Pauli Murray - Knowledge

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the battle, but they have also continued to stand when their men were destroyed by it." The black women decided to "...continue ... ..." for their freedom and liberty even when "...their men ..." began to experience exhaustion from a long struggle for civil rights. These women were unafraid to stand up for what they believed in and refused to back down from the long and tedious "battle". Murray continued her praise for black women when she stated that "...one cannot help asking: would the Negro struggle have come this far without the indomitable determination of its women?" The "Negro struggle" was able to progress partly because of "...the indomitable determination of its women."

763:, in 1938, but was rejected because of her race. All schools and other public facilities in the state were segregated by state law, as was the case across the South. The case was broadly publicized in both white and black newspapers. Murray wrote to officials ranging from the university president to President Roosevelt, releasing their responses to the media in an attempt to embarrass them into action. The NAACP initially was interested in the case, but later declined to represent her in court, perhaps fearing that her long residence in New York state weakened her case. NAACP leader 1430:, where Murray worked as an associate attorney from 1956 to 1960. Murray's relationship with Barlow lasted nearly two decades. Barlow has been described by Murray's biographer as Pauli's "life partner", although the pair never lived in the same house and only occasionally lived in the same city. Due to Murray destroying Barlow's letters, a lot of the story is unknowable. However, while Barlow does not make an appearance in Murray's memoir, when Barlow was dying of a brain tumor, in 1973, she described Pauli as her "closest friend". 1439:

interpretation through the use of masculine pronouns to reflect Murray's masculine perception of self. Simmons-Thorne is not the first academic to draw attention to the issue of Murray's pronouns, however. Historian Simon D. Elin Fisher has also challenged the historical and textual practices of assigning Murray female pronouns through his pronominal use of "s/he" in some of his writings. Simmons-Thorne, however, makes exclusive use of "he-him-his" pronouns in reference to Murray. She conceives of the practice as one of many "

1226: 848: 1307: 6291: 571: 6351: 1222:. That was the first time a woman celebrated the Eucharist at an Episcopal church in North Carolina. In 1978, she preached in her home town of Durham, North Carolina, on Mother's Day at St. Philip's Episcopal Church, where her mother and grandparents had attended in the 19th century. She announced her mission of reconciliation. For the next seven years, Murray worked in a parish in Washington, DC, focusing particularly on ministry to the sick. 6363: 1401:. When asked about her understanding of Murray's gender in a 2017 interview with the African American Intellectual History Society, Rosenberg states: " the term transgender did not exist and there was no social movement to support or help make sense of the trans experience. Murray's papers helped me to understand how her struggle with gender identity shaped her life as a civil rights pioneer, legal scholar, and feminist." In an interview with 1381:

instinct" that caused her to behave as a man would when attracted to women. She wanted a "monogamous married life", but one in which she was the man. The majority of her relationships were with women whom she described as "extremely feminine and heterosexual". In her younger years, Murray often was devastated by the end of these relationships, to the extent that she was hospitalized for psychiatric treatment twice, in 1937 and in 1940.

6339: 6303: 820:, asking him to guarantee that the trial was fair; she later persuaded the president to privately request Darden to commute the death sentence. Through this correspondence, Murray and Eleanor Roosevelt began a friendship that would last until the latter's death two decades later. Despite the efforts of the WDL and the Roosevelts, however, the governor did not commute Waller's sentence. Waller was executed on July 2, 1942. 39: 986:, an examination and critique of state segregation laws throughout the nation. She drew on psychological and sociological evidence as well as legal, an innovative discussion technique for which she had previously been criticized by Howard professors. Murray argued for civil rights lawyers to challenge state segregation laws as unconstitutional directly, rather than trying to prove the inequality of so-called " 721:, however. The director had found a Marxist book from a Hunter College course among Murray's belongings, and questioned Murray's attitude during the First Lady's visit. The camp director also disapproved of Murray's cross-racial relationship with Peg Holmes, a white counselor. Murray and Holmes left the camp in February 1935, and began traveling the country by walking, hitchhiking, and hopping freight trains. 6327: 586:, to live with her mother's family. There, she was raised by her maternal aunts, Sarah (Sallie) Fitzgerald and Pauline Fitzgerald Dame (both teachers), as well as her maternal grandparents, Robert and Cornelia (Smith) Fitzgerald. She attended St. Titus Episcopal Church with her mother's family, as had her mother before Murray was born. When she was 12, her father was committed to the 6315: 812:, a black Virginia sharecropper sentenced to death for killing his white landlord, Oscar Davis, during an argument. The WDL argued that Davis had cheated Waller in a settlement and as their argument grew more heated, Waller had shot Davis in legitimate fear of his life. Murray toured the country raising funds for Waller's appeal. She wrote to First Lady 978:

and sexism. Murray's speech, "Jim Crow and Jane Crow", delivered in Washington, DC, in 1964, sheds light on the long struggle of African-American women for racial equality and their later fight for equality among the sexes. As she put it, "Not only have they stood ... with Negro men in every phase of

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opposed representing her because Murray had already released her correspondence, which he considered "not diplomatic". Concerns about her sexuality also may have played a role in the decision; Murray often wore pants rather than the customary skirts of women and was open about her relationships with

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I have been increasingly perturbed over the blatant disparity between the major role which Negro women have played and are playing in the crucial grassroots levels of our struggle and the minor role of leadership they have been assigned in the national policy-making decisions. It is indefensible to

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Pauli. At the time of her arrest for the bus segregation protest in 1940, she gave her name as "Oliver" to the arresting officers. Murray pursued hormone treatments in the 1940s to correct what she saw as a personal imbalance and even requested abdominal surgery to determine if she had "submerged"

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Their honeymoon weekend, spent in a "cheap West Side Hotel", was a disaster, an experience that she later attributed to their youth and poverty. The truth was more complicated. As Pauli explained in notes to herself a few years later, she had felt repelled by the act of sexual intercourse. Part of

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through much of her life. Her marriage as a teenager ended almost immediately with the realization that "when men try to make love to me, something in me fights". Although acknowledging the term "homosexual" in describing others, Murray preferred to describe herself as having an "inverted sex

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In an essay titled "Pauli Murray and the Pronominal Problem", transgender scholar-activist Naomi Simmons-Thorne lends support behind the emerging view of Murray as an early transgender figure in U.S. history. In her essay, she calls upon historians and scholars to complement this growing

492:, in recognition of her pioneering work on gender discrimination. This case articulated the "failure of the courts to recognize sex discrimination for what it is and its common features with other types of arbitrary discrimination." Murray held faculty or administrative positions at the 1492:

is "a personal memoir, it is history, it is biography, and it is also a story that, at its best, is dramatic enough to satisfy the demands of fiction. It is written in anger, but without hatred; in affection, but without pathos and tears; and in humor that never becomes extravagant."

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agreed on the matter: "Murray preferred androgynous dress, had a short hairstyle and may have identified as a transgender male today, but she lacked the language to do so at the time." While she lived openly in lesbian relationships for a time, her career, her Communist politics, and

894:. Murray wrote in response, "I would gladly change my sex to meet your requirements, but since the way to such change has not been revealed to me, I have no recourse but to appeal to you to change your minds. Are you to tell me that one is as difficult as the other?" 1464:(1956), traces her family's complicated racial origins, particularly focusing on her maternal grandparents, Robert and Cornelia Fitzgerald. Cornelia was the daughter of a slave who had been raped by her white owner and his brother. Born into slavery, the 645:, where she was one of the few students of color. Murray was encouraged in her writing by one of her English instructors, from whom she earned an "A" for an essay about her maternal grandfather. This became the basis of Murray's later memoir, 559:. The varied features and complexions of her family were described as a "United Nations in miniature". Murray's parents, schoolteacher William H. Murray and nurse Agnes (Fitzgerald) Murray, both identified as Black. In 1914, Agnes died of a 716:

to provide employment to young adults while improving national infrastructure. During her three months at the camp, Murray's health recovered. She also met Eleanor Roosevelt. Later they had correspondence that affected both of them. Murray

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Murray wore her hair short and preferred pants to skirts; due to her slight build, there was a time in her life when she was often able to pass as a teenage boy. In her twenties, she shortened her name from Pauline to the more

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operating historically." Her view is a radical departure from biographers and scholars like Rosenberg, and conventional practices more broadly, which generally refer to Murray through the use of "she-her-hers" pronouns.

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magazine did the same in 1947. In 1949, Murray was the unsuccessful Liberal Party candidate for a seat in the New York City Council from Brooklyn. Murray was the first Black woman hired as an associate attorney at the

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woman to be ordained as an Episcopal priest. In addition to her legal and advocacy work, Murray published two well-reviewed autobiographies and a volume of poetry. Initially published in 1970, the poetry collection,

1179:, both firsts for Brandeis University. Murray later wrote that her time at Brandeis was "the most exciting, tormenting, satisfying, embattled, frustrated, and at times triumphant period of my secular career". 793:, the two women refused to return to the rear even after the police were called. They were arrested and jailed. Murray and McBean initially were defended by the NAACP, but when the pair were convicted only of 597:

in their white neighborhood. Murray's presence discomfited Maude's neighbors, however, as Murray was more visibly of partial African descent. She graduated with her second high school diploma and honors from

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It has been said that Murray had just two significant romantic relationships in her life, both with white women. The first, in 1934, was brief. The second was with Irene "Renee" Barlow, an office manager at

1512:. The volume contains what critic Christina G. Bucher calls a number of "conflicted love poems", as well as those exploring economic and racial injustice. The poem "Ruth" is included in the 1992 anthology 1015:. She prepared a memo entitled "A Proposal to Reexamine the Applicability of the Fourteenth Amendment to State Laws and Practices Which Discriminate on the Basis of Sex Per Se", which argued that the 1258: 905:. Her master's degree thesis was entitled "The Right to Equal Opportunity in Employment", which argued that "the right to work is an inalienable right". It was published in Berkeley Law's flagship 878:

Murray was elected chief justice of the Howard Court of Peers, the highest student position at Howard, and in 1944 she graduated first in her class. Traditionally, Howard's top graduate received a

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did not fit within the prevailing norms. She had a brief, annulled marriage to a man, and several deep relationships with women. In her younger years, she occasionally had passed as a teenage boy.

