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buffeting or oscillations, extreme accelerations over longer time scales caused by rocket thrust and gravity, and sudden changes in the magnitude or direction of the acceleration caused by how quick engines are throttled and shut down, etc. Electrical, chemical, or biological payloads can be damaged by extreme temperatures (hot or cold), rapid changes in temperature or pressure, contact with fast moving air streams causing ionization, and radiation exposure from
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The various constraints placed on the launch system can be roughly categorized into those that cause physical damage to the payload and those that can damage its electronic or chemical makeup. Examples of physical damage include extreme accelerations over short time scales caused by atmospheric
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Launch and transport system differ not only on the payload that can be carried but also in the stresses and other factors placed on the payload. The payload must not only be lifted to its target, it must also arrive safely, whether elsewhere on the surface of the Earth or a specific orbit. To
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The maximum take-off weight is limited by a combination of the maximum net power of the engines and the lift/drag ratio of the wings. The diagonal line after the range-at-maximum-payload point shows how reducing the payload allows increasing the fuel (and range) when taking off with the maximum
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The second kink in the curve represents the point at which the maximum fuel capacity is reached. Flying further than that point means that the payload has to be reduced further, for an even lesser increase in range. The absolute range is thus the range at which an aircraft can fly with maximum
374:(MZFW) of the aircraft. Maximum payload is the difference between maximum zero-fuel weight and operational empty weight (OEW). Moving left-to-right along the line shows the constant maximum payload as the range increases. More fuel needs to be added for more range.
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271:. Sometimes payload also refers to the carrying capacity of an aircraft or launch vehicle, usually measured in terms of weight. Depending on the nature of the flight or mission, the payload of a vehicle may include
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ensure this the payload, such as a warhead or satellite, is designed to withstand certain amounts of various types of "punishment" on the way to its destination. Most rocket payloads are fitted within a
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of the wing as does weight in the fuselage. So even when the airplane has been loaded with its maximum payload that the wings can support, it can still carry a significant amount of fuel.
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of high-velocity travel through the atmosphere, and to improve the overall aerodynamics of the launch vehicle. Most aircraft payloads are carried within the
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287:, scientific instruments or experiments, or other equipment. Extra fuel, when optionally carried, is also considered part of the payload.
348:". In spacecraft, "mass fraction" is normally used, which is the ratio of payload to everything else, including the rocket structure.
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Jackson, Robert. de
Havilland Mosquito (Combat Legend), page 15. Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife Publishing Ltd., 2003. ISBN 1-84037-358-X.
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The vertical line represents the range at which the combined weight of the aircraft, maximum payload and needed fuel reaches the
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Payload to Low Earth Orbit (Not counting the 110,000 kg serviced orbiter) 27,000 kg (53,700 lb)
381:(MTOW) of the aircraft. If the range is increased beyond that point, payload has to be sacrificed for fuel.
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of an aircraft. A payload range diagram (also known as the "elbow chart") illustrates the trade-off.
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715:"Petlyakov Pe-8 (TB-7) Long-Range Strategic Heavy Bomber Aircraft Specifications and Pictures"
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The fraction of payload to the total liftoff weight of the air or spacecraft is known as the "
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410:: 1,800 kg (typical long range missions), 3,600 kg or more (short range missions)
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298:), payload may refer only to revenue-generating cargo or paying passengers. A payload of
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ISS Refueling propellant: 0 – 860 kg (306 kg of fuel, 554 kg of oxidizer)
344:". When the weight of the payload and fuel are considered together, it is known as the "
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The top horizontal line represents the maximum payload. It is limited structurally by
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465:(Not counting the 110,000 kg serviced orbiter) 3,810 kg (8,390 lb)
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ISS re-boost and attitude control propellant: 0 - 4,700 kg
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Payload: 7,667 kg 8 racks with 2 x 0.314 m and 2 x 0.414 m
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and related systems; their total weight is referred to as the
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To Reach the High
Frontier: A History of U.S. Launch Vehicles
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may require a fuselage with unusual proportions, such as the
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Gas (Nitrogen, Oxygen, air, 2 gases/flight): 0 – 100 kg
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There is a natural trade-off between the payload and the
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is sometimes alternatively referred to as the aircraft's
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is the object or the entity which is being carried by an
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Envelope: each 1.146 m in front of 4 of these 8 racks
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108:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
690:"B-17 | Crew, Range, & Bomb Load | Britannica"
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791:"Aircraft Payload-Range Analysis for Financiers"
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814:. Boeing Commercial Airplanes. Feb 12, 2014.
