Paul E. Meehl - Knowledge

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legitimacy of psychological research about unobservable processes. Cronbach and Meehl introduced the concept of "construct" validity for cases in which there was no "gold standard" criterion for validating a test of a hypothetical construct. Hence, any construct had "surplus meaning". Construct validity was distinguished from predictive validity, concurrent validity, and content validity. They also introduced the concept of the "nomological net"—the network of associations among constructs and measures. Cronbach and Meehl argued that the meaning of a hypothetical construct is given by its relations to other variables in a nomological network. One tests a theory of relations among hypothetical constructs by showing that putative measures of these constructs relate to each other as implied by one's theory, as captured in the

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from mechanically derived conclusions. To illustrate this, Meehl described a "broken leg" scenario in which mechanical prediction indicated that an individual has a 90% chance of attending the movies. However, the "clinician" is aware that the individual recently broke his leg, and this was not factored into the mechanical prediction. Therefore, the clinician can confidently conclude the mechanical prediction will be incorrect. The broken leg is objective evidence determined with high accuracy and highly correlated with staying home from the movies. Meehl argued, however, that mental health professionals rarely have access to such clear countervailing information as a broken leg, and therefore rarely if ever can appropriately disregard valid mechanical predictions.

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MMPI-2 profile interpretation. Meehl and Hathaway continued to conduct research using MMPI validity indicators and noticed K scales elevations were associated with greater denial of symptoms on some clinical scales more than others. To compensate for this, they developed a K scale correction factor aimed at offsetting effects of defensive responding on other scales measuring psychopathology. Substantial subsequent research conducted on the original MMPI clinical scales used these "K-corrected" scores, although research on the usefulness of the corrections has produced mixed results. The most recent iteration of the K scale, developed for the MMPI-2-RF, is still used for psychological assessments in clinical, neuropsychological, and forensic contexts.

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predictions. With increased precision, one is better able to detect small deviations from the model's predictions and harder to claim support for the model. In contrast, softer social sciences make only directional predictions, not point predictions. Softer social sciences claim support when the direction of the observed effect matches predictions, rejecting only the null hypothesis of zero effect. Meehl argued that no treatment in the real world has zero effect. With sufficient sample size, therefore, one should almost always be able to reject the null hypothesis of zero effect. Researchers who guessed randomly at the sign of any small effect would have a 50–50 chance of finding confirmation with sufficiently large sample size.

1026:: "It's not real to us, but it's 'real' to him". "So what if he thinks he's Napoleon?" There is a distinction between reality and delusion that is important to make when assessing a patient and so the consideration of comparative realities can mislead and distract from the importance of a patient's delusion to a diagnostic decision. "If I think the moon is made of green cheese and you think it's a piece of rock, one of us must be wrong". For this, pointing out that the deviated cognitions of a delusional patient "seem real to him" is a waste of time. So, the statement "It is reality to him", which is philosophically either trivial or false, is also clinically misleading. 496:

which do not involve such hypothesization." An intervening variable is simply a mathematical combination of operations. If one speaks of the "expected value" of a gamble (probability of winning × payoff for winning), this is not hypothesizing any unobservable psychological process. Expected value is simply a mathematical combination of observables. On the other hand, if one attempts to make statements about "attractiveness" of a gamble, if this is not observable or perfectly captured by some single operational measure, this is a "hypothetical construct"—a theoretical term that is not itself observable or a direct function of observables. They used as examples

769: 888: 991:. In other words, case conferences outside mental health disciplines were benefiting from including objective evidence against which clinical expertise could be compared and contrasted. Meehl argued for creating a psychiatric analogue to the pathologist's report. Additionally, he outlined a proposed format for case conferences beginning with initial discussion of clinical observations, and ending with a revealing of a subset of patient data (e.g., psychological testing results) to compare with attendees' clinical inferences and proposed diagnoses. 727:

by overconfidence or anecdotal observations unsupported by empirical research. In contrast, mechanical prediction tools can be configured to use important clinical information and are not influenced by psychological biases. In support of this conclusion, Meehl and his colleagues found that clinicians still make less accurate decisions than mechanical formulas even when given the same mechanical formulas to help with their decision-making. Human biases have become central to research in diverse fields including

1064:: Those who seek psychological services have characteristics associated with being a patient/care-seeker, but also characteristics of being human. Meehl argues that it is problematic to view a patient's normative life dysfunction to their psychopathology. For example, no individual is maximally effective in all aspects of their life. This will be true of non-patients and patients alike, and must be distinguished by the clinician from those aspects of the patient's life which are pathological and dysfunctional. 310:, to Otto and Blanche Swedal. His family name "Meehl" was his stepfather's. When he was age 16, his mother died as the result of poor medical care which, according to Meehl, greatly affected his faith in the expertise of medical practitioners and diagnostic accuracy of clinicians. After his mother's death, Meehl lived briefly with his stepfather, then with a neighborhood family for one year so he could finish high school. He then lived with his maternal grandparents, who lived near the 884:, or indoctrination into a highly homogenous religious sect. Meehl envisioned applying taxometric approaches when the precise underlying latent causes are currently unknown and only observable "indicators" are available (e.g., psychiatric conditions). By mathematically examining patterns across these manifested indicators, Meehl proposed that converging evidence could be used to assess the plausibility of a true latent taxon while also estimating the base rate of that taxon. 750:(2009) reported that expert intuition is learned from frequent, rapid, high quality feedback. Few professions have such feedback and can be beaten by mechanical rules, as Meehl and others have documented. Kahneman et al. (2021) noted that professionals without such feedback can be beaten by rules averaging several known predictors. With some data, linear regression models work better. With lots of data artificial intelligence models can work better still. 515:'s "needs". "These constructs involve terms which are not wholly reducible to empirical terms; they refer to processes or entities that are not directly observed (although they need not be in principle unobservable)." Such constructs had "surplus meaning". Thus, good behaviorists and operationists should be comfortable with statements about intervening variables, but should have greater wariness of hypothetical constructs. 902:

Then, several metrics can be applied to assess if the candidate cut points can be explained by a latent taxon. "Coherent" refers to the process of using multiple indicators and metrics together to make a case for convergence about the categorical or dimensional nature of the phenomenon being studied. Meehl played a role in developing the following taxometric procedures: MAMBAC, MAXCOV, MAXSLOPE, MAXEIG, and L-Mode.

42: 823:. Cells exhibiting hypokrisia should contribute to a characteristic pattern of impaired integrative signal processing across multiple neural circuits in the brain, which Meehl termed "schizotaxia". In response to typical rearing environments and social reinforcement schedules, this neural aberration should invariably lead to a collection of observable behavioral tendencies called " 868:. Although many DSM-defined psychiatric syndromes can be reliability identified in clinical settings, Meehl argued that the categorical nature of mental illnesses assumed by these diagnoses (i.e., a person is either sick or well) should be tested empirically rather than accepted at face value. Meehl advocated for a data-driven approach that could, in the words of 792:. This conflicted with the prevailing notion that schizophrenia was primarily the result of a person's childhood rearing environment. Meehl argued schizophrenia should be considered a genetically based neurological disorder manifesting via complex interactions with personal and environmental factors. His reasoning was shaped by the writings of psychoanalyst 1032:: Decisions based on factors that we do not own up to or challenge. An example is the placement of middle- and upper-class patients in therapy while lower-class patients are given medication. Meehl identified these decisions as related to an implicit ideal patient who is young, attractive, verbal, intelligent, and successful ( 707:

tool created to combine clinical data and arrive at predictions. Within his view, mechanical prediction approaches need not exclude any type of data from being combined and could incorporate coded clinical impressions. Once the clinical information is quantified, Meehl proposed mechanical approaches would make 100%

1084:: Going about a task in a more difficult manner when an equivalent easier option exists; for example, in clinical psychology, using an unnecessary instrument or procedure that can be difficult and time-consuming while the same information can be ascertained through interviewing or interacting with the client. 527:

and Meehl legitimized theory tests about unobservable, hypothetical constructs. Constructs are unobservables, and they can be stable traits of individuals (e.g., "Need for Cognition") or temporary states (e.g., nonconscious goal activation). Previously, good behaviorists had deep skepticism about the

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In his writings, Meehl advocated for the creation of a field called "taxometrics" to test for categorical groupings across diverse scientific disciplines. Based on this approach, latent "taxons" would be conceptualized as causal factors leading to true differences in kind within a population. Taxons

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With the help of several colleagues, Meehl developed multiple statistical methods for identifying the presence of categorical groupings within biological or psychological variables. Meehl was a critic of the checklist ("polythetic") structure used to categorize mental illnesses in diagnostic manuals

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phenomenon and schizotypy as a genetically based risk factor for schizophrenia have been supported. However, researchers have not uncovered strong evidence for a single schizogene, and instead believe the genetic risk for schizophrenia is better explained by polygenic combinations of common variants

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Meehl argued that humans introduce biases when making decisions during clinical practice. For example, clinicians may seek out information to support their presuppositions, or miss and ignore information challenging their views. Additionally, Meehl described how clinical judgment could be influenced

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The K scale is used as a complement validity indicator to the L (for "lie") scale, whose items were selected based on item content face validity and are more obviously focused on impression management. The K scale has been popular among clinical psychologists, and has been a useful tool for MMPI and

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Meehl also elaborated upon the issue of clinical versus statistical prediction and the known weakness of unstructured clinical decision-making during typical case conferences. He encouraged clinicians to be humble when collaborating about patient care and pushed for a higher scientific standard for

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Coherent Cut Kinetics is the suite of statistical tools developed by Meehl and his colleagues to perform taxometric analysis. "Cut Kinetics" refers to the mathematical operation of moving potential cut points across distributions of indicator variables to create subsamples using dichotomous splits.

