. 7515:. 7489:. 7463:. 7429:. 7395:. 7373:. 7351:. 7329:. 7283:. 7255:. 7214:. 7166:. 7129:. 7042:. 7008:. 6941:. 6899:. 6842:. 6817:. 6795:. 6789:: 6756:. 6734:: 6703:. 6658:. 6633:. 6607:. 6578:. 6543:. 6517:. 6464:. 6437:. 6408:. 6372:. 6346:. 6319:. 6293:. 6248:. 6222:. 6196:. 6170:. 6144:. 6081:. 6077:: 6069:: 6046:. 6034:: 5985:. 5973:: 5908:. 5902:: 5896:9 5867:. 5844:) 5830:. 5801:4 5784:. 5741:. 5723:" 5682:. 5653:. 5627:. 5623:: 5617:4 5596:. 5569:. 5536:. 5509:. 5472:. 5466:: 5439:. 5408:. 5352:. 5327:. 5294:. 5267:: 5230:. 5202:. 5162:. 5130:) 5116:. 5092:. 5043:. 4998:. 4978:: 4890:. 4854:. 4810:. 4790:: 4767:. 4726:. 4714:: 4686:. 4673:: 4657:" 4653:" 4637:. 4598:. 4592:: 4576:" 4572:" 4556:. 4543:: 4527:" 4523:" 4510:. 4467:. 4424:. 4411:: 4395:" 4391:" 4378:. 4356:. 4343:: 4327:" 4323:" 4310:. 4280:. 4252:. 4239:: 4223:" 4219:" 4206:. 4179:. 4145:. 4132:: 4116:" 4112:" 4099:. 4052:. 4018:. 3973:. 3960:: 3944:" 3940:" 3924:. 3890:. 3868:) 3854:. 3807:. 3801:: 3774:. 3750:: 3742:: 3736:5 3715:. 3695:: 3687:: 3660:. 3656:: 3594:. 3564:. 3530:. 3499:. 3479:: 3441:. 3377:. 3365:: 3357:: 3322:. 3298:: 3271:. 3251:: 3243:: 2933:. 2862:( 1611:) 1019:( 999:( 613:. 604:( 115:N 105:K 100:J 95:T 90:P 85:C 80:D 75:S 70:O 65:Ꞓ 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index