1819:, a massive wall is located directly behind south-facing glass, which absorbs solar energy and releases it selectively towards the building interior at night. The wall can be constructed of cast-in-place concrete, brick, adobe, stone, or solid (or filled) concrete masonry units. Sunlight enters through the glass and is immediately absorbed at the surface of the mass wall and either stored or conducted through the material mass to the inside space. The thermal mass cannot absorb solar energy as fast as it enters the space between the mass and the window area. Temperatures of the air in this space can easily exceed 120 °F (49 °C). This hot air can be introduced into interior spaces behind the wall by incorporating heat-distributing vents at the top of the wall. This wall system was first envisioned and patented in 1881 by its inventor, Edward Morse. Felix Trombe, for whom this system is sometimes named, was a French engineer who built several homes using this design in the French Pyrenees in the 1960s.
1947:(the Trombe wall's most obvious disadvantage) but it can still be exposed to direct sunlight through double-glazed equator-facing windows, which can be further insulated by thermal shutters or shades at night. The Trombe wall's problematic delay in daytime heat capture is eliminated, because heat does not have to be driven through the wall to reach the interior air space: some of it reflects or re-radiates immediately from the floor. Provided the slab has air channels like the Trombe wall, which run through it in the north-south direction and are vented to the interior air space through the concrete slab floor just inside the north and south walls, vigorous air thermosiphoning through the slab still occurs as in the vertical Trombe wall, distributing the impounded heat throughout the house (and cooling the house in summer by the reverse process).
1934:, uses water stored on the roof to temper hot and cold internal temperatures, usually in desert environments. It typically is constructed of containers holding 6 to 12 in (150 to 300 mm) of water on a flat roof. Water is stored in large plastic bags or fiberglass containers to maximize radiant emissions and minimize evaporation. It can be left unglazed or can be covered by glazing. Solar radiation heats the water, which acts as a thermal storage medium. At night or during cloudy weather, the containers can be covered with insulating panels. The indoor space below the roof pond is heated by thermal energy emitted by the roof pond storage above. These systems require good drainage systems, movable insulation, and an enhanced structural system to support a 35 to 70 lb/ft (1.7 to 3.3 kN/m) dead load.
2012:, is a type of isolated gain solar system with a glazed interior space or room that is part of or attached to a building but which can be completely closed off from the main occupied areas. It functions like an attached greenhouse that makes use of a combination of direct-gain and indirect-gain system characteristics. A sunspace may be called and appear like a greenhouse, but a greenhouse is designed to grow plants whereas a sunspace is designed to provide heat and aesthetics to a building. Sunspaces are very popular passive design elements because they expand the living areas of a building and offer a room to grow plants and other vegetation. In moderate and cold climates, however, supplemental space heating is required to keep plants from freezing during extremely cold weather.
1771:
absorptivity, should be used on surfaces of thermal mass elements that will be in direct sunlight. Thermal mass that is not in contact with sunlight can be any color. Lightweight elements (e.g., drywall walls and ceilings) can be any color. Covering the glazing with tight-fitting, moveable insulation panels during dark, cloudy periods and nighttime hours will greatly enhance performance of a direct-gain system. Water contained within plastic or metal containment and placed in direct sunlight heats more rapidly and more evenly than solid mass due to natural convection heat transfer. The convection process also prevents surface temperatures from becoming too extreme as they sometimes do when dark colored solid mass surfaces receive direct sunlight.
2016:
sloped glazing collects more heat in the winter, it is minimized to prevent overheating during summer months. Although overhead glazing can be aesthetically pleasing, an insulated roof provides better thermal performance. Skylights can be used to provide some daylighting potential. Vertical glazing can maximize gain in winter, when the angle of the sun is low, and yield less heat gain during the summer. Vertical glass is less expensive, easier to install and insulate, and not as prone to leaking, fogging, breaking, and other glass failures. A combination of vertical glazing and some sloped glazing is acceptable if summer shading is provided. A well-designed overhang may be all that is necessary to shade the glazing in the summer.
1763:, sufficient thermal mass is required to prevent large temperature fluctuations in indoor air; more thermal mass is required than in a sun tempered building. Overheating of the building interior can result with insufficient or poorly designed thermal mass. About one-half to two-thirds of the interior surface area of the floors, walls and ceilings must be constructed of thermal storage materials. Thermal storage materials can be concrete, adobe, brick, and water. Thermal mass in floors and walls should be kept as bare as is functionally and aesthetically possible; thermal mass needs to be exposed to direct sunlight. Wall-to-wall carpeting, large throw rugs, expansive furniture, and large wall hangings should be avoided.
1911:
exterior surface of the thermal storage wall improves performance by reducing the amount of infrared energy radiated back through the glass; typically, it achieves a similar improvement in performance without the need for daily installation and removal of insulating panels. A selective surface consists of a sheet of metal foil glued to the outside surface of the wall. It absorbs almost all the radiation in the visible portion of the solar spectrum and emits very little in the infrared range. High absorbency turns the light into heat at the wall's surface, and low emittance prevents the heat from radiating back towards the glass.
1744:, the indoor space acts as a solar collector, heat absorber, and distribution system. South-facing glass in the northern hemisphere(north-facing in the southern hemisphere) admits solar energy into the building interior where it directly heats (radiant energy absorption) or indirectly heats (through convection) thermal mass in the building such as concrete or masonry floors and walls. The floors and walls acting as thermal mass are incorporated as functional parts of the building and temper the intensity of heating during the day. At night, the heated thermal mass radiates heat into the indoor space.
1849:, has operable vents near the ceiling and floor levels of the mass wall that allow indoor air to flow through them by natural convection. As solar radiation heats the air trapped between the glass and wall and it begins to rise. Air is drawn into the lower vent, then into the space between the glass and wall to get heated by solar radiation, increasing its temperature and causing it to rise, and then exit through the top (ceiling) vent back into the indoor space. This allows the wall to directly introduce heated air into the space; usually at a temperature of about 90 °F (32 °C).
1244:
2020:
floor level vents, windows, doors, or fans. In a common design, thermal mass wall situated on the back of the sunspace adjacent to the living space will function like an indirect-gain thermal mass wall. Solar energy entering the sunspace is retained in the thermal mass. Solar heat is conveyed into the building by conduction through the shared mass wall in the rear of the sunspace and by vents (like an unvented thermal storage wall) or through openings in the wall that permit airflow from the sunspace to the indoor space by convection (like a vented thermal storage wall).
1895:
time lag is the time difference between when sunlight first strikes the wall and when the heat enters the building interior. Time lag is contingent upon the type of material used in the wall and the wall thickness; a greater thickness yields a greater time lag. The time lag characteristic of thermal mass, combined with dampening of temperature fluctuations, allows the use of varying daytime solar energy as a more uniform night-time heat source. Windows can be placed in the wall for natural lighting or aesthetic reasons, but this tends to lower the efficiency somewhat.
1754:
direction, and has a large fraction (~80% or more) of the windows on the south side. It has little added thermal mass beyond what is already in the building (i.e., just framing, wall board, and so forth). In a sun-tempered building, the south-facing window area should be limited to about 5 to 7% of the total floor area, less in a sunny climate, to prevent overheating. Additional south-facing glazing can be included only if more thermal mass is added. Energy savings are modest with this system, and sun tempering is very low cost.
195:
133:
2801:
people and pets. The use of natural convection air currents (rather than mechanical devices such as fans) to circulate air is related, though not strictly solar design. Passive solar building design sometimes uses limited electrical and mechanical controls to operate dampers, insulating shutters, shades, awnings, or reflectors. Some systems enlist small fans or solar-heated chimneys to improve convective air-flow. A reasonable way to analyse these systems is by measuring their
2028:
living space, about 0.20 ft of thermal mass wall surface per ft of floor area being heated (0.2 m per m of floor area) is appropriate. In most climates, a ventilation system is required in summer months to prevent overheating. Generally, vast overhead (horizontal) and east- and west-facing glass areas should not be used in a sunspace without special precautions for summer overheating such as using heat-reflecting glass and providing summer-shading systems areas.
786:
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800:
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36:
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system, the thermal storage wall system provides passive solar heating without excessive window area and glare in interior spaces. However, the ability to take advantage of views and daylighting are eliminated. The performance of Trombe walls is diminished if the wall interior is not open to the interior spaces. Furniture, bookshelves and wall cabinets installed on the interior surface of the wall will reduce its performance.
2242:
however, an increased area (now the sloped cross-section) of the glazing has to bear the force of gravity. Glass is also brittle; it does not flex much before breaking. To counteract this, you usually must increase the thickness of the glazing or increase the number of structural supports to hold the glazing. Both increase overall cost, and the latter will reduce the amount of solar gain into the sunspace.
1907:
losses through the thermal mass of the wall can still be significant in cloudy and cold climates; the wall loses stored heat in less than a day, and then leak heat, which dramatically raises backup heating requirements. Covering the glazing with tight-fitting, moveable insulation panels during lengthy cloudy periods and nighttime hours will enhance performance of a thermal storage system.
2246:
made of safety glass, laminated, or a combination thereof, which reduce solar gain potential. Most of the roof-angled glass on the Crowne Plaza Hotel
Orlando Airport sunspace was destroyed in a single windstorm. Roof-angled glass increases construction cost, and can increase insurance premiums. Vertical glass is less susceptible to weather damage than roof-angled glass.
1899:
indoor surface temperatures peak during late evening hours. Heat will take about 8 to 10 hours to reach the interior of the building (heat travels through a concrete wall at rate of about one inch per hour). A good thermal connection between the inside wall finishes (e.g., drywall) and the thermal mass wall is necessary to maximize heat transfer to the interior space.
1793:, masonry, or water) is located directly behind the south-facing glass and in front of the heated indoor space and so there is no direct heating. The position of the mass prevents sunlight from entering the indoor space and can also obstruct the view through the glass. There are two types of indirect gain systems: thermal storage wall systems and roof pond systems.
930:, but this typically requires some external energy for aligning their concentrating mirrors or receivers, and historically have not proven to be practical or cost effective for widespread use. 'Low-grade' energy needs, such as space and water heating, have proven over time to be better applications for passive use of solar energy.
1059:) can achieve significant energy savings and reduction of environmental damage, without sacrificing functionality or aesthetics. In fact, passive-solar design features such as a greenhouse/sunroom/solarium can greatly enhance the livability, daylight, views, and value of a home, at a low cost per unit of space.
2840:
There has been recent interest in the utilization of the large amounts of surface area on skyscrapers to improve their overall energy efficiency. Because skyscrapers are increasingly ubiquitous in urban environments, yet require large amounts of energy to operate, there is potential for large amounts
2696:
The energy design of
Passive House buildings is developed using a spreadsheet-based modeling tool called the Passive House Planning Package (PHPP) which is updated periodically. The current version is PHPP 9.6 (2018). A building may be certified as a "Passive House" when it can be shown that it meets
1902:
Although the position of a thermal storage wall minimizes daytime overheating of the indoor space, a well-insulated building should be limited to approximately 0.2 to 0.3 ft of thermal mass wall surface per ft of floor area being heated (0.2 to 0.3 m per m of floor area), depending upon climate.