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was published in English in 1959, Meehl counted himself a "Popperian" for a short time, later as "a 'neo-Popperian' philosophical eclectic", still using the Popperian approach of conjectures and refutations, but without endorsing all of Popper's philosophy. Influenced by and in respect of Popper's

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Taxometric analyses have contributed to a shift away from the use of diagnostic categories among mental health researchers. In line with Meehl's theorizing, studies using taxometric methods have demonstrated how most psychiatric conditions are better conceptualized as being dimensional rather than

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comparing clinical and mechanical prediction efficiency have supported Meehl's (1954) conclusion that mechanical methods outperform clinical methods. In response to objections, Meehl continued to defend algorithmic prediction throughout his career and proposed that clinicians should rarely deviate

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Historically, mental health professionals commonly make decisions based on their professional clinical judgment (i.e., combining clinical information "in their head" and arriving at a prediction about a patient). Meehl theorized that clinicians would make more mistakes than a mechanical prediction

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of the item content. As a result, items on the resulting scale, termed the K (for "correction") scale would be difficult to avoid for individuals attempting to present as well-adjusted when taking the MMPI. Individuals who endorsed the K scale items were thought to be demonstrating a sophisticated

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significance testing (NHST), he also noted, “When I was a rat psychologist, I unabashedly employed significance testing in latent-learning experiments; looking back I see no reason to fault myself for having done so in the light of my present methodological views”. He mainly promoted a switch to

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and Meehl introduced the distinction between "hypothetical construct" and "intervening variable". "Naively, it would seem that there is a difference in logical status between constructs which involve the hypothesization of an entity, process, or event which is not itself observed, and constructs

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metatheory', where meta-theory is defined as the empirical theory of scientific theorizing. He published several articles criticizing the weak use of hypothesis tests. Together with Lykken he coined the term 'crud factor' which expresses the idea that "everything is more or less correlated with

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and were deeply skeptical of "unscientific" explanations in terms of unobservable psychological processes. Behaviorists and operationists would have rejected as unscientific any notion that there was some general thing called "intelligence" that existed inside a person's head and that might be

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is that in the hard sciences more sophisticated and precise methods make it harder to claim support for one's theory. The opposite is true in soft sciences like the social sciences. Hard sciences like physics make exact point predictions and work by testing whether observed data falsify those

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and presenting as asymptomatic and well-adjusted. Meehl and Hathaway employed a technique called "empirical criterion keying" to compare the responses of these defensive individuals with other individuals who were not suspected of experiencing mental illness and who also produced normal MMPI

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in mental health clinics, where individual patients, or "cases", are discussed at length by a team, often as a training exercise. Meehl found such case conferences boring and lacking intellectual rigor. In contrast, he recalled numerous interesting illuminating case conferences within

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at age 38, and president of that association at age 42. He was promoted to Regents' professor, the highest academic position at the University of Minnesota, in 1968. He received the Bruno Klopfer Distinguished Contributor Award in personality assessment in 1979, and was elected to the

831:"), and effects on personality and emotion. Meehl believed many people in society exhibit signs of schizotypy as a result of the schizogene without showing signs of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia would only occur when individuals are carrying other non-specific genetic risk factors (" 1042:: The belief that the human organism is so fragile that minor negative events, such as criticism, rejection, or failure, are bound to cause major trauma—essentially not giving humans, and sometimes patients, enough credit for their resilience and ability to recover. 839:, ambivalence, and social fear. These additional traits would be more likely expressed under stress (e.g., trauma) and inconsistent social schedules from parents. Given these combinations of conditions, decompensation from schizotypy to schizophrenia would result. 460:

Arguably Meehl's most important contributions to psychological research methodology were in legitimizing scientific claims about unobservable psychological processes. In the first half of the 20th century, psychology was dominated by operationism and

699:) methods of data combination would outperform clinical (i.e., subjective, informal) methods to predict behavior. Meehl argued that mechanical methods of prediction, when used correctly, make more efficient and reliable decisions about patient 1090:: Meehl argued that social scientists like psychologists, sociologists, and psychiatrists have a tendency to react negatively to biological contributors to abnormal behavior, and therefore tending to be anti-drug, anti-genetic, and anti- 373:

Meehl rose quickly to academic positions of prominence. He was chairman of the University of Minnesota Psychology Department at age 31, president of the Midwestern Psychological Association at age 34, recipient of the

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clinical reasoning in mental health treatment settings. Meehl directly identified several common deficiencies in reasoning that he had observed among his clinical colleagues, and to which he applied memorable names:

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Haggbloom, Steven J.; Warnick, Renee; Warnick, Jason E.; Jones, Vinessa K.; Yarbrough, Gary L.; Russell, Tenea M.; Borecky, Chris M.; McGahhey, Reagan; Powell III, John L.; Beavers, Jamie; Monte, Emmanuelle (2002).

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everything in the social sciences", which makes null hypothesis tests for correlational effects uninteresting. He also discussed better approaches to tests of theories in psychological science based on the work by

1016:: The opposite of sick-sick. Imagining that "everyone does this" and thereby minimizing a symptom without assessing the probability of whether a mentally healthy person would actually do it. A variation of this is 4079:Ægisdóttir, Stefanía; White, Michael J.; Spengler, Paul M.; Maugherman, Alan S.; Anderson, Linda A.; Cook, Robert S.; Nichols, Cassandra N.; Lampropoulos, Georgios K.; Walker, Blain S.; Cohen, Genna (May 2006). 3860:

McCrae, Robert R.; Costa, Paul T.; Dahlstrom, W. Grant; Barefoot, John C.; Siegler, Ilene C.; Williams, Redford B. (1989). "A caution on the use of the MMPI K-correction in research on psychosomatic medicine".

1048:: This fallacy refers to how psychologists explain away the technical aspects of tests, using inappropriate and 'crummy' criterion that is observational instead of scientific, rather than incorporating the 475:, they had different concepts. There was no "surplus meaning". If, for example, two researchers had different measures of "anomia" or "intelligence", they had different concepts. Behaviorists focussed on 891:

Depiction of Coherent Cut Kinetics procedures for identifying a latent "taxon" with a 30% base rate. The "hitmax" interval distinguishing between the two categorical groups is shown with vertical dotted

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theology, psychological science, and how Christians (Lutherans, in particular) could responsibly function as both Christians and psychologists without betraying orthodoxy or sound science and practice.

358:. Upon taking his doctorate, Meehl immediately accepted a faculty position at the university, which he held throughout his career. In addition, he had appointments in psychology, law, psychiatry, 815:

widespread throughout the population, which would function as a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for schizophrenia. The schizogene would manifest on the cellular level throughout the

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created the item pool), he contributed widely to the literature on interpreting patterns of responses to MMPI questions. In particular, Meehl argued that the MMPI could be used to understand

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Waller, Niels G.; Ross, Colin A. (November 1997). "The prevalence and biometric structure of pathological dissociation in the general population: Taxometric and behavior genetic findings".

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Paul Meehl's dominant schizogene theory of schizophrenia: Proposed effects across the human organism and the environment are displayed. CNS = central nervous system. (Adapted from

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profiles. The empirical criterion keying approach selected items based on their ability to maximally discriminate between these groups. They were not selected based on theory or

6111: 1070:: The belief that those who have sincere concern for the suffering (the softhearted) are the same as those who tend to be wrong in logical and empirical decisions (softheaded). 788:

Meehl was elected president of the American Psychological Association in 1962. In his address to the annual convention, he presented his comprehensive theory about the genetic

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of individuals at risk for psychosis and family members of people with schizophrenia who may be carrying the schizogene. Meehl's descriptions of schizophrenia as largely a

1010:: The tendency to generalize from personal experiences of health and ways of being, to the identification of others who are different from ourselves as being "sick". 2746:"Comparative efficiency of informal (subjective, impressionistic) and formal (mechanical, algorithmic) prediction procedures: the clinical–statistical controversy" 6065: 2791:"Taxometric analysis: II. Detecting taxonicity using covariance of two quantitative indicators in successive intervals of a third indicator (MAXCOV procedure)" 950:

while Bellow was an instructor at the University of Minnesota. He identified as "strongly psychodynamic in theoretical orientation", and used a combination of

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including full list of publications and complete videos of Meehl teaching his course in Philosophical Psychology in 1989 at the Psychology Department of the

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states. Since Meehl's death, factor mixture modeling has been proposed as an alternative to address the statistical weaknesses of his taxometric methods.

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testing for the evaluation of scientific theory. He believed that null hypothesis testing was partly responsible for the lack of progress in many of the "

6077: 3259: 753: 1058:: The act of normalizing or excusing a behavior just because one understands the cause or function of it, regardless of its normalcy or appropriateness. 1036:). He argued that YAVIS patients are preferred by psychotherapists because they can pay for long-term treatment and are more enjoyable to interact with. 144: 2847:"The problem is epistemology, not statistics: replace significance tests by confidence intervals and quantify accuracy of risky numerical predictions" 1109:

According to Faust "One of most important, but less widely known potential contributions is the co-development, and the extension and elaboration of

6071: 872:, "carve nature at its joints", and determine when it is most appropriate to conceptualize something as being categorical or continuous/dimensional. 269:. Throughout his nearly 60-year career, Meehl made seminal contributions to psychology, including empirical studies and theoretical accounts of 3995: 656:

still produced normal personality profiles on the various clinical scales. It was suspected that these individuals were demonstrating clinical

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and set the stage for the cognitive revolution in psychology that focusses on the study of mental processes that are not directly observable.

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and treatment. His conclusions were controversial and have long conflicted with the prevailing consensus about psychiatric decision-making.

6151: 3704: 1004:: Making a statement that is trivial and true of nearly all patients, but which is made as though it is important for the current patient. 1342: 666:

attempt to conceal information about their mental health history from test administrators. The K scale is an early example of a putative

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Meehl, Paul E. (April 1990). "Appraising and Amending Theories: The Strategy of Lakatosian Defense and Two Principles that Warrant It".

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Faust, David (October 2005). "Why Paul Meehl will revolutionize the philosophy of science and why it should matter to psychologists".

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Vrieze, Scott I.; Grove, William M. (2009). "Survey on the use of clinical and mechanical prediction methods in clinical psychology".

1020:. This minimizes a symptom through reference to a friend/relative who exhibited a similar symptom, thereby implying that it is normal. 6156: 4996:"Latent class detection and class assignment: a comparison of the MAXEIG taxometric procedure and factor mixture modeling approaches" 936: 923:). However, some possible exceptions have been identified such as a latent taxon representing the tendency to experience maladaptive 842:

Meehl's dominant schizogene theory had a substantial influence on subsequent research efforts. His theorizing increased interest in

6161: 6116: 5224: 4081:"The meta-analysis of clinical judgment project: fifty-six years of accumulated research on clinical versus statistical prediction" 3423: 457:, the Minnesota Center for the Philosophy of Science, and was a leading figure in philosophy of science as applied to psychology. 4574:

Grove, William M. (2004). "The MAXSLOPE taxometric procedure: mathematical derivation, parameter estimation, consistency tests".

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predictions for exactly the same data every time. Clinical prediction, on the other hand, would not provide this guarantee.