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In 1963, she became one of the first to criticize the sexism of the civil rights movement, in her speech "The Negro Woman in the Quest for Equality". In a letter to civil rights leader

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Murray lived in Durham until age 16, when she moved to New York City to finish high school and prepare for college. There she lived with the family of her cousin Maude. The family was

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In early 1940, Murray was walking the streets in Rhode Island, distraught after "the disappearance of a woman friend". She was taken into custody by police. She was transferred to

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by a favorite teacher, Murray was turned away from applying because the university did not admit women, and she did not have the funds to attend its women's coordinate college,

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in New York City for psychiatric treatment. In March, Murray left the hospital with Adelene McBean, her roommate and girlfriend, and took a bus to Durham to visit her aunts.

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labor rights organization that also was beginning to take civil rights cases, paid her fine. A few months later the WDL hired Murray for its administrative committee.

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has received little critical attention, and as of 2007, was out of print. It was republished in 2018, following publication of a new biography about Murray in 2017.

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Murray's trial on charges stemming from the bus incident and her experience with the Waller case inspired a career in civil rights law. In 1941, she began attending

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Murray and Wynn only spent a few months together before both leaving town. They did not see one another again before Murray contacted him to have their marriage

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Drury, Maureen M. (2012). "Love, Ambition, and 'Invisible Footnotes' in the Life and Writings of Pauli Murray". In McGlotten, Shaka; Davis, Dána-Ain (eds.).

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said this recognition honors "people whose lives have exemplified what it means to follow in the footsteps of Jesus and make a difference in the world."

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was not fulfilling its duty in upholding the gendered portion of its mission, leaving only half the black population protected. Later in 1966, she and

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challenging several Washington, DC, restaurants with discriminatory seating policies. These activities preceded the more widespread sit-ins during the

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her had wanted to be a "normal" woman, but another part resisted. "Why is it when men try to make love to me, something in me fights?" she wondered.

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in 1976 with her thesis, "Black Theology and Feminist Theology: A Comparative Review", spending the final year and a half of her course at

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Murray married William Roy Wynn, known as Billy Wynn, in secret on November 30, 1930, but soon came to regret the decision. The historian

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In addition to her legal work, Murray wrote two volumes of autobiography and a collection of poetry. Her first autobiographical book,

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designated the childhood home of Murray (on Carroll Street in Durham, North Carolina's West End neighborhood) as a National Treasure.

6618: 6598: 6588: 4627: 2349: 1066: 760: 649:(1956), about her mother's family. Murray published an article and several poems in the college paper. She graduated in 1933 with a 6573: 1285: 3003: 6423: 4186: 3181: 1097: 783: 3743:

The Firebrand and the First Lady: Portrait of a Friendship: Pauli Murray, Eleanor Roosevelt, and the Struggle for Social Justice

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in 1945, Murray was hired as the state's first black deputy attorney general in January of the following year. That year, the

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on West 33rd Street, taking, in Rosenberg's words, "night classes with Lovestone and others ... including Marxist Philosophy,

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Also in 2018, Murray was made a permanent part of the Episcopal Church's calendar of saints (she is commemorated on July 1).

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also negatively affected African-American women. She was determined to work with other activists to put a halt to both

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focused on Murray's own life, particularly her struggles with both gender and racial discrimination. It received the

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and appointed as Louis Stulberg Chair in Law and Politics. In addition to teaching law, Murray introduced classes on

1092:(NOW), which she hoped could act as an NAACP for women's rights. In March of that year, Murray wrote to Commissioner 3116: 2168:"Interview with Pauli Murray, February 13, 1976. Interview G-0044. Southern Oral History Program Collection (#4007)" 6543: 4650: 3286: 3176: 2916: 1188: 1030:

no women were invited to make one of the major speeches or to be part of its delegation of leaders who went to the

508: 354: 140: 126: 1501: 543:, Maryland, on November 20, 1910. Both sides of her family were of mixed racial origins, with ancestors including 6613: 6608: 6538: 6443: 3450:"Black, Queer, Feminist, Erased from History: Meet the Most Important Legal Scholar You've Likely Never Heard Of" 1089: 1078: 924: 467: 1132:

to women for the first time, she added Murray and Kenyon as coauthors in recognition of her debt to their work.

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did not accept women at that time. Murray was thus rejected, despite a letter of support from sitting President

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law firm in New York City, working there from 1956 to 1960. Murray was the firm's second Black associate after

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when her daughter was three. After Murray's father began to have emotional problems, some think as a result of

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An exhibit on the religious life of Pauli Murray in front of the Murray family home in Durham, North Carolina

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call a national march on Washington and send out a call which contains the name of not a single woman leader.

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in 1976 and, after three years of study, in 1977 she became the first African-American woman ordained as an

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laws mandated they sit, and into the white section. Inspired by a conversation they had been having about

6498: 3053:"News Coverage – Read about the July Celebration of Rev. Dr. Pauli Murray at St. Titus' Episcopal Church" 2256: 1484: 1354: 1153: 996: 856: 705: 693:. Poor health forced her to resign, and her doctor recommended that Murray seek a healthier environment. 642: 587: 483: 432: 230: 4498: 6483: 6281: 5663: 5363: 4715: 4584: 3771: 1319: 1156:

degree from the school. Her dissertation was titled, "Roots of the Racial Crisis: Prologue to Policy".

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Hartmann, Susan (2002). "Pauli Murray and the Juncture of Women's Liberation and Black Liberation".

2937: 511:. She became an ordained priest in 1977, among the first generation of women priests and the first 6478: 5491: 4761: 4108:(1999). "Religion and 'America's Problem Child': Notes on Pauli Murray's Theological Development". 4064: 3824: 1546: 1330: 1315: 1172: 1052: 575: 260: 4609: 3859:"Pauli Murray's Peter Panic: Perspectives from the Margins of Gender and Race in Jim Crow America" 3718: 1214:

and was among the first generation of Episcopal women priests. That year she celebrated her first

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man from Pennsylvania, also of mixed racial ancestry; he moved to the South to teach during the

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announced that it had selected Murray as the namesake of one of two new residential colleges (

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as it applied to women, and drew comparisons between discriminatory laws against women and

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Bucher, Christina G. (2007). "Pauli Murray (1910–1985)". In Williams Page, Yolanda (ed.).

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ruled that women have an equal right to serve on juries. When future Associate Justice

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law school. Murray was the only woman in her law school class, and she became aware of

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rather than violating segregation laws, the organization ceased to represent them. The

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Pauli Murray: The Autobiography of a Black Activist, Feminist, Lawyer, Priest and Poet

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Kujawa-Holbrook, Sheryl A., ed. (2002). "Anna Pauline 'Pauli' Murray (1911–1985)".

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Writing through Jane Crow: Race and Gender Politics in African American Literature

3689: 2773:"How 'Sex' Got into Title VII: Persistent Opportunism as a Maker of Public Policy" 2167: 1824:"The Many Lives of Pauli Murray (The Civil-Rights Luminary You've Never Heard Of)" 847: 844:, remarked that he did not know why women went to law school. She was infuriated. 6343: 6116: 6032: 5832: 5786: 5735: 5714: 5673: 5414: 5296: 5265: 5108: 4995: 4954: 4918: 4887: 4766: 4725: 4694: 4556: 4348: 4243: 4105: 4056: 3931: 3845: 3831: 3748: 3509:"Pauli Murray and the Pronominal Problem: A De-Essentialist Trans Historiography" 3445: 3213: 3007: 2866: 2222: 1883: 1729: 1679: 1409: 1398: 1377: 1373: 1292: 1149: 1008: 741: 634: 528: 524: 459: 436: 362: 226: 4390: 3905:

No Ordinary Time: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt: The Home Front in World War II

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Writing about Murray's understanding of her sex, Rosalind Rosenberg, author of

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degree in English in 1933. In 1940, Murray sat in the whites-only section of a

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at Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA

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Crosby, Emilye (May 12, 2021). "Pauli Murray: A Personal and Political Life".

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Gender Talk: The Struggle For Women's Equality in African American Communities

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States' Laws on Race and Color (Studies in the Legal History of the South),

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Freedom Is a Dream: A Documentary History of Women in The Episcopal Church

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Pauli Murray: The Life of a Pioneering Feminist and Civil Rights Activist

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Pauli Murray and Caroline Ware: Forty Years of Letters in Black and White

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Holy Women, Holy Men: Celebrating the Saints – Additional Commemorations

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In 1964, Murray wrote an influential legal memorandum in support of the

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Poston, Ted (October 26, 1949). "Miss Murray Delays Study at Harvard".

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Pauli Murray: Pioneering Advocate for Civil Rights and Gender Equality

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at Paul, Weiss, when Ginsburg was briefly a summer associate there.

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Excluded from Harvard, Murray undertook post-graduate work at the

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The Pioneering Pauli Murray: Lawyer, Activist, Scholar and Priest

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Ahmed, Siraj (2006). "Murray, Pauli". In Palmer, Colin A. (ed.).

