Paris in the Middle Ages

2432:, but it was ruined and abandoned in the third century AD. In the medieval period, the few paved streets had small channels in the center for waste water and rain. They ran downhill into two larger open sewers, and then either to the Seine or to the moats of the fortifications built by Charles V. Documents from 1325 record a sewer called the "Sewer of the Bishop" on the Île de la Cité that ran beneath the Hôtel Dieu into the Seine. A more ambitious covered sewer, three hundred meters long, was built in 1370 from the Rue Montmartre to the moat of the city walls. Another covered sewer was built along the Rue Saint-Antoine toward the Bastille; it had to be diverted to the modern Rue de Turenne in 1413 because it passed too close to the residence of King Charles VI at the Hôtel Saint-Pol, and the aroma disturbed the king and his court. The city did not have an efficient system of covered sewers until Napoleon built them at the beginning of the 19th century. 2598:, the use of small plaques of colored glass joined by lead to depict historic events and figures, was not invented in Paris. It was recorded in texts in other parts of Europe in the late 9th century, but in Paris of the 12th and 13th centuries, it reached new heights of drama and artistry. Advancements in architecture, particularly at the Abbey of Saint-Denis and the Cathedral of Notre Dame, allowed stone walls to be replaced by walls of stained glass that flooded churches with colored light. In medieval theology, light was considered divine, and the windows gave a theological and moral message, particularly since most people attending church could not read. The smaller windows, closer to the viewer, told familiar bible stories. The larger and higher windows were devoted to images of saints and patriarchs, while the immense rose windows on the transepts or facades of the churches portrayed epic stories; the last judgement, or the life of the 1497:

l'École is today. The King also gave the corporation the power to supervise the accuracy of the scales used in the markets, and to settle minor commercial disputes. By the 15th century separate ports were established along the river for the delivery of wine, grain, plaster, paving stones, hay, fish, and charcoal. Wood for cooking fires and heating was unloaded at one port, while wood for construction arrived at another. The merchants engaged in each kind of commerce gathered around that port; in 1421, of the twenty-one wine merchants registered in Paris, eleven were located between the Pont Notre-Dame and the hotel Saint-Paul, the neighborhood where their port was located. After the Grève, the second-largest port was by the church of Saint-Germain-l'Auxerois, where ships unloaded fish from the coast, wood from the forests along the Aisne and Oise Rivers, hay from the Valley of the Seine, and cider from Normandy.

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existed in the city; about a third of their prisoners were debtors who could not pay their debts. Wealthier prisoners paid for the own meals and bed, and their conditions were reasonably comfortable. Prisoners were often released and banished, which saved the royal treasury money. Higher crimes, particularly political crimes, were judged by the Parlement de Paris, which was composed of nobles. The death sentence was very rarely given in Paris courts, only four times between 1380 and 1410. Most prisoners were punished with banishment from the city. Beginning in the reign of Philip VI, political executions, while rare, became more frequent; In 1346 a merchant from Compiègne was tried for saying that Edward III of England had a better claim to the French throne than Philip VI; he was taken to the market square of Les Halles and chopped into small pieces in front of a large crowd.

2455: 2741: 2523: 2579: 465: 2786: 1845: 2681:, a prosperous cloth merchant who represented Paris in the Estates-General, refused and demanded a role for the Estates General. When the Dauphin refused, Marcel organized strikes and riots until the Dauphin was forced to concede powers to the Estates-General. The Dauphin was obliged to wear a red and blue cap, the colors of the city of Paris. The followers of Marcel killed two of the counselors of the Dauphin, but Marcel stopped the rioters from killing the Dauphin. The Dauphin escaped Paris, raised an army, and laid siege to Paris. The followers of Marcel gradually abandoned him, and, hoping for royal pardon, killed him in 1358 by throwing him from the walls at the 316: 1280: 2346: 2475:

