90:
673:
31:
593:
Thoroughly discredited and personally demoralized, the once respected general retired to his estates to live out his life in exile. Austrian society could be cruel to its losers. When the
Habsburg officer corps shunned him, he was left almost friendless, the memories of his fine service during the
606:
Kray was one of the best representatives of the old
Austrian army. Tied to an obsolete system, and unable, from habit, to realize the changed conditions of warfare, he failed, but his enemies held him in the highest respect as a brave, skillful, and chivalrous opponent. It was he who, at
249:
of the
Infantry Regiment N.34, a ceremonial position he held until his death. On 18 April 1799, Kray was promoted to Feldzeugmeister. In the 1800 campaign, Kray commanded the Austrian force on the Upper Rhine, charged with the defense of all approaches to
442:, one of the ablest and bravest French commanders of the day; he returned the corpse to French lines with a guard of honor of the Bethlen Hussars N.35. On 4 March 1796 he received promotion to
594:
Seven Years' War vanished. Later
Archduke Charles would write Kray a flattering letter explaining that the boorish behavior directed toward him stemmed from envy over his previous victories.
688:
318:, he transferred to the 2nd Szeckler Grenz (border) Infantry Regiment as lieutenant colonel. In 1784 he suppressed a Romanian peasants' uprising in Transylvania. Kray served in the
976:
399:
239:
615:(1796), and the white uniforms of Kray and his staff mingled with the blue of the French in the funeral procession of the young general of the Republic.
270:. He died there on 19 January 1804. For all his victories, for his fierce competitiveness on the battlefield, the French soldiers referred to him as
1011:
1006:
938:
916:
804:
777:
745:
731:
646:
631:
230:
He withdrew from military service temporarily in 1792 because of poor health, but in 1793, he was recalled to the
Habsburg military in the
254:
through the German states. After being out-maneuvered by the French, he was disastrously defeated in five consecutive battles. After the
518:
arrived to take command of the
Austrian forces. While the field army won two more major battles, Kray conducted the successful sieges of
693:
419:
612:
439:
928:
387:
208:
873:
859:
235:
1001:
971:
314:. In 1778, he was promoted from grenadier captain to major and transferred to Infantry Regiment "Preysach" 39. After the
338:
on 21 December 1789, in May of the following year, Kray was promoted
Generalmajor and subsequently ennobled by Emperor
138:
57:
310:
Entering the
Austrian army at the age of nineteen in 1754 in the Infantry Regiment 31 "Hallerstein" and fought in the
907:
845:
407:
319:
966:
566:
335:
482:
found him guilty and sentenced him to two weeks arrest. He requested to resign in protest but this was denied.
351:
133:
535:
339:
258:, the French acquired both shores of the river, and commanded access to the Danube waterway as far east as
991:
986:
531:
435:
148:
996:
981:
315:
204:
143:
868:
Trans and ed. Nicholas Murray and
Christopher Pringle. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas.
854:
Trans and ed. Nicholas Murray and
Christopher Pringle. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas.
558:
550:
426:
in the clash at Limburg on 16 September. He then fought in various actions, including the victory at
378:
under Prince Coburg, operating in Flanders and the Austrian Netherlands. He distinguished himself at
212:
582:
546:
475:
411:
395:
255:
415:
866:
The Coalition Crumbles, Napoleon Returns: The 1799 Campaign in Italy and Switzerland, Volume 2.
523:
383:
586:
578:
527:
300:
880:
709:
678:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
431:
322:
of 1787-91. On 10 May 1788, he defeated a superior Turkish force of 5,000 men commanded by
961:
956:
852:
Napoleon Absent, Coalition Ascendant: The 1799 Campaign in Italy and Switzerland, Volume 1.