1856:
Vented thermal storage walls vented to the interior have proven somewhat ineffective, mostly because they deliver too much heat during the day in mild weather and during summer months; they simply overheat and create comfort issues. Most solar experts recommended that thermal storage walls should not
1852:
If vents are left open at night (or on cloudy days), a reversal of convective airflow will occur, wasting heat by dissipating it outdoors. Vents must be closed at night so radiant heat from the interior surface of the storage wall heats the indoor space. Generally, vents are also closed during summer
1110:
The economic motivation for scientific design and engineering is significant. If it had been applied comprehensively to new building construction beginning in 1980 (based on 1970s lessons learned), The United States could be saving over $ 250,000,000 per year on expensive energy and related pollution
2800:
A "purely passive" solar-heated house would have no mechanical furnace unit, relying instead on energy captured from sunshine, only supplemented by "incidental" heat energy given off by lights, computers, and other task-specific appliances (such as those for cooking, entertainment, etc.), showering,
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provide the passive solar designer the ability to evaluate local conditions, design elements and orientation prior to construction. Energy performance optimization normally requires an iterative-refinement design-and-evaluate process. There is no such thing as a "one-size-fits-all" universal passive
1950:
The ventilated horizontal slab is less expensive to construct than vertical Trombe walls, as it forms the foundation of the house which is a necessary expense in any building. Slab-on-grade foundations are a common, well-understood and cost-effective building component (modified only slightly by the
1946:
Kachadorian demonstrated that the drawbacks of thermal storage walls can be overcome by orienting the Trombe wall horizontally instead of vertically. If the thermal storage mass is constructed as a ventilated concrete slab floor instead of as a wall, it does not block sunlight from entering the home
2035:
To maximize comfort and efficiency, the non-glass sunspace walls, ceiling and foundation should be well insulated. The perimeter of the foundation wall or slab should be insulated to the frost line or around the slab perimeter. In a temperate or cold climate, the east and west walls of the sunspace
2027:
A sunspace with a masonry thermal wall will need approximately 0.3 ft of thermal mass wall surface per ft of floor area being heated (0.3 m per m of floor area), depending on climate. Wall thicknesses should be similar to a thermal storage wall. If a water wall is used between the sunspace and
2019:
The temperature variations caused by the heat losses and gains can be moderated by thermal mass and low-emissivity windows. Thermal mass can include a masonry floor, a masonry wall bordering the house, or water containers. Distribution of heat to the building can be accomplished through ceiling and
1906:
Thermal mass walls are best-suited to sunny winter climates that have high diurnal (day-night) temperature swings (e.g., southwest, mountain-west). They do not perform as well in cloudy or extremely cold climates or in climates where there is not a large diurnal temperature swing. Nighttime thermal
1766:
Typically, for about every 1 ft of south-facing glass, about 5 to 10 ft of thermal mass is required for thermal mass (1 m per 5 to 10 m). When accounting for minimal-to-average wall and floor coverings and furniture, this typically equates to about 5 to 10 ft per ft (5 to 10 m per m)
1069:
Passive solar building construction may not be difficult or expensive (using off-the-shelf existing materials and technology), but the scientific passive solar building design is a non-trivial engineering effort that requires significant study of previous counter-intuitive lessons learned, and time
2327:
Although the sun is at the same altitude 6-weeks before and after the solstice, the heating and cooling requirements before and after the solstice are significantly different. Heat storage on the Earth's surface causes "thermal lag." Variable cloud cover influences solar gain potential. This means
2245:
Another common problem with sloped glazing is its increased exposure to the weather. It is difficult to maintain a good seal on roof-angled glass in intense sunlight. Hail, sleet, snow, and wind may cause material failure. For occupant safety, regulatory agencies usually require sloped glass to be
2031:
The internal surfaces of the thermal mass should be dark in color. Movable insulation (e.g., window coverings, shades, shutters) can be used help trap the warm air in the sunspace both after the sun has set and during cloudy weather. When closed during extremely hot days, window coverings can help
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building. In temperate and cold climates, thermally isolating the sunspace from the building at night is important. Large glass panels, French doors, or sliding glass doors between the building and attached sunspace will maintain an open feeling without the heat loss associated with an open space.
1894:
Temperature variations between the exterior and interior wall surfaces drive heat through the mass wall. Inside the building, however, daytime heat gain is delayed, only becoming available at the interior surface of the thermal mass during the evening when it is needed because the sun has set. The
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in to 2 in from the wall to create a small airspace. In some designs, the mass is located 1 to 2 ft (0.6 m) away from the glass, but the space is still not usable. The surface of the thermal mass absorbs the solar radiation that strikes it and stores it for nighttime use. Unlike a direct gain
1457:
Western and eastern sun can provide warmth and lighting, but are vulnerable to overheating in summer if not shaded. In contrast, the low midday sun readily admits light and warmth during the winter, but can be easily shaded with appropriate length overhangs or angled louvres during summer and leaf
2758:
Many detached suburban houses can achieve reductions in heating expense without obvious changes to their appearance, comfort or usability. This is done using good siting and window positioning, small amounts of thermal mass, with good-but-conventional insulation, weatherization, and an occasional
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in German) Institute in
Germany. Rather than relying solely on traditional passive solar design techniques, this approach seeks to make use of all passive sources of heat, minimises energy usage, and emphasises the need for high levels of insulation reinforced by meticulous attention to detail in
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In subarctic areas, or areas that have long terms without solar gain (e.g. weeks of freezing fog), purpose-built thermal mass is very expensive. Don
Stephens pioneered an experimental technique to use the ground as thermal mass large enough for annualized heat storage. His designs run an isolated
1898:
The thickness of a thermal storage wall should be approximately 10 to 14 in (250 to 350 mm) for brick, 12 to 18 in (300 to 450 mm) for concrete, 8 to 12 in (200 to 300 mm) for earth/adobe, and at least 6 in (150 mm) for water. These thicknesses delay movement of heat such that
1774:
Depending on climate and with adequate thermal mass, south-facing glass area in a direct gain system should be limited to about 10 to 20% of the floor area (e.g., 10 to 20 ft of glass for a 100 ft floor area). This should be based on the net glass or glazing area. Note that most windows
2719:
is proposed to supersede the apparently failed nearly-zero energy buildings in EU. The zero heating building reduces on the passive solar design and makes the building more opened to conventional architectural design. The annual specific heat demand for the zero-heating house should not exceed 3
2023:
In cold climates, double glazing should be used to reduce conductive losses through the glass to the outside. Night-time heat loss, although significant during winter months, is not as essential in the sunspace as with direct gain systems since the sunspace can be closed off from the rest of the
2015:
An attached sunspace's south-facing glass collects solar energy as in a direct-gain system. The simplest sunspace design is to install vertical windows with no overhead glazing. Sunspaces may experience high heat gain and high heat loss through their abundance of glazing. Although horizontal and
1890:
A water wall uses containers of water for thermal mass instead of a solid mass wall. Water walls are typically slightly more efficient than solid mass walls because they absorb heat more efficiently due to the development of convective currents in the liquid water as it is heated. These currents
2210:(leaf-shedding) trees, or by adding a movable insulated opaque window covering on the inside or outside of the skylight. This would eliminate the daylight benefit in the summer. If tree limbs hang over a roof, they will increase problems with leaves in rain gutters, possibly cause roof-damaging
2190:
The equator-facing side of a building is south in the northern hemisphere, and north in the southern hemisphere. Skylights on roofs that face away from the equator provide mostly indirect illumination, except for summer days when the sun may rise on the non-equator side of the building (at some
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to 6 in. (20 to 150 mm) from the wall to create a small airspace. Glass framing is typically metal (e.g., aluminum) because vinyl will soften and wood will become super dried at the 180 °F (82 °C) temperature that can exist behind the glass in the wall. Heat from sunlight passing
2661:
Fundamental passive solar hot water heating involves no pumps or anything electrical. It is very cost effective in climates that do not have lengthy sub-freezing, or very-cloudy, weather conditions. Other active solar water heating technologies, etc. may be more appropriate for some locations.
2241:
The U.S. DOE explains drawbacks to roof-angled glazing: Glass and plastic have little structural strength. When installed vertically, glass (or plastic) bears its own weight because only a small area (the top edge of the glazing) is subject to gravity. As the glass tilts off the vertical axis,
1910:
The main drawback of thermal storage walls is their heat loss to the outside. Double glass (glass or any of the plastics) is necessary for reducing heat loss in most climates. In mild climates, single glass is acceptable. A selective surface (high-absorbing/low-emitting surface) applied to the
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tower in London, found that a 35% energy decrease in demand can theoretically be achieved through indirect solar gains, by rotating the building to achieve optimum ventilation and daylight penetration, usage of high thermal mass flooring material to decrease temperature fluctuation inside the
1753:
is the most basic type of direct gain passive solar configuration that simply involves increasing (slightly) the south-facing glazing area, without adding additional thermal mass. It is a type of direct-gain system in which the building envelope is well insulated, is elongated in an east–west
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warm air and falling cooler air can result in an uneven stratification of heat. This may cause uncomfortable variations in temperature in the upper and lower conditioned space, serve as a method of venting hot air, or be designed in as a natural-convection air-flow loop for passive solar heat
1937:
With the angles of incidence of sunlight during the day, roof ponds are only effective for heating at lower and mid-latitudes, in hot to temperate climates. Roof pond systems perform better for cooling in hot, low humidity climates. Not many solar roofs have been built, and there is limited
1875:
A typical unvented thermal storage wall consists of a south facing masonry or concrete wall with a dark, heat-absorbing material on the exterior surface and faced with a single or double layer of glass. High transmission glass maximizes solar gains to the mass wall. The glass is placed from
1770:
Solid thermal mass (e.g., concrete, masonry, stone, etc.) should be relatively thin, no more than about 4 in (100 mm) thick. Thermal masses with large exposed areas and those in direct sunlight for at least part of the day (2 hour minimum) perform best. Medium-to-dark, colors with high
2173:
Skylights admit harsh direct overhead sunlight and glare either horizontally (a flat roof) or pitched at the same angle as the roof slope. In some cases, horizontal skylights are used with reflectors to increase the intensity of solar radiation (and harsh glare), depending on the roof
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This can be achieved by careful building design, orientation, and placement of window sections to collect light. Other creative solutions involve the use of reflecting surfaces to admit daylight into the interior of a building. Window sections should be adequately sized, and to avoid
2182:
is nearly parallel to roof-angled glass morning and afternoon ). When the summer sun is high, it is nearly perpendicular to roof-angled glass, which maximizes solar gain at the wrong time of year, and acts like a solar furnace. Skylights should be covered and well-insulated to reduce
2331:
Control mechanisms (such as manual-or-motorized interior insulated drapes, shutters, exterior roll-down shade screens, or retractable awnings) can compensate for differences caused by thermal lag or cloud cover, and help control daily / hourly solar gain requirement variations.
1106:
is not easy for a novice. The level of complexity has resulted in ongoing bad-architecture, and many intuition-based, unscientific construction experiments that disappoint their designers and waste a significant portion of their construction budget on inappropriate ideas.
1822:
A thermal storage wall typically consists of a 4 to 16 in (100 to 400 mm) thick masonry wall coated with a dark, heat-absorbing finish (or a selective surface) and covered with a single or double layer of high transmissivity glass. The glass is typically placed from
2858:
Another study analyzed double-green skin facade (DGSF) on the outside of high-rise buildings in Hong Kong. Such a green facade, or vegetation covering the outer walls, can combat the usage of air conditioning greatly - as much as 80%, as discovered by the researchers.
