241:. A preference based PRO has an algorithm attached to the PRO instrument which can 'weigh' the outcomes reported by patients according to the preferences for health outcomes of a group of individuals such as the general public or of patient groups. The purpose of this 'weighing' is to make sure that elements of health that are very important receive larger weight when computing sum scores. For example, individuals may consider problems with their mood to be more important than limitations in usual activities. Examples of generic preference-based PROs are the Health Utilities Index and the
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also be reliable and valid (including responsive to underlying change) and the structure of the scale (whether it possesses a single or multiple domains) should have been thoroughly tested using appropriate methodology in order to justify the use of scale or summary scores. The validation of the PRO measures should incorporate not only short-term but also long-term success in order to be able to reflect sustainability of interventions. Classic examples of such tools and methods are noted in commonly used oncology tools, such as FACT or EORTC tools.
337:(EMA) has produced a reflection paper on HRQoL. Increasing numbers of regulatory submissions for new drugs provide PRO data to support claims. DeMuro et al. (2013) have reviewed drug approvals for the years 2006–2010. They showed that of 75 drugs approved by both agencies, 35 (47%) had at last one PRO-related claim approved by the EMA compared to 14 (19%) for the FDA. The FDA was more likely to approve claims for symptom reduction, while the EMA approved relatively more claims for improvement in functioning or HrQoL.
392:
153:). A questionnaire that measures multiple constructs is termed multi-dimensional. A multi-dimensional questionnaire is used to provide a profile of scores; that is, each scale is scored and reported separately. It is possible to create an overall (single summary) score from a multi-dimensional measure using factor analysis or preference-based methods but some may see this as akin to adding apples and oranges together.
368:
Moreover professionals’ understanding of the construct, development, and psychometric validation of PROMs are uncertain. A Cross
Cultural Adaptation requires a translation process based on criteria, as well as an assessment of psychometric features in the target language. The real challenges include cultural adaptation of the items rather than a word‑for‑word translation
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the interviewer is gaining the patient's views and not using the responses to make a professional assessment or judgment of the impact of a treatment on the patient's condition. Thus, PROs are used as a means of gathering patient- rather than clinical- or other outcomes perspectives. The patient-reported perspective can be an important asset in gaining treatment or
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treatment to people living with epilepsy across rural
Maharashtra since 2011. Since 2018, they have been using MedEngage services to collect PROs from thousands of patients across the state. Patients use a zero-cost helpline to report outcomes every 2–3 months related to adherence, medicine availability, seizure frequency,
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multi-dimensional questionnaires assessing a combination of aspects of impairments and/or disability and reflect a patient's health status. In contrast, QoL goes beyond impairment and disability by asking about the patient's ability to fulfill their needs and also about their emotional response to their restrictions.
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have been required to provide patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) in four elective surgical procedures: hip replacement, knee replacement, varicose vein surgery and hernia surgery. Patients are asked to complete a questionnaire before undergoing the surgical procedure; a follow-up questionnaire
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A new generation of short and easy-to-use tools to monitor patient outcomes on a regular basis has been recently proposed. These tools are quick, effective, and easy to understand, as they allow patients to evaluate their health status and experience in a semi-structured way and accordingly aggregate
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that covers a whole range of potential measurements, but it specifically refers to "self-reporting" by the patient. PRO data may be collected via self-administered questionnaires, which the patient completes themselves, or through patient interviews. The latter will only qualify as a PRO, however, if
743:
Scott, Neil W.; Fayers, Peter M.; Aaronson, Neil K.; Bottomley, Andrew; de Graeff, Alexander; Groenvold, Mogens; Koller, Michael; Petersen, Morten A.; Sprangers, Mirjam A. G. (Aug 2008). "The relationship between overall quality of life and its subdimensions was influenced by culture: analysis of an
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Epilepsy accounts for a significant proportion of the world's disease burden, affecting 1% of the population by age 20 and 3% of the population by age 75. The prevalence of epilepsy in
Maharashtra is estimated to be 1 million people. Epilepsy Foundation of India has been providing free diagnosis and
345:
Operationalizing success in multi-modal pain therapy is a challenge and is up to now characterized by tremendous heterogeneity. There are efforts to define core sets of patient-relevant outcome variables to be measured in clinical trials in general and for multi-modal pain therapy. Meanwhile, a core