231:
107:
323:
8:
554:
519:
311:
200:
510:(artillery lieutenant general). This victory caused the French army to withdraw to the
443:
181:
262:. During the subsequent armistice, Emperor Francis II replaced Kray with his brother,
903:
869:
855:
841:
515:
511:
503:
95:
427:
379:
507:
403:
375:
170:
119:
573:. However, by a skillful march round Moreau's flank he succeeded in escaping to
462:
commander. In the following year, he was less successful, being defeated on the
837:
479:
434:
as a divisional commander, when he was largely responsible for the victory of
950:
684:
679:
371:
343:
292:
267:
263:
220:
77:
608:
577:. After a 15 July truce became effective he was relieved of his command by
471:
327:
355:
195:; 5 February 1735 – 19 January 1804), was a soldier, and general in
895:
539:
359:
697:. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 925.
438:. On 19 September, he captured the mortally wounded General of Division
288:
216:
259:
245:
In 1799 he was appointed commander of the Austrian forces in Italy and
470:. Worse, his command was surprised and defeated by the French General
53:
391:
538:. On 6 November, he was defeated by the French in a second clash at
495:
406:. Promoted to Feldmarschalleutnant on 5 March 1796 Kray served in
374:
in 1790, three years later Kray commanded the advance guard of the
347:
296:
224:
196:
299:). He was educated in mathematical and other military sciences in
636:
Napoleon Series Research Biographies, Compiled by Leopold Kudrna.
574:
499:
423:
331:
246:
190:
186:
176:
165:
161:
933:
455:
304:
251:
562:
491:
467:
459:
451:
334:
fortress; for this, he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the
463:
30:
570:
811:
266:; Kray was discharged on 28 August 1800 and retired to
274:
and men from both sides attended his funeral in 1804.
545:
The following year he commanded on the Rhine against
549:. As a consequence of his defeats at the battles of
502:
on 26 March. For his victory over the French at the
581:and dismissed from the service. Kray's successor,
410:'s Army of the Lower Rhine. On 19 June, after the
977:Military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars
948:
398:, and, indeed, at almost every encounter in the
598:Kray died in Pest, Hungary on 19 January 1804.
485:
450:). In the celebrated campaign of 1796, on the
422:. He also defeated French General of Division
365:
272:Le terrible Kray, le fils cher de la victoire
942:by Digby Smith, compiled by Leopold Kudrna
498:from the French. He won a sharp action at
326:and Kara Mustapha Pasha on the borders of
29:
1012:18th-century Austrian military personnel
817:
683:
666:
664:
662:
660:
658:
656:
458:, he performed conspicuous service as a
16:Soldier, and general in Habsburg service
878:
707:
514:. Nevertheless, Kray was replaced when
949:
494:in 1799, and reconquered the plain of
653:
1007:Austrian people of Hungarian descent
478:. Kray was accused of negligence; a
440:François Séverin Marceau-Desgraviers
794:Barnsley, South Yorkshire, UK:p 203
330:. He later led the capture of the
175:Paul Freiherr Kray von Krajova und
13:
881:"Combat of Uckerath, 19 June 1796"
710:"Combat of Uckerath, 19 June 1796"
352:Austro-Turkish War of 1787 to 1791
350:"von Krajow und Topolya". In the
14:
1023:
922:
585:was disastrously defeated at the
689:Kray von Krajova, Paul, Freiherr
671:
530:, he commanded the divisions of
234:at the request of Field Marshal
88:
836:Barnsley, South Yorkshire, UK:
797:
784:
336:Military Order of Maria Theresa
282:
900:The Napoleonic Wars Data Book.
770:
761:
752:
738:
724:
701:
639:
624:
209:Austro–Turkish War (1787–1791)
139:Austro-Turkish War (1788–1791)
134:War of the Bavarian Succession
1:
864:Clausewitz, Carl von (2021).
850:Clausewitz, Carl von (2020).
618:
601:
506:on 5 April, he was promoted
277:
7:
1002:People from Austria-Hungary
486:War of the Second Coalition
436:Archduke Charles of Austria
149:War of the Second Coalition
10:
1028:
972:18th-century Slovak people
929:Longer biography in German
834:Marengo & Hohenlinden.