639:"Payload - Define Payload at Dictionary.com"
520:does not contribute as significantly to the
490:Cargo mass: Dry cargo: 1,500 - 5,500 kg
389:possible fuel without carrying any payload.
659:Launius, Roger D. Jenkins, Dennis R. 2002.
71:Learn how and when to remove these messages
505:Total cargo upload capacity: 7,667 kg
325:carrying humans, animals, or cargo. For a
248:Learn how and when to remove this message
230:Learn how and when to remove this message
168:Learn how and when to remove this message
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617:(first ed.). Osprey. p. 210.
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447:Payload to Lunar orbit 47,000 kg
516:For aircraft, the weight of fuel in
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106:adding citations to reliable sources
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313:For a rocket, the payload can be a
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290:In a commercial context (i.e., an
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352:Relationship of range and payload
52:This article has multiple issues.
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649:from the original on 2013-12-12.
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27:Carrying capacity of a vehicle
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789:Shannon Ackert (April 2013).
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404:B Mk.IV Series 2: 920 kg
329:, the payload is one or more
463:geostationary transfer orbit
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763:"Utilisation Relevant Data"
589:Tsiolkovsky rocket equation
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408:Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress
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210:the claims made and adding
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584:Medium-lift launch vehicle
480:Automated Transfer Vehicle
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663:. Univ. Pr. of Kentucky.
579:Heavy-lift launch vehicle
615:A Dictionary of Aviation
613:Wragg, David W. (1973).
537:to protect them against
416:4,990 kg (internal)
372:maximum zero-fuel weight
32:Payload (disambiguation)
719:www.militaryfactory.com
379:maximum take-off weight
836:Aerospace technologies
739:"B-52H Stratofortress"
545:for similar reasons.
493:Water: 0 – 840 kg
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402:de Havilland Mosquito
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796:. Aircraft Monitor.
420:B-52H Stratofortress
346:useful load fraction
102:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
528:Payload constraints
512:Structural capacity
296:air freight carrier
694:www.britannica.com
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195:possibly contains
669:978-0-8131-2245-8
471:Trident (missile)
431:: 250,000 kg
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696:. 2024-03-06
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220:January 2020
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158:January 2020
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100:Please help
95:verification
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54:Please help
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841:Air freight
559:cosmic rays
551:Super Guppy
461:Payload to
440:Payload to
319:space probe
281:flight crew
830:Categories
771:2024-04-04
748:2024-04-04
724:2024-04-04
700:2024-04-04
600:References
567:solar wind
518:wing tanks
323:spacecraft
277:passengers
204:improve it
128:newspapers
57:improve it
743:Air Force
315:satellite
285:munitions
208:verifying
117:"Payload"
63:talk page
816:Archived
798:Archived
647:Archived
573:See also
543:fuselage
435:Saturn V
393:Examples
331:warheads
300:ordnance
265:aircraft
18:Payloads
308:warload
292:airline
261:Payload
202:Please
142:scholar
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561:, the
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819:(PDF)
812:(PDF)
801:(PDF)
794:(PDF)
766:(PDF)
565:, or
428:Mriya
365:range
321:, or
273:cargo
149:JSTOR
135:books
665:ISBN
619:ISBN
121:news
294:or
267:or
206:by
104:by
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