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of the Earth, the temperature and solar gain requirements are quite different before and after the summer or winter solstice. Movable shutters, shades, shade screens, or window quilts can accommodate day-to-day and hour-to-hour solar gain and insulation requirements.
1346:/ weatherstripping / draft-proofing can contribute up to 40% of heat loss during winter; however, strategic placement of operable windows or vents can enhance convection, cross-ventilation, and summer cooling when the outside air is of a comfortable temperature and
2164:
in higher geographic latitudes to reduce heat loss. Indirect-gain and isolated-gain configurations may still be able to function effectively with only single-pane glazing. Nevertheless, the optimal cost-effective solution is both location and system dependent.
1370:
may be facilitated through natural or forced convective air movement by fans, but ceiling fans can disturb the stratified insulating air layers at the top of a room, and accelerate heat transfer from a hot attic, or through nearby windows. In addition, high
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months when heat gain is not needed. During the summer, an exterior exhaust vent installed at the top of the wall can be opened to vent to the outside. Such venting makes the system act as a solar chimney driving air through the building during the day.
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through the glass is absorbed by the dark surface, stored in the wall, and conducted slowly inward through the masonry. As an architectural detail, patterned glass can limit the exterior visibility of the wall without sacrificing solar transmissivity.
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to absorb heat entering the space. Overhangs are used to block direct sunlight in the summer, and allow it in the winter, and heat reflecting blinds are inserted between the thermal wall and the glazing to limit heat build-up in the summer months.
2732:
was used to simulate the altitude and azimuth of the sun shining on a model building at any time of any day of the year. In modern times, computer programs can model this phenomenon and integrate local climate data (including site impacts such as
2063:, a ventilated concrete floor, a cistern, water wall or roof pond. It is also feasible to use the thermal mass of the earth itself, either as-is or by incorporation into the structure by banking or using rammed earth as a structural medium.
1239:
In regions closer than 23.5 degrees from either north-or-south pole, during summer the sun will trace a complete circle in the sky without setting whilst it will never appear above the horizon six months later, during the height of winter.
2365:
In cold climates with short winter days direct-gain systems utilizing equator-facing windows may actually perform better when snow covers the ground, since reflected as well as direct sunlight will enter the house and be captured as heat.
1767:
of south-facing glass, depending upon whether the sunlight strikes the surface directly. The simplest rule of thumb is that thermal mass area should have an area of 5 to 10 times the surface area of the direct-gain collector (glass) area.
2546:
can introduce daylight in poorly oriented sections of a building, unwanted heat transfer may be hard to control. Thus, energy that is saved by reducing artificial lighting is often more than offset by the energy required for operating
2323:
A design with too much equator-facing glass can result in excessive winter, spring, or fall day heating, uncomfortably bright living spaces at certain times of the year, and excessive heat transfer on winter nights and summer days.
2198:
Some skylights have expensive glazing that partially reduces summer solar heat gain, while still allowing some visible light transmission. However, if visible light can pass through it, so can some radiant heat gain (they are both
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building, and using double or triple glazed low emissivity window glass for direct solar gain. Indirect solar gain techniques included moderating wall heat flow by variations of wall thickness (from 20 to 30 cm), using
2217:"Sawtooth roof glazing" with vertical-glass-only can bring some of the passive solar building design benefits into the core of a commercial or industrial building, without the need for any roof-angled glass or skylights.
1866:(technically not a Trombe wall) captures solar energy on the exterior surface, heats up, and conducts heat to the interior surface, where it radiates from the interior wall surface to the indoor space later in the day. A
1677:
Passive solar fraction (PSF) is the percentage of the required heat load met by PSH and hence represents potential reduction in heating costs. RETScreen
International has reported a PSF of 20–50%. Within the field of
2665:
It is possible to have active solar hot water which is also capable of being "off grid" and qualifies as sustainable. This is done by the use of a photovoltaic cell which uses energy from the sun to power the pumps.
3880:
Raji, Babak; Tenpierik, Martin J.; van den
Dobbelsteen, Andy (2016). "An assessment of energy-saving solutions for the envelope design of high-rise buildings in temperate climates: A case study in the Netherlands".
1282:
is a traditional movable light device used by architects and designers to help model sun path effects. In modern times, 3D computer graphics can visually simulate this data, and calculate performance predictions.
2805:. A heat pump might use 1 J for every 4 J it delivers giving a COP of 4. A system that only uses a 30 W fan to more-evenly distribute 10 kW of solar heat through an entire house would have a COP of 300.
883:
Some passive systems use a small amount of conventional energy to control dampers, shutters, night insulation, and other devices that enhance solar energy collection, storage, and use, and reduce undesirable
2214:, shorten roof life, and provide an easier path for pests to enter your attic. Leaves and twigs on skylights are unappealing, difficult to clean, and can increase the glazing breakage risk in wind storms.
2195:). Skylights on east-facing roofs provide maximum direct light and solar heat gain in the summer morning. West-facing skylights provide afternoon sunlight and heat gain during the hottest part of the day.
1277:
Careful arrangement of rooms completes the passive solar design. A common recommendation for residential dwellings is to place living areas facing solar noon and sleeping quarters on the opposite side. A
1266:, and when it should be blocked with shading. By strategic placement of items such as glazing and shading devices, the percentage of solar gain entering a building can be controlled throughout the year.
1062:
Much has been learned about passive solar building design since the 1970s energy crisis. Many unscientific, intuition-based expensive construction experiments have attempted and failed to achieve
1118:
by educational institution experiments, and governments around the world, including the U.S. Department of Energy, and the energy research scientists that they have supported for decades. The
2778:. Anecdotal reports suggest they can be effective but no formal study has been conducted to demonstrate their superiority. The approach also can move cooling into the warm season. Examples:
1089:. Thermal imaging can be used to document areas of poor thermal performance such as the negative thermal impact of roof-angled glass or a skylight on a cold winter night or hot summer day.
1029:
4098:- Energy in Architecture, The European Passive Solar Handbook, Goulding J.R, Owen Lewis J, Steemers Theo C, Sponsored by the European Commission, published by Batsford 1986, reprinted 1993
2862:
In more temperate climates, strategies such as glazing, adjustment of window-to-wall ratio, sun shading and roof strategies can offer considerable energy savings, in the 30% to 60% range.
3843:
Wong, Irene; Baldwin, Andrew N. (2016-02-15). "Investigating the potential of applying vertical green walls to high-rise residential buildings for energy-saving in sub-tropical region".
2249:
It is difficult to control solar heat gain in a sunspace with sloped glazing during the summer and even during the middle of a mild and sunny winter day. Skylights are the antithesis of
2238:
The U.S. Department of Energy states: "vertical glazing is the overall best option for sunspaces." Roof-angled glass and sidewall glass are not recommended for passive solar sunspaces.
1674:
Technically, PSH is highly efficient. Direct-gain systems can utilize (i.e. convert into "useful" heat) 65–70% of the energy of solar radiation that strikes the aperture or collector.
1269:
One passive solar sun path design problem is that although the sun is in the same relative position six weeks before, and six weeks after, the solstice, due to "thermal lag" from the
2770:
An extension of the "passive solar" approach to seasonal solar capture and storage of heat and cooling. These designs attempt to capture warm-season solar heat, and convey it to a
2812:. Although a ZEB uses multiple passive solar building design concepts, a ZEB is usually not purely passive, having active mechanical renewable energy generation systems such as:
2782:
2759:
supplementary heat source, such as a central radiator connected to a (solar) water heater. Sunrays may fall on a wall during the daytime and raise the temperature of its
4092:– Your Home Technical Manual developed by the Commonwealth of Australia to provide information about how to design, build and live in environmentally sustainable homes.
1611:
Excessive glass area ("over-glazing") resulting in overheating (also resulting in glare and fading of soft furnishings) and heat loss when ambient air temperatures fall
1775:
have a net glass/glazing area that is 75 to 85% of the overall window unit area. Above this level, problems with overheating, glare and fading of fabrics are likely.
4890:
1597:
The precise amount of equator-facing glass and thermal mass should be based on careful consideration of latitude, altitude, climatic conditions, and heating/cooling
4078:
4042:
3543:
2277:), whereas for sunlight striking at 70 degrees from perpendicular over 20% of light is reflected, and above 70 degrees this percentage reflected rises sharply.
2224:
can bring daylight into northern rooms, without using a skylight. A passive-solar greenhouse provides abundant daylight for the equator-side of the building.
1614:
Installing glazing where solar gain during the day and thermal losses during the night cannot be controlled easily e.g. West-facing, angled glazing, skylights
3593:
1951:
inclusion of a layer of concrete-brick air channels), rather than an exotic Trombe wall construct. The only remaining drawback to this kind of thermal mass
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6017:
1438:
through a vacuum, or translucent medium. Solar heat gain can be significant even on cold clear days. Solar heat gain through windows can be reduced by
1229:
The converse is observed in the
Southern Hemisphere, but the sun rises to the east and sets toward the west regardless of which hemisphere you are in.
2774:
for use months later during the cold season ("annualised passive solar.") Increased storage is achieved by employing large amounts of thermal mass or
2720:
kWh/ma. Zero heating building is simpler to design and to operate. For example: there is no need for modulated sun shading in zero-heating houses.
2338:
systems that monitor temperature, sunlight, time of day, and room occupancy can precisely control motorized window-shading-and-insulation devices.
175:, and shading. Passive solar design techniques can be applied most easily to new buildings, but existing buildings can be adapted or "retrofitted".
2689:
order to address thermal bridging and cold air infiltration. Most of the buildings built to the
Passive House standard also incorporate an active
2767:
heat into the building in the evening. External shading, or a radiant barrier plus air gap, may be used to reduce undesirable summer solar gain.
5571:
2059:
In diurnal solar houses, the storage is designed for one or a few days. The usual method is a custom-constructed thermal mass. This includes a
53:
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The ability to achieve these goals simultaneously is fundamentally dependent on the seasonal variations in the sun's path throughout the day.
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100:
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While these considerations may be directed toward any building, achieving an ideal optimized cost/performance solution requires careful,
1144:
are being added to some schools of architecture, with a future goal of teaching the above scientific and energy-engineering principles.
3690:
Brian Norton (2011) Solar Water
Heaters: A Review of Systems Research and Design Innovation, Green. 1, 189–206, ISSN (Online) 1869-8778
3264:
3027:
4095:
1579:
Erecting correctly sized, latitude-specific roof overhangs, or shading elements (shrubbery, trees, trellises, fences, shutters, etc.)
1450:
also degrade its insulation properties. When shading windows, external shading is more effective at reducing heat gain than internal
79:
2654:
to heat water for domestic use. Different active-and-passive solar hot water technologies have different location-specific economic
148:, in the form of heat in the winter and reject solar heat in the summer. This is called passive solar design because, unlike active
5640:
3762:
1048:
2206:
You can partially reduce some of the unwanted roof-angled-glazing summer solar heat gain by installing a skylight in the shade of
1017:), design and construction quality/materials, placement/size/type of windows and walls, and incorporation of solar-energy-storing
1391:, and the primary source is the sun. Solar radiation occurs predominantly through the roof and windows (but also through walls).