Ingelard, who painted miniatures at the Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés between 1030 and 1060. By the 13th century, a particular Paris style had emerged that could be seen in manuscripts, stained glass windows, and even architecture: a complex arrangement of medallions, clear contours, warm and deep shades of color, and faces that were usually depicted without color. As the Middle Ages progressed and the illuminated works became more valuable, they began to be produced by noted artists in workshops for the court and for the wealthy merchants. One notable example is the

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to guard the prisoners it contained; in the courtyard of the royal palace to protect the relics in Sainte-Chapelle; at the residence of the king; at the Church of the Madeleine on the Île de la Cité; at the fountain of the Innocents at the Place de Grève; and several other points around the city. This policing system was not very effective. In 1563, it was finally replaced by a larger and more organized force of four hundred soldiers and one hundred cavalry that was reinforced during times of trouble by a militia of one hundred tradesmen from each quarter of the city.

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1300, and in 1341, a clock was recorded at the Sainte-Chapelle. It was not until 1370, under Charles V, who was particularly concerned by precise time, that a mechanical clock was installed on a tower of the Palace, which sounded the hours. Similar clocks were installed at the other royal residences, the hôtel Saint-Paul in the Marais and the Château of Vincennes. This was the first time that the city had an official time of day. By 1418, the churches of Saint-Paul and Saint-Eustache also had clocks, and time throughout the city began to be standardized.

535: 2132:, the Bishop of Paris. It was first mentioned in texts in 829. It was located on the southern side of the Île de la Cité between the river and the parvis of Notre Dame, which gave it direct access to the river for drinking water, washing sheets, disposing of waste, and transporting patients. It was staffed by religious orders and was usually crowded, with two or three patients in a bed. Medical care as we know it today was minimal, but patients did receive careful attention, food, water, clean sheets, and there were regular religious services every day. 2174: 742: 1933:, which became the main market. When the harvest was poor, the royal government took measures to assure the supply of grain to the city. In 1305, when prices rose too high, Philip IV ordered a collection of all grain remaining in storage in the region and its prompt delivery to Paris at a fixed maximum price. Beginning in 1391, grain merchants were not allowed to hold more than an eight days' supply. Beginning in 1439, all farmers within eight leagues around the city (about 31 kilometers) could sell their grain only to the Paris markets. 2362:. It was carried away by the river in 1280, and rebuilt in stone, with houses on either side. The medieval Petit Pont was on the same location as the modern bridge of that name, at the beginning of the Rue Saint-Jacques. In 1296, a flood washed away both of the bridges. The Grand Pont was reconstructed just to the east of the earlier bridge, and in 1304, Philip IV had the money changers installed in houses along the bridge, giving the bridge the name Pont au Changeurs, or Pont au Change. The Petit Pont was rebuilt on its old site. 2765:

assassination took hold of the city. A reaction against the excesses of the Cabochians and the Burgundians followed. Soldiers recruited by the merchants of Paris took control of the streets, Armagnac soldiers entered the city and the leaders of the Cabochians fled Paris along with John the Fearless, the leader of the Burgundians. The Armagnacs imposed strict surveillance of the Parisians; the guild of butchers, supporters of the Burgundians, was stripped of its status, and its headquarters, the chief slaughterhouse, was demolished.

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enough room for two carriages to pass each other. The owners of houses along the streets, not wanting their houses to be scraped by passing carts and wagons, often put stone blocks, benches and shelters in the street that made them even narrower. Later in the Middle Ages, the widest streets in Paris were the Rue Saint-Antoine, which was twenty meters wide, and the Rue Saint-Honoré, which was widened to fifteen meters. Some passageways in the heart of the city were only sixty centimeters wide, barely room for two persons to pass.