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Meehl was not particularly religious during his upbringing, but in adulthood during the 1950s collaborated with a group of

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could include many types of biological and psychosocial phenomena such as expression of an autosomal dominant gene (e.g.,

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Ruscio, John; Ruscio, Ayelet Meron (2000). "Informing the continuity controversy: A taxometric analysis of depression".

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Hsu, Louis M. (1986). "Implications of differences in elevations of K-corrected and non-K-corrected MMPI T scores".

2172: 1829: 1413: 1078:: Creating explanations after we have been presented with evidence that is consistent with what has now been proven. 3863: 2442: 1665: 1215: 760:

have developed methods to help people improve their judgements, citing Meehl's work as a foundation for their own.

4829:"The latent structure of posttraumatic stress disorder: A taxometric investigation of reactions to extreme stress" 2745: 2676: 2434: 2381: 5154:

Meehl, Paul E. (February 1990). "Why Summaries of Research on Psychological Theories are Often Uninterpretable".

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theory about schizophrenia could be meaningfully integrated into his neurobiological framework for the disorder.

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survey, published in 2002, ranked Meehl as the 74th most cited psychologist of the 20th century, in a tie with

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for the MMPI. During initial clinical testing of the MMPI, a subset of individuals exhibiting clear signs of

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Meehl, Paul E. (1973b). "Some methodological reflections on the difficulties of psychoanalytic research".

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Meehl, Paul E.; Klann, Richard; Schmieding, Alfred; Breimeier, Kenneth; Schroeder-Slomann, Sophie (1958).

41: 4085: 3084: 3045: 2916: 2897: 2518: 2382:"Appraising and amending theories: the strategy of Lakatosian defense and two principles that warrant it" 2043:"Theoretical risks and tabular asterisks: Sir Karl, Sir Ronald, and the slow progress of soft psychology" 467: 3079:

Waller, Niels G.; Yonce, Leslie J.; Grove, William M.; Faust, David; Lenzenweger, Mark F., eds. (2006).

2684: 2081: 1570: 1100:: When one is making an argument and requires less evidence for him or herself than does so for another. 5202: 2911:. In Waller, Niels G.; Yonce, Leslie J.; Grove, William M.; Faust, David; Lenzenweger, Mark F. (eds.). 2246: 1759: 827:". Schizotypy indicators would include neurological soft signs, subtle differences in language usage (" 616:(MMPI). While Meehl did not directly develop the original MMPI items (he was a high school junior when 17: 2790: 5838: 2296: 1091: 924: 920: 4902: 3877: 3466: 3349: 3004: 2812: 2706: 2619: 2486: 2403: 2202: 1956:

Meehl, Paul E. (March 1972). "Specific genetic etiology, psychodynamics, and therapeutic nihilism".

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Lenzenweger, Mark F. (1993). "Explorations in schizotypy and the psychometric high-risk paradigm".

2767: 1776: 708: 362:, philosophy, and served as a fellow of the Minnesota Center for Philosophy of Science, founded by 278: 6023: 5635: 5480: 5367: 5272: 5210: 5196: 3783: 3578: 877: 789: 331: 323: 311: 252: 94: 4723:"Psychopathic, not psychopath: Taxometric evidence for the dimensional structure of psychopathy" 3467:"Mainstream science on intelligence: an editorial with 52 signatories, history and bibliography" 2865: 2104: 5743: 5433: 5349: 4897: 4842: 4670: 4480: 4301: 3872: 3474: 3344: 3264: 2999: 2807: 2762: 2701: 2614: 2605: 2481: 2398: 2197: 1793: 1531: 1421: 816: 576: 481: 472: 339: 303: 66: 4721:

Edens, John F.; Marcus, David K.; Lilienfeld, Scott O.; Poythress, Norman G. (February 2006).

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aspects into the interview, history, and other material being presented at case conferences.

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Clinical versus statistical prediction: a theoretical analysis and a review of the evidence

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at the University of Minnesota in March 1938. He earned his bachelor's degree in 1941 with

5054: 1216:"The K factor as a suppressor variable in the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory" 768: 8: 6017: 5886: 5844: 5653: 5647: 5528: 5391: 5337: 4297:"The role of schizotypy in the study of the etiology of schizophrenia spectrum disorders" 3681: 2356: 939: 887: 583:). At the same time, although Meehl harshly criticized the overreliance of psychology on 564: 529: 429: 248: 152: 117: 5284: 4373: 4030:

Grove, William M.; Zald, David H.; Lebow, Boyd S.; Snitz, Beth E.; Nelson, Chad (2000).

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Clinical vs. Statistical Prediction: A Theoretical Analysis and a Review of the Evidence

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Haslam, Nick; McGrath, Melanie J.; Viechtbauer, Wolfgang; Kuppens, Peter (2020-06-04).

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Meehl, Paul E. (1992). "Metatheory is the empirical theory of scientific theorizing".

4356:"Common polygenic variation contributes to risk of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder" 3487: 6047: 6029: 5957: 5940: 5910: 5868: 5862: 5814: 5808: 5707: 5588: 5421: 5117: 5035: 5017: 4976: 4968: 4923: 4915: 4868: 4860: 4828: 4809: 4801: 4752: 4744: 4707: 4695: 4687: 4646: 4636: 4601: 4593: 4462: 4444: 4403: 4385: 4336: 4318: 4277: 4269: 4242: 4234: 4114: 4102: 4080: 4053: 4012: 3943: 3933: 3898: 3890: 3886: 3842: 3834: 3797: 3787: 3462: 3366: 3254: 3205: 3197: 3147: 3137: 3133: 3106: 3096: 3067: 3057: 3025: 3017: 2969: 2959: 2955: 2938: 2928: 2887: 2877: 2837: 2825: 2727: 2719: 2584: 2566: 2540: 2530: 2368: 2360: 2318: 2308: 2268: 2258: 2215: 2180: 2156: 2118: 2108: 2029: 2011: 1973: 1939: 1919: 1909: 1884: 1811: 1763: 1752: 1729: 1719: 1635: 1625: 1598:

Meehl, Paul E. (1956b). "Problems in the actuarial characterization of a person". In

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Meehl, Paul E. (March 2000). "The dynamics of 'structured' personality tests, 1945".

1162: 1152: 1148: 1074: 976: 629: 572: 424: 266: 204: 4935: 4779: 4764: 4065: 4031: 3304: 2636: 1866: 6083: 5981: 5975: 5969: 5892: 5874: 5820: 5802: 5755: 5665: 5641: 5540: 5498: 5385: 5379: 5175: 5163: 5109: 5025: 5009: 4960: 4907: 4852: 4793: 4736: 4722: 4679: 4628: 4585: 4452: 4436: 4393: 4377: 4360: 4326: 4310: 4224: 4094: 4045: 4004: 3882: 3826: 3709: 3642: 3483: 3354: 3330: 3276: 3243: 3213: 3189: 3155: 3088: 3049: 3009: 2920: 2869: 2817: 2772: 2711: 2624: 2598:"Factors and taxa, traits and types, differences of degree and differences in kind" 2522: 2503: 2491: 2451: 2408: 2352: 2300: 2250: 2227: 2207: 2148: 2059: 1969: 1965: 1899: 1846: 1803: 1709: 1682: 1674: 1615: 1587: 1540: 1481: 1458: 1438: 1430: 1358: 1281: 1232: 1190: 796:

as well as the behavioral genetics findings at the time. He proposed that existing

347: 189: 98: 3910: 2580: 2025: 5963: 5928: 5898: 5731: 5659: 5564: 5451: 5248: 5013: 3268: 3225: 3167: 2510: 2288: 2238: 2234: 1697: 1603: 1469: 988: 743: 732: 714: 584: 556: 524: 485: 454: 367: 208: 4964: 4911: 4856: 4797: 4740: 3042:

Twelve years of correspondence with Paul Meehl: tough notes from a gentle genius

2821: 1877:"Some methodological reflections on the difficulties of psychoanalytic research" 6053: 6041: 5999: 5987: 5916: 5850: 5826: 5773: 5767: 5737: 5725: 5695: 5689: 5618: 5612: 5582: 5552: 5474: 5397: 5319: 5296: 5059: 3830: 3646: 3229: 3013: 2715: 2685:"Bootstraps taxometrics: solving the classification problem in psychopathology" 2465:"Why summaries of research on psychological theories are often uninterpretable" 2412: 2152: 2063: 951: 943: 797: 653: 649: 621: 508: 351: 5167: 4683: 4440: 4049: 3358: 2776: 2495: 905: 6105: 6035: 6005: 5934: 5922: 5904: 5761: 5719: 5713: 5546: 5534: 5439: 5409: 5403: 5373: 5331: 5260: 5021: 4972: 4919: 4864: 4805: 4748: 4691: 4597: 4589: 4448: 4389: 4322: 4273: 4238: 4106: 4098: 4016: 3947: 3894: 3838: 3801: 3233: 3201: 3171: 3130:

The Failure of Risk Management: Why it's broken and how to fix it, 2nd ed

3021: 2891: 2829: 2723: 2364: 2254: 2099:. Minnesota studies in the philosophy of science. Vol. 10. Minneapolis: 1977: 1815: 1693: 1599: 1465: 1386: 1244: 1000: 747: 719: 662: 497: 450: 363: 274: 121: 4665: 4650: 4314: 3272: 3247: 3159: 3110: 3071: 2973: 2942: 2588: 2544: 2526: 2455: 2272: 2211: 1890:. Minnesota studies in the philosophy of science. Vol. 4. Minneapolis: 1767: 1704:. Minnesota studies in the philosophy of science. Vol. 2. Minneapolis: 1608:

The foundations of science and the concepts of psychology and psychoanalysis

1474:

The foundations of science and the concepts of psychology and psychoanalysis

1265:"On a distinction between hypothetical constructs and intervening variables" 6089: 5993: 5856: 5749: 5677: 5671: 5492: 5486: 5445: 5313: 5121: 5039: 4927: 4872: 4813: 4756: 4699: 4605: 4466: 4407: 4340: 4246: 4057: 3209: 3029: 2435:"Toward an integrated theory of schizotaxia, schizotypy, and schizophrenia" 2122: 1923: 1733: 1552: 1450: 1409: 1293: 1252: 1202: 1119: 1110: 1049: 847: 645: 512: 4980: 4353: 4281: 3902: 3846: 3280: 3224: 3217: 3092: 3053: 2924: 2873: 2731: 2372: 2322: 2219: 2160: 2033: 1943: 1639: 1505: 1380: 1336: 1195:

10.1002/(sici)1097-4679(200003)56:3<367::aid-jclp12>3.0.co;2-u

1166: 5600: 2515:

Improving inquiry in social science: a volume in honor of Lee J. Cronbach

2168: 2088: 1062:

Assumptions that content and dynamics explain why this person is abnormal

984: 947: 912: 793: 625: 545: 462: 282: 5232: 4381: 3443: 2852:. In Harlow, Lisa Lavoie; Mulaik, Stanley A.; Steiger, James H. (eds.). 1985: 1904: 1754:

What, then, is man?: a symposium of theology, psychology, and psychiatry

1714: 1686: 1620: 1486: 1442: 5290: 5113: 4229: 4210: 2420: 1114: 824: 170: 4632: 2952:

Multivariate taxometric procedures: distinguishing types from continua

2557:

Meehl, Paul E. (1991). Anderson, C. Anthony; Gunderson, Keith (eds.).