2999:
2235:) can quickly document the negative thermal impact of roof-angled glass or a skylight on a cold winter night or hot summer day.
1713:
There are three distinct passive solar energy configurations, and at least one noteworthy hybrid of these basic configurations:
2912:
1458:
bearing summer shade trees which shed their leaves in the fall. The amount of radiant heat received is related to the location
326:
86:
3568:
3466:
Sharifi, Ayyoob; Yamagata, Yoshiki (December 2015). "Roof ponds as passive heating and cooling systems: A systematic review".
3236:
2601:
take the captured light and passively reflect it further inside. The light can be from passive windows or skylights and solar
5645:
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1225:
The opposite is noted in summer where the sun will rise and set further toward the north and the daylight hours will lengthen
3312:
3175:
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were earlier innovators of this passive penetration and reflection in industrial, commercial, and residential applications.
4426:
3646:"[ARCHIVED CONTENT] Insulating and heating your home efficiently : Directgov – Environment and greener living"
2737:
and physical obstructions) to predict the solar gain potential for a particular building design over the course of a year.
2697:
certain criteria, the most important being that the annual specific heat demand for the house should not exceed 15kWh/ma.
1295:
is a function of personal health factors (medical, psychological, sociological and situational), ambient air temperature,
1258:
between winter and summer forms the basis of passive solar design. This information is combined with local climatic data (
68:
6027:
2328:
that latitude-specific fixed window overhangs, while important, are not a complete seasonal solar gain control solution.
1354:
systems may be useful to eliminate undesirable humidity, dust, pollen, and microorganisms in unfiltered ventilation air.
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Skylights provide daylight. The only view they provide is essentially straight up in most applications. Well-insulated
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moves from a warmer surface to a cooler one. Roofs receive the majority of the solar radiation delivered to a house. A
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4012:
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systems is that they can be potentially vulnerable sites of excessive thermal gain or heat loss. Whilst high mounted
2187:( warm air rising ) heat loss on cold winter nights, and intense solar heat gain during hot spring/summer/fall days.
1903:
A water wall should have about 0.15 to 0.2 ft of water wall surface per ft (0.15 to 0.2 m per m) of floor area.
653:
473:
194:
119:
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standard. Selection of different spectrally selective window coating depends on the ratio of heating versus cooling
1430:. Energy from radiation can move into a window in the day time, and out of the same window at night. Radiation uses
5830:
5449:
4123:
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on the outdoor space to prevent heat loss, dedicating 15–20% of floor area for thermal storage, and implementing a
1972:
heating (or cooling) element, giving up its heat at night. It is an alternating cycle hybrid energy system, like a
824:
261:
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3290:
2771:
864:). Such technologies convert sunlight into usable heat (in water, air, and thermal mass), cause air-movement for
517:
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cause rapid mixing and quicker transfer of heat into the building than can be provided by the solid mass walls.
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4066:
57:
3544:"U.S. Department of Energy – Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy – Sunspace Orientation and Glazing Angles"
5665:
5218:
4741:
4308:
4083:
3000:"U.S. Department of Energy – Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy – Energy Plus Energy Simulation Software"
2775:
2156:
and multiple panes of glass can reduce useful solar gain. However, direct-gain systems are more dependent on
1542:
1502:
1490:
1092:
The scientific lessons learned over the last three decades have been captured in sophisticated comprehensive
17:
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Open staircases leading to unequal distribution of warm air between upper and lower floors as warm air rises
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5471:
5454:
5176:
5016:
4451:
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4340:
2828:, and other emerging alternative energy sources. Passive solar is also a core building design strategy for
2375:
1262:) heating and cooling requirements to determine at what time of the year solar gain will be beneficial for
93:
2178:. When the winter sun is low on the horizon, most solar radiation reflects off of roof angled glass ( the
2044:
Measures should be taken to reduce heat loss at night e.g. window coverings or movable window insulation.
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The requirement for vertical equator-facing glass is different from the other three sides of a building.
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1991:
the components (e.g., collector and thermal storage) are isolated from the indoor area of the building.
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In favorable climates such as the southwest United States, highly optimized systems can exceed 75% PSF.
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that are not matched to the main mode of heat transfer (e.g. undesirable convective/conductive/radiant
1443:
1442:, shading, and orientation. Windows are particularly difficult to insulate compared to roof and walls.
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of energy savings employing passive solar design techniques. One study, which analyzed the proposed
2122:), or movable window insulation (window quilts, bifold interior insulation shutters, shades, etc.).
1567:
Orienting the building to face the equator (or a few degrees to the East to capture the morning sun)
1001:
Specific attention is divided into: the site, location and solar orientation of the building, local
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4942:
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plants that drop their leaves in the autumn gives year round passive solar benefits. Non-deciduous
2088:(type, placement and amount) reduces unwanted leakage of heat. Some passive buildings are actually
1407:
can help prevent your attic from becoming hotter than the peak summer outdoor air temperature (see
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The amount of solar gain transmitted through glass is also affected by the angle of the incident
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1973:
1938:
information on the design, cost, performance, and construction details of thermal storage roofs.
1620:
Lack of adequate shading during seasonal periods of high solar gain (especially on the West wall)
1479:
861:
804:
682:
672:
376:
311:
46:
5977:
3635:
Chiras, D. The Solar House: Passive
Heating and Cooling. Chelsea Green Publishing Company; 2002.
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5116:
4567:
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4441:
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3197:
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wall sections, interior walls with upper glass panels, and clear or translucent glassed hinged
2067:
thermosiphon 3 m under a house, and insulate the ground with a 6 m waterproof skirt.
1593:
to store excess solar energy during the winter day (which is then re-radiated during the night)
1586:
including radiant barriers and bulk insulation to minimise seasonal excessive heat gain or loss
768:
577:
562:
510:
371:
291:
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Generally, Equator-facing windows should not employ glazing coatings that inhibit solar gain.
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through computer modeling (such as the comprehensive U.S. Department of Energy "Energy Plus"
974:(passive movement of air and water without the use of electricity, fans or pumps), and human
908:
612:
557:
547:
386:
301:
3986:
Thermal Shutters & Shades – Over 100 Schemes for Reducing Heat Loss through Windows 1980
3794:
1573:
Adequately sizing windows to face the midday sun in the winter, and be shaded in the summer.
5917:
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uses a type of thermal mass that consists of tanks or tubes of water used as thermal mass.
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251:
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In Northern Hemisphere non-tropical latitudes farther than 23.5 degrees from the equator:
8:
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2416:; all can be used to create summer shading. For winter solar gain it is desirable to use
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Architectural engineering that uses the Sun's heat without electric or mechanical systems
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2459:, gas powered garden equipment, and reduces the landfill waste footprint. Solar powered
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progressively moves further toward the south and the daylight hours will become shorter
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186:
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3594:"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Oak Ridge National Laboratory: Cool Colors"
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3813:
3667:"Reduce Your Heating Bills This Winter – Overlooked Sources of Heat Loss in the Home"
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The key to designing a passive solar building is to best take advantage of the local
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4045:. Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. U.S. Department of Energy. Archived from
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unit with or without a small (typically 1 kW) incorporated heating component.
2515:
illumination for interiors, and so reduce reliance on artificial lighting systems.
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in certain building materials and released again when heat gain eases to stabilize
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1122:
1114:
Since 1979, Passive Solar Building Design has been a critical element of achieving
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458:
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356:
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164:
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Passive solar building design is often a foundational element of a cost-effective
2431:, at variable heights and distances, to create protection and shelter from winter
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Energy-efficient landscaping materials for careful passive solar choices include
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basis for passive solar building design has been developed from a combination of
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144:, windows, walls, and floors are made to collect, store, reflect, and distribute
868:, or future use, with little use of other energy sources. A common example is a
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Mechanical and Electrical Systems in Architecture, Engineering and Construction
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is the use of similar design principles to reduce summer cooling requirements.
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Placement of room-types, internal doors and walls, and equipment in the house.
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One of the most useful post-construction evaluation tools has been the use of
136:
This image shows the characteristics of a Passive Solar home and its benefits.
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Various methods can be employed to address this including but not limited to
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In equatorial regions at less than 23.5 degrees, the position of the sun at
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systems, it does not involve the use of mechanical and electrical devices.
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2531:, well placed trees, glass coatings, and other passive and active devices.
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Alternatively, passive solar computer software can determine the impact of
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1682:, energy conservation even of the order of 15% is considered substantial.
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can be beneficial or detrimental. Uncontrolled air infiltration from poor
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applications can now do this inexpensively on a hand held device. These
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Passive Solar Cooling in climates with an air conditioning requirement.
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All of these factors can be modeled more precisely with a photographic
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Deviation from ideal orientation and north–south/east/west aspect ratio
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The Passive Solar House: Using Solar Design to Cool and Heat Your Home
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practices reduce or eliminate the need for energy-and-water-intensive
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There is growing momentum in Europe for the approach espoused by the
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Another passive solar design principle is that thermal energy can be
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321:
231:
3740:"Cold-Climate Case Study for Affordable Zero Energy Homes: Preprint"
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distribution and temperature equalization. Natural human cooling by
1055:
software), and application of decades of lessons learned (since the
1032:
Elements of passive solar design, shown in a direct gain application
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will oscillate from north to south and back again during the year.
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163:. Elements to be considered include window placement and size, and
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Obstructions / Over-shadowing – to solar gain or local cross-winds
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details related to breezes, humidity, vegetation and land contour
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3719:"Industrial Technologies Program: Industrial Distributed Energy"
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properties of reflection or absorption can assist the choices.
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1559:
Design elements for residential buildings in temperate climates
1493:(day/night) temperature variations. The complex interaction of
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1408:
1219:
423:
2511:
Passive solar lighting techniques enhance taking advantage of
1955:
is the absence of a basement, as in any slab-on grade design.
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solar building design that would work well in all locations.
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Minimising windows on other sides, especially western windows
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in architecture, the construction trades, and building-owner
1066:– the total elimination of heating-and-cooling energy bills.
658:
3925:
3617:
3456:, pp. 26–43, §3. The Solar Slab and Basic Solar Design.
1708:
1633:
High building surface area to volume, e.g., too many corners
990:
control for buildings to be inhabited by humans or animals,
5233:
4072:
2594:
2548:
2413:
1968:
passive solar system, but its thermal mass also acts as an
1617:
Thermal losses through non-insulated or unprotected glazing
1233:
1200:
1099:
Scientific passive solar building design with quantitative
756:
4069:– Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Building Technology
2700:
2318:
4101:
4063:– Australian Dept of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency
2738:
2341:
2128:
There is extensive use of super-insulated windows in the
1570:
Extending the building dimension along the east–west axis
1286:
3493:
3437:
3435:
3351:. U.S. DOE – ORNL Passive Solar Workshop. Archived from
2346:
Materials and colors can be chosen to reflect or absorb
1860:
There are many variations of the Trombe wall system. An
3420:
3349:"Introductory Passive Solar Energy Technology Overview"
3155:"Your Home Technical Manual - 4.3 Orientation - Part 1"
1254:
The 47-degree difference in the altitude of the sun at
1096:
computer software systems (like U.S. DOE Energy Plus).