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girl was raised by her owner's sister and educated. Robert was a

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Increasingly inspired by her connections with other women in the

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on Waller's behalf. Roosevelt in turn wrote to Virginia Governor

507:

In 1973, Murray left academia for activities associated with the

431:, and in 1965 she became the first African American to receive a 38: 3933:

Words of Fire: An Anthology of African-American Feminist Thought

3707:

The Dream Is Freedom: Pauli Murray and American Democratic Faith

3428:"The Life of Pauli Murray: An Interview with Rosalind Rosenberg" 2838: 1055:. In 1965, Murray published her landmark article (coauthored by 442:

As a lawyer, Murray argued for civil rights and women's rights.

4560: 2684: 2491: 1682:

states that the woman friend in question was likely Peg Holmes.

1211: 1116:

United States District Court for the Middle District of Alabama

975: 868: 833: 787: 412: 4415: 4061:

Representing the Race: The Creation of the Civil Rights Lawyer

3561: 2749: 1163:

from 1967 to 1968. She left Benedict to become a professor at

1152:; in 1965, she became the first African American to receive a 668:, Marxian Economics, and Problems of Communist Organization." 392:

bus with a friend, and they were arrested for violating state

4248:

Beyond Respectability: The Intellectual Thought of Race Women

3826:

Jesus, Jobs, and Justice: African American Women and Religion

2737: 1229:

An exhibit on Pauli Murray in front of the Murray family home

1141: 1019:

forbade sex discrimination as well as racial discrimination.

700:" conservation camp. Established at the urging of First Lady 396:

laws. This incident, and her subsequent involvement with the

1567:

Athens: University of Georgia Press, Reprint edition, 2016.

1004:

ruled that segregated public schools were unconstitutional.

2789: 2635: 2599: 2571: 1299:) to be completed in 2017; the other was to be named after 731: 656:

Murray further continued her education in New York City at

475: 4649: 3635:

Antler, Joyce (2002). "Pauli Murray: The Brandeis Years".

3375: 3373: 3314:"2024 American Women Quarters™ Program Honorees Announced" 2611: 2198: 2126: 2124: 2109: 444:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

4499:"Defying Convention: The Life and Legacy of Pauli Murray" 3531: 3177:"Pauli Murray's Landmark House to Become More Accessible" 3041:. New York: Church Publishing. September 2013. p. 5. 2699: 1269:, the anniversary of her death, along with fellow writer 954:

Murray was an outspoken activist at the forefront of the

836:

at the school, which she labeled "Jane Crow"—alluding to

4416:

Stevens-Holsey, Rosita; Catasús Jennings, Terry (2022).

4208:

The Case of Odell Waller and Virginia Justice, 1940–1942

3612:

The Pursuit of Fairness: A History of Affirmative Action

3406: 3404: 2984: 2911:

Armentrout, Don S.; Slocum, Robert Boak (January 2000).

2880: 2283: 2224:

Song in a Weary Throat: Memoir of an American Pilgrimage

2097: 2075: 2073: 1073:. The memo was shared with every member of Congress and 4019:

Making Harvard Modern: The Rise of America's University

3370: 3346: 2913:"An Episcopal Dictionary of the Church – Murray, Pauli" 2623: 2443: 2400: 2388: 2364: 2295: 2121: 2010: 1998: 1789:

National Museum of African American History and Culture

752:, suffragette and Harvard Law School Forum guest, and 704:, these federally-funded camps paralleled the all-male 3336: 3334: 3117:"Durham's Pauli Murray Home Named 'National Treasure'" 2547: 2519: 2421: 2419: 2417: 2415: 1950: 855:

In 1942, while still in law school, Murray joined the

6279: 4553:, Excellent links to Murray resources. Printable PDF. 4551:

National Organization for Women: Finding Pauli Murray

3401: 2507: 2479: 2467: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2312: 2310: 2070: 1940: 1938: 1347:

In January 2021, a biographical documentary entitled

3591:

Encyclopedia of African-American Culture and History

2801: 2053:"The Rev. Dr. Pauli Murray and the Episcopal Church" 1705: 1703: 1701: 1699: 759:

Murray applied to a PhD program in sociology at the

4477:Garrett, Brianne; Rosenbaum, Leah (June 26, 2020). 3681:

Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia

3358: 3331: 3084:"Durham's Pauli Murray to Be Named Episcopal Saint" 2559: 2455: 2431: 2412: 2376: 2271: 2085: 1861: 1859: 1857: 1855: 1853: 1758:Cain, Brooke; Quillin, Martha (February 19, 2021). 1734:"Pauli Murray, Eleanor Roosevelt's Beloved Radical" 346:(November 20, 1910 – July 1, 1985) was an American 4573:Pauli Murray Center for History and Social Justice 3993: 3823: 3740: 3609: 3519: 3004:"Papers of Pauli Murray, 1827–1985: A Finding Aid" 2892: 2589: 2307: 2255:. Eleanor Roosevelt Papers Project. Archived from 2192: 1968: 1935: 1833: 808:With the WDL, Murray became active in the case of 3593:. Vol. 4. Thomson Gale. pp. 1510–1511. 1696: 1144:from 1960 to 1961, serving on the faculty of the 6375: 4476: 4343:. New York: Church Publishing. pp. 272–279. 3788: 3434:. African American Intellectual History Society. 2910: 2755: 2216: 1850: 1367: 990:" facilities, as was argued in some challenges. 4338: 3185:. Durham, North Carolina: The McClatchy Company 1218:by invitation and preached her first sermon at 588:Crownsville State Hospital for the Negro Insane 3996:A to Z of American Women Leaders and Activists 3818: 3768:Encyclopedia of African American Women Writers 3506: 2743: 1641:Song in a Weary Throat: An American Pilgrimage 1531:Song in a Weary Throat: An American Pilgrimage 1051:) to add "sex" as a protected category in the 1013:Presidential Commission on the Status of Women 950:Activism against racial and sex discrimination 464:Presidential Commission on the Status of Women 6504:Deaths from pancreatic cancer in Pennsylvania 4635: 1496:Murray published a collection of her poetry, 1344:were also added permanently to the calendar. 1114:, a case in which a three-judge court of the 675:. Murray took a job selling subscriptions to 4084:Proud Shoes: The Story of an American Family 4016: 3926: 2617: 2577: 2047: 2045: 1814: 1812: 1810: 1808: 1806: 1627:Proud Shoes: The Story Of An American Family 1609:, Connecticut: Silvermine Publishers, 1970. 1242:in the house she owned with lifelong friend 578:where Murray lived in Durham, North Carolina 6439:20th-century African-American women writers 6419:Activists for African-American civil rights 4353:Pauli Murray: Selected Sermons and Writings 3502: 3500: 3421: 3419: 3175:Vaughan, Dawn Baumgartner (June 13, 2017). 1785:"Jane Crow & the Story of Pauli Murray" 1757: 1724: 1722: 1720: 1718: 1026:, she criticized the fact that in the 1963 567:, relatives took custody of his children. 4642: 4628: 3735: 2289: 2142: 2103: 2028: 2016: 1984: 1259:General Convention of the Episcopal Church 1122:, then with the ACLU, wrote her brief for 970:, which demonstrated Murray's belief that 37: 4136: 3719:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199744817.001.0001 3704: 3092:. Raleigh, North Carolina. Archived from 2990: 2848: 2673: 2671: 2629: 2605: 2350:University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 2204: 2146: 2130: 2115: 2042: 2004: 1803: 1629:, New York: Harper & Brothers, 1956. 1067:Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 761:University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 427:. She earned a master's degree in law at 4557:Oral History Interview with Pauli Murray 4307: 4017:Keller, Morton; Keller, Phyllis (2001). 3954: 3607: 3497: 3475: 3416: 3379: 3081: 3075: 2963:Boodman, Sandra G. (February 14, 1977). 2807: 2795: 1715: 1579:The Constitution and Government of Ghana 1305: 1286:National Trust for Historic Preservation 1224: 1148:. She returned to the US and studied at 846: 735: 732:1938–1945: Early activism and law school 696:Murray took a position at Camp Tera, a " 582:Three-year-old Pauli Murray was sent to 569: 16:American writer and activist (1910–1985) 4205: 4162: 4110:Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion 3898: 3425: 3284: 3233: 3174: 3143: 2962: 2767: 2553: 2541: 2537: 2525: 2513: 2501: 2485: 2473: 2161: 2159: 2157: 2155: 1992: 1956: 1915:"Dr. Pauli Murray, Episcopalian Priest" 1655:, University of Tennessee Press, 1989. 1482:, gave the book very positive reviews. 1098:Equal Employment Opportunity Commission 689:, a civil rights organization based in 671:Jobs were difficult to find during the 466:. In 1966, she was a co-founder of the 6584:National Organization for Women people 6524:Howard University School of Law alumni 6376: 4520: 4447: 4242: 4081: 4039: 3856: 3770:. Vol. 2. Westport, Connecticut: 3765: 3673: 3634: 3571: 3537: 3525: 3507:Simmons-Thorne, Naomi (May 30, 2019). 3444: 3410: 2898: 2886: 2705: 2668: 2657: 2645: 2497: 2332: 2079: 2036: 1882: 1818: 1533:, was published posthumously in 1987. 1238:On July 1, 1985, Pauli Murray died of 927:named her its "Woman of the Year" and 914: 823: 6624:20th-century African-American lawyers 6519:Academic staff of Ghana School of Law 6409:20th-century African-American writers 6078: 5630: 5242: 4864: 4661: 4623: 4593:at the Poetry Foundation, Chicago, IL 4373: 4268: 3588: 3567: 3549: 3476:Gebreyes, Rahel (February 10, 2015). 3380:Gebreyes, Rahel (February 10, 2015). 2860: 2844: 2677: 2641: 2174:from the original on January 10, 2012 1865: 1581:, London: Sweet & Maxwell, 1964. 1502:"Dark Testament", originally appeared 1455: 1034:, among other grievances. She wrote: 357:priest. Murray's work influenced the 4603:The Reverend Pauli Murray, 1910–1985 4561:Oral Histories of the American South 4347: 4175:(published 2007). pp. 134–137. 4104: 4055: 3426:Collins, Alyssa (October 16, 2017). 3364: 3352: 3340: 3203: 3114: 2593: 2565: 2461: 2449: 2437: 2425: 2406: 2394: 2382: 2370: 2301: 2277: 2152: 2091: 2032: 1988: 1972: 1944: 1878: 1876: 1874: 1728: 1709: 1643:, New York: Harper & Row, 1987. 1261:voted to honor Murray as one of its 1088:In 1966, she was a cofounder of the 458:. Murray was appointed by President 6604:Writers from Durham, North Carolina 6414:20th-century American women writers 6399:20th-century American women lawyers 4496: 4171:. Vol. 38. Detroit, Michigan: 4142:Jane Crow: The Life of Pauli Murray 3256: 2057:Episcopal Diocese of North Carolina 1395:Jane Crow: The Life of Pauli Murray 1233: 1159:Murray served as vice president of 726:Young Women's Christian Association 708:(CCC) camps formed under President 200:City University of New York, Hunter 13: 5083:Euphemia Mary Goldsborough Willson 4605:, Archives of the Episcopal Church 4521:Schulz, Kathryn (April 17, 2017). 4383:University of North Carolina Press 4230: 4189:from the original on April 2, 2015 3994:Hightower-Langston, Donna (2002). 3285:Kennedy, Lisa (February 2, 2021). 3204:Lord, Debbie (February 24, 2018). 2938:"Pauli Murray's Spiritual Journey" 2170:. Documenting the American South. 2165: 1620: 1577:Murray, Pauli, and Rubin, Leslie. 1552: 1325:In 2018, Murray was chosen by the 1322:by the US Department of Interior. 903:University of California, Berkeley 474:named Murray as a coauthor of the 429:University of California, Berkeley 361:and expanded legal protection for 218:University of California, Berkeley 14: 6635: 6474:American women's rights activists 4581:at Yale University, New Haven, CT 4544: 4167:. In Henderson, Ashyia N. (ed.). 1871: 6619:Equal Rights Amendment activists 6599:UC Berkeley School of Law alumni 6589:Proponents of Christian feminism 6361: 6349: 6337: 6325: 6313: 6301: 6289: 3144:Remnick, Noah (April 27, 2016). 2861:Simon, Amanda (April 28, 2016). 1420: 1327:National Women's History Project 882:Fellowship for graduate work at 719:clashed with the camp's director 141:Episcopal Church (United States) 127:Episcopal Church (United States) 6574:LGBT people from North Carolina 4591:Pauli Murray poetry (after bio) 4497:Lau, Barbara (April 17, 2017). 3543: 3469: 3438: 3306: 3278: 3250: 3234:Frances, Mary (July 13, 2018). 3227: 3197: 3168: 3137: 3108: 3082:Johnston, Flo (July 13, 2012). 3045: 3026: 2996: 2965:"The Poet as Lawyer and Priest" 2956: 2930: 2904: 2854: 2813: 2761: 2711: 2651: 2338: 2245: 2210: 1673: 1504:in the winter 1944–45 issue of 1090:National Organization for Women 925:National Council of Negro Women 851:Howard University School of Law 468:National Organization for Women 6424:African-American Episcopalians 3857:Fisher, Simon D. Elin (2016). 3700:– via HighBeam Research. 3257:Dry, Jude (February 2, 2021). 3059:. July 1, 2013. Archived from 1907: 1777: 1751: 1607:Dark Testament and Other Poems 1563:Murray, Pauli (Editor) (1952) 1498:Dark Testament and Other Poems 1081:, who brought it to President 984:States' Laws on Race and Color 861:segregation in the US military 452:States' Laws on Race and Color 1: 6454:American civil rights lawyers 6449:American Christian socialists 6394:20th-century American lawyers 4651:Maryland Women's Hall of Fame 4462:10.1080/17541328.2021.1923160 4312:. Charlottesville, Virginia: 4271:Black Genders and Sexualities 4212:University of Tennessee Press 3864:Transgender Studies Quarterly 2719:"Brown v. Board of Education" 1689: 1368:Sexuality and gender identity 1201:Virginia Theological Seminary 1182: 1047:'s successful effort (led by 863:, which continued during the 534: 6554:African-American LGBT people 4970:Margaret Collins Schweinhaut 4757:Frances Ellen Watkins Harper 4314:University of Virginia Press 4308:Hardison, Ayesha K. (2014). 4252:University of Illinois Press 4206:Sherman, Richard B. (1992). 4169:Contemporary Black Biography 4063:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: 4045:Black Women in White America 3115:Wise, Jim (March 26, 2015). 2756:Cole & Guy-Sheftall 2009 1539:Robert F. Kennedy Book Award 1360:Murray was an honoree on an 1193:General Theological Seminary 1062:George Washington Law Review 958:, alongside such leaders as 724:Murray later worked for the 641:, a free women's college of 105:Renee Barlow (deceased 1973) 7: 6514:Female Christian socialists 6494:Brandeis University faculty 6404:20th-century American poets 4440: 4409:10.5149/9780807876732_scott 4391:10.5149/9780807876732_scott 3676:"Murray, Pauli (1910–1985)" 3674:Atwell, Mary Welek (2002). 