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Taphoorn, Martin J. B.; Claassens, Lily; Aaronson, Neil K.; Coens, Corneel; Mauer, Murielle; Osoba, David; Stupp, Roger; Mirimanoff, René O.; van den Bent, Martin J. (Apr 2010). "An international validation study of the EORTC brain cancer module (EORTC QLQ-BN20) for assessing health-related quality
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launched their Level III patient-reported outcome (PRO) platform in
November 2015 and switched to a new version created and hosted by Ortech Systems in 2016. AJRR imports the PRO data into the AJRR’s Demand Reporting & Electronic Dashboard system. Clinical staff is able to access patient data
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It is essential that a PRO instrument satisfy certain development, psychometric and scaling standards if it is to provide useful information (e.g.). Specifically, measures should have a sound theoretical basis and should be relevant to the patient group with which they are to be used. They should
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Winstanley, Julie B.; Young, Teresa E.; Boyle, Frances M.; Bergenmar, Mia; Bottomley, Andrew; Burmeister, Bryan; Campana, Luca G.; Garioch, Jennifer J.; King, Madeleine (Feb 2015). "Cross-cultural development of a quality-of-life measure for patients with melanoma: phase 3 testing of an EORTC
367:
Patient‑reported outcome measures (PROMs) are increasingly being used in the field of physiotherapy in India and they are primarily used to determine clinical improvement in patients following an intervention. The lack of instruments in non‑English speaking nations is a significant challenge.
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Chu, Dominic; Popovic, Marko; Chow, Edward; Cella, David; Beaumont, Jennifer L.; Lam, Henry; Nguyen, Jasmine; Di
Giovanni, Julia; Pulenzas, Natalie (Sep 2014). "Development, characteristics and validity of the EORTC QLQ-PR25 and the FACT-P for assessment of quality of life in prostate cancer
299:
AJRR collaborated with several orthopaedic organizations to identify the specific measures that AJRR should recommend and that may be used as national benchmarks. Even though specific measures are recommended, AJRR understands that some institutions may have in place a long-standing PRO data
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Yekaninejad, Mir S.; Ahmadzadeh, Ahmad; Mosavi, Seyed H.; Saffari, Mohsen; Pakpour, Amir H.; Tolooei, Fatemeh; Chow, Edward; Bottomley, Andrew (Feb 2014). "The reliability and validity of the
Iranian version of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life
274:
Condition-targeted tools may capture any of the constructs listed above, depending on the purpose for which they were designed. Examples include the Adult Asthma
Quality of Life Questionnaire (AQLQ), the Kidney Disease Quality of Life Instrument, National Eye Institute Visual Functioning
195:
Measures of symptoms may focus on a range of impairments or on a specific impairment such as depression or pain. Measures of functioning assess activities such as personal care, activities of daily living and locomotor activities. Health-related quality of life instruments are generally
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reviewed the first three years of NHS PROMs data which captured responses from more than 50,000 patients who underwent groin hernia repair, varicose vein surgery or hip or knee replacements. They found "no grounds to suggest we should start cutting the amount of surgery we are doing".
88:
Further, PROs should not be confused with PREMs (patient reported experience measures), which focus more on a patient's overall experience versus a focus on specific treatment outcomes. The term PROs is becoming increasingly synonymous with "patient reported outcome measures" (PROMs).
145:. Items (questions) in a unidimensional questionnaire can be added to provide a single scale score. However, it cannot be assumed that a questionnaire is unidimensional simply because the author intended it to be. This must be demonstrated empirically (for example, by
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outcome measure set based on PROMS was developed with routine data and validated for operationalizing success in multimodal pain therapy. Validation studies suggest also suitability for depicting long-term success in the sense of sustainability of treatment effects.
117:
A well-designed PRO questionnaire should assess either a single underlying characteristic or, where it addresses multiple characteristics, should be a number of scales that each address a single characteristic. These measurement "characteristics" are termed
224:
These standards must be maintained throughout every target language population. In order to ensure that developmental standards are consistent in translated versions of a PRO instrument, the translated instrument undergoes a process known as
523:
Bottomley, Andrew; Jones, Dave; Claassens, Lily (Feb 2009). "Patient-reported outcomes: assessment and current perspectives of the guidelines of the Food and Drug
Administration and the reflection paper of the European Medicines Agency".
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while having the ability to manage PRO surveys electronically via a secure patient portal. The AJRR Dashboard system can also pull site-specific patient reports and summary results for each PRO measure supported on the AJRR system.