891:
Passive solar technologies include direct and indirect
2835:
2576:
hybrid solar lighting at Oak Ridge National Laboratory
2269:
striking a single sheet of glass within 45 degrees of
2114:
systems is significantly enhanced by insulative (e.g.
2056:, keeps the building warm when the sun can't heat it.
1941:
3432:
2052:
The sun doesn't shine all the time. Heat storage, or
3410:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3394:
2869:
856:
without active mechanical systems (as contrasted to
3313:"Your Home Technical Manual - 4.4 Shading - Part 1"
3059:"Passive Solar Design in Architecture – New Trend?"
1184:of the Earth's axis of rotation in relation to its
1147:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3219:"Your Home Technical Manual - 4.6 Passive Cooling"
2670:Comparison to the Passive House standard in Europe
1528:Seasonal variations in solar gain e.g. cooling or
1203:toward the south (in the direction of the equator)
3391:
3170:
3168:
2980:
2495:
2168:
1796:
1670:Efficiency and economics of passive solar heating
5999:
4096:amergin.tippinst.ie/downloadsEnergyArchhtml.html
3571:. Irc.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca. 2010-03-08. Archived from
3149:
3147:
2968:
1505:can help avoid costly construction experiments.
3465:
3331:"Your Home Technical Manual - 4.9 Thermal Mass"
2231:color thermal imaging cameras ( used in formal
1070:to enter, evaluate, and iteratively refine the
3629:
3376:. New Mexico Solar Association. Archived from
3165:
2639:
2256:
1604:Factors that can degrade thermal performance:
1156:Solar altitude over a year; latitude based on
4117:
3814:"Solar considerations in high-rise buildings"
3669:. Allwoodwork.com. 2003-02-14. Archived from
3176:"Your Home Technical Manual - 4.7 Insulation"
3144:
1426:Windows are a ready and predictable site for
825:
2096:Special glazing systems and window coverings
926:More widely, solar technologies include the
4032:– Canadian Solar Buildings Research Network
3942:
3842:
3623:
3453:
3426:
1334:
911:for slowing indoor air temperature swings,
6018:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
4124:
4110:
4086:– Passive Solar Energy Technology Overview
4038:– US Department of Energy (DOE) Guidelines
3947:(2nd ed.). Chelsea Green Publishing.
3511:Annualized Geo-Solar Heating, Don Stephens
2369:
1509:Site specific considerations during design
1378:
832:
818:
193:
3980:
3864:
3811:
3524:"Florida Solar Energy Center – Skylights"
3441:
2500:
2475:can reduce the impact of such amenities.
1709:Key passive solar building configurations
1685:Other sources report the following PSFs:
1582:Using the appropriate amount and type of
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
5641:Good Design Award (Museum of Modern Art)
4090:www.yourhome.gov.au/technical/index.html
3288:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3253:
2753:
2273:is mostly transmitted (less than 10% is
1979:
1778:
1627:to modulate daily temperature variations
1375:inhibits evaporative cooling by humans.
1331:through roof, walls, floor and windows.
1242:
1151:
1027:
131:
3699:
3056:
3022:
3020:
2832:, along with other passive strategies.
2715:glazing a Passive House-based (nearly)
2701:Comparison to the Zero heating building
2319:Operable shading and insulation devices
2147:
919:for enhancing natural ventilation, and
14:
6000:
3961:
3911:
3792:
3196:. Ornl.gov. 2004-05-26. Archived from
2986:
2913:List of low-energy building techniques
2617:sliding panel doors, with translucent
2342:Exterior colors reflecting – absorbing
2039:
1733:
1287:Passive solar heat transfer principles
844:
327:List of low-energy building techniques
5686:
5646:Good Design Award (Chicago Athenaeum)
5389:
4834:
4161:
4105:
4002:
3920:
3414:
3250:
2974:
2581:Reflecting elements, from active and
1085:for a formal quantitative scientific
3052:
3050:
3048:
3017:
2621:screens, are an original precedent.
2142:
2032:keep the sunspace from overheating.
1726:hybrid direct/indirect solar systems
1695:Up to 75% for "very intense" systems
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
4007:. Pearson Education/Prentice Hall.
3763:"Zero Energy Homes: A Brief Primer"
3289:Springer, John L. (December 1954).
2836:Passive solar design on skyscrapers
1942:Hybrid direct/indirect solar system
1914:
1643:Lack of, or incorrectly installed,
24:
5687:
5590:American Institute of Graphic Arts
3988:. Brick House Publishing Company.
3333:. 16 February 2011. Archived from
2918:List of pioneering solar buildings
2490:Sustainable landscape architecture
2288:, which can quantify the ratio of
1987:isolated gain passive solar system
1786:indirect-gain passive solar system
1692:40% for "highly optimized" systems
1501:for first-time designers. Precise
1192:is unique for any given latitude.
1133:has been very slow and difficult.
25:
6049:
5600:Design and Industries Association
4023:
3315:. 21 January 2012. Archived from
3157:. 9 November 2012. Archived from
3045:
2903:Building-integrated photovoltaics
2589:, lighter wall and floor colors,
2118:), spectrally selective glazing (
1760:direct gain passive solar systems
1647:during the hot season. (See also
1247:Seasonal insulation effects of a
1125:was established decades ago, but
3793:Wilson, Alex (1 December 2005).
3700:Andrade, Martin (6 March 2011).
3127:"Solar path image, 90N latitude"
3077:"Solar path image, 40N latitude"
2886:
2872:
2463:and fountain pumps, and covered
2036:should be insulated (no glass).
1741:direct-gain passive solar system
1640:leading to high air infiltration
1148:The solar path in passive design
1047:of these scientific principles.
798:
785:
784:
262:Energy efficiency implementation
34:
4162:
4079:Passive Solar Design Guidelines
4043:"Passive Solar Building Design"
3904:
3873:
3836:
3805:
3786:
3755:
3732:
3711:
3693:
3684:
3659:
3638:
3586:
3569:"Solar Heat Gain Through Glass"
3561:
3536:
3516:
3504:
3486:
3459:
3366:
3341:
3323:
3305:
3282:
3229:
3221:. 20 March 2012. Archived from
3211:
3186:
3178:. 25 March 2012. Archived from
3102:"Solar path image, 0N latitude"
2723:
2439:with 'mature size appropriate'
2047:
1180:This occurs as a result of the
933:
518:Ocean thermal energy conversion
69:"Passive solar building design"
45:needs additional citations for
5595:Chartered Society of Designers
4835:
3857:10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.11.028
3480:10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.09.061
3291:"The 'Big Piece' Way to Build"
3119:
3094:
3069:
3057:Talamon, Attila (7 Aug 2013).
2992:
2791:(AGS) heating – by Don Stephen
2574:embedded in walls or roof, or
2496:Other passive solar principles
2169:Roof-angle glass and skylights
1797:Thermal Storage (Trombe) Walls
13:
1:
5666:Prince Philip Designers Prize
4309:Architectural lighting design
4075:– Florida Solar Energy Center
3895:10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.10.049
3830:10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.12.044
3239:. Eere.energy.gov. 2009-05-28
2962:
2570:semi-transparent insulation,
2534:Another major issue for many
2070:
1863:unvented thermal storage wall
347:Passive solar building design
142:passive solar building design
5472:Electronic design automation
5455:Virtual home design software
4427:Automotive suspension design
2566:and novel materials such as
2396:principles for selection of
2376:Energy-efficient landscaping
2110:The effectiveness of direct
1843:, also generically called a
1319:in buildings occurs through
7:
4331:Environmental impact design
4084:www.PassiveSolarEnergy.info
3943:Kachadorian, James (2006).
3916:. Chelsea Green Publishing.
2953:National Home Energy Rating
2865:
2789:Annualized Geothermal Solar
2783:Passive Annual Heat Storage
2650:There are many ways to use
2640:Passive solar water heating
2257:Angle of incident radiation
1857:be vented to the interior.
1846:vented thermal storage wall
1357:Natural convection causing
1352:energy recovery ventilation
805:Renewable energy portal
523:Renewable energy transition
10:
6054:
6028:Sustainable urban planning
5610:International Forum Design
4980:Engineering design process
4131:
3702:"Solar Energy Home Design"
2803:coefficient of performance
2704:
2673:
2643:
2507:Daylighting (architecture)
2504:
2373:
2307:, and cooling-and-heating
2154:Reflective window coatings
2099:
2074:
2000:, also sometimes called a
1800:
1166:
1094:building energy simulation
1053:building energy simulation
1005:, the prevailing level of
5945:
5693:
5682:
5623:
5582:
5525:
5415:
5411:
5385:
4841:
4830:
4732:Integrated circuit design
4667:
4654:Stage/set lighting design
4586:
4543:Hardware interface design
4502:
4459:Hardware interface design
4410:
4292:
4172:
4168:
4157:
4139:
3812:Lotfabadi, Pooya (2015).
2691:heat recovery ventilation
2356:electromagnetic radiation
2350:. Using information on a
2201:electromagnetic radiation
2139:for the design location.
2090:constructed of insulation
1702:For more information see
1623:Incorrect application of
1545:variations in temperature
1136:The new subjects such as
964:electromagnetic radiation
367:Sustainable refurbishment
5567:Industrial design rights
5555:Fashion design copyright
5467:Design quality indicator
4916:Creative problem-solving
4707:Electrical system design
4563:Sonic interaction design
4474:Photographic lens design
4348:Healthy community design
4061:www.climatechange.gov.au
3927:Passive Solar Simplified
3845:Building and Environment
2609:sources. In traditional
2158:double or triple glazing
1689:5–25% for modest systems
1470:, and seasonal / hourly
1444:Convective heat transfer
1340:Convective heat transfer
1335:Convective heat transfer
1297:mean radiant temperature
1142:architectural technology
352:Sustainable architecture
307:Glass in green buildings
297:Environmental technology
227:Compact fluorescent lamp
5763:New product development
5728:Enterprise architecture
5656:IF Product Design Award
5615:Design Research Society
5167:Reliability engineering
3912:Chiras, Daniel (2002).
3795:"Passive Survivability"
3237:"EERE Radiant Barriers"
2880:Renewable energy portal
2542:window and traditional
2523:can be shielded with a
2485:Sustainable landscaping
2445:drought tolerant plants
2384:building material and "
2370:Landscaping and gardens
1974:hybrid electric vehicle
1813:system, often called a
1379:Radiative heat transfer
1199:The sun will reach its
1083:thermal imaging cameras
673:Human-powered transport
377:Tropical green building
312:Green building and wood
159:performing an accurate
6013:Energy-saving lighting
5219:Top-down and bottom-up
4568:User experience design
4469:Packaging and labeling
4442:Electric guitar design
4380:Landscape architecture
4003:Wujek, Joseph (2010).
3962:Norton, Brian (2014).
3374:"Passive Solar Design"
2932:Energy Rating systems
2772:seasonal thermal store
2501:Passive solar lighting
1729:isolated solar systems
1723:indirect solar systems
1251:
1164:
1033:
909:phase-change materials
769:Personal rapid transit
511:Tidal stream generator
372:Thermal energy storage
292:Environmental planning
137:
5748:Innovation management
5631:European Design Award
5397:Intellectual property
5214:Theory of constraints
5177:Responsibility-driven
5017:For manufacturability
4921:Creativity techniques
4759:Nuclear weapon design
4573:User interface design
4437:Corrugated box design
4358:Interior architecture
4030:www.solarbuildings.ca
3982:Shurcliff, William A.