3608:Anderson, Terry H. (2004). 3513:The Activist History Review 1764:Raleigh News & Observer 1500:, in 1970. The title poem, 1485:The New York Herald Tribune 1433: 1355:2021 Sundance Film Festival 1329:as one of its honorees for 1154:Doctor of Juridical Science 1135: 997:Brown v. Board of Education 867:. She also participated in 857:Congress of Racial Equality 706:Civilian Conservation Corps 643:City University of New York 433:Doctor of Juridical Science 10: 6640: 6459:American Episcopal priests 6429:African-American feminists 5664:Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps 5364:Virginia Walcott Beauchamp 4716:Lillie Mae Carroll Jackson 4047:(2nd ed.). New York: 3958:Journal of Women's History 3772:Greenwood Publishing Group 3638:Journal of Women's History 3581: 1923:. July 4, 1985. p. 12 1447:" and "the constraints of 1397:, categorized Murray as a 1372:Murray struggled with her 1320:National Historic Landmark 1203:. She was ordained to the 982:In 1950, Murray published 921:California Bar Examination 462:to serve on the 1961–1963 450:called Murray's 1950 book 376:. At age 16, she moved to 6569:LGBT people from Maryland 6464:American feminist writers 6233: 6197: 6161: 6125: 6089: 6085: 6079: 6074: 6015: 5979: 5956:Katharine Blodgett Gebbie 5928: 5887: 5846: 5805: 5764: 5723: 5682: 5654:Anne Catherine Hoof Green 5641: 5637: 5631: 5626: 5582: 5541: 5505: 5464: 5433: 5397: 5356: 5325: 5289: 5253: 5249: 5243: 5238: 5194: 5163: 5140:Sol del Ande Mendez Eaton 5127: 5091: 5055: 5019: 4983: 4947: 4911: 4875: 4871: 4865: 4860: 4816: 4780: 4744: 4708: 4672: 4668: 4662: 4657: 4165:"Murray, Pauli 1910–1985" 4086:. Boston, Massachusetts: 3705:Azaransky, Sarah (2011). 3125:. Raleigh, North Carolina 2942:Emmanuel Episcopal Church 1600: 1279:Diocese of North Carolina 602:in 1927, and enrolled at 600:Richmond Hill High School 329: 325: 299: 285: 275: 270: 248: 195: 190: 186: 182: 178: 166: 161: 151: 146: 136: 132: 122: 114: 109: 101: 80: 50: 45: 36: 23: 6549:American LGBTQ academics 6534:MacDowell Colony fellows 6434:African-American lawyers 6048:Evelyn Williams Townsend 5900:Oretha Bridgwaters-Simms 5492:Rebecca Alban Hoffberger 4762:Juanita Jackson Mitchell 4616:, Vol. 5, February 2023. 4235: 4210:. Knoxville, Tennessee: 4163:Sanchez, Brenna (2003). 4065:Harvard University Press 3877:10.1215/23289252-3334259 3238:. Episcopal News Service 2618:Keller & Keller 2001 1666: 1547:Lillian Smith Book Award 1476:. Newspapers, including 1316:Pauli Murray Family Home 1173:African-American studies 1065:. The article discussed 1053:Civil Rights Act of 1964 1011:appointed Murray to the 875:of the 1950s and 1960s. 520:, was reissued in 2018. 261:Rosemary Radford Ruether 6544:Lawyers from Pittsburgh 6153:Celeste Revillon Winans 5920:Lizette Woodworth Reese 5549:Ramona McCarthy Hawkins 5441:Shoshana Shoubin Cardin 5261:Constance Uriolo Battle 5037:Harriet Elizabeth Brown 5001:Elizabeth King Ellicott 4355:. Maryknoll, New York: 4283:10.1057/9781137077950_5 4146:Oxford University Press 4082:Murray, Pauli (1999) . 4023:Oxford University Press 3711:Oxford University Press 3618:Oxford University Press 3212:. Seattle, Washington: 3122:The News & Observer 3089:The News & Observer 2590:Hightower-Langston 2002 2193:Hightower-Langston 2002 1969:Hightower-Langston 2002 1888:"Judge Ginsburg's Gift" 1417:shut down her options. 1415:respectability politics 1350:My Name Is Pauli Murray 1195:, where she received a 1130:Equal Protection Clause 799:Workers' Defense League 637:. Instead she attended 401:Workers' Defense League 384:, and graduated with a 6614:Yale Law School alumni 6609:Writers from Baltimore 6539:Lawyers from Baltimore 6444:African-American poets 5997:Emily Saunders Plummer 5992:Sandra Williams Ortega 5936:Marsha Coleman-Adebayo 5910:Elaine Danforth Harmon 5895:Sophia Arabatzis Balis 5343:Mary Young Pickersgill 5312:Eunice Kennedy Shriver 5271:Sonia Pressman Fuentes 5217:Elizabeth Fran Johnson 5176:Mary Katharine Goddard 5078:Nettie Barcroft Taylor 5032:Mary Elizabeth Banning 4731:Jeanette Rosner Wolman 4563:at UNC-Chapel Hill, NC 3971:10.1353/jowh.2002.0044 3820:Collier-Thomas, Bettye 3790:Cole, Johnnetta Betsch 3651:10.1353/jowh.2002.0034 1557: 1525:A follow-up volume to 1445:biological determinism 1362:American Women quarter 1333:in the United States. 1314:In December 2016, the 1311: 1267:commemorated on July 1 1230: 1045:National Women's Party 1041: 1007:In 1961, US President 966:. She coined the term 960:Martin Luther King Jr. 852: 756: 666:Historical Materialism 620: 584:Durham, North Carolina 579: 547:, White slave owners, 446:(NAACP) Chief Counsel 425:Southern United States 374:Durham, North Carolina 6594:Transgender academics 6564:American LGBT lawyers 6529:Hunter College alumni 6509:Women Anglican clergy 6332:Civil rights movement 5659:Irene Morgan Kirkaldy 5610:Anne St. Clair Wright 5487:Marilyn Hughes Gaston 5212:Edith Houghton Hooker 5099:Madeleine L. Ellicott 5047:Mary Adelaide Nutting 5027:Rosalie Silber Abrams 5011:Martha Ellicott Tyson 4608:Varlack, T. (2023). " 3928:Guy-Sheftall, Beverly 3900:Goodwin, Doris Kearns 3794:Guy-Sheftall, Beverly 3692:on September 24, 2015 3448:(February 18, 2015). 1732:(February 29, 2016). 1508:and Paula Snelling's 1331:Women's History Month 1309: 1271:Harriet Beecher Stowe 1228: 1036: 956:civil rights movement 908:California Law Review 892:Franklin D. Roosevelt 873:civil rights movement 850: 739: 710:Franklin D. Roosevelt 687:National Urban League 615: 573: 456:civil rights movement 454:, the "bible" of the 359:civil rights movement 316:Eleanor Holmes Norton 308:Marian Wright Edelman 304:Patricia Hill Collins 6559:LGBT Anglican clergy 6469:American women poets 6210:Charlotte M. Cooksey 6043:Rosa Gumataotao Rios 6007:Hattie N. Washington 5772:Helen Delich Bentley 5420:Margaret Byrd Rawson 5202:Florence Riefle Bahr 5171:Constance Ross Beims 5073:Amanda Taylor Norris 4975:Carmen Delgado Votaw 4924:Mary Elizabeth Lange 4793:Sadie Kneller Miller 4579:Pauli Murray College 4569:by Orange County, NC 4250:. Urbana, Illinois: 3910:Simon & Schuster 3774:. pp. 441–443. 3737:Bell-Scott, Patricia 3057:Pauli Murray Project 2229:Boni & Liveright 2221:(May 8, 2018). "9". 2219:Bell-Scott, Patricia 1318:was designated as a 1297:Pauli Murray College 1263:Holy Women, Holy Men 1108:successfully argued 1094:Richard Alton Graham 1017:Fourteenth Amendment 780:Petersburg, Virginia 6579:American LGBT poets 6489:Anglican socialists 6205:Janeen L. Birckhead 6102:Evelyn O. A. Darden 6053:Phyllis B. Trickett 6028:Augusta T. Chissell 6023:Marielsa A. Bernard 5574:Emily Wilson Walker 5528:Karen H. Rothenberg 5477:Liebe Sokol Diamond 5456:Edyth H. Schoenrich 5379:Ruth L. Kirschstein 5338:Florence P. Kendall 5333:Mabel Houze Hubbard 5317:Sandra W. Tomlinson 5222:Bernice Smith White 5119:Barbara A. Robinson 5114:Brigid G. Leventhal 5063:Jill Moss Greenberg 4903:Mary Lemist Titcomb 4803:Martha Carey Thomas 4736:Hiltgunt Zassenhaus 4721:Elizabeth Ann Seton 4585:Pauli Murray Papers 4244:Cooper, Brittney C. 4138:Rosenberg, Rosalind 3555:Daughters of Africa 3540:, pp. 441–442. 3483:The Huffington Post 3387:The Huffington Post 3355:, pp. 214–215. 2970:The Washington Post 2798:, pp. 101–102. 2744:Collier-Thomas 2010 2708:, pp. 592–599. 2452:, pp. 221–222. 2409:, pp. 214–216. 2397:, pp. 218–219. 2373:, pp. 217–219. 2304:, pp. 213–214. 2259:on November 7, 2012 2253:"She-She-She Camps" 2166:McNeil, Genna Rae. 1975:, pp. 208–209. 1893:The Washington Post 1515:Daughters of Africa 1244:Maida Springer Kemp 1220:Chapel of the Cross 1165:Brandeis University 1146:Ghana School of Law 1120:Ruth Bader Ginsburg 1028:March on Washington 944:Ruth Bader Ginsburg 915:Professional career 842:William Robert Ming 824:Howard and Berkeley 653:degree in English. 631:Columbia University 629:Inspired to attend 626:on March 26, 1949. 561:cerebral hemorrhage 539:Murray was born in 502:Brandeis University 494:Ghana School of Law 472:Ruth Bader Ginsburg 312:Ruth Bader Ginsburg 294:Brandeis University 290:Ghana School of Law 236:General Theological 191:Academic background 55:Anna Pauline Murray 6499:California lawyers 6097:Victorine Q. Adams 5905:Mary C. Goodwillie 5859:E. Gail de Planque 5797:Beatrice P. Tignor 5751:Diana Gribbon Motz 5674:Lillie D. Shockney 5669:Bernice R. Sandler 5605:Allyson R. Solomon 5554:Ellen Moses Heller 5472:Susan Pardee Baker 5384:Etta Haynie Maddox 5276:Josephine Jacobsen 5207:Lillian C. Compton 5181:Elaine Ryan Hedges 4991:Rosalyn Blake Bell 4898:Adele Hagner Stamp 4798:Mary Eliza Risteau 4567:Pauli Murray Award 4277:. pp. 69–84. 4275:Palgrave Macmillan 3432:Black Perspectives 3318:United States Mint 3153:The New York Times 2944:. January 22, 2021 2889:, pp. 78, 80. 2778:Law and Inequality 2608:, pp. 4, 118. 1920:The New York Times 1886:(August 1, 1993). 1822:(April 17, 2017). 