1589:"Core Outcome Measures in Effectiveness Trials (COMET) initiative: protocol for an international Delphi study to achieve consensus on how to select outcome measurement instruments for outcomes included in a 'core outcome set'"
1123:
Bottomley, Andrew; Aaronson, Neil K. (Nov 10, 2007). "International perspective on health-related quality-of-life research in cancer clinical trials: the
European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer experience".
1809:
Hays RD, Reeve BB. Measurement and modeling of health-related quality of life. In J. Killewo, H. K. Heggenhougen & S. R. Quah (eds.), Epidemiology and
Demography in Public Health (pp. 195–205). Elsevier,
472:
85:
outcomes refers to reporting situations in which only the patient provides information related to a specific treatment or condition; this information may or may not be of concern to the patient.
473:"The Role of Health-Related Quality of Life Data in the Drug Approval Processes in the US and Europe: A Review of Guidance Documents and Authorizations of Medicinal Products from 2006 to 2010"
245:. Condition-targeted preference-based PROs also exist, but there are some questions regarding their comparability to generic PROs when used for the computation of Quality Adjusted Life Years.
838:
Erik Cambria; Tim Benson; Chris Eckl; Amir Hussain (2012). "Sentic PROMs: Application of Sentic Computing to the Development of a Novel Unified Framework for Measuring Health-Care Quality".
109:
There is no incentive for patients to report their outcome data other than to "pay it forward" to the community and help the health industry prevent unnecessary suffering in other patients.
633:
KuliĹ›, Dagmara; Arnott, MarĂa; Greimel, Elfriede R.; Bottomley, Andrew; Koller, Michael (Jun 2011). "Trends in translation requests and arising issues regarding cultural adaptation".
1211:
Holzner, Bernhard; Efficace, Fabio; Basso, Umberto; Johnson, Colin D.; Aaronson, Neil K.; Arraras, Juan I.; Smith, Allan B.; Chow, Edward; Oberguggenberger, Anne S. (Mar 2013).
212:(CAT) to create highly reliable and validated measurement tools. The literature suggests increasing consistency in recommendations to guide PROM selection for clinical trials.
377:
1544:
Deckert, S.; Kaiser, U.; Trautmann, F.; Sabatowski, R.; Schmitt, J. (Jan 2016). "A systematic review of the outcomes reported in multimodal pain therapy for chronic pain".
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collection process. Participating hospitals are able to submit and retrieve these alternative measures, but there will not be national benchmarks available for them.
635:
359:, and a few other parameters. All PROMs are analyzed to help guide public policy and optimize resource allocation for people living with epilepsy in Maharashtra.
268:
1640:"Validation and application of a core set of patient-relevant outcome domains to assess the effectiveness of multimodal pain therapy (VAPAIN): a study protocol"
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Willke RJ, Burke LB, Erickson P., Measuring treatment impact: a review of patient-reported outcomes and other efficacy endpoints in approved product labels,
501:
1587:
Prinsen, Cecilia A. C.; Vohra, Sunita; Rose, Michael R.; King-Jones, Susanne; Ishaque, Sana; Bhaloo, Zafira; Adams, Denise; Terwee, Caroline B. (Jun 2014).
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was also introduced in 2018 to include patient reported data that are not outcomes (e.g., patient reported comorbidities, medications, hospitalizations).
161:
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Crossnohere, Norah L.; Brundage, Michael; Calvert, Melanie J.; King, Madeleine; Reeve, Bryce B.; Thorner, Elissa; Wu, Albert W.; Snyder, Claire (2021).
1427:
1689:"Searching for success: Development of a combined patient-reported-outcome ("PRO") criterion for operationalizing success in multi-modal pain therapy"
1213:"Cross-cultural development of an EORTC questionnaire to assess health-related quality of life in patients with testicular cancer: the EORTC QLQ-TC26"
254:
1479:"REFLECTION PAPER ON THE REGULATORY GUIDANCE FOR THE USE OF HEALTHRELATED QUALITY OF LIFE (HRQL) MEASURES IN THE EVALUATION OF MEDICINAL PRODUCTS"
317:
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Roadmap Initiative, the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) uses modern advances in psychometrics such as
164:(developed specifically to measure those aspects of outcome that are of importance for a people with a particular medical condition).
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Gallagher P, Ding L, Ham HP, Schor EL, Hays RD, Cleary PD. Development of a new patient-based measure of pediatric ambulatory care.