826:
792:Marengo & Hohenlinden.
366:War of the First Coalition
316:War of Bavarian Succession
205:War of Bavarian Succession
144:War of the First Coalition
902:London: Greenhill, 1998.
476:Battle of Neuwied of 1797
430:on 24 August, and at the
354:he saw active service at
213:French Revolutionary Wars
126:
114:
101:
83:
63:
40:
28:
21:
583:Archduke John of Austria
694:Encyclopædia Britannica
569:, Kray was driven into
402:with the armies of the
611:, cared for the dying
596:
185:
174:
108:Colonel and Proprietor
934:Hungarian Aristocracy
591:
587:Battle of Hohenlinden
448:Feldmarschal-Leutnant
967:People from KeĹľmarok
879:Rickard, J. (2009).
708:Rickard, J. (2009).
416:Jean-Baptiste Kléber
414:, he forced General
536:Heinrich Bellegarde
520:Peschiera del Garda
472:Louis-Lazarre Hoche
199:service during the
160:Baron Paul Kray of
992:Hungarian generals
987:Hungarian nobility
883:. historyofwar.org
712:. historyofwar.org
579:Emperor Francis II
490:Kray commanded in
444:lieutenant general
432:Battle of WĂĽrzburg
295:(today: KeĹľmarok,
247:Colonel-Proprietor
238:and fought in the
223:(today: KeĹľmarok,
215:. He was born in
997:Austrian generals
982:Austrian nobility
874:978-0-7006-3034-9
860:978-0-7006-3025-7
832:Arnold, James R.
516:Michael von Melas
504:Battle of Magnano
418:to withdraw from
412:Battle of Wetzlar
400:Flanders Campaign
324:Osman PazvantoÄźlu
287:Kray was born in
256:Battle of Neuburg
240:Flanders Campaign
157:
156:
96:Habsburg Monarchy
1019:
892:
890:
888:
821:
815:
809:
801:
795:
788:
782:
774:
768:
765:
759:
756:
750:
742:
736:
728:
722:
721:
719:
717:
705:
699:
698:
677:
675:
674:
668:
651:
643:
637:
628:
408:Archduke Charles
312:Seven Years' War
201:Seven Years' War
103:
94:
92:
91:
74:
72:
51:
49:
33:
19:
18:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1017:
1016:
947:
946:
925:
912:Smith, Digby.
886:
884:
838:Pen & Sword
829:
824:
816:
812:
802:
798:
789:
785:
775:
771:
766:
762:
757:
753:
743:
739:
729:
725:
715:
713:
706:
702:
687:, ed. (1911). "
672:
670:
669:
654:
644:
640:
630:Smith, Digby.
629:
625:
621:
604:
508:Feldzeugmeister
488:
404:French Republic
368:
285:
280:
153:
120:Feldzeugmeister
89:
87:
76:
70:
68:
67:19 January 1804
52:
47:
45:
44:5 February 1735
36:
35:Baron Paul Kray
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1025:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
945:
944:
936:
931:
924:
923:External links
921:
920:
919:
910:
893:
876:
862:
848:
828:
825:
823:
822:
820:, p. 925.
810:
796:
790:James Arnold,
783:
769:
760:
751:
737:
723:
700:
685:Chisholm, Hugh
652:
638:
622:
620:
617:
603:
600:
528:Battle of Novi
487:
484:
480:courts-martial
367:
364:
284:
281:
279:
276:
155:
154:
152:
151:
146:
141:
136:
130:
128:
124:
123:
116:
112:
111:
105:
99:
98:
85:
81:
80:
75:(aged 68)
65:
61:
60:
42:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1024:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
954:
952:
943:
941:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
926:
918:
915:
911:
909:
908:1-85367-276-9
905:
901:
897:
894:
882:
877:
875:
871:
867:
863:
861:
857:
853:
849:
847:
846:1-84415-279-0
843:
839:
835:
831:
830:
819:
818:Chisholm 1911
814:
808:
807:
800:
793:
787:
781:
780:
773:
764:
755:
749:
748:
741:
735:
734:
727:
711:
704:
696:
695:
690:
686:
681:
680:public domain
667:
665:
663:
661:
659:
657:
650:
649:
642:
635:
634:
627:
623:
616:
614:
610:
599:
595:
590:
589:in December.