1447: 35: 577: 2610:. By the end of the Middle Ages, the artists of the windows had introduced more realistic effects such as perspective and spread images over more than one panel of glass. The glass became thinner and allowed more light to enter. Often the details of the images were painted on the glass or were surrounded by frames of clear glass. The windows of the upper chapel of Sainte-Chapelle today contain the oldest medieval windows still in place in the city; portions of other original windows can be seen in the 1913: 1650: 19: 2117: 456:". During the Middle Ages, it lay outside the city walls, and was the site of a large convent and a pilgrimage church. During the course of the Middle Ages, the swampy land on the Right Bank was filled in and most of the city's growth took place there. This geographic distribution, with the administration and the courts on the island, the merchants on the Right Bank, and the University on the Left Bank, remained largely the same throughout the history of the city down to the present day. 2628: 1670: 1800: 76: 1658: 1121:. The abbeys were independent of the Bishop of Paris; they were governed by the pope and usually had direct connections with the king. They owned a very large part of the land of Paris, particularly on the Left Bank, and played a large part in its economic life; they produced food and wine and operated the largest commercial fairs. They also played a central role in cultural life by running all the schools and colleges and by producing works of art, especially 1945: 931:, the cloisters of Notre-Dame, the school of the Cathedral, and the residence of the Bishop of Paris, next to the cathedral. The Catholic Church played a prominent role in the city throughout the Middle Ages; it owned a large part of the land and wealth, was the creator of the University of Paris and was closely linked to the king and the government. Clerics also made up a significant part of the population; in 1300, the Bishop of Paris was assisted by 51 1392:; and disputes between English occupiers and the king of France. By the end of the Middle Ages, the University had become a very conservative force against any change in society. Dissection of corpses was forbidden in the medical school long after it became common practice at other universities, and unorthodox ideas were regularly condemned by the faculty; individuals viewed as heretics were punished. In February 1431, a tribunal of faculty members led by 1621:. Tax Records show that in 1423 the money changers were among the wealthiest persons in the city; of the twenty persons with the highest incomes, ten were money changers. Between 1412 and 1450, four money changers occupied the position of Provost of the Merchants. But by the end of the 15th century, the system of wealth had changed; the wealthiest Parisians were those who had bought land or positions in the royal administration and were close to the king. 1710:), to share authority with the Royal Provost. This position recognized the growing power and wealth of the merchants of Paris. He also created the first municipal council of Paris with twenty-four members. The Provost of the Merchants had his headquarters in the Parloir aux Bourgeois, located in the 13th century on Rue Saint-Denis close to the Seine and the Châtelet fortress, where the Royal Provost resided. In 1357, the Provost of the Merchants was 2863:, was brought to Paris, and he constructed the new bridge with rows of houses all in the same style, one of the first examples of Renaissanace urbanism in Paris. The old Louvre fortress was finally demolished and replaced by a palace in the Renaissance style. There were also other important signs of change; the first printing press was installed in Paris in 1470, and the printed book became a major force for intellectual and cultural change. 2587: 842: 2467: 2694: 652: 862:, distrustful of the turbulent Parisians and offended by the foul air and smells of the medieval city, decided to move his residence permanently from the Île de la Cité to a safer and healthier location. He built a new residential complex in the Saint-Antoine quarter between the wall built by Philip II and the Bastille, the most powerful fortress of the new wall that he was building around the city. The new residence, called the 2811:, as the regent and rightful heir to the French throne. On 21 May and 30 May, the merchants of Paris and the faculty of the University took an oath to respect English rule. The English occupation force in Paris was small, only about two hundred men stationed in the Bastille, the Louvre and the Chateau of Vincennes. They left the administration of the city to the Burgundians. Henry V of England died on 31 August 1422, and 210: 1194: 829:. Also, since the king had a permanent residence in Paris, the members of the nobility followed his example and built their own palatial town houses. The presence of the nobles in Paris created a large market for luxury goods, such as furs, silks, armor and weapons, causing the merchants of the Right Bank to thrive. It also created a need for money-lenders, some of whom became the richest individuals in Paris. 916: 838:

was a great rectangle, 72 by 78 meters, surrounded by four towers and a moat. In the center was a circular tower thirty meters high. It was the anchor on the Right Bank of the new wall he built around the city. Philip began to use the new castle for recreation and also for ceremonial functions; the vassals of the king took their oath of loyalty at the Louvre rather than the city palace.