276:
1799:
Fayers P, Hays RD. (eds.) Assessing Quality of Life in Clinical Trials: Methods and Practice. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
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Many of the common generic PRO tools assess health-related quality of life or patient evaluations of health care. For example, the
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in which the preliminary translation is adapted to reflect cultural and linguistic differences between diverse target populations.
17:
1848:
Valderas JM, Alonso J. Patient reported outcome measures: a model-based classification system for research and clinical practice.
567:
Pugliese, Patrizia; Perrone, Maria; Nisi, Enrica; Garufi, Carlo; Giannarelli, Diana; Bottomley, Andrew; Terzoli, Edmondo (2006).
1315:
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1454:"Guidance for Industry. Patient-Reported Outcome Measures: Use in Medical Product Development to Support Labeling Claims"
451:
292:
64:
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Wiklund I., Assessment of patient-reported outcomes in clinical trials: the example of health-related quality of life,
789:"Differential item functioning (DIF) analyses of health-related quality of life instruments using logistic regression"
81:. The latter implies the use of a questionnaire covering issues and concerns that are specific to a patient. Instead,
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970:"Validation of a core patient-reported-outcome measure set for operationalizing success in multi-modal pain therapy"
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Information for members of Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) regarding Oxford Hip & Knee Scores
1921:
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1767:"The digitalisation of Rural Epilepsy camps with 24/7 online telephonic support to the patient - Case Study"
863:"International guidance on the selection of patient-reported outcome measures in clinical trials: a review"
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is then sent to the patient some weeks or months later. Patient participation is, however, not compulsory.
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1956:
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Kaiser, Ulrike; Kopkow, Christian; Deckert, Stefanie; Sabatowski, Rainer; Schmitt, Jochen (Nov 2015).
160:(designed to be used in any disease population and cover a broad aspect of the construct measured) or
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Fung CH, Hays RD. Prospects and challenges in using patient-reported outcomes in clinical practice.
410:
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63:, to help better understand a treatment's efficacy or effectiveness. The use of digitized PROs, or
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Donath, Carolin; Dorscht, Lisa; Graessel, Elmar; Sittl, Reinhard; Schoen, Christoph (Jul 2015).
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267:, the Health Utilities Index, the Quality of Well-Being Scale, the EuroQol (EQ-5D), and the
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input data, while automatically tracking their physio-emotional sensitivity. As part of the
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who experienced it. It stands in contrast to an outcome reported by someone else, such as a
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8:
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University of Oxford's Clinical Outcomes Assessment (Oxford Hip Score, Oxford Knee Score)
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1505:"Assessment of PRO label claims granted by the FDA as compared to the EMA (2006-2010)"
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Versteegh, Matthijs; Leunis, Annemieke; Uyl-deGroot, Carin; Stolk, Elly (May 2012).
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Mapi Research Trust (non-profit organization involved in Patient-Centered Outcomes)
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PROLabels(Database on Patient-Reported Outcome claims in marketing authorizations)
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The most commonly used PRO questionnaires assess one of the following constructs:
1937:
Vector Psychometric Group, LLC: PRO consulting, development, and delivery systems
1362:"Guidance on the routine collection of Patient Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs)"
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ProQolid (Patient-Reported Outcome & Quality of Life Instruments Database)
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569:"An integrated psychological strategy for advanced colorectal cancer patients"
1950:
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Bradley C. Importance of differentiating health status from quality of life.
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333:(FDA) has issued formal Guidance to Industry on PROs in label claims and the
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138:. Typically, PRO tools must undergo extensive validation and testing.
1941:
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Patient-reported outcomes are important in a regulatory context. The US
488:
1932:
FREE Oxford Hip and Knee Scores for NHS and Medicare/Medicaid patients
1752:
1503:
DeMuro C, Clark M, Doward L, Evans E, Mordin M, Gnanasakthy A (2013).
1072:
Questionnaire for patients with Bone Metastases: the EORTC QLQ-BM22".
935:
648:
44:
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Patrick DL, Bergner M. Measurement of Health Status in the 1990s.
1270:"Condition-Specific Preference-Based Measures: Benefit or Burden?"
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A questionnaire that measures a single construct is described as
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McKenna SP, Doward LC, Integrating Patient-Reported Outcomes.
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Tennant A, McKenna SP. Conceptualising and defining outcome.
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Donath, Carolin; Geiß, Christa; Schön, Christoph (Feb 2018).