2304: 1858: 1362: 970:"Why I Do Not Attend Case Conferences". He discussed his avoidance of 555:

asymmetry principle, Meehl was a strident critic of using statistical

4008: 3193: 2861: 1807: 1678: 1591: 1544: 1434: 1285: 1236: 980: 852: 836: 700: 696: 692: 407: 359: 307: 4666:"Dimensions over categories: a meta-analysis of taxometric research" 3614: 3081:

A Paul Meehl reader: essays on the practice of scientific psychology

2913:

A Paul Meehl reader: essays on the practice of scientific psychology

1830:"Theory-testing in psychology and physics: a methodological paradox" 441:, a student of Meehl's, published a volume of their correspondence. 4262:

Progress in Experimental Personality & Psychopathology Research

1850: 961: 832: 391: 3518: 3151: 251:. He was the Hathaway and Regents' Professor of Psychology at the 4295:

Barrantes-Vidal, Neus; Grant, Phillip; Kwapil, Thomas R. (2015).

4078: 3530: 967: 819:

and should be observed as a functional control aberration called

648:, Meehl worked with Hathaway to develop the K scale indicator of 419:

In 1995, Meehl was a signatory of a collective statement titled "

4663: 4621:

Taxometrics: toward a new diagnostic scheme for psychopathology

1610:. Minnesota studies in the philosophy of science. Minneapolis: 1476:. Minnesota studies in the philosophy of science. Minneapolis: 4827:

Ruscio, Ayelet Meron; Ruscio, John; Keane, Terence M. (2002).

4720: 4421:

Sebat, Jonathan; Levy, Deborah L.; McCarthy, Shane E. (2009).

715:

Later research comparing clinical versus mechanical prediction

603: 518: 433:. He died on February 14, 2003, at his home in Minneapolis of 380:

Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions to Psychology

3506: 3449: 1749: 1033: 869: 4619:

Schmidt, Norman B.; Kotov, Roman; Joiner, Thomas E. (2004).

3859: 3756: 3754: 3327: 3253: 3166: 2243:

Heuristics and biases: the psychology of intuitive judgement

639: 3705:"Paul E. Meehl: smartest psychologist of the 20th century?" 3176:"Conditions for intuitive expertise: a failure to disagree" 906:

Application, influence, and criticism of taxometric methods

4533: 4531: 4529: 4294: 1886:

Analyses of theories and methods of physics and psychology

1139:. In Goodstein, Leonard David; Lanyon, Richard I. (eds.). 6132:

Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences

4481:"Taxometrics using Coherent Cut Kinetics | Paul E. Meehl" 3751: 3724: 3542: 3424:"Paul Meehl, 83, an Example For Leaders of Psychotherapy" 881: 677: 102: 5192: 4778:

Marcus, David K.; John, Siji L.; Edens, John F. (2004).

4032:"Clinical versus mechanical prediction: a meta-analysis" 3566: 3331:"The 100 most eminent psychologists of the 20th century" 608:

Meehl was considered an authority on the development of

231: 4526: 2233: 539: 6112:

University of Minnesota College of Liberal Arts alumni

4555: 4543: 4192: 4190: 3741: 3739: 3620: 3584: 3078: 2782: 2737: 2642: 2550: 2426: 2073: 1995: 1743: 1658:"When shall we use our heads instead of the formula?" 1649: 1562: 1515: 1341:

A case history handbook for professional uses of the

1113:, or the science of science." Meehl coined the term ' 6137:

Presidents of the American Psychological Association

4504: 4502: 4500: 4153: 4151: 3976: 3974: 3961: 3959: 3957: 3590: 3554: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3376: 247:(3 January 1920 – 14 February 2003) was an American 4780:"A taxometric analysis of psychopathic personality" 4354:The International Schizophrenia Consortium (2009). 4029: 3494: 3260:

Superforecasting: The Art and Science of Prediction

1692: 896: 4618: 4187: 4175: 3736: 3536: 3524: 3512: 3124: 2853: 2092: 1883: 1751: 1310: 1259: 1140: 930: 691:analyzed the claim that mechanical (i.e., formal, 330:as his advisor, and took his PhD in psychology at 145:APA Award for Lifetime Contributions to Psychology 4826: 4514: 4497: 4420: 4163: 4148: 4121: 3971: 3954: 3780:MMPI-2: assessing personality and psychopathology 3653: 3602: 3373: 2132:"Causes and effects of my disturbing little book" 6103: 4208: 3670: 3668: 2559:Selected philosophical and methodological papers 1134:"The dynamics of 'structured' personality tests" 942:throughout his career. In 1958, Meehl performed 317: 4777: 4209:Lilienfeld, Scott O.; Waller, Niels G. (2006). 4142: 3986: 2744:Grove, William M.; Meehl, Paul E. (June 1996). 2330:that was not included in the published version. 2167: 1882:. In Radner, Michael; Winokur, Stephen (eds.). 1397:) and in 2013 by Echo Point Books & Media ( 1068:Identifying the softhearted with the softheaded 3996:Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 488:. Meehl changed that via two landmark papers. 5218: 4994:Lubke, Gitta; Tueller, Stephen (2010-10-06). 3818:Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 3773: 3771: 3769: 3760: 3730: 3665: 3548: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3407: 2051:Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1408: 1305: 1209: 803: 6167:James McKeen Cattell Fellow Award recipients 5083: 5081: 5079: 5077: 4993: 4885: 3587:, pp. 119–120, 155, 159, 419, 431, 439. 1871:Reprinted in a couple of edited collections. 1702:Concepts, theories and the mind-body problem 1464: 4537: 4259: 3992: 3696: 3461: 2949: 1414:"Construct validity in psychological tests" 1343:Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 987:reports and objective data about patients' 835:potentiators") relevant for traits such as 614:Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 604:Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 519:Construct validity and nomological networks 114:Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 5225: 5211: 4948: 4561: 4549: 3923: 3766: 3455: 3404: 2788: 2743: 2656: 1522:Meehl, Paul E.; Rosen, Albert (May 1955). 1521: 40: 5074: 5029: 4901: 4846: 4456: 4397: 4330: 4228: 3876: 3674: 3348: 3299: 3297: 3003: 2950:Waller, Niels G.; Meehl, Paul E. (1998). 2856:What if there were no significance tests? 2811: 2789:Meehl, Paul E.; Yonce, Leslie J. (1996). 2766: 2705: 2657:Meehl, Paul E.; Yonce, Leslie J. (1994). 2618: 2509: 2485: 2402: 2201: 1903: 1797: 1713: 1619: 1485: 1313:An atlas for the clinical use of the MMPI 983:departments, which often centered around 640:Interactions and suppressors: the K scale 4138: 4136: 3500: 3036: 2860:. Routledge classic editions. New York: 2293:A history of psychology in autobiography 1777:"Schizotaxia, schizotypy, schizophrenia" 886: 767: 628:profiles systematically associated with 444: 302:Paul Meehl was born January 3, 1920, in 3702: 2171:; Faust, David; Meehl, Paul E. (1989). 808:Meehl hypothesized the existence of an 414: 398:. This project was commissioned by the 394:theologians and psychologists to write 14: 6104: 5087: 5052: 4196: 4181: 3777: 3745: 3398: 3294: 2462: 2432: 2379: 2333: 2279: 2001: 1991: 1958:International Journal of Mental Health 1929: 1821: 1739: 1645: 1597: 1568: 1558: 1511: 1385:Reprinted with new preface in 1996 by 962:"Why I Do Not Attend Case Conferences" 781: 777: 678:Clinical versus statistical prediction 128:, clinical v. statistical prediction, 5206: 5153: 5134: 5099: 4573: 4520: 4508: 4169: 4157: 4133: 4127: 4023: 3980: 3965: 3703:Johnson, John A. (February 8, 2014). 3659: 3632: 3608: 3596: 3572: 3560: 3421: 2980: 2903: 2844: 2682: 2595: 2556: 2129: 2079: 2069: 2040: 1955: 1949: 1874: 1827: 1774: 1655: 1348: 1299: 1178: 1131: 773: 6142:American people of Norwegian descent 2906:"The power of quantitative thinking" 2357:10.1001/archpsyc.1989.01810100077015 2173:"Clinical versus actuarial judgment" 1098:Double standard of evidential morals 1088:Social scientists' anti-biology bias 540:Criticism of null hypothesis testing 6152:20th-century American psychologists 3814: 2328:Version including initial dictation 1177:, 1, 296–303. Also republished as: 682: 471:, if two researchers had different 24: 5235:American Psychological Association 4625:American Psychological Association 3782:(5th ed.). Oxford; New York: 3677:"The perils of hindsight judgment" 3305:"Curriculum Vitae | Paul E. Meehl" 2754:Psychology, Public Policy, and Law 2629:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1992.tb00269.x 1143:Readings in personality assessment 966:In 1973, Paul Meehl published the 935:Meehl practiced as a licensed and 591: 421:Mainstream Science on Intelligence 376:American Psychological Association 257:American Psychological Association 25: 6178: 5186: 3422:Goode, Erica (19 February 2003). 2463:Meehl, Paul E. (February 1990c). 2140:Journal of Personality Assessment 1125: 1040:The spun-glass theory of the mind 636:approach to predicting behavior. 634:statistical (versus a "clinical") 551:The Logic of Scientific Discovery 480:reflected almost-equivalently in 149:James McKeen Cattell Fellow Award 27:American psychologist (1920–2003) 6157:20th-century American zoologists 3887:10.1097/00006842-198901000-00006 3675:Konnikova, Maria (May 1, 2013). 3239:Noise: A Flaw in Human Judgement 2513:; Wiley, David E., eds. (1991). 2443:Journal of Personality Disorders 2334:Meehl, Paul E. (October 1989b). 2004:Psychodiagnosis: selected papers 1700:; Maxwell, Grover, eds. (1958). 1666:Journal of Counseling Psychology 1056:Understanding it makes it normal 897:Coherent Cut Kinetics and L-Mode 763: 532:. This set the stage for modern 507:(anticipatory goal response) or 6162:American clinical psychologists 6117:University of Minnesota faculty 5147: 5128: 5093: 5046: 4987: 4942: 4879: 4820: 4771: 4714: 4657: 4612: 4567: 4473: 4414: 4347: 4288: 4253: 4202: 4072: 3917: 3853: 3808: 3626: 2645:, pp. 331–370. Additional 1263:; Meehl, Paul E. (March 1948). 931:Applied clinical views and work 435:chronic myelomonocytic leukemia 5102:Journal of Clinical Psychology 5053:Menand, Louis (May 11, 2015). 4952:Journal of Abnormal Psychology 4889:Journal of Abnormal Psychology 4834:Journal of Abnormal Psychology 4785:Journal of Abnormal Psychology 4728:Journal of Abnormal Psychology 4216:Journal of Clinical Psychology 3924:Ben-Porath, Yossef S. (2012). 3537:MacCorquodale & Meehl 1948 3525:MacCorquodale & Meehl 1948 3513:MacCorquodale & Meehl 1948 3321: 2991:Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2380:Meehl, Paul E. (April 1990a). 2344:Archives of General Psychiatry 1970:10.1080/00207411.1972.11448562 1182:Journal of Clinical Psychology 1174:Journal of Clinical Psychology 1104: 1018:Uncle George's pancake fallacy 1008:Sick-sick ("pathological set") 858: 400:Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod 13: 1: 4143:Dawes, Faust & Meehl 1989 3930:University of Minnesota Press 3488:10.1016/S0160-2896(97)90011-8 3118: 2596:Meehl, Paul E. (March 1992). 2563:University of Minnesota Press 2295:. Vol. 8. Stanford, CA: 2101:University of Minnesota Press 2008:University of Minnesota Press 1892:University of Minnesota Press 1706:University of Minnesota Press 1612:University of Minnesota Press 1478:University of Minnesota Press 1355:University of Minnesota Press 1319:University of Minnesota Press 1224:Journal of Applied Psychology 917:posttraumatic stress disorder 738: 588:interval hypothesis testing. 318:Education and academic career 5014:10.1080/10705511.2010.510050 5001:Structural Equation Modeling 3336:Review of General Psychology 563:" areas of psychology (e.g. 511:'s "biophysical traits", or 465:. As outlined in Bridgman's 406:. The project explored both 385:National Academy of Sciences 342:cohort at the time included 297: 292: 262:Review of General Psychology 255:, and past president of the 141:National Academy of Sciences 85:Minneapolis, Minnesota, U.S. 7: 4965:10.1037/0021-843x.106.4.499 4912:10.1037/0021-843X.109.3.473 4857:10.1037/0021-843X.111.2.290 4798:10.1037/0021-843x.113.4.626 4741:10.1037/0021-843x.115.1.131 4086:The Counseling Psychologist 3085:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 3046:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 2917:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 2898:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 2822:10.2466/pr0.1996.78.3c.1091 2519:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 2245:. Cambridge, UK; New York: 2095:Testing scientific theories 468:The Logic of Modern Physics 10: 6183: 3926:Interpreting the MMPI-2-RF 3831:10.1037/0022-006x.54.4.552 3647:10.1207/s15327965pli0102_1 3014:10.1037/0021-843X.113.1.39 2716:10.1037/0003-066x.50.4.266 2413:10.1207/s15327965pli0102_1 2247:Cambridge University Press 2153:10.1207/s15327752jpa5003_6 2064:10.1037/0022-006x.46.4.806 1760:Concordia Publishing House 1024:Multiple Napoleons fallacy 804:Dominant schizogene theory 754:Tetlock and Gardner (2015) 477:stimulus–response theories 449:Meehl founded, along with 5950: 5789: 5628: 5467: 5306: 5241: 5168:10.2466/pr0.1990.66.1.195 4684:10.1017/S003329172000183X 4441:10.1016/j.tig.2009.10.004 4050:10.1037/1040-3590.12.1.19 3761:Meehl & Hathaway 1946 3731:Hathaway & Meehl 1951 3549:Cronbach & Meehl 1955 3359:10.1037/1089-2680.6.2.139 2777:10.1037/1076-8971.2.2.293 2496:10.2466/pr0.1990.66.1.195 2297:Stanford University Press 1571:"Wanted—a good cook-book" 1412:; Meehl, Paul E. (1955). 1309:; Meehl, Paul E. (1951). 