1479:The New York Times 1474:Reconstruction Era 1456:Memoirs and poetry 1342:Florence Li Tim-Oi 1312: 1231: 1197:Master of Divinity 1024:A. Philip Randolph 988:separate but equal 919:After passing the 884:Harvard University 853: 795:disorderly conduct 791:civil disobedience 757: 748:; seated, l to r, 662:New Workers School 611:Rosalind Rosenberg 580: 421:racial segregation 409:Harvard University 6484:Anglican scholars 6277: 6276: 6273: 6272: 6269: 6268: 6241:Adrienne A. Jones 6215:Ana Sol Gutierrez 6189:Odessa M. Shannon 6179:Gloria Richardson 6070: 6069: 6066: 6065: 5869:Katherine O'Brien 5838:Ann Cipriano Rees 5818:Agnes Kane Callum 5813:Dorothy F. Bailey 5695:Barbara Holdridge 5622: 5621: 5618: 5617: 5446:Bessie Olive Cole 5425:Vivian V. Simpson 5374:Kathryn J. DuFour 5234: 5233: 5230: 5229: 5186:Mary Carter Smith 5145:Catherine R. Gira 4960:Anna Ella Carroll 4856: 4855: 4852: 4851: 4431:978-1-49-981251-0 4400:978-0-8078-3055-0 4375:Scott, Anne Firor 4366:978-0-87049-596-0 4323:978-0-8139-3592-8 4316:. pp. i–vi. 4292:978-1-137-07795-0 4261:978-0-252-09954-0 4221:978-0-87049-733-9 4182:978-1-4144-3566-4 4155:978-0-19-065645-4 4097:978-0-8070-7209-7 4074:978-0-674-04687-0 4032:978-0-19-514457-4 4009:978-1-4381-0792-9 3947:978-1-56584-256-4 3919:978-0-684-80448-4 3841:978-1-4000-4420-7 3811:978-0-307-52768-4 3781:978-0-313-34124-3 3758:978-0-679-44652-1 3728:978-0-19-974481-7 3627:978-0-19-518245-3 3063:on March 17, 2015 2725:. August 15, 2016 2723:National Archives 2678:Rosenbaum, Leah. 2578:Guy-Sheftall 1995 2207:, pp. 54–55. 2118:, pp. 37–38. 1615:978-0-87321-016-4 1587:978-0-421-04180-6 1573:978-0-8203-5063-9 1543:Christopher Award 1390:male sex organs. 1353:premiered at the 1338:Thurgood Marshall 1301:Benjamin Franklin 1240:pancreatic cancer 1083:Lyndon B. Johnson 1075:Lady Bird Johnson 992:Thurgood Marshall 830:Howard University 814:Eleanor Roosevelt 773:Bellevue Hospital 702:Eleanor Roosevelt 595:passing for white 557:free Black people 448:Thurgood Marshall 405:Howard University 333: 332: 320:Eleanor Roosevelt 257:J. Deotis Roberts 209:Howard University 65:November 20, 1910 6631: 6366: 6365: 6364: 6354: 6353: 6342: 6341: 6340: 6330: 6329: 6318: 6317: 6316: 6306: 6305: 6294: 6293: 6292: 6285: 6220:Gloria G. Lawlah 6184:Beatrice Rodgers 6143:Ruby Reese Moone 6138:Margaret Hawkins 6107:Claire Parkinson 6087: 6086: 6076: 6075: 6058:Pauline Woo Tsui 6002:Rita L. Robinson 5987:Sandra I. Barnes 5854:Beverly B. Byron 5828:Susan K. Goering 5792:Linda A. Shevitz 5710:Lucy Diggs Slowe 5690:Carol W. Greider 5649:Claire M. Fraser 5639: 5638: 5628: 5627: 5513:Annette M.Deener 5405:Edmonson sisters 5348:Lorraine Sheehan 5251: 5250: 5240: 5239: 4929:Claire McCardell 4873: 4872: 4862: 4861: 4844:Estelle R. Ramey 4788:Barbara Mikulski 4772:Helen B. Taussig 4690:Rita C. Davidson 4670: 4669: 4659: 4658: 4644: 4637: 4630: 4621: 4620: 4539: 4537: 4535: 4516: 4514: 4512: 4503: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4473: 4435: 4422:Little Bee Books 4412: 4370: 4349:Pinn, Anthony B. 4344: 4335: 4304: 4265: 4225: 4202: 4199:Encyclopedia.com 4196: 4194: 4159: 4133: 4106:Pinn, Anthony B. 4101: 4078: 4057:Mack, Kenneth W. 4052: 4036: 4013: 3990: 3951: 3923: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3853: 3829: 3815: 3802:Ballantine Books 3785: 3762: 3746: 3732: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3688:. Archived from 3670: 3631: 3615: 3604: 3575: 3565: 3559: 3558: 3547: 3541: 3535: 3529: 3523: 3517: 3516: 3504: 3495: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3473: 3467: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3446:Cooper, Brittney 3442: 3436: 3435: 3423: 3414: 3408: 3399: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3377: 3368: 3362: 3356: 3350: 3344: 3338: 3329: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3310: 3304: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3282: 3276: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3254: 3248: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3231: 3225: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3201: 3195: 3194: 3192: 3190: 3172: 3166: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3149: 3141: 3135: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3112: 3106: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3096:on July 15, 2012 3079: 3073: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3049: 3043: 3042: 3040: 3030: 3024: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3014:on April 3, 2018 3010:. Archived from 3000: 2994: 2988: 2982: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2960: 2954: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2934: 2928: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2917:Episcopal Church 2908: 2902: 2896: 2890: 2884: 2878: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2858: 2852: 2842: 2836: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2821:"White v. Crook" 2817: 2811: 2805: 2799: 2793: 2787: 2786: 2765: 2759: 2753: 2747: 2741: 2735: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2715: 2709: 2703: 2697: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2675: 2666: 2665: 2655: 2649: 2639: 2633: 2627: 2621: 2615: 2609: 2603: 2597: 2587: 2581: 2575: 2569: 2563: 2557: 2551: 2545: 2535: 2529: 2523: 2517: 2511: 2505: 2495: 2489: 2483: 2477: 2471: 2465: 2459: 2453: 2447: 2441: 2435: 2429: 2423: 2410: 2404: 2398: 2392: 2386: 2380: 2374: 2368: 2362: 2361: 2359: 2357: 2342: 2336: 2330: 2305: 2299: 2293: 2287: 2281: 2275: 2269: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2249: 2243: 2242: 2214: 2208: 2202: 2196: 2190: 2184: 2183: 2181: 2179: 2163: 2150: 2140: 2134: 2128: 2119: 2113: 2107: 2101: 2095: 2089: 2083: 2077: 2068: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2049: 2040: 2031:, pp. 8–9; 2026: 2020: 2014: 2008: 2002: 1996: 1982: 1976: 1966: 1960: 1954: 1948: 1942: 1933: 1932: 1930: 1928: 1911: 1905: 1904: 1902: 1900: 1884:Kerber, Linda K. 1880: 1869: 1863: 1848: 1847: 1845: 1843: 1837: 1832:. Archived from 1816: 1801: 1800: 1798: 1796: 1791:. March 24, 2021 1781: 1775: 1774: 1772: 1770: 1755: 1749: 1748: 1746: 1744: 1730:Mack, Kenneth W. 1726: 1713: 1707: 1683: 1677: 1234:Death and legacy 1189:Episcopal Church 1169:American studies 1161:Benedict College 1140:Murray lived in 1002:US Supreme Court 942:. She first met 880:Julius Rosenwald 865:Second World War 744:, Pauli Murray, 683:academic journal 673:Great Depression 651:Bachelor of Arts 549:Native Americans 513:African-American 509:Episcopal Church 498:Benedict College 386:Bachelor of Arts 280:American studies 265:Letty M. Russell 162:Personal details 87: 64: 62: 46:Personal details 41: 21: 20: 6639: 6638: 6634: 6633: 6632: 6630: 6629: 6628: 6479:Anglican saints 6374: 6373: 6372: 6362: 6360: 6348: 6338: 6336: 6324: 6314: 6312: 6300: 6290: 6288: 6280: 6278: 6265: 6229: 6193: 6157: 6148:Nancy K. Welker 6121: 6117:Leslie R. Wolfe 6081: 6062: 6033:Dominique Dawes 6011: 5975: 5924: 5883: 5842: 5833:Henrietta Lacks 5801: 5787:Ellen Sauerbrey 5760: 5756:Gwendolyn Rooks 5736:Margaret Dunkle 5719: 5715:June A. Willenz 5678: 5633: 5614: 5578: 5537: 5533:Audrey E. Scott 5501: 5460: 5429: 5415:Esther McCready 5393: 5352: 5321: 5307:Charmaine Krohe 5297:Kathleen Feeley 5285: 5266:Lois Green Carr 5245: 5226: 5190: 5159: 5123: 5109:Mary Digges Lee 5087: 5051: 5015: 4996:Lucille Clifton 4979: 4955:Annie Armstrong 4943: 4919:Rita R. Colwell 4907: 4888:Enolia McMillan 4867: 4848: 4812: 4776: 4767:Mary Shaw Shorb 4740: 4726:Henrietta Szold 4704: 4695:Gladys Spellman 4664: 4653: 4648: 4547: 4542: 4533: 4531: 4510: 4508: 4501: 4487: 4485: 4443: 4438: 4432: 4401: 4367: 4324: 4293: 4262: 4238: 4233: 4231:Further reading 4228: 4222: 4192: 4190: 4183: 4156: 4098: 4075: 4033: 4010: 3948: 3920: 3889: 3887: 3871:(1–2): 95–103. 3842: 3832:Alfred A. Knopf 3812: 3782: 3759: 3749:Alfred A. Knopf 3729: 3695: 3693: 3628: 3601: 3584: 3579: 3578: 3566: 3562: 3551:Busby, Margaret 3548: 3544: 3536: 3532: 3524: 3520: 3505: 3498: 3488: 3486: 3474: 3470: 3460: 3458: 3443: 3439: 3424: 3417: 3409: 3402: 3392: 3390: 3378: 3371: 3363: 3359: 3351: 3347: 3339: 3332: 3322: 3320: 3312: 3311: 3307: 3297: 3295: 3283: 3279: 3269: 3267: 3255: 3251: 3241: 3239: 3232: 3228: 3218: 3216: 3214:Cox Media Group 3202: 3198: 3188: 3186: 3173: 3169: 3159: 3157: 3142: 3138: 3128: 3126: 3113: 3109: 3099: 3097: 3080: 3076: 3066: 3064: 3051: 3050: 3046: 3038: 3032: 3031: 3027: 3017: 3015: 3008:Harvard Library 3002: 3001: 2997: 2989: 2985: 2975: 2973: 2961: 2957: 2947: 2945: 2936: 2935: 2931: 2921: 2919: 2909: 2905: 2897: 2893: 2885: 2881: 2871: 2869: 2867:Ford Foundation 2859: 2855: 2843: 2839: 2829: 2827: 2819: 2818: 2814: 2806: 2802: 2794: 2790: 2766: 2762: 2754: 2750: 2742: 2738: 2728: 2726: 2717: 2716: 2712: 2704: 2700: 2690: 2688: 2676: 2669: 2656: 2652: 2640: 2636: 2628: 2624: 2616: 2612: 2604: 2600: 2592:, p. 160; 2588: 2584: 2576: 2572: 2564: 2560: 2552: 2548: 2540:, p. 354; 2536: 2532: 2524: 2520: 2512: 2508: 2496: 2492: 2484: 2480: 2472: 2468: 2460: 2456: 2448: 2444: 2436: 2432: 2424: 2413: 2405: 2401: 2393: 2389: 2381: 2377: 2369: 2365: 2355: 2353: 2352:. July 28, 2020 2344: 2343: 2339: 2331: 2308: 2300: 2296: 2290:Bell-Scott 2016 2288: 2284: 2276: 2272: 2262: 2260: 2251: 2250: 2246: 2239: 2217:Murray, Pauli; 2215: 2211: 2203: 2199: 2191: 2187: 2177: 2175: 2164: 2153: 2145:, p. 192; 2143:Bell-Scott 2016 2141: 2137: 2129: 2122: 2114: 2110: 2104:Bell-Scott 2016 2102: 2098: 2090: 2086: 2078: 2071: 2061: 2059: 2051: 2050: 2043: 2035:, p. 209; 2029:Bell-Scott 2016 2027: 2023: 2017:Bell-Scott 2016 2015: 2011: 2003: 1999: 1991:, p. 208; 1985:Bell-Scott 2016 1983: 1979: 1971:, p. 160; 1967: 1963: 1955: 1951: 1943: 1936: 1926: 1924: 1913: 1912: 1908: 1898: 1896: 1881: 1872: 1864: 1851: 1841: 1839: 1838:on May 12, 2017 1820:Schulz, Kathryn 1817: 1804: 1794: 1792: 1783: 1782: 1778: 1768: 1766: 1756: 1752: 1742: 1740: 1727: 1716: 1708: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1686: 1680:Kenneth W. Mack 1678: 1674: 1669: 1623: 1621:Autobiographies 1603: 1560: 1555: 1553:Works by Murray 1458: 1441:de-essentialist 1436: 1423: 1410:Brittney Cooper 1399:transgender man 1378:gender identity 1370: 1293:Yale University 1291:In April 2016, 1236: 1185: 1177:women's studies 1150:Yale Law School 1138: 1009:John F. Kennedy 952: 917: 826: 742:Albert M. Sacks 734: 635:Barnard College 606:for two years. 