260:
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Ankylosing Spondylitis Quality of Life questionnaire (ASQoL)
67:(ePROs), is on the rise in today's health research setting.
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Doward LC, McKenna SP, Defining Patient-Reported Outcomes.
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and the Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ), to name a few.
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Preference-based PROs can be used for the computation of a
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Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research
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Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research
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Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System
1931:
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Since 1 April 2009 all providers of care funded by the
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Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems
1502:
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Symptoms (impairments) and other aspects of well-being
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and the questionnaires used to collect them, termed
918:
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51:-reported outcome, and so on. PRO methods, such as
500:
471:Marquis P, Caron M, Emery MP, et al. (2011).
1428:"PROMs show no evidence of inappropriate surgery"
1376:
1316:"AJRR Launches Patient-reported Outcome Platform"
1122:
470:
1948:
1446:
1168:of life and symptoms in brain cancer patients".
271:(CAHPS) survey instruments are PRO instruments.
255:List of patient-reported quality of life surveys
967:
1459:. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
318:London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
1309:
1307:
1305:
923:Journal of Comparative Effectiveness Research
371:
350:PROMs in Epilepsy in Rural Maharashtra, India
1340:"Patient Reported Outcomes Measures (PROMs)"
795:. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 8:81.
1332:
275:Questionnaire, Epilepsy Surgery Inventory,
1302:
840:Expert Systems with Applications, Elsevier
293:American Joint Replacement Registry (AJRR)
75:PROs should not be confused with PCOs, or
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277:Migraine Specific Quality of Life (MSQOL)
1354:
688:"The cancer patient and quality of life"
310:National Health Service (NHS) in England
14:
1949:
1942:Open Research Exchange: PatientsLikeMe
1313:
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363:PROMs in physiotherapy practice, India
188:Health related quality of life (HRQoL)
831:
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286:
263:, SF-12 Health Survey, Profile, the
65:electronic patient-reported outcomes
1406:"PROMs: Frequently asked questions"
793:Health and Quality of Life Outcomes
573:Health and Quality of Life Outcomes
452:Quality of Life in Depression Scale
303:
232:
191:Reports and Ratings of health care.
24:
357:healthcare related quality of life
325:In drug licensing and label claims
112:
25:
1978:
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316:In December 2013 a team from the
216:Validation and quality assessment
746:Journal of Clinical Epidemiology
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341:PROMs in Multimodal Pain Therapy
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1364:. Department of Health, England
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787:Scott, NW; et al. (2010).
1753:"Epilepsy Foundation of India"
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758:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2007.08.015
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560:
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202:National Institute of Health's
70:
13:
1:
705:10.1634/theoncologist.7-2-120
457:
210:computerized adaptive testing
1693:BMC Health Services Research
1126:Journal of Clinical Oncology
1086:10.1586/14737167.2014.864559
1034:10.1097/CMR.0000000000000122
974:BMC Health Services Research
378:Patient Reported Health Data
331:Food and Drug Administration
147:confirmatory factor analysis
7:
1656:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008146
1522:10.1016/j.jval.2013.08.2293
1484:. European Medicines Agency
416:Clinical research associate
383:
248:
92:
10:
1983:
1287:10.1016/j.jval.2011.12.003
1182:10.1016/j.ejca.2010.01.012
1170:European Journal of Cancer
882:10.1007/s11136-020-02625-z
848:10.1016/j.eswa.2012.02.120
686:Bottomley, Andrew (2002).
538:10.1016/j.ejca.2008.09.032
526:European Journal of Cancer
372:Relationship to other data
252:
239:quality-adjusted life year
180:General health perceptions
1706:10.1186/s12913-015-0939-4
1229:10.1007/s11136-012-0147-1
987:10.1186/s12913-018-2911-6
744:international database".
411:Clinical data acquisition
335:European Medicines Agency
265:Nottingham Health Profile
78:patient-centered outcomes
39:directly reported by the
1962:Clinical data management
1866:. 2004 Dec;25(6):535-52.
1859:. 2004 Jun;18(3):351-63.
1787:Quality of Life Research
1606:10.1186/1745-6215-15-247
1546:European Journal of Pain
1342:. NHS Information Centre
1217:Quality of Life Research
1138:10.1200/JCO.2007.11.3183
870:Quality of Life Research
174:Functioning (disability)
29:patient-reported outcome
18:Patient reported outcome
1817:, Canary Publications,
1806:. 2009; 124: 1348-1354.