610:psychological assessments 354:, William Schofield, and 281:, behavioral prediction, 226: 222: 200: 188: 180: 166: 159: 136: 109: 90: 74: 48: 39: 32: 6060:Jessica Henderson Daniel 4590:10.2466/pr0.95.2.517-550 4099:10.1177/0011000005285875 4037:Psychological Assessment 3778:Graham, John R. (2012). 3287: 2904:Meehl, Paul E. (2006) . 2896:Originally published by 2845:Meehl, Paul E. (2016) . 2651:memo from L. R. Goldberg 2433:Meehl, Paul E. (1990b). 2280:Meehl, Paul E. (1989a). 2255:10.1017/CBO9780511808098 2002:Meehl, Paul E. (1973a). 1569:Meehl, Paul E. (1956a). 1171:Originally published in 1132:Meehl, Paul E. (1971) . 1046:Crummy criterion fallacy 956:rational emotive therapy 644:As part of his doctoral 632:, something he termed a 279:psychological assessment 6024:Suzanne Bennett Johnson 5636:Robert Richardson Sears 5481:Harry Levi Hollingworth 5368:Walter Bowers Pillsbury 5273:George Stuart Fullerton 5197:University of Minnesota 4538:Waller & Meehl 1998 3784:Oxford University Press 2981:Meehl, Paul E. (2004). 2806:(3 Part 2): 1091–1227. 2683:Meehl, Paul E. (1995). 2674:(3, Part 2): 1059–1274. 2527:10.4324/9780203052341-6 2456:10.1521/pedi.1990.4.1.1 2336:"Schizotaxia revisited" 2212:10.1126/science.2648573 2130:Meehl, Paul E. (1986). 2080:Meehl, Paul E. (1983). 2041:Meehl, Paul E. (1978). 1994:, pp. 182–199 and 1875:Meehl, Paul E. (1970). 1828:Meehl, Paul E. (1967). 1775:Meehl, Paul E. (1962). 1656:Meehl, Paul E. (1957). 1349:Meehl, Paul E. (1954). 790:causes of schizophrenia 482:Stanford-Binet IQ tests 473:operational definitions 312:University of Minnesota 253:University of Minnesota 184:University of Minnesota 95:University of Minnesota 5744:George Armitage Miller 5434:Margaret Floy Washburn 5350:Henry Rutgers Marshall 4671:Psychological Medicine 4562:Meehl & Yonce 1996 4550:Meehl & Yonce 1994 4302:Schizophrenia Bulletin 3864:Psychosomatic Medicine 3265:Crown Publishing Group 3257:; Dan Gardner (2015), 2606:Journal of Personality 1532:Psychological Bulletin 1422:Psychological Bulletin 1261:MacCorquodale, Kenneth 893: 817:central nervous system 785: 67:Minneapolis, Minnesota 5193:Paul E. Meehl website 5156:Psychological Reports 5137:Psychological Reports 4577:Psychological Reports 4315:10.1093/schbul/sbu191 4309:(Suppl 2): S408–416. 3635:Psychological Inquiry 3463:Gottfredson, Linda S. 3181:American Psychologist 3093:10.4324/9780203759554 3054:10.4324/9781315084510 2925:10.4324/9780203759554 2874:10.4324/9781315629049 2799:Psychological Reports 2693:American Psychologist 2667:Psychological Reports 2473:Psychological Reports 2390:Psychological Inquiry 1838:Philosophy of Science 1785:American Psychologist 1742:, pp. 81–89 and 1648:, pp. 63–80 and 1579:American Psychologist 1561:, pp. 32–62 and 1082:Doing it the hard way 940:clinical psychologist 890: 771: 493:Kenneth MacCorquodale 445:Philosophy of science 427:and published in the 356:Kenneth MacCorquodale 344:Marian Breland Bailey 287:philosophy of science 249:clinical psychologist 217:George Schlager Welsh 175:philosophy of science 130:philosophy of science 6147:Behavior geneticists 6066:Rosie Phillips Davis 5797:Wilbert J. McKeachie 5577:John Edward Anderson 5517:Louis Leon Thurstone 5511:Walter Richard Miles 5505:Walter Samuel Hunter 5428:Shepherd Ivory Franz 5362:Charles Hubbard Judd 5344:James Rowland Angell 5267:James McKeen Cattell 5255:George Trumbull Ladd 3174:(1 September 2009). 2983:"What's in a taxon?" 2919:. pp. 433–444. 2299:. pp. 337–389. 2249:. pp. 716–729. 2237:; Griffin, Dale W.; 2072:, pp. 1–43 and 1932:Psychological Issues 1614:. pp. 205–222. 1514:, pp. 3–31 and 1480:. pp. 174–204. 1273:Psychological Review 1151:. pp. 245–253. 878:Huntington's disease 729:behavioral economics 415:Later life and death 322:Meehl started as an 6018:Melba J. T. Vasquez 5887:Charles Spielberger 5845:Janet Taylor Spence 5654:Orval Hobart Mowrer 5648:Laurance F. Shaffer 5529:Albert Poffenberger 5392:Robert S. Woodworth 5338:Mary Whiton Calkins 5090:, pp. 225–302. 4382:10.1038/nature08185 4374:2009Natur.460..748P 3682:Scientific American 3575:, pp. 357–361. 3038:Peterson, Donald R. 2785:, pp. 291–320. 2740:, pp. 371–387. 2553:, pp. 445–486. 2194:1989Sci...243.1668D 2188:(4899): 1668–1674. 1998:, pp. 193–206. 1952:, pp. 272–283. 1824:, pp. 135–155. 1746:, pp. 263–269. 1652:, pp. 249–262. 1565:, pp. 213–236. 1307:Hathaway, Starke R. 1302:, pp. 249–264. 1212:Hathaway, Starke R. 911:categorical (e.g., 668:suppressor variable 561:scientifically soft 530:nomological network 430:Wall Street Journal 396:What, Then, Is Man? 153:Bruno Klopfer Award 53:Paul Everett Swedal 6012:Carol D. Goodheart 5780:Donald T. Campbell 5571:Calvin Perry Stone 5559:Leonard Carmichael 5458:I. Madison Bentley 5416:John Wallace Baird 5356:George M. Stratton 5326:William Lowe Bryan 5279:James Mark Baldwin 5233:Presidents of the 5114:10.1002/jclp.20185 4623:. Washington, DC: 4428:Trends in Genetics 4230:10.1002/jclp.20253 3621:Waller et al. 2006 3585:Waller et al. 2006 3429:The New York Times 3126:Douglas W. Hubbard 2783:Waller et al. 2006 2738:Waller et al. 2006 2643:Waller et al. 2006 2581:10.5749/j.ctttt4fs 2551:Waller et al. 2006 2549:Also reprinted in 2521:. pp. 13–59. 2429:, pp. 91–167. 2427:Waller et al. 2006 2074:Waller et al. 2006 2026:10.5749/j.cttttb7k 1996:Waller et al. 2006 1948:Also reprinted in 1744:Waller et al. 2006 1738:Also reprinted in 1650:Waller et al. 2006 1644:Also reprinted in 1563:Waller et al. 2006 1516:Waller et al. 2006 1510:Also reprinted in 894: 844:longitudinal study 829:cognitive slippage 810:autosomal dominant 786: 687:Meehl's 1954 book 534:psychological test 439:Donald R. Peterson 404:Concordia Seminary 336:Starke R. Hathaway 328:Donald G. Paterson 271:construct validity 245:Paul Everett Meehl 213:Donald R. Peterson 195:Starke R. Hathaway 126:construct validity 6099: 6098: 6078:Jennifer F. Kelly 6048:Susan H. McDaniel 6030:Donald N. Bersoff 5958:Norine G. Johnson 5941:Patrick H. DeLeon 5911:Robert J. Resnick 5869:Raymond D. Fowler 5863:Bonnie Strickland 5815:Nicholas Cummings 5809:M. Brewster Smith 5708:Charles E. Osgood 5589:Edwin Ray Guthrie 5422:Walter Dill Scott 5108:(10): 1355–1366. 4633:10.1037/10810-000 4368:(7256): 748–752. 3527:, pp. 95–96. 3450:Meehl et al. 1958 3255:Philip E. Tetlock 3143:978-1-119-52203-4 2956:SAGE Publications 2517:. Hillsdale, NJ: 2305:10.1037/11347-010 2076:, pp. 57–90. 1758:. St. Louis, MO: 1363:10.1037/11281-000 977:internal medicine 851:and rare genetic 630:clinical outcomes 425:Linda Gottfredson 338:in 1945. Meehl's 267:Eleanor J. Gibson 242: 241: 205:Harrison G. Gough 201:Doctoral students 161:Scientific career 16:(Redirected from 6174: 6084:Frank C. Worrell 5982:Ronald F. Levant 5976:Diane F. Halpern 5970:Robert Sternberg 5893:Jack Wiggins Jr. 5875:Joseph Matarazzo 5821:Florence Denmark 5803:Theodore H. Blau 5756:Kenneth B. Clark 5666:Theodore Newcomb 5642:J. McVicker Hunt 5541:Edward C. Tolman 5499:Herbert Langfeld 5386:Howard C. Warren 5380:Edward Thorndike 5285:Hugo Münsterberg 5227: 5220: 5213: 5204: 5203: 5180: 5179: 5151: 5145: 5144: 5132: 5126: 5125: 5097: 5091: 5085: 5072: 5071: 5069: 5067: 5050: 5044: 5043: 5033: 4991: 4985: 4984: 4946: 4940: 4939: 4905: 4883: 4877: 4876: 4850: 4824: 4818: 4817: 4775: 4769: 4768: 4718: 4712: 4711: 4678:(9): 1418–1432. 4661: 4655: 4654: 4616: 4610: 4609: 4571: 4565: 4559: 4553: 4547: 4541: 4535: 4524: 4518: 4512: 4506: 4495: 4494: 4492: 4491: 4477: 4471: 4470: 4460: 4418: 4412: 4411: 4401: 4351: 4345: 4344: 4334: 4292: 4286: 4285: 4257: 4251: 4250: 4232: 4206: 4200: 4194: 4185: 4179: 4173: 4167: 4161: 4155: 4146: 4140: 4131: 4125: 4119: 4118: 4076: 4070: 4069: 4027: 4021: 4020: 4009:10.1037/a0014693 3990: 3984: 3978: 3969: 3963: 3952: 3951: 3921: 3915: 3914: 3880: 3857: 3851: 3850: 3812: 3806: 3805: 3775: 3764: 3758: 3749: 3743: 3734: 3728: 3722: 3721: 3719: 3718: 3710:Psychology Today 3700: 3694: 3693: 3691: 3690: 3672: 3663: 3657: 3651: 3650: 3630: 3624: 3618: 3612: 3606: 3600: 3594: 3588: 3582: 3576: 3570: 3564: 3558: 3552: 3546: 3540: 3534: 3528: 3522: 3516: 3510: 3504: 3498: 3492: 3491: 3471: 3459: 3453: 3447: 3441: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3419: 3402: 3396: 3371: 3370: 3352: 3325: 3319: 3318: 3316: 3315: 3301: 3283: 3250: 3221: 3194:10.1037/A0016755 3163: 3114: 3075: 3033: 3007: 2987: 2977: 2946: 2910: 2895: 2859: 2851: 2841: 2815: 2795: 2780: 2770: 2750: 2735: 2709: 2689: 2675: 2663: 2647:remarks by Meehl 2640: 2622: 2602: 2592: 2548: 2511:Snow, Richard E. 2507: 2489: 2469: 2459: 2439: 2424: 2406: 2386: 2376: 2340: 2326: 2289:Lindzey, Gardner 2286: 2276: 2239:Kahneman, Daniel 2235:Gilovich, Thomas 2231: 2205: 2177: 2164: 2136: 2126: 2098: 2086: 2067: 2047: 2037: 1989: 1947: 1927: 1907: 1889: 1881: 1870: 1834: 1819: 1808:10.1037/h0041029 1801: 1781: 1771: 1757: 1737: 1717: 1698:Scriven, Michael 1690: 1679:10.1037/h0047554 1662: 1643: 1623: 1604:Scriven, Michael 1595: 1592:10.1037/h0044164 1575: 1556: 1545:10.1037/h0048070 1528: 1518:, pp. 9–30. 1509: 1489: 1470:Scriven, Michael 1462: 1435:10.1037/h0040957 1418: 1410:Cronbach, Lee J. 1384: 1340: 1316: 1297: 1286:10.1037/h0056029 1269: 1256: 1237:10.1037/h0053634 1220: 1210:Meehl, Paul E.; 1206: 1170: 1146: 1138: 1030:Hidden decisions 972:case conferences 683:Meehl's proposal 650:valid responding 348:William K. Estes 340:graduate student 238: 235: 233: 190:Doctoral advisor 81: 78:14 February 2003 62: 60: 44: 30: 29: 21: 6182: 6181: 6177: 6176: 6175: 6173: 6172: 6171: 6102: 6101: 6100: 6095: 6072:Sandra Shullman 5964:Philip Zimbardo 5946: 5929:Martin Seligman 5899:Frank H. Farley 5785: 5732:Gardner Lindzey 5684:Wolfgang Köhler 5660:E. Lowell Kelly 5624: 5565:Herbert Woodrow 5523:Joseph Peterson 5463: 5452:G. Stanley Hall 5302: 5249:G. Stanley Hall 5237: 5231: 5189: 5184: 5183: 5152: 5148: 5133: 5129: 5098: 5094: 5086: 5075: 5065: 5063: 5051: 5047: 4992: 4988: 4947: 4943: 4903:10.1.1.718.9936 4884: 4880: 4825: 4821: 4776: 4772: 4719: 4715: 4662: 4658: 4643: 4617: 4613: 4572: 4568: 4560: 4556: 4548: 4544: 4536: 4527: 4519: 4515: 4507: 4498: 4489: 4487: 4479: 4478: 4474: 4435:(12): 528–535. 