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
543:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
483:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
372:major general
363:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
308:
306:
302:
298:
294:
293:Upper Hungary
290:
275:
273:
269:
268:Pest, Hungary
265:
264:Archduke John
261:
257:
253:
248:
243:
241:
237:
236:Prince Coburg
233:
228:
226:
222:
221:Upper Hungary
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
193:báró Kray Pál
192:
188:
183:
179:
178:
172:
168:
167:
163:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
131:
129:
125:
122:
121:
117:
113:
109:
106:
100:
97:
86:
82:
79:
78:Pest, Hungary
66:
62:
59:
55:
43:
39:
32:
27:
20:
939:
913:
899:
896:Smith, Digby
885:. Retrieved
865:
851:
833:
813:
805:
799:
791:
786:
778:
772:
767:Smith, p 173
763:
758:Smith, p 163
754:
746:
740:
732:
726:
714:. Retrieved
703:
692:
647:
641:
632:
626:
609:Altenkirchen
605:
597:
592:
544:
489:
447:
369:
328:Transylvania
320:Turkish wars
309:
286:
283:Early career
271:
244:
229:
159:
158:
127:Battles/wars
118:
962:1804 deaths
957:1735 births
563:Iller River
547:Jean Moreau
540:Novi Ligure
388:Wissembourg
360:Vulcan Pass
232:Netherlands
56:(Késmárk),
951:Categories
914:Paul Kray,
806:Paul Kray.
779:Paul Kray.
747:Paul Kray.
733:Paul Kray.
648:Paul Kray.
633:Paul Kray.
619:References
602:Commentary
512:Adda River
356:Petrozsény
260:Regensburg
211:, and the
84:Allegiance
71:1804-01-20
48:1735-02-05
567:Höchstädt
555:Messkirch
532:Peter Ott
526:. At the
466:, and at
392:Charleroi
370:Promoted
342:with the
340:Joseph II
301:Schemnitz
278:Biography
182:Hungarian
23:Paul Kray
840:, 2005.
559:Biberach
551:Stockach
496:Lombardy
420:Uckerath
358:and the
348:Freiherr
297:Slovakia
225:Slovakia
197:Habsburg
191:Topolyai
187:Krajovai
102:Service/
827:Sources
803:Smith,
776:Smith,
744:Smith,
730:Smith,
682::
645:Smith,
613:Marceau
575:Bohemia
500:Legnago
474:in the
424:Jourdan
396:Fleurus
332:Krajova
289:Késmárk
217:Késmárk
166:Topolya
162:Krajova
69: (
58:Hungary
54:Käsmark
46: (
906:
887:15 Oct
872:
858:
844:
716:15 Oct
676:
565:, and
524:Mantua
456:Danube
428:Amberg
380:Famars
376:Allies
305:Vienna
252:Vienna
207:, the
203:, the
177:Topola
171:German
104:branch
93:
492:Italy
468:Mainz
460:corps
452:Rhine
384:Menin
344:title
940:Kray
917:Kray
904:ISBN
889:2014
870:ISBN
856:ISBN
842:ISBN
718:2014
534:and
522:and
464:Lahn
454:and
303:and
164:and
115:Rank
64:Died
41:Born
691:".
571:Ulm
346:of
227:).
189:Ă©s
953::
898:.
655:^
561:,
557:,
553:,
542:.
394:,
390:,
386:,
382:,
362:.
307:.
291:,
242:.
219:,
184::
180:;
173::
891:.
720:.
446:(
169:(
110:,
73:)
50:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