1782:. 2001; 357 (9249):7-8.
1739:"Epilepsy Epidemiology"
437:Electronic data capture
427:Data clarification form
422:Clinical trial protocol
1887:Medical Outcomes Trust
1836:Annu Rev Public Health
1831:. 2004; 7(S1): S9-S12.
1432:Health Service Journal
806:10.1186/1477-7525-8-81
156:Questionnaires may be
1877:EuroQol Group (EQ-5D)
1857:Fundam Clin Pharmacol
1796:. 2004; 7(S1): S4-S8.
1789:. 2008; 17: 1297-302.
586:10.1186/1477-7525-4-9
442:Linguistic validation
227:Linguistic validation
184:Quality of life (QoL)
47:-reported outcome, a
1852:. 2008; 17: 1125-35.
206:item response theory
1864:Control Clin Trials
1838:. 1990; 11: 165-83.
261:SF-36 Health Survey
1314:Michalesko, Erik.
1020:Melanoma Module".
489:10.1007/bf03256856
162:condition-targeted
1957:Clinical research
1434:. 9 December 2013
1384:"What are PROMs?"
1132:(32): 5082–5086.
1022:Melanoma Research
936:10.2217/cer.14.41
649:10.1586/erp.11.27
398:Psychiatry portal
287:PROMS in the AJRR
61:clinical settings
16:(Redirected from
1974:
1845:1995;34:899-900.
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1439:
1424:
1418:
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1396:
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1380:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1347:
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1330:
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1327:
1326:
1311:
1300:
1299:
1289:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1248:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1176:(6): 1033–1040.
1164:
1158:
1157:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1016:
1010:
1009:
999:
989:
965:
956:
955:
916:
910:
909:
867:
858:
852:
851:
835:
829:
828:
818:
808:
784:
778:
777:
740:
734:
733:
707:
683:
677:
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630:
624:
623:
622:
616:
606:
588:
564:
558:
557:
520:
514:
513:
511:
510:
504:
499:. Archived from
468:
432:Drug development
406:Case report form
400:
395:
394:
304:PROMs in the NHS
233:Preference-based
83:patient-reported
21:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1967:Quality of life
1947:
1946:
1873:
1829:Value in Health
1794:Value in Health
1775:
1774:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1685:
1681:
1650:(11): e008146.
1636:
1632:
1585:
1581:
1558:10.1002/ejp.721
1542:
1538:
1509:Value in Health
1501:
1497:
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1485:
1481:
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1476:
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1462:
1460:
1456:
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1381:
1377:
1367:
1365:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1345:
1343:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1324:
1322:
1312:
1303:
1274:Value in Health
1266:
1262:
1209:
1205:
1165:
1161:
1121:
1117:
1069:
1065:
1017:
1013:
966:
959:
917:
913:
865:
859:
855:
836:
832:
785:
781:
741:
737:
684:
680:
631:
627:
617:
565:
561:
521:
517:
508:
506:
469:
465:
460:
396:
389:
386:
374:
365:
352:
343:
327:
306:
289:
257:
251:
235:
218:
115:
113:Characteristics
95:
73:
57:clinical trials
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1980:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1892:Health Surveys
1889:
1884:
1879:
1872:
1871:External links
1869:
1868:
1867:
1860:
1853:
1846:
1843:Br J Rheumatol
1839:
1832:
1825:
1811:
1807:
1800:
1797:
1790:
1783:
1773:
1772:
1758:
1744:
1730:
1679:
1630:
1579:
1536:
1495:
1470:
1445:
1419:
1397:
1375:
1353:
1331:
1301:
1280:(3): 503–513.
1260:
1223:(2): 369–378.
1203:
1159:
1115:
1080:(1): 147–156.
1063:
1011:
957:
930:(5): 523–531.
911:
853:
830:
779:
752:(8): 788–795.
735:
698:(2): 120–125.
692:The Oncologist
678:
643:(3): 307–314.
625:
559:
532:(3): 347–353.
515:
462:
461:
459:
456:
455:
454:
449:
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439:
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364:
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326:
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305:
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288:
285:
250:
247:
234:
231:
217:
214:
193:
192:
189:
186:
181:
178:
175:
172:
151:Rasch analysis
143:unidimensional
114:
111:
94:
91:
72:
69:
55:, are used in
53:questionnaires
37:health outcome
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1979:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
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1861:
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1854:
1851:
1850:Qual Life Res
1847:
1844:
1840:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1826:
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1823:0-9531174-7-2
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1816:
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1583:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1540:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1515:(8): 1150–5.