4419: 4415: 4352: 4348: 4293: 4289: 4258: 4254: 4207: 4203: 4195: 4188: 4180: 4176: 4168: 4164: 4156: 4149: 4141: 4134: 4126: 4122: 4077: 4073: 4028: 4024: 3991: 3987: 3979: 3972: 3964: 3955: 3940: 3922: 3918: 3878:10.1.1.551.6918 3858: 3854: 3813: 3809: 3794: 3776: 3767: 3759: 3752: 3744: 3737: 3729: 3725: 3716: 3714: 3701: 3697: 3688: 3686: 3673: 3666: 3658: 3654: 3631: 3627: 3623:, pp. 5–7. 3619: 3615: 3607: 3603: 3595: 3591: 3583: 3579: 3571: 3567: 3559: 3555: 3547: 3543: 3535: 3531: 3523: 3519: 3511: 3507: 3499: 3495: 3469: 3460: 3456: 3448: 3444: 3434: 3432: 3420: 3405: 3397: 3374: 3350:10.1.1.586.1913 3326: 3322: 3313: 3311: 3303: 3302: 3295: 3290: 3226:Daniel Kahneman 3168:Daniel Kahneman 3144: 3121: 3103: 3064: 3005:10.1.1.693.5277 2985: 2966: 2935: 2908: 2884: 2849: 2813:10.1.1.693.4816 2793: 2748: 2707:10.1.1.693.5492 2687: 2661: 2620:10.1.1.555.6702 2600: 2573: 2561:. Minneapolis: 2537: 2487:10.1.1.392.6447 2467: 2437: 2404:10.1.1.135.6444 2384: 2351:(10): 935–944. 2338: 2315: 2284: 2282:"Autobiography" 2265: 2241:, eds. (2002). 2203:10.1.1.459.7990 2175: 2169:Dawes, Robyn M. 2134: 2115: 2084: 2045: 2018: 2006:. Minneapolis: 1916: 1879: 1832: 1799:10.1.1.462.2509 1792:(12): 827–838. 1779: 1726: 1660: 1632: 1573: 1526: 1498: 1472:, eds. (1956). 1416: 1373: 1353:. Minneapolis: 1329: 1317:. Minneapolis: 1267: 1218: 1159: 1136: 1128: 1107: 989:pathophysiology 964: 937:board-certified 933: 919:, and clinical 908: 899: 861: 806: 766: 741: 733:decision-making 717: 685: 680: 642: 606: 597:Meehl's paradox 594: 592:Meehl's paradox 585:null hypothesis 557:null hypothesis 542: 525:Lee J. Cronbach 521: 505: 486:Wechsler scales 455:Wilfrid Sellars 447: 417: 368:Wilfrid Sellars 320: 300: 295: 230: 209:Dante Cicchetti 91:Alma mater 86: 83: 79: 70: 64: 58: 56: 55: 54: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6180: 6170: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6097: 6096: 6094: 6093: 6087: 6081: 6075: 6069: 6063: 6057: 6054:Antonio Puente 6051: 6045: 6042:Barry S. Anton 6039: 6033: 6027: 6021: 6015: 6009: 6003: 6000:Alan E. Kazdin 5997: 5991: 5988:Gerald Koocher 5985: 5979: 5973: 5967: 5961: 5954: 5952: 5948: 5947: 5945: 5944: 5938: 5932: 5926: 5920: 5917:Dorothy Cantor 5914: 5908: 5902: 5896: 5890: 5884: 5881:Stanley Graham 5878: 5872: 5866: 5860: 5854: 5851:Robert Perloff 5848: 5842: 5836: 5830: 5827:John J. Conger 5824: 5818: 5812: 5806: 5800: 5793: 5791: 5787: 5786: 5784: 5783: 5777: 5774:Albert Bandura 5771: 5768:Leona E. Tyler 5765: 5759: 5753: 5747: 5741: 5738:Abraham Maslow 5735: 5729: 5726:Nicholas Hobbs 5723: 5717: 5711: 5705: 5699: 5696:Neal E. Miller 5693: 5690:Donald O. Hebb 5687: 5681: 5675: 5669: 5663: 5657: 5651: 5645: 5639: 5632: 5630: 5626: 5625: 5623: 5622: 5619:J. P. Guilford 5616: 5613:Ernest Hilgard 5610: 5607:Donald Marquis 5604: 5598: 5592: 5586: 5583:Gardner Murphy 5580: 5574: 5568: 5562: 5556: 5553:Gordon Allport 5550: 5544: 5538: 5532: 5526: 5520: 5514: 5508: 5502: 5496: 5490: 5484: 5478: 5475:Harvey A. Carr 5471: 5469: 5465: 5464: 5462: 5461: 5455: 5449: 5443: 5437: 5431: 5425: 5419: 5413: 5407: 5401: 5398:John B. Watson 5395: 5389: 5383: 5377: 5371: 5365: 5359: 5353: 5347: 5341: 5335: 5329: 5323: 5320:Edmund Sanford 5317: 5310: 5308: 5304: 5303: 5301: 5300: 5297:Joseph Jastrow 5294: 5288: 5282: 5276: 5270: 5264: 5258: 5252: 5245: 5243: 5239: 5238: 5230: 5229: 5222: 5215: 5207: 5201: 5200: 5188: 5187:External links 5185: 5182: 5181: 5162:(1): 195–244. 5146: 5127: 5092: 5073: 5060:The New Yorker 5045: 5008:(4): 605–628. 4986: 4959:(4): 499–510. 4941: 4896:(3): 473–487. 4878: 4848:10.1.1.462.153 4841:(2): 290–301. 4819: 4792:(4): 626–635. 4770: 4735:(1): 131–144. 4713: 4656: 4641: 4611: 4584:(6): 517–550. 4566: 4554: 4542: 4525: 4513: 4496: 4472: 4413: 4346: 4287: 4252: 4201: 4186: 4174: 4162: 4147: 4132: 4120: 4093:(3): 341–382. 4071: 4022: 4003:(5): 525–531. 3985: 3970: 3953: 3938: 3916: 3852: 3825:(4): 552–557. 3807: 3792: 3765: 3750: 3735: 3723: 3695: 3664: 3652: 3641:(2): 108–141. 3625: 3613: 3601: 3599:, p. 407. 3589: 3577: 3565: 3563:, p. 422. 3553: 3541: 3539:, p. 100. 3529: 3517: 3505: 3493: 3454: 3442: 3403: 3372: 3343:(2): 139–152. 3320: 3292: 3291: 3289: 3286: 3285: 3284: 3251: 3230:Olivier Sibony 3222: 3188:(6): 515–526. 3164: 3142: 3120: 3117: 3116: 3115: 3102:978-0805852509 3101: 3083:. 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Mahwah, NJ: 2901: 2882: 2842: 2786: 2768:10.1.1.471.592 2761:(2): 293–323. 2741: 2700:(4): 266–275. 2680: 2654: 2649:replying to a 2613:(1): 117–174. 2593: 2571: 2554: 2535: 2480:(1): 195–244. 2460: 2430: 2397:(2): 108–141. 2377: 2331: 2313: 2277: 2263: 2165: 2147:(3): 370–375. 2127: 2113: 2077: 2058:(4): 806–834. 2038: 2017:978-0816606856 2016: 1999: 1964:(1–2): 10–27. 1953: 1938:(2): 104–117. 1914: 1872: 1851:10.1086/288135 1845:(2): 103–115. 1825: 1772: 1747: 1724: 1694:Feigl, Herbert 1673:(4): 268–273. 1653: 1630: 1600:Feigl, Herbert 1586:(6): 263–272. 1566: 1539:(3): 194–216. 1519: 1496: 1466:Feigl, Herbert 1429:(4): 281–302. 1406: 1403:978-0963878496 1395:978-0963878496 1371: 1346: 1327: 1303: 1257: 1231:(5): 525–564. 1207: 1189:(3): 367–373. 1157: 1127: 1126:Selected works 1124: 1106: 1103: 1102: 1101: 1095: 1085: 1079: 1075:Ad hoc fallacy 1071: 1065: 1059: 1053: 1043: 1037: 1027: 1021: 1011: 1005: 963: 960: 952:psychoanalysis 944:psychoanalysis 932: 929: 907: 904: 898: 895: 882:biological sex 860: 857: 805: 802: 765: 762: 758:Hubbard (2020) 740: 737: 716: 713: 684: 681: 679: 676: 654:mental illness 641: 638: 605: 602: 593: 590: 541: 538: 520: 517: 506: 503: 446: 443: 423:", written by 416: 413: 352:Norman Guttman 319: 316: 299: 296: 294: 291: 240: 239: 228: 224: 223: 220: 219: 202: 198: 197: 192: 186: 185: 182: 178: 177: 168: 164: 163: 157: 156: 138: 134: 133: 111: 110:Known for 107: 106: 92: 88: 87: 84: 82:(aged 83) 76: 72: 71: 65: 63:3 January 1920 52: 50: 46: 45: 37: 36: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6179: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6109: 6107: 6091: 6088: 6085: 6082: 6079: 6076: 6073: 6070: 6067: 6064: 6061: 6058: 6055: 6052: 6049: 6046: 6043: 6040: 6037: 6036:Nadine Kaslow 6034: 6031: 6028: 6025: 6022: 6019: 6016: 6013: 6010: 6007: 6006:James H. Bray 6004: 6001: 5998: 5995: 5992: 5989: 5986: 5983: 5980: 5977: 5974: 5971: 5968: 5965: 5962: 5959: 5956: 5955: 5953: 5949: 5942: 5939: 5936: 5935:Richard Suinn 5933: 5930: 5927: 5924: 5923:Norman Abeles 5921: 5918: 5915: 5912: 5909: 5906: 5905:Ronald E. Fox 5903: 5900: 5897: 5894: 5891: 5888: 5885: 5882: 5879: 5876: 5873: 5870: 5867: 5864: 5861: 5858: 5855: 5852: 5849: 5846: 5843: 5840: 5837: 5834: 5833:William Bevan 5831: 5828: 5825: 5822: 5819: 5816: 5813: 5810: 5807: 5804: 5801: 5798: 5795: 5794: 5792: 5788: 5781: 5778: 5775: 5772: 5769: 5766: 5763: 5762:Anne Anastasi 5760: 5757: 5754: 5751: 5748: 5745: 5742: 5739: 5736: 5733: 5730: 5727: 5724: 5721: 5720:Jerome Bruner 5718: 5715: 5714:Quinn McNemar 5712: 5709: 5706: 5703: 5702:Paul E. Meehl 5700: 5697: 5694: 5691: 5688: 5685: 5682: 5679: 5676: 5673: 5670: 5667: 5664: 5661: 5658: 5655: 5652: 5649: 5646: 5643: 5640: 5637: 5634: 5633: 5631: 5627: 5620: 5617: 5614: 5611: 5608: 5605: 5602: 5599: 5596: 5595:Henry Garrett 5593: 5590: 5587: 5584: 5581: 5578: 5575: 5572: 5569: 5566: 5563: 5560: 5557: 5554: 5551: 5548: 5547:John Dashiell 5545: 5542: 5539: 5536: 5535:Clark L. 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Klein 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3122: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3063:9780805854893 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3006: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2992: 2984: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2965:9780761902577 2961: 2957: 2953: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2907: 2902: 2899: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2883:9781138892460 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2858: 2857: 2848: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2814: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2800: 2792: 2787: 2784: 2781:Reprinted in 2778: 2774: 2769: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2755: 2747: 2742: 2739: 2736:Reprinted in 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2708: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2694: 2686: 2681: 2678: 2673: 2669: 2668: 2660: 2655: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2641:Reprinted in 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2621: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2607: 2599: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2572:9780816618552 2568: 2564: 2560: 2555: 2552: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2536:9780805805420 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508:Reprinted in 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2488: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2474: 2466: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2444: 2436: 2431: 2428: 2425:Reprinted in 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2405: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2391: 2383: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2345: 2337: 2332: 2329: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2314:9780804714921 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2283: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232:Reprinted in 