3964:Harnessing Solar Heat
3513:- Accessed 2009-02-05
3194:"BERC – Airtightness"
3034:on September 30, 2007
2830:passive survivability
2785:(PAHS) – by John Hait
2754:Levels of application
2717:zero heating building
2707:Zero heating building
2656:cost benefit analysis
2611:Japanese architecture
2480:Sustainable gardening
1980:Isolated solar system
1928:, sometimes called a
1779:Indirect solar system
1750:sun-tempered building
1436:electromagnetic waves
1246:
1155:
1138:architectural science
1031:
899:systems based on the
876:-side of a building.
613:Sustainable transport
558:Floating wind turbine
387:Zero heating building
302:Fossil fuel phase-out
135:
5793:Unintelligent design
5773:Philosophy of design
5487:Design specification
5440:Comprehensive layout
5012:For behaviour change
4985:Probabilistic design
4747:Power network design
4284:Visual merchandising
4241:Instructional design
4219:Postage stamp design
3883:Energy and Buildings
3818:Energy and Buildings
3271:on December 15, 2007
2908:Energy-plus building
2810:zero energy building
2652:solar thermal energy
2585:collectors, such as
2551:systems to maintain
2348:solar thermal energy
2251:zero energy building
2148:Equator-facing glass
1925:passive solar system
1810:thermal storage wall
1789:, the thermal mass (
1747:In cold climates, a
1659:Insulation materials
1480:Lambert's cosine law
1104:product optimization
998:for raising plants.
747:Personal transporter
642:Wind-powered vehicle
486:Marine current power
392:Zero-energy building
252:Efficient energy use
54:improve this article
6023:Low-energy building
5713:Creative industries
5636:German Design Award
5545:Design infringement
5430:Architectural model
4769:Organization design
4764:Nucleic acid design
4712:Experimental design
4265:Traffic sign design
4036:www.eere.energy.gov
2936:House Energy Rating
2646:Solar water heating
2623:International style
2599:sliding glass doors
2583:passive daylighting
2473:solar water heaters
2077:Building insulation
2040:Additional measures
1734:Direct solar system
1530:heating degree days
1446:through and around
1383:The main source of
1173:Position of the Sun
1057:1970s energy crisis
897:solar water heating
895:for space heating,
845:Passive energy gain
434:Carbon-neutral fuel
362:Sustainable habitat
217:Building insulation
205:Energy conservation
181:Part of a series on
6038:Solar architecture
5778:Process simulation
5753:Intelligent design
5077:Intelligence-based
5072:Integrated topside
5002:Framework-oriented
4687:Behavioural design
4558:Information design
4236:Information design
2941:Home Energy Rating
2631:Mid-century modern
2607:active daylighting
2461:landscape lighting
2298:angle of incidence
2284:and a heliodon or
2185:natural convection
2180:angle of incidence
2176:angle of incidence
2082:Thermal insulation
1953:solar architecture
1497:principles can be
1472:angle of incidence
1252:
1165:
1074:input and output.
1049:Modern refinements
1042:system integration
1034:
972:natural convection
862:thermal collectors
449:Geothermal heating
277:Energy saving lamp
187:Sustainable energy
169:thermal insulation
138:
5995:
5994:
5941:
5940:
5708:Conceptual design
5678:
5677:
5674:
5673:
5661:James Dyson Award
5517:Website wireframe
5507:Technical drawing
5381:
5380:
5229:Transgenerational
4970:Ecological design
4846:Activity-centered
4826:
4825:
4822:
4821:
4804:Spacecraft design
4598:Public art design
4536:Video game design
4514:Experience design
4484:Production design
4464:Motorcycle design
4422:Automotive design
4326:Ecological design
4204:Film title design
3995:978-0-931790-14-0
3973:978-94-007-7275-5
3721:. Eere.energy.gov
2763:. This will then
2713:ultra low U-value
2711:With advances in
2564:insulated glazing
2521:over-illumination
2453:organic gardening
2427:and trees can be
2360:thermal radiation
2358:to determine its
2162:quadruple glazing
2143:Glazing selection
2102:Insulated glazing
1997:attached sunspace
1961:Kachadorian floor
1503:computer modeling
1440:insulated glazing
1428:thermal radiation
1403:in addition to a
1393:Thermal radiation
1373:relative humidity
1348:relative humidity
1329:thermal radiation
1311:(affecting human
1309:relative humidity
1214:at which the sun
1013:/sunshine/clouds/
994:, solariums, and
956:conduction (heat)
852:technologies use
842:
841:
439:Geothermal energy
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
6045:
6033:Renewable energy
5987:
5980:
5973:
5966:
5959:
5952:
5684:
5683:
5561:Geschmacksmuster
5535:Community design
5413:
5412:
5387:
5386:
5147:Process-centered
4943:Design–bid–build
4911:Cradle-to-cradle
4891:Concept-oriented
4832:
4831:
4809:Strategic design
4779:Processor design
4754:Mechanism design
4722:Geometric design
4682:Algorithm design
4622:Jewellery design
4553:Immersive design
4447:Furniture design
4392:Landscape design
4170:
4169:
4159:
4158:
4126:
4119:
4112:
4103:
4102:
4073:www.FSEC.UCF.edu
4057:
4055:
4054:
4018:
3999:
3977:
3958:
3939:
3937:
3935:
3917:
3899:
3898:
3877:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3840:
3834:
3833:
3809:
3803:
3802:
3790:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3774:
3768:. Archived from
3767:
3759:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3749:
3744:
3736:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3726:
3715:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3697:
3691:
3688:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3678:
3663:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3653:
3642:
3636:
3633:
3627:
3626:, p. 42,90.
3624:Kachadorian 2006
3621:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3611:
3605:
3599:. Archived from
3598:
3590:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3580:
3565:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3546:. Archived from
3540:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3520:
3514:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3463:
3457:
3454:Kachadorian 2006
3451:
3445:
3439:
3430:
3427:Kachadorian 2006
3424:
3418:
3412:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3345:
3339:
3338:
3327:
3321:
3320:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3286:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3267:. Archived from
3261:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3233:
3227:
3226:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3190:
3184:
3183:
3172:
3163:
3162:
3151:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3123:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3054:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3039:
3030:. Archived from
3024:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3011:
3002:. Archived from
2996:
2990:
2984:
2978:
2972:
2923:Low-energy house
2896:
2891:
2890:
2882:
2877:
2876:
2728:Traditionally a
2560:window coverings
2451:, mulching, and
2394:landscape design
1915:Roof Pond System
1885:
1884:
1880:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1645:radiant barriers
1499:counterintuitive
1452:window coverings
1448:window coverings
1299:, air movement (
1210:approaches, the
1123:proof of concept
921:earth sheltering
834:
827:
820:
807:
803:
802:
793:
788:
787:
625:Electric vehicle
474:Run-of-the-river
459:Hydroelectricity
444:Geothermal power
405:Renewable energy
357:Sustainable city
332:Low-energy house
272:Energy recycling
197:
178:
177:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
6053:
6052:
6048:
6047:
6046:
6044:
6043:
6042:
5998:
5997:
5996:
5991:
5985:
5978:
5971:
5964:
5957:
5950:
5937:
5738:Futures studies
5689:
5670:
5619:
5578:
5527:
5521:
5407:
5406:
5377:
5283:Value sensitive
5273:User innovation
5152:Public interest
5117:Object-oriented
4837:
4818:
4799:Software design
4789:Research design
4742:Physical design
4697:Database design
4671:
4669:
4663:
4639:Property design
4634:Game art design
4588:
4582:
4505:
4498:
4413:
4406:
4363:Interior design
4314:Building design
4295:
4288:
4175:
4164:
4153:
4135:
4130:
4052:
4050:
4041:
4026:
4021:
4015:
3996:
3974:
3955:
3933:
3931:
3914:The Solar House
3907:
3902:
3878:
3874:
3841:
3837:
3810:
3806:
3791:
3787:
3778:
3776:
3772:
3765:
3761:
3760:
3756:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3738:
3737:
3733:
3724:
3722:
3717:
3716:
3712:
3704:
3698:
3694:
3689:
3685:
3676:
3674:
3665:
3664:
3660:
3651:
3649:
3648:. Direct.gov.uk
3644:
3643:
3639:
3634:
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3347:
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3342:
3329:
3328:
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3311:
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3306:
3295:Popular Science
3287:
3283:
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3272:
3263:
3262:
3251:
3242:
3240:
3235:
3234:
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3217:
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3192:
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3174:
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3166:
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3145:
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3125:
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3110:
3108:
3100:
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3075:
3074:
3070:
3055:
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3035:
3026:
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3018:
3009:
3007:
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2997:
2993:
2985:
2981:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2960:
2892:
2885:
2878:
2871:
2868:
2838:
2756:
2726:
2709:
2703:
2678:
2672:
2648:
2642:
2553:thermal comfort
2509:
2503:
2498:
2449:drip irrigation
2378:
2372:
2344:
2336:Home automation
2321:
2263:solar radiation
2259:
2171:
2150:
2145:
2108:
2106:Window covering
2100:Main articles:
2098:
2086:superinsulation
2079:
2073:
2050:
2042:
1982:
1944:
1917:
1882:
1878:
1877:
1829:
1825:
1824:
1805:
1799:
1781:
1736:
1711:
1672:
1561:
1511:
1405:radiant barrier
1381:
1337:
1293:thermal comfort
1289:
1264:thermal comfort
1175:
1167:Main articles:
1150:
1131:decision making
1127:cultural change
976:thermal comfort
968:fluid mechanics
936:
878:Passive cooling
847:
838:
797:
796:
783:
776:
775:
615:
605:
604:
407:
397:
396:
382:Waste-to-energy
337:Microgeneration
267:Energy recovery
207:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6051:
6041:
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6025:
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6015:
6010:
5993:
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5954:
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5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
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5839:
5838:
5833:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5806:
5805:
5803:Wicked problem
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
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5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
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5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5694:
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5690:
5688:Related topics
5680:
5679:
5676:
5675:
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5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
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5620:
5618:
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5607:
5605:Design Council
5602:
5597:
5592:
5586:
5584:
5580:
5579:
5577:
5576:
5575:
5574:
5572:European Union
5564:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5531:
5529:
5523:
5522:
5520:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
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5474:
5469:
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5398:
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5335:
5330:
5325:
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5310:
5305:
5300:
5293:
5292:
5291:
5290:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5269:
5268:
5258:
5253:
5251:Usage-centered
5248:
5247:
5246:
5244:Design for All
5236:
5231:
5226:
5224:Transformation
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5205:
5204:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5172:Research-based
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5137:Platform-based
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5087:KISS principle
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4997:Fault-tolerant
4994:
4992:Error-tolerant
4989:
4988:
4987:
4977:
4975:Energy neutral
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4956:
4955:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4934:
4933:
4931:Design fiction
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4842:
4839:
4838:
4828:
4827:
4824:
4823:
4820:
4819:
4817:
4816:
4814:Systems design
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4784:Protein design
4781:
4776:
4774:Process design
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4750:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4737:Circuit design
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4678:
4676:
4665:
4664:
4662:
4661:
4659:Textile design
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4625:
4624:
4619:
4617:Costume design
4612:Fashion design
4609:
4600:
4594:
4592:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4539:
4538:
4533:
4523:
4522:
4521:
4510:
4508:
4500:
4499:
4497:
4496:
4494:Service design
4491:
4489:Sensory design
4486:
4481:
4479:Product design
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4455:
4454:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4418:
4416:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4404:
4399:
4397:Spatial design
4394:
4389:
4388:
4387:
4377:
4375:Keyline design
4372:
4371:
4370:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4344:
4343:
4341:Computer-aided
4333:
4328:
4323:
4322:
4321:
4311:
4306:
4300:
4298:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4267:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4227:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4209:Graphic design
4206:
4201:
4199:Exhibit design
4196:
4191:
4186:
4180:
4178:
4166:
4165:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4151:
4146:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4129:
4128:
4121:
4114:
4106:
4100:
4099:
4093:
4087:
4081:
4076:
4070:
4064:
4058:
4039:
4033:
4025:
4024:External links
4022:
4020:
4019:
4013:
4000:
3994:
3978:
3972:
3959:
3953:
3940:
3930:(1st ed.)