1537:, the main meat market of the city. The most important market appeared in 1137 when Louis VI purchased a piece of land called Les Champeaux not far from the Place de Grève to create a grain market; over the course of the Middle Ages halls for meat, fish, fruits and vegetables and other food products were built around the grain market, and it became the main food market, known as 1089:. It was the dominant school in Paris until the late 12th century, when it began to be eclipsed by the new colleges established around the monasteries on the Left bank, which were not under the authority of the Bishop of Paris, but directly under the pope. In this way, the School of Notre-Dame was the ancestor of the University of Paris, when it was chartered in about 1200. 1054:

11th century, the first school in Paris was established there, teaching young boys reading, writing, arithmetic, the catechism, and singing. In the early 12th century, schools teaching these basic subjects were spread around the city, while the School of Notre-Dame concentrated on higher education; grammar, rhetoric, dialectics, arithmetic, geometry, astrology, and music.

1134: 1825:(1831). The "Grand Court of Miracles" described by Victor Hugo, a gathering place for beggars who pretended to be injured or blind, was a real place: the Fief d'Alby in the Second Arrondissement between the Rue du Caire and Rue Réaumur. Nonetheless, it did not have the name recorded by Hugo or a reputation as a place the police feared to enter until the 17th century. 2108:

fortress to the Basilica of Saint-Denis and was led by the Bishop of Paris and the clergy of Paris, followed by the members of religious orders and representatives of all the guilds and professions of the city. A similar procession took place from the Montagne Sainte-Geneviève on the Left Bank to Saint-Denis, including the students and faculty of the University.

1228:, who established their headquarters at the Old Temple on the Right Bank next to the Seine near the churches of Saint-Gervais and Saint-Jean-en-Grève. In the 13th century, they built a fortress with a high tower on what is now the Place du Temple. The Knights Templar owned a considerable amount of land in the city and were the guardians of the treasury for King 1870:, the Bishop could pass the case to the Provost and civil justice system, which could burn or hang those convicted. This was the process used in the case of the leaders of the Knights Templar. The Abbeys of Saint-Germain-des-Prés and Sainte-Geneviève were largely responsible for justice on the Left Bank and had their own pillories and small prisons. 1588:, who made fur garments, but there were many more specialized professions, ranging from shoemakers and jewelers to those who made armor and swords. The guilds strictly limited the number of apprentices in each trade and the number of years of apprenticeship. Certain guilds tended to gather on the same streets, though this was not a strict rule. The 1829:

led to a death. A man whose wife committed adultery was considered justified if he killed the other man. In many cases, these types of murders resulted in a royal pardon. Petty crime was common; men did not have pockets in their clothing, but instead carried purses around their necks or on their belts. Thieves cut them loose and ran away.

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Rue Saint-Denis and Rue Chapon on the Right Bank and the Rue Glatigny on the Île de la Cité, but the rules were difficult to enforce. Prostitutes could be found in taverns, cemeteries, and even in cloisters. Prostitutes were forbidden to wear furs, silks, or jewelry, but regulation was impossible, and their numbers continued to increase.

1506: 476:, or households, in each parish. Paris was reported to contain thirty-five parishes and 61,098 households: estimating three and a half people per household, the population of the city would have been at least two hundred thousand persons. Other historians, using the same data, have estimated the population at between 220,000 and 270,000. 2643:

Philip IV began collecting taxes on all commercial transactions and the transport of goods. In 1306, when the king revalued the French currency, rents tripled; the Parisians rioted and sacked the house of the provost of the merchants, who collected the rents. Twenty-eight rioters were arrested, tried and hanged at the gates of the city.

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out of windows onto the street. Along with fears of an uprising of the turbulent Parisians, the smells and bad air of central Paris were a major reason why Charles V moved the royal residence permanently from the Île de la Cité outside the old city walls to a new residence, the Hotel Saint-Pol, near the new Bastille fortress.

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swift execution. English occupation of Paris lasted until 1436. After a series of French victories, the Burgundians changed sides, the English were allowed to depart, and Charles VII was finally able to return to the capital. Many neighborhoods were in ruins; a hundred thousand people, half the population, had left.

1734:, which had met for the first time in Paris in 1347. After initial concessions by the Crown, the city was retaken by royalist forces