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2204: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2182: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2141: 2133: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2114:9780816611584 2110: 2106: 2102: 2097: 2096: 2090: 2083: 2078: 2075: 2071: 2068:Reprinted in 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2052: 2044: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2000: 1997: 1993: 1990:Reprinted in 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1954: 1951: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1928:Reprinted in 1925: 1921: 1917: 1915:9780816605910 1911: 1906: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1888: 1887: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1839: 1831: 1826: 1823: 1820:Reprinted in 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1786: 1778: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1756: 1755: 1748: 1745: 1741: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1725:9780816601585 1721: 1716: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691:Reprinted in 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1667: 1659: 1654: 1651: 1647: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1631:9780816601226 1627: 1622: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1596:Reprinted as 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1580: 1572: 1567: 1564: 1560: 1557:Reprinted in 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1533: 1525: 1520: 1517: 1513: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1497:9780816601226 1493: 1488: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463:Reprinted in 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1423: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1387:Jason Aronson 1382: 1378: 1374: 1372:9780816600960 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1347: 1344: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1328:9780816600700 1324: 1320: 1315: 1314: 1308: 1304: 1301: 1298:Reprinted in 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1280:(2): 95–107. 1279: 1275: 1274: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1225: 1217: 1213: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1183: 1176: 1175: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1158:9780471315001 1154: 1150: 1145: 1144: 1135: 1130: 1129: 1123: 1121: 1116: 1112: 1099: 1096: 1093: 1089: 1086: 1083: 1080: 1077: 1076: 1072: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1060: 1057: 1054: 1051: 1047: 1044: 1041: 1038: 1035: 1031: 1028: 1025: 1022: 1019: 1015: 1012: 1009: 1006: 1003: 1002: 1001:Barnum effect 998: 997: 996: 992: 990: 986: 982: 978: 973: 969: 959: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 938: 928: 926: 922: 918: 914: 903: 889: 885: 883: 879: 873: 871: 867: 856: 854: 849: 845: 840: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 811: 801: 799: 798:psychodynamic 795: 791: 783: 779: 775: 770: 764:Schizophrenia 761: 759: 755: 751: 749: 745: 736: 734: 730: 724: 721: 720:Meta-analyses 712: 710: 704: 702: 698: 694: 690: 675: 671: 669: 664: 663:face validity 659: 658:defensiveness 655: 651: 647: 637: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 601: 598: 589: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 553: 552: 547: 537: 535: 531: 526: 516: 514: 510: 501: 499: 494: 489: 487: 483: 478: 474: 470: 469: 464: 458: 456: 452: 451:Herbert Feigl 442: 440: 436: 432: 431: 426: 422: 412: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 388: 386: 381: 377: 371: 369: 366:, Meehl, and 365: 364:Herbert Feigl 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 324:undergraduate 315: 313: 309: 305: 290: 288: 284: 280: 276: 275:schizophrenia 272: 268: 264: 263: 258: 254: 250: 246: 237: 229: 225: 221: 218: 214: 210: 206: 203: 199: 196: 193: 191: 187: 183: 179: 176: 172: 169: 165: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 139: 135: 132:, taxometrics 131: 127: 123: 122:schizophrenia 119: 115: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 93: 89: 77: 73: 68: 51: 47: 43: 38: 34:Paul E. Meehl 31: 19: 6090:Thema Bryant 5994:Sharon Brehm 5951:2001–present 5857:Logan Wright 5750:George Albee 5701: 5678:Harry Harlow 5672:Lee Cronbach 5493:Karl Lashley 5487:Edwin Boring 5446:Lewis Terman 5314:Josiah Royce 5159: 5155: 5149: 5140: 5136: 5130: 5105: 5101: 5095: 5064:. Retrieved 5058: 5055:"Young Saul" 5048: 5005: 4999: 4989: 4956: 4950: 4944: 4893: 4887: 4881: 4838: 4832: 4822: 4789: 4783: 4773: 4732: 4726: 4716: 4675: 4669: 4659: 4620: 4614: 4581: 4575: 4569: 4557: 4545: 4516: 4488:. Retrieved 4484: 4475: 4432: 4426: 4416: 4365: 4359: 4349: 4306: 4300: 4290: 4265: 4261: 4255: 4220: 4214: 4204: 4177: 4165: 4123: 4090: 4084: 4074: 4044:(1): 19–30. 4041: 4035: 4025: 4000: 3994: 3988: 3925: 3919: 3871:(1): 58–65. 3868: 3862: 3855: 3822: 3816: 3810: 3779: 3726: 3715:. Retrieved 3708: 3698: 3687:. Retrieved 3684:Blog Network 3680: 3655: 3638: 3634: 3628: 3616: 3604: 3592: 3580: 3568: 3556: 3544: 3532: 3520: 3508: 3496: 3482:(1): 13–23. 3479: 3475:Intelligence 3473: 3457: 3445: 3433:. Retrieved 3427: 3340: 3334: 3323: 3312:. Retrieved 3308: 3258: 3237: 3185: 3179: 3129: 3080: 3041: 2998:(1): 39–43. 2995: 2989: 2951: 2912: 2855: 2803: 2797: 2758: 2752: 2697: 2691: 2671: 2665: 2610: 2604: 2558: 2514: 2477: 2471: 2447: 2441: 2394: 2388: 2348: 2342: 2292: 2242: 2185: 2179: 2144: 2138: 2094: 2089:Earman, John 2055: 2049: 2003: 1961: 1957: 1935: 1931: 1905:11299/184637 1885: 1842: 1836: 1789: 1783: 1753: 1715:11299/184612 1701: 1687:11299/184612 1670: 1664: 1621:11299/184265 1607: 1583: 1577: 1536: 1530: 1487:11299/184279 1473: 1443:11299/184279 1426: 1420: 1350: 1312: 1277: 1271: 1228: 1222: 1186: 1180: 1172: 1147:. New York: 1142: 1120:Imre Lakatos 1111:meta-science 1108: 1097: 1087: 1081: 1073: 1067: 1061: 1055: 1050:psychometric 1045: 1039: 1029: 1023: 1017: 1013: 1007: 999: 993: 965: 934: 925:dissociative 909: 900: 874: 864:such as the 862: 848:neurological 841: 820: 812: 807: 787: 752: 742: 725: 718: 705: 688: 686: 672: 646:dissertation 643: 607: 596: 595: 549: 543: 522: 490: 466: 459: 448: 428: 418: 395: 389: 372: 321: 301: 260: 244: 243: 181:Institutions 160: 80:(2003-02-14) 6127:2003 deaths 6122:1920 births 5601:Carl Rogers 5088:Meehl 1973a 5066:October 18, 4197:Meehl 1990b 4182:Meehl 1989b 3746:Meehl 1956a 3399:Meehl 1989a 2864:. pp. 2450:(1): 1–99. 2103:. pp. 1992:Meehl 1973a 1894:. pp. 1822:Meehl 1973a 1740:Meehl 1973a 1646:Meehl 1973a 1559:Meehl 1973a 1512:Meehl 1973a 1105:Metascience 985:pathologist 948:Saul Bellow 913:psychopathy 859:Taxometrics 794:Sandor Rado 782:Meehl 1990b 778:Meehl 1989b 693:algorithmic 626:personality 577:personality 546:Karl Popper 463:behaviorism 437:. In 2005, 304:Minneapolis 283:metascience 6106:Categories 5839:Max Siegel 5291:John Dewey 5143:: 339–467. 4521:Meehl 2004 4509:Meehl 1995 4490:2018-02-15 4268:: 66–116. 4170:Meehl 1972 4158:Meehl 1962 4128:Meehl 1957 3981:Meehl 1986 3966:Meehl 1954 3717:2018-02-14 3689:2018-02-15 3660:Meehl 1967 3609:Meehl 1978 3597:Meehl 2016 3573:Meehl 2016 3561:Meehl 1983 3314:2019-01-02 3248:Q107108766 3160:Q123514276 3152:2019051494 3119:References 2677:Appendices 2264:0521792606 2070:Meehl 1991 1950:Meehl 1991 1300:Meehl 1991 1115:cliometric 921:depression 825:schizotypy 821:hypokrisia 813:schizogene 774:Meehl 1962 739:Extensions 612:using the 569:counseling 277:etiology, 171:Psychology 59:1920-01-03 18:Paul Meehl 5790:1976–2000 5629:1951–1975 5468:1926–1950 5307:1901–1925 5242:1892–1900 5022:1070-5511 4973:1939-1846 4920:1939-1846 4898:CiteSeerX 4865:1939-1846 4843:CiteSeerX 4806:1939-1846 4749:1939-1846 4708:219316193 4692:1469-8978 4598:0033-2941 4449:0168-9525 4390:1476-4687 4323:1745-1701 4274:1056-7151 4239:0021-9762 4115:145150890 4107:0011-0000 4017:1939-1323 3948:745304242 3895:0033-3174 3873:CiteSeerX 3839:1939-2117 3802:683593538 3435:4 January 3367:145668721 3345:CiteSeerX 3281:Q21203378 3273:26682260M 3218:Q35001791 3202:0003-066X 3022:1939-1846 3000:CiteSeerX 2892:923017606 2862:Routledge 2838:146240707 2830:0033-2941 2808:CiteSeerX 2763:CiteSeerX 2724:1935-990X 2702:CiteSeerX 2615:CiteSeerX 2482:CiteSeerX 2399:CiteSeerX 2365:0003-990X 2198:CiteSeerX 1978:0020-7411 1816:0003-066X 1794:CiteSeerX 1245:1939-1854 981:neurology 853:mutations 837:anhedonia 833:polygenic 701:prognosis 697:actuarial 581:community 523:In 1955, 491:In 1948, 387:in 1987. 360:neurology 332:Minnesota 308:Minnesota 298:Childhood 293:Biography 5122:16041786 5040:24648712 4936:19166422 4928:11016117 4873:12003450 4814:15535794 4765:19223010 4757:16492104 4700:32493520 4651:54029315 4606:15587219 4467:19883952 4408:19571811 4341:25810055 4247:16041777 4066:11956010 4058:10752360 3465:(1997). 3277:Wikidata 3244:Wikidata 3236:(2021), 3214:Wikidata 3210:19739881 3156:Wikidata 3128:(2020). 3111:67229353 3072:57754047 3040:(2005). 3030:14992655 2974:37666366 2943:67229353 2637:53537836 2589:22208187 2545:22344893 2273:47364085 1986:41343901 1867:96422880 1768:14598254 1606:(eds.). 1553:14371890 1451:13245896 1294:18910284 1253:20282179 1214:(1946). 1203:10726672 744:Kahneman 709:reliable 622:McKinley 618:Hathaway 565:clinical 408:orthodox 402:through 392:Lutheran 151:(1998), 147:(1996), 143:(1987), 118:genetics 5176:2836704 5031:3955757 4981:9358680 4458:3351381 4399:3912837 4370:Bibcode 4332:4373635 4282:8293084 3903:2928461 3847:3745611 2866:353–382 2732:7733538 2504:2836704 2421:1448768 2373:2552952 2291:(ed.). 2228:7492482 2220:2648573 2190:Bibcode 2181:Science 2161:3806342 2123:9110477 2105:413–473 2091:(ed.). 1944:4730734 1924:5526779 1896:403–416 1734:2669746 1459:5312179 968:polemic 866:DSM-III 509:Allport 227:Website 6092:(2023) 6086:(2022) 6080:(2021) 6074:(2020) 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