3918:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3900:
3872:
3835:
3804:
3799:Building Green
3785:
3754:
3731:
3710:
3692:
3683:
3658:
3637:
3628:
3616:
3585:
3560:
3535:
3515:
3503:
3485:
3468:Applied Energy
3458:
3446:
3442:Shurcliff 1980
3431:
3419:
3390:
3365:
3340:
3337:on 2011-02-16.
3322:
3319:on 2012-01-21.
3304:
3281:
3249:
3228:
3225:on 2012-03-20.
3210:
3185:
3182:on 2012-03-25.
3164:
3161:on 2012-11-09.
3143:
3118:
3093:
3068:
3044:
3028:"Rating tools"
3016:
2991:
2979:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2950:
2944:
2938:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2883:
2867:
2864:
2848:window glazing
2843:22 Bishopsgate
2837:
2834:
2798:
2797:
2792:
2786:
2776:earth coupling
2755:
2752:
2725:
2722:
2705:Main article:
2702:
2699:
2674:Main article:
2671:
2668:
2658:implications.
2644:Main article:
2641:
2638:
2505:Main article:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2465:swimming pools
2441:native species
2412:features with
2374:Main article:
2371:
2368:
2343:
2340:
2320:
2317:
2294:transmissivity
2258:
2255:
2170:
2167:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2116:double glazing
2097:
2094:
2075:Main article:
2072:
2069:
2049:
2046:
2041:
2038:
1981:
1978:
1943:
1940:
1916:
1913:
1801:Main article:
1798:
1795:
1780:
1777:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1710:
1707:
1704:Solar Air Heat
1697:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1680:sustainability
1671:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1656:
1641:
1638:weatherization
1634:
1631:
1628:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1601:requirements.
1595:
1594:
1587:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1546:
1540:
1526:
1510:
1507:
1389:radiant energy
1380:
1377:
1344:weatherization
1336:
1333:
1288:
1285:
1227:
1226:
1223:
1204:
1149:
1146:
1120:cost effective
1081:using digital
984:psychrometrics
950:(particularly
948:thermodynamics
935:
932:
846:
843:
840:
839:
837:
836:
829:
822:
814:
811:
810:
809:
808:
794:
778:
777:
774:
773:
772:
771:
761:
760:
759:
752:Rail transport
749:
744:
743:
742:
737:
732:
727:
725:Roller skating
722:
721:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
698:Cycle rickshaw
695:
685:
680:
670:
669:
668:
663:
662:
661:
654:Human-electric
649:Hybrid vehicle
646:
645:
644:
639:
634:
633:
632:
616:
611:
610:
607:
606:
603:
602:
601:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
540:
535:
530:
528:Renewable heat
525:
520:
515:
514:
513:
508:
503:
493:
488:
483:
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481:
476:
471:
466:
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451:
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389:
384:
379:
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369:
364:
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349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
317:Green building
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
287:Energy storage
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
208:
203:
202:
199:
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190:
189:
183:
182:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6050:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6005:
6003:
5988:
5983:
5981:
5976:
5974:
5969:
5967:
5962:
5960:
5955:
5953:
5948:
5947:
5944:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5918:specification
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5831:architectural
5829:
5828:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5808:
5807:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5798:Visualization
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
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5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5718:Cultural icon
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5695:
5692:
5685:
5681:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
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5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
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5626:
5622:
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5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5587:
5585:
5583:Organizations
5581:
5573:
5570:
5569:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5562:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5550:Design patent
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5540:Design around
5538:
5536:
5533:
5532:
5530:
5524:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5447:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5422:
5420:
5418:
5414:
5410:
5402:
5400:Organizations
5399:
5396:
5393:
5392:
5388:
5384:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5295:
5294:
5289:
5286:
5285:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5267:
5264:
5263:
5262:
5261:User-centered
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5245:
5242:
5241:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5209:Tableless web
5207:
5203:
5200:
5199:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5132:Participatory
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5022:For Six Sigma
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4986:
4983:
4982:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4965:Domain-driven
4963:
4961:
4958:
4954:
4953:architect-led
4951:
4950:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4932:
4929:
4928:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4896:Configuration
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4861:Brainstorming
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4843:
4840:
4833:
4829:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4794:Social design
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4734:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4717:Filter design
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4692:Boiler design
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4679:
4677:
4675:
4666:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4644:Scenic design
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4629:Floral design
4627:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4614:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4595:
4593:
4591:
4585:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4528:
4527:
4524:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4515:
4512:
4511:
4509:
4507:
4501:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4453:
4450:
4449:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4415:
4409:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4369:
4366:
4365:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4342:
4339:
4338:
4337:
4336:Garden design
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4320:
4319:Passive solar
4317:
4316:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4297:
4294:Environmental
4291:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4256:Retail design
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4177:
4174:Communication
4171:
4167:
4160:
4156:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4141:
4138:
4134:
4127:
4122:
4120:
4115:
4113:
4108:
4107:
4104:
4097:
4094:
4091:
4088:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4074:
4071:
4068:
4065:
4062:
4059:
4049:on 2011-04-06
4048:
4044:
4040:
4037:
4034:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4016:
4014:9780135000045
4010:
4006:
4001:
3997:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3969:
3965:
3960:
3956:
3954:9781603582407
3950:
3946:
3941:
3929:
3928:
3923:
3922:Doerr, Thomas
3919:
3915:
3910:
3909:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3876:
3867:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3839:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3808:
3800:
3796:
3789:
3775:on 2006-08-13
3771:
3764:
3758:
3741:
3735:
3720:
3714:
3703:
3696:
3687:
3673:on 2010-09-17
3672:
3668:
3662:
3647:
3641:
3632:
3625:
3620:
3606:on 2009-03-18
3602:
3595:
3589:
3575:on 2009-03-21
3574:
3570:
3564:
3550:on 2011-03-09
3549:
3545:
3539:
3525:
3519:
3512:
3507:
3499:
3498:earthship.com
3495:
3489:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3462:
3455:
3450:
3443:
3438:
3436:
3428:
3423:
3416:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3380:on 2015-12-01
3379:
3375:
3369:
3355:on 2019-03-29
3354:
3350:
3344:
3336:
3332:
3326:
3318:
3314:
3308:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3285:
3270:
3266:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3238:
3232:
3224:
3220:
3214:
3200:on 2010-08-28
3199:
3195:
3189:
3181:
3177:
3171:
3169:
3160:
3156:
3150:
3148:
3132:
3128:
3122:
3107:
3103:
3097:
3082:
3078:
3072:
3064:
3060:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3033:
3029:
3023:
3021:
3006:on 2011-02-05
3005:
3001:
2995:
2988:
2983:
2976:
2971:
2967:
2954:
2951:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2895:
2894:Energy portal
2889:
2884:
2881:
2875:
2870:
2863:
2860:
2856:
2853:
2849:
2844:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2818:photovoltaics
2815:
2811:
2806:
2804:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2751:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2735:overshadowing
2731:
2721:
2718:
2714:
2708:
2698:
2694:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2682:Passive House
2677:
2676:Passive house
2667:
2663:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2647:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2587:light shelves
2584:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2572:optical fiber
2569:
2565:
2561:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2516:
2514:
2508:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2392:. The use of
2391:
2387:
2383:
2377:
2367:
2363:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2316:
2315:performance.
2314:
2310:
2306:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2286:optical bench
2283:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2271:perpendicular
2268:
2264:
2254:
2252:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2233:energy audits
2230:
2225:
2223:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2202:
2196:
2194:
2188:
2186:
2181:
2177:
2166:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2133:Passive House
2131:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2103:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2068:
2064:
2062:
2057:
2055:
2045:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1998:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1956:
1954:
1948:
1939:
1935:
1933:
1932:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1864:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1841:
1835:
1820:
1818:
1817:
1812:
1811:
1804:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1787:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1719:solar systems
1716:
1715:
1714:
1706:
1705:
1700:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1675:
1664:
1663:heat transfer
1660:
1657:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1592:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1553:
1550:
1549:Micro-climate
1547:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1495:thermodynamic
1492:
1488:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1385:heat transfer
1376:
1374:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1317:Heat transfer
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1284:
1281:
1275:
1272:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1235:
1230:
1224:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1201:highest point
1198:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1073:
1067:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1030:
1026:
1024:
1023:heat capacity
1020:
1016:
1015:precipitation
1012:
1008:
1004:
999:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
952:heat transfer
949:
945:
941:
931:
929:
928:solar furnace
924:
922:
918:
917:solar chimney
914:
913:solar cookers
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
889:
887:
886:heat transfer
881:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
860:, which uses
859:
855:
851:
850:Passive solar
835:
830:
828:
823:
821:
816:
815:
813:
812:
806:
801:
795:
792:
782:
781:
780:
779:
770:
767:
766:
765:
764:Rapid transit
762:
758:
755:
754:
753:
750:
748:
745:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
730:Skateboarding
728:
726:
723:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
690:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
675:
674:
671:
667:
664:
660:
657:
656:
655:
652:
651:
650:
647:
643:
640:
638:
637:Solar vehicle
635:
631:
628:
627:
626:
623:
622:
621:
620:Green vehicle
618:
617:
614:
609:
608:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
545:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
501:Tidal barrage
499:
498:
497:
494:
492:
491:Marine energy
489:
487:
484:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
456:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
418:
415:
414:
413:
410:
409:
406:
401:
400:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
342:Passive house
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
209:
206:
201:
200:
196:
192:
191:
188:
185:
184:
180:
179:
176:
174:
170:
166:
162:
161:site analysis
158:
153:
151:
150:solar heating
147:
143:
134:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
18:Passive Solar
6008:Solar design
5788:STEAM fields
5758:Lean startup
5743:Indie design
5559:
5526:Intellectual
5278:Value-driven
5256:Use-centered
5162:Regenerative
5142:Policy-based
5102:Mind mapping
5007:For assembly
4948:Design–build
4866:By committee
4851:Adaptive web
4649:Sound design
4607:glass design
4605: /
4590:applied arts
4531:Level design
4402:Urban design
4353:Hotel design
4318:
4304:Architecture
4279:Video design
4272: /
4263: /
4231:Illustration
4224:Print design
4194:Brand design
4067:www.ornl.gov
4051:. Retrieved
4047:the original
4004:
3985:
3966:. Springer.