537: 529:gender identity 460:John F. Kennedy 437:Yale Law School 411:because of her 363:gender equality 318: 314: 310: 306: 292: 263: 259: 255: 237: 234: 227:Yale University 225: 216: 207: 156: 89: 85: 76: 66: 60: 58: 57: 56: 32: 29: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6637: 6627: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6371: 6370: 6358: 6346: 6334: 6322: 6310: 6298: 6275: 6274: 6271: 6270: 6267: 6266: 6264: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6251:Brooke Lierman 6248: 6243: 6237: 6235: 6231: 6230: 6228: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6201: 6199: 6195: 6194: 6192: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6174:Mary L. Cleave 6171: 6165: 6163: 6159: 6158: 6156: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6133:Elizabeth Bobo 6129: 6127: 6123: 6122: 6120: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6093: 6091: 6083: 6082: 6072: 6071: 6068: 6067: 6064: 6063: 6061: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6019: 6017: 6013: 6012: 6010: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5983: 5981: 5977: 5976: 5974: 5973: 5968: 5966:Helen Maroulis 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5941:Carolyn Colvin 5938: 5932: 5930: 5926: 5925: 5923: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5891: 5889: 5885: 5884: 5882: 5881: 5879:Sue Fryer Ward 5876: 5874:Linda L. Singh 5871: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5850: 5848: 5844: 5843: 5841: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5809: 5807: 5803: 5802: 5800: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5782:Charlene Dukes 5779: 5774: 5768: 5766: 5762: 5761: 5759: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5727: 5725: 5721: 5720: 5718: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5686: 5684: 5680: 5679: 5677: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5645: 5643: 5635: 5634: 5624: 5623: 5620: 5619: 5616: 5615: 5613: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5586: 5584: 5580: 5579: 5577: 5576: 5571: 5569:Toby Orenstein 5566: 5561: 5559:Billie Holiday 5556: 5551: 5545: 5543: 5539: 5538: 5536: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5518:Sally T. Grant 5515: 5509: 5507: 5503: 5502: 5500: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5468: 5466: 5462: 5461: 5459: 5458: 5453: 5451:Susan R. Panny 5448: 5443: 5437: 5435: 5431: 5430: 5428: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5410:Nancy Grasmick 5407: 5401: 5399: 5395: 5394: 5392: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5360: 5358: 5354: 5353: 5351: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5329: 5327: 5323: 5322: 5320: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5293: 5291: 5287: 5286: 5284: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5257: 5255: 5247: 5246: 5236: 5235: 5232: 5231: 5228: 5227: 5225: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5198: 5196: 5192: 5191: 5189: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5167: 5165: 5161: 5160: 5158: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5135:Diane L. Adams 5131: 5129: 5125: 5124: 5122: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5095: 5093: 5089: 5088: 5086: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5059: 5057: 5053: 5052: 5050: 5049: 5044: 5042:Connie Morella 5039: 5034: 5029: 5023: 5021: 5017: 5016: 5014: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4987: 4985: 4981: 4980: 4978: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4951: 4949: 4945: 4944: 4942: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4915: 4913: 4909: 4908: 4906: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4883:Lucille Maurer 4879: 4877: 4869: 4868: 4858: 4857: 4854: 4853: 4850: 4849: 4847: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4820: 4818: 4814: 4813: 4811: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4784: 4782: 4778: 4777: 4775: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4748: 4746: 4742: 4741: 4739: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4712: 4710: 4706: 4705: 4703: 4702: 4700:Harriet Tubman 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4680:Margaret Brent 4676: 4674: 4666: 4665: 4655: 4654: 4647: 4646: 4639: 4632: 4624: 4618: 4617: 4606: 4600: 4594: 4588: 4582: 4576: 4570: 4564: 4554: 4546: 4545:External links 4543: 4541: 4540: 4528:The New Yorker 4518: 4494: 4474: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4436: 4430: 4413: 4399: 4377:, ed. (2006). 4371: 4365: 4351:, ed. (2006). 4345: 4336: 4322: 4305: 4291: 4266: 4260: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4226: 4220: 4203: 4181: 4160: 4154: 4134: 4102: 4096: 4079: 4073: 4053: 4037: 4031: 4014: 4008: 3991: 3952: 3946: 3924: 3918: 3896: 3854: 3840: 3816: 3810: 3786: 3780: 3763: 3757: 3733: 3727: 3702: 3671: 3632: 3626: 3605: 3599: 3585: 3583: 3580: 3577: 3576: 3574:, p. 442. 3560: 3557:. p. 227. 3553:, ed. (1992). 3542: 3530: 3518: 3496: 3468: 3437: 3415: 3413:, p. 442. 3400: 3369: 3367:, p. 212. 3357: 3345: 3343:, p. 211. 3330: 3305: 3277: 3249: 3226: 3196: 3182:The Harold-Sun 3167: 3136: 3107: 3074: 3044: 3025: 2995: 2993:, p. 371. 2991:Rosenberg 2017 2983: 2955: 2929: 2903: 2891: 2879: 2853: 2849:Azaransky 2011 2837: 2812: 2800: 2788: 2771:(March 1991). 2760: 2748: 2746:, p. 493. 2736: 2710: 2698: 2667: 2650: 2634: 2630:Azaransky 2011 2622: 2610: 2606:Rosenberg 2017 2598: 2596:, p. 229. 2582: 2580:, p. 185. 2570: 2568:, p. 226. 2558: 2556:, p. 164. 2546: 2530: 2528:, p. 352. 2518: 2506: 2490: 2478: 2466: 2464:, p. 225. 2454: 2442: 2440:, p. 217. 2430: 2428:, p. 216. 2411: 2399: 2387: 2385:, p. 218. 2375: 2363: 2337: 2306: 2294: 2282: 2280:, p. 213. 2270: 2244: 2237: 2209: 2205:Rosenberg 2017 2197: 2195:, p. 160. 2185: 2151: 2147:Rosenberg 2017 2135: 2131:Rosenberg 2017 2120: 2116:Rosenberg 2017 2108: 2096: 2094:, p. 209. 2084: 2082:, p. 441. 2069: 2041: 2021: 2009: 2005:Rosenberg 2017 1997: 1995:, p. 134. 1977: 1961: 1959:, p. 134. 1949: 1947:, p. 214. 1934: 1906: 1870: 1849: 1829:The New Yorker 1802: 1776: 1750: 1714: 1694: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1685: 1684: 1671: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1664: 1663: 1651:. Reissued as 1638: 1622: 1619: 1618: 1617: 1602: 1599: 1598: 1597: 1575: 1559: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1520:Dark Testament 1457: 1454: 1435: 1432: 1422: 1419: 1369: 1366: 1235: 1232: 1184: 1181: 1137: 1134: 1111:White v. Crook 1102:Dorothy Kenyon 1085:'s attention. 951: 948: 916: 913: 825: 822: 818:Colgate Darden 740:back, l to r, 733: 730: 639:Hunter College 604:Hunter College 536: 533: 518:Dark Testament 419:that enforced 382:Hunter College 331: 330: 327: 326: 323: 322: 301: 297: 296: 287: 283: 282: 277: 273: 272: 268: 267: 250: 246: 245: 197: 193: 192: 188: 187: 184: 183: 180: 179: 176: 175: 170:Christianity ( 168: 164: 163: 159: 158: 153: 149: 148: 144: 143: 138: 134: 133: 130: 129: 124: 120: 119: 116: 112: 111: 107: 106: 103: 99: 98: 88:(aged 74) 82: 78: 77: 67: 54: 52: 48: 47: 43: 42: 34: 33: 30: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6636: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6381: 6379: 6369: 6359: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6345: 6335: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6321: 6311: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6297: 6296:United States 6287: 6286: 6283: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6238: 6236: 6232: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6202: 6200: 6196: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6166: 6164: 6160: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6130: 6128: 6124: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6094: 6092: 6088: 6084: 6077: 6073: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6038:Virginia Hall 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6020: 6018: 6014: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5984: 5982: 5978: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5961:Katie Ledecky 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5946:Donna Edwards 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5933: 5931: 5927: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5892: 5890: 5886: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5851: 5849: 5845: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5810: 5808: 5804: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5777:Jean B. Cryor 5775: 5773: 5770: 5769: 5767: 5763: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5746:Alice Manicur 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5731:Maureen Black 5729: 5728: 5726: 5722: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5700:Ligia Peralta 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5687: 5685: 5681: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5646: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5629: 5625: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5600:Harriet Legum 5598: 5596: 5595:Diane Griffin 5593: 5591: 5588: 5587: 5585: 5581: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5564:Pauline Menes 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5546: 5544: 5540: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5523:Prasanna Nair 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5510: 5508: 5504: 5498: 5497:Grace Snively 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5469: 5467: 5463: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5438: 5436: 5432: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5402: 5400: 5396: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5361: 5359: 5355: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5330: 5328: 5324: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5294: 5292: 5288: 5282: 5281:Rosetta Stith 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5258: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5241: 