1514:
1510:
1506:
1499:
1480:
1474:
1455:
1449:
1433:
1429:
1423:
1408:. NHS Choices
1407:
1401:
1386:. NHS Choices
1385:
1379:
1363:
1357:
1341:
1335:
1321:
1317:
1310:
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1230:
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1222:
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1214:
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1195:
1191:
1187:
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1179:
1175:
1171:
1163:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1119:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1067:
1059:
1055:
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1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1015:
1007:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
979:
975:
971:
964:
962:
953:
949:
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941:
937:
933:
929:
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924:
915:
907:
903:
899:
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887:
883:
879:
875:
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864:
857:
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817:
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807:
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790:
783:
775:
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763:
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723:
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693:
689:
682:
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670:
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629:
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587:
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570:
563:
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551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
519:
505:on 2012-06-14
503:
498:
494:
490:
486:
483:(3): 147–60.
482:
478:
474:
467:
463:
453:
450:
448:
447:Patient diary
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
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179:
177:Health status
176:
173:
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159:
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152:
148:
144:
139:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
110:
107:
105:
104:drug approval
100:
99:umbrella term
90:
86:
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1786:
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1733:
1699:(272): 272.
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1473:
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1356:
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1334:
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1073:
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1021:
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869:
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507:. Retrieved
502:the original
480:
476:
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307:
298:
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273:
258:
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127:
123:
119:
116:
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1813:Kennedy D,
1438:15 December
1412:1 September
1390:1 September
1368:1 September
1346:1 September
920:patients".
124:instruments
71:Terminology
1951:Categories
1804:Pediatrics
1325:2016-02-02
509:2011-10-19
458:References
253:See also:
208:(IRT) and
120:constructs
97:PRO is an
1897:SF-36.org
1237:1573-2649
1190:1879-0852
1146:1527-7755
1094:1744-8379
1042:1473-5636
944:2042-6313
906:221643850
890:0962-9343
766:0895-4356
714:1083-7159
657:1744-8379
595:1477-7525
546:1879-0852
477:Pharm Med
376:The term
59:or other
45:physician
1725:26184646
1674:26547084
1644:BMJ Open
1625:24962012
1566:26031689
1531:24326168
1488:6 August
1463:6 August
1320:ajrr.net
1296:22583461
1255:22407356
1198:20181476
1154:17991925
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730:20903110
722:11961195
673:27945868
665:21671700
613:16460566
554:19013787
497:31174846
384:See also
249:Examples
128:measures
93:Overview
1716:4504445
1665:4636634
1616:4082295
1574:4964545
1246:3576569
997:5816476
816:2924271
604:1409769
158:generic
41:patient
35:) is a
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1780:Lancet
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1593:Trials
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279:, the
132:scales
1810:2010.
1570:S2CID
1482:(PDF)
1457:(PDF)
1106:S2CID
1054:S2CID
902:S2CID
866:(PDF)
726:S2CID
669:S2CID
579:: 9.
493:S2CID
418:(CRA)
243:EQ-5D
136:tools
49:nurse
1902:Mapi
1819:ISBN
1721:PMID
1670:PMID
1621:PMID
1562:PMID
1527:PMID
1490:2014
1465:2014
1440:2013
1414:2012
1392:2012
1370:2012
1348:2012
1292:PMID
1251:PMID
1233:ISSN
1194:PMID
1186:ISSN
1150:PMID
1142:ISSN
1098:PMID
1090:ISSN
1046:PMID
1038:ISSN
1002:PMID
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940:ISSN
894:PMID
886:ISSN
821:PMID
770:PMID
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718:PMID
710:ISSN
661:PMID
653:ISSN
609:PMID
591:ISSN
550:PMID
542:ISSN
291:The
1711:PMC
1701:doi
1660:PMC
1652:doi
1611:PMC
1601:doi
1554:doi
1517:doi
1282:doi
1241:PMC
1225:doi
1178:doi
1134:doi
1082:doi
1030:doi
992:PMC
982:doi
932:doi
878:doi
844:doi
811:PMC
801:doi
754:doi
700:doi
645:doi
599:PMC
581:doi
534:doi
485:doi
149:or
134:or
33:PRO
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