3963:
3944:
3932:. Retrieved
3926:
3913:
3905:Bibliography
3886:
3882:
3875:
3848:
3844:
3838:
3821:
3817:
3807:
3798:
3788:
3777:. Retrieved
3770:the original
3757:
3746:. Retrieved
3734:
3723:. Retrieved
3713:
3695:
3686:
3675:. Retrieved
3671:the original
3661:
3650:. Retrieved
3640:
3631:
3619:
3608:. Retrieved
3601:the original
3588:
3577:. Retrieved
3573:the original
3563:
3552:. Retrieved
3548:the original
3538:
3527:. Retrieved
3518:
3506:
3497:
3494:"Earthships"
3488:
3471:
3467:
3461:
3449:
3422:
3382:. Retrieved
3378:the original
3368:
3357:. Retrieved
3353:the original
3343:
3335:the original
3325:
3317:the original
3307:
3298:
3294:
3284:
3273:. Retrieved
3269:the original
3241:. Retrieved
3231:
3223:the original
3213:
3202:. Retrieved
3198:the original
3188:
3180:the original
3159:the original
3134:. Retrieved
3130:
3121:
3109:. Retrieved
3105:
3096:
3084:. Retrieved
3080:
3071:
3062:
3036:. Retrieved
3032:the original
3008:. Retrieved
3004:the original
2994:
2982:
2970:
2861:
2857:
2839:
2814:wind turbine
2807:
2799:
2795:Earthed-roof
2769:
2761:thermal mass
2757:
2747:design tools
2727:
2724:Design tools
2710:
2695:
2685:
2679:
2664:
2660:
2649:
2634:architecture
2580:
2557:
2533:
2525:Brise soleil
2517:
2510:
2469:plunge pools
2379:
2364:
2345:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2302:
2290:reflectivity
2279:
2260:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2237:
2229:thermography
2226:
2219:
2216:
2205:
2197:
2189:
2172:
2151:
2127:
2124:
2109:
2080:
2065:
2058:
2054:thermal mass
2051:
2048:Heat storage
2043:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2008:
2007:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1969:
1965:
1964:design is a
1960:
1959:
1957:
1949:
1945:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1838:
1837:A classical
1836:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1712:
1701:
1698:
1684:
1676:
1673:
1625:thermal mass
1603:
1596:
1591:thermal mass
1484:
1456:
1434:to transmit
1425:
1421:reflectivity
1413:absorptivity
1382:
1364:perspiration
1356:
1338:
1290:
1276:
1271:thermal mass
1268:
1253:
1238:
1231:
1228:
1194:
1179:
1176:
1141:
1137:
1135:
1113:
1109:
1101:cost benefit
1098:
1091:
1087:energy audit
1079:thermography
1076:
1068:
1061:
1035:
1019:thermal mass
1000:
937:
934:As a science
925:
905:thermal mass
901:thermosiphon
890:
882:
858:active solar
857:
849:
848:
703:Kick scooter
688:Land vehicle
346:
257:Energy audit
222:Cogeneration
173:thermal mass
154:
146:solar energy
141:
139:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
5826:competition
5783:Slow design
5733:Form factor
5703:Concept art
5512:HTML editor
5192:Sustainable
5027:For testing
4871:By contract
4727:Work design
4702:Drug design
4674:engineering
4548:Icon design
4526:Game design
4504:Interaction
4452:Sustainable
4385:Sustainable
4274:Type design
4251:Photography
4246:News design
4189:Book design
4184:Advertising
4163:Disciplines
3934:October 24,
3889:: 210–221.
3866:10397/44174
3824:: 183–195.
3474:: 336–357.
2987:Norton 2014
2852:Trombe wall
2822:micro hydro
2603:light tubes
2437:Xeriscaping
2309:degree days
2296:, based on
2282:light meter
2222:light tubes
2137:degree days
2061:Trombe wall
1966:direct-gain
1840:Trombe wall
1816:Trombe wall
1803:Trombe wall
1757:In genuine
1636:Inadequate
1468:cloud cover
1368:evaporation
1350:. Filtered
1313:evaporative
1182:inclination
1116:zero energy
1064:zero energy
1045:engineering
996:greenhouses
944:climatology
866:ventilating
708:Quadracycle
563:Forecasting
496:Tidal power
479:Small hydro
464:Micro hydro
417:Sustainable
282:Energy Star
6002:Categories
5986:Wiktionary
5979:Wikisource
5933:technology
5903:principles
5502:Storyboard
5328:management
5323:leadership
5288:Privacy by
5127:Parametric
5097:Metadesign
5067:Integrated
5057:High-level
5042:Generative
5037:Functional
4906:Continuous
4901:Contextual
4876:C-K theory
4836:Approaches
4578:Web design
4432:CMF design
4412:Industrial
4270:Typography
4053:2011-03-27
3779:2010-03-16
3748:2010-03-16
3725:2010-03-16
3677:2010-03-16
3652:2010-03-16
3610:2008-01-15
3579:2010-03-16
3554:2011-03-28
3529:2011-03-29
3415:Wujek 2010
3384:2015-11-11
3359:2007-12-23
3275:2011-11-03
3243:2010-03-16
3204:2010-03-16
3038:2011-11-03
3010:2011-03-27
2975:Doerr 2012
2963:References
2826:geothermal
2743:smartphone
2686:Passivhaus
2540:clerestory
2457:irrigation
2433:wind chill
2429:windbreaks
2112:solar gain
2071:Insulation
2003:solar room
1931:solar roof
1869:water wall
1653:green roof
1599:degree day
1584:insulation
1534:insolation
1525:(sunshine)
1523:insolation
1417:emissivity
1401:green roof
1325:conduction
1321:convection
1315:cooling).
1305:turbulence
1301:wind chill
1260:degree day
1256:solar noon
1234:solar noon
1206:As winter
1072:simulation
1007:insolation
980:heat index
960:convection
940:scientific
893:solar gain
740:Watercraft
718:Velomobile
678:Helicopter
506:Tidal farm
469:Pico hydro
454:Hydropower
237:Eco-cities
80:newspapers
5972:Wikiquote
5958:Wikibooks
5908:rationale
5873:knowledge
5848:education
5768:OODA loop
5492:Prototype
5477:Flowchart
5435:Blueprint
5303:computing
5239:Universal
5187:Safe-life
5092:Low-level
5082:Iterative
5062:Inclusive
5047:Geodesign
4938:Defensive
4886:Co-design
4856:Affective
3851:: 34–39.
3301:(6): 157.
3265:"Glazing"
2947:EnerGuide
2928:Earthship
2627:Modernist
2544:skylights
2422:evergreen
2418:deciduous
2386:softscape
2382:hardscape
2275:reflected
2227:Infrared
2208:deciduous
2193:latitudes
1922:roof pond
1649:cool roof
1397:cool roof
1291:Personal
978:based on
903:, use of
683:Hydrofoil
548:Community
322:Heat pump
232:Eco hotel
110:July 2023
5965:Wikinews
5898:paradigm
5878:language
5858:engineer
5853:elements
5843:director
5528:property
5373:thinking
5363:strategy
5348:research
5308:controls
5266:Empathic
5197:Systemic
5157:Rational
5112:New Wave
4926:Critical
4149:Designer
3984:(1980).
3924:(2012).
3136:20 April
3131:noaa.gov
3111:20 April
3106:noaa.gov
3086:20 April
3081:noaa.gov
3063:Governee
2949:(Canada)
2866:See also
2730:heliodon
2605:or from
2591:mirrored
2305:sun path
2267:Sunlight
2212:ice dams
2203:waves).
2160:or even
2009:solarium
1970:indirect
1791:concrete
1538:humidity
1532:, solar
1519:sun path
1515:Latitude
1476:Sun path
1464:altitude
1460:latitude
1280:heliodon
1208:solstice
1190:sun path
1169:Sun path
1162:New York
1158:New York
1038:holistic
1011:latitude
1003:sun path
992:sunrooms
988:enthalpy
870:solarium
854:sunlight
791:Category
713:Tricycle
598:Windpump
593:Windbelt
568:Industry
247:Ecolabel
242:Ecohouse
212:Arcology
5951:Commons
5923:studies
5868:history
5836:student
5821:classic
5809:Design
5723:.design
5651:Graphex
5353:science
5343:pattern
5338:methods
5313:culture
5296:Design
5107:Modular
4960:Diffuse
4881:Closure
4603:Ceramic
4261:Signage
4144:Outline
2765:radiate
2741:-based
2568:aerogel
2529:awnings
2513:natural
2443:of-and
2410:pergola
2406:trellis
1881:⁄
1828:⁄
1717:direct
1543:Diurnal
1491:diurnal
1432:photons
1249:pergola
1111:today.
874:equator
872:on the
735:Walking
693:Bicycle
666:Plug-in
630:Bicycle
588:Turbine
578:Outline
429:Biomass
412:Biofuel
165:glazing
157:climate
94:scholar
5928:studio
5913:review
5893:museum
5816:change
5624:Awards
5497:Sketch
5482:Mockup
5462:CAutoD
5403:Awards
5368:theory
5358:sprint
5333:marker
5298:choice
4672:&
4670:design
4506:design
4414:design
4296:design
4214:Motion
4176:design
4133:Design
4011:
3992:
3970:
3951:
2536:window
2425:shrubs
2404:, and
2402:hedges
2390:plants
2313:energy
2130:German
1984:In an
1783:In an
1589:Using
1521:, and
1487:stored
1419:, and
1409:albedo
1359:rising
1327:, and
1307:) and
1188:. The
962:, and
915:, the
789:
583:Rights
424:Biogas
167:type,
96:
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75:
67:
5811:brief
5698:Agile
5417:Tools
5394:Tools
5032:For X
4668:Other
4587:Other
3773:(PDF)
3766:(PDF)
3743:(PDF)
3705:(PDF)
3604:(PDF)
3597:(PDF)
2943:(USA)
2619:Washi
2615:ShĹŤji
2595:doors
2471:with
2414:vines
2398:trees
2352:color
2120:low-e
1807:In a
1738:In a
1474:(see
1399:, or
1216:rises
1212:angle
1186:orbit
1021:with
659:Twike
533:Solar
101:JSTOR
87:books
5888:load
5883:life
5863:firm
5450:CAID
5318:flow
5234:TRIZ
5122:Open
4009:ISBN
3990:ISBN
3968:ISBN
3949:ISBN
3936:2012
3138:2023
3113:2023
3088:2023
2955:(UK)
2629:and
2613:the
2597:and
2549:HVAC
2467:and
2354:for
2104:and
1958:The
1651:and
1478:and
1366:and
1220:sets
1218:and
1171:and
1140:and
986:and
938:The
907:and
757:Tram
573:Lens
553:Farm
543:Wind
538:Wave
73:news
5445:CAD
5425:AAD
5202:SOD
5182:RWD
5052:HCD
4519:EED
4368:EID
3891:doi
3887:124
3861:hdl
3853:doi
3826:doi
3476:doi
3472:160
3299:165
2739:GPS
2311:on
2292:to
2084:or
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