5237: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5199: 5197: 5193: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5168: 5166: 5162: 5156: 5155:Rosa Ponselle 5153: 5151: 5150:Helen L. Koss 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5132: 5130: 5126: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5096: 5094: 5090: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5060: 5058: 5054: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5024: 5022: 5018: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4988: 4986: 4982: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4952: 4950: 4946: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4916: 4914: 4910: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4880: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4863: 4859: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4839:Lena King Lee 4837: 4835: 4834:Lavinia Engle 4832: 4830: 4829:Eugenie Clark 4827: 4825: 4824:Bertha Adkins 4822: 4821: 4819: 4815: 4809: 4808:Verda Welcome 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4785: 4783: 4779: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4749: 4747: 4743: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4713: 4711: 4707: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4685:Rachel Carson 4683: 4681: 4678: 4677: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4645: 4640: 4638: 4633: 4631: 4626: 4625: 4622: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4604: 4601: 4598: 4595: 4592: 4589: 4586: 4583: 4580: 4577: 4575:in Durham, NC 4574: 4571: 4568: 4565: 4562: 4558: 4555: 4552: 4549: 4548: 4530: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4507: 4500: 4495: 4484: 4480: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4446: 4445: 4433: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4337: 4333: 4332:j.ctt6wrn9t.1 4329: 4325: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4267: 4263: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4240: 4223: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4204: 4200: 4188: 4184: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4161: 4157: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4080: 4076: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4041:Lerner, Gerda 4038: 4034: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4015: 4011: 4005: 4001: 4000:Facts on File 3997: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3959: 3953: 3949: 3943: 3939: 3938:The New Press 3935: 3934: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3906: 3901: 3897: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3865: 3860: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3837: 3833: 3828: 3827: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3764: 3760: 3754: 3750: 3745: 3744: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3703: 3691: 3687: 3686:Gale Research 3683: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3639: 3633: 3629: 3623: 3619: 3614: 3613: 3606: 3602: 3600:0-02-865820-5 3596: 3592: 3587: 3586: 3573: 3569: 3564: 3556: 3552: 3546: 3539: 3534: 3527: 3522: 3514: 3510: 3503: 3501: 3485: 3484: 3479: 3472: 3457: 3456: 3451: 3447: 3441: 3433: 3429: 3422: 3420: 3412: 3407: 3405: 3389: 3388: 3383: 3376: 3374: 3366: 3361: 3354: 3349: 3342: 3337: 3335: 3319: 3315: 3309: 3294: 3293: 3288: 3281: 3266: 3265: 3260: 3253: 3237: 3230: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3200: 3184: 3183: 3178: 3171: 3156:. p. A19 3155: 3154: 3148: 3140: 3124: 3123: 3118: 3111: 3095: 3091: 3090: 3085: 3078: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3048: 3037: 3036: 3029: 3013: 3009: 3005: 2999: 2992: 2987: 2972: 2971: 2966: 2959: 2943: 2939: 2933: 2918: 2914: 2907: 2900: 2895: 2888: 2883: 2868: 2864: 2857: 2851:, p. 59. 2850: 2846: 2841: 2826: 2822: 2816: 2809: 2808:Hartmann 2002 2804: 2797: 2796:Anderson 2004 2792: 2785:(2): 163–184. 2784: 2780: 2779: 2774: 2770: 2764: 2758:, p. 89. 2757: 2752: 2745: 2740: 2724: 2720: 2714: 2707: 2702: 2687: 2686: 2681: 2674: 2672: 2663: 2662: 2661:New York Post 2654: 2647: 2643: 2638: 2632:, p. 36. 2631: 2626: 2620:, p. 58. 2619: 2614: 2607: 2602: 2595: 2591: 2586: 2579: 2574: 2567: 2562: 2555: 2550: 2544:, p. 42. 2543: 2539: 2534: 2527: 2522: 2516:, p. 42. 2515: 2510: 2504:, p. 40. 2503: 2499: 2494: 2488:, p. 39. 2487: 2482: 2476:, p. 38. 2475: 2470: 2463: 2458: 2451: 2446: 2439: 2434: 2427: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2408: 2403: 2396: 2391: 2384: 2379: 2372: 2367: 2351: 2347: 2341: 2334: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2313: 2311: 2303: 2298: 2292:, p. 18. 2291: 2286: 2279: 2274: 2258: 2254: 2248: 2240: 2238:9781631494598 2234: 2230: 2226: 2225: 2220: 2213: 2206: 2201: 2194: 2189: 2173: 2169: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2149:, p. 38. 2148: 2144: 2139: 2133:, p. 38. 2132: 2127: 2125: 2117: 2112: 2106:, p. 10. 2105: 2100: 2093: 2088: 2081: 2076: 2074: 2058: 2054: 2048: 2046: 2039:, p. xv. 2038: 2034: 2030: 2025: 2018: 2013: 2007:, p. 15. 2006: 2001: 1994: 1990: 1987:, p. 8; 1986: 1981: 1974: 1970: 1965: 1958: 1953: 1946: 1941: 1939: 1922: 1921: 1916: 1910: 1895: 1894: 1889: 1885: 1879: 1877: 1875: 1867: 1862: 1860: 1858: 1856: 1854: 1836: 1831: 1830: 1825: 1821: 1815: 1813: 1811: 1809: 1807: 1790: 1786: 1780: 1765: 1761: 1754: 1739: 1738:Boston Review 1735: 1731: 1725: 1723: 1721: 1719: 1712:, p. 29. 1711: 1706: 1704: 1702: 1700: 1695: 1681: 1676: 1672: 1662: 1661:0-87049-596-8 1658: 1654: 1650: 1649:0-06-015704-6 1646: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1635:0-8070-7209-5 1632: 1628: 1625: 1624: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1605: 1604: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1561: 1550: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1529:, her memoir 1528: 1523: 1521: 1517: 1516: 1511: 1507: 1506:Lillian Smith 1503: 1499: 1494: 1491: 1487: 1486: 1481: 1480: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1453: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1431: 1429: 1421:Relationships 1418: 1416: 1411: 1407: 1405: 1400: 1396: 1391: 1388: 1382: 1379: 1375: 1365: 1363: 1358: 1356: 1352: 1351: 1345: 1343: 1339: 1334: 1332: 1328: 1323: 1321: 1317: 1308: 1304: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1289: 1287: 1284:In 2015, the 1282: 1280: 1276: 1275:Michael Curry 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1257:In 2012, the 1255: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1227: 1223: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1180: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1157: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1133: 1131: 1127: 1126: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1112: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1086: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1071:Jim Crow laws 1068: 1064: 1063: 1058: 1057:Mary Eastwood 1054: 1050: 1046: 1040: 1035: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1020: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1005: 1003: 999: 998: 993: 989: 985: 980: 977: 973: 972:Jim Crow laws 969: 965: 961: 957: 947: 945: 941: 937: 932: 931: 926: 922: 912: 910: 909: 904: 900: 899:School of Law 895: 893: 889: 885: 881: 876: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 849: 845: 843: 839: 835: 831: 821: 819: 815: 811: 806: 804: 800: 796: 792: 789: 785: 781: 776: 774: 769: 766: 762: 755: 754:Betty Friedan 751: 747: 743: 738: 729: 727: 722: 720: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 694: 692: 691:New York City 688: 684: 680: 679: 674: 669: 667: 663: 659: 658:Jay Lovestone 654: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 627: 625: 619: 614: 612: 607: 605: 601: 596: 591: 589: 585: 577: 572: 568: 566: 565:typhoid fever 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 532: 530: 526: 521: 519: 514: 510: 505: 503: 499: 495: 491: 490: 485: 484:Supreme Court 481: 478:brief in the 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 440: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 417:Jim Crow laws 414: 410: 406: 402: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 378:New York City 375: 371: 366: 364: 360: 356: 352: 349: 345: 341: 337: 328: 324: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 302: 298: 295: 291: 288: 284: 281: 278: 274: 271:Academic work 269: 266: 262: 258: 254: 251: 247: 243: 239: 232: 228: 223: 219: 214: 210: 205: 201: 198: 194: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 160: 157:1977 (priest) 155:1976 (deacon) 154: 150: 145: 142: 139: 135: 131: 128: 125: 121: 117: 113: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 83: 79: 74: 70: 53: 49: 44: 40: 35: 27: 22: 19: 6308:Christianity 6261:Nancy Pelosi 6256:Aruna Miller 6246:Susan C. Lee 6225:Jackie Ronne 6169:Dorothy Blum 5971:Lilian Welsh 5951:Mary Garrett 5864:Mary S. Feik 5823:Renee E. Fox 5705:Gertrude Poe 5369:Edith Clarke 5068:Mary L. Nock 5006:Jean Spencer 4965:Rose Kushner 4939:Alta Schrock 4934:Bessie Moses 4893:Pauli Murray 4892: 4752:Clara Barton 4613: 4534:February 20, 4532:. Retrieved 4526: 4511:February 20, 4509:. Retrieved 4506:The LGBT Bar 4505: 4488:February 20, 4486:. Retrieved 4482: 4453: 4449: 4420:. New York: 4417: 4378: 4352: 4340: 4309: 4273:. New York: 4270: 4247: 4207: 4197:– via 4191:. Retrieved 4168: 4144:. New York: 4141: 4116:(1): 21–39. 4113: 4109: 4088:Beacon Press 4083: 4060: 4049:Random House 4044: 4021:. New York: 4018: 3998:. New York: 3995: 3965:(2): 74–77. 3962: 3956: 3936:. New York: 3932: 3908:. New York: 3904: 3890:December 26, 3888:. Retrieved 3868: 3862: 3830:. New York: 3825: 3800:. New York: 3797: 3767: 3747:. New York: 3742: 3709:. New York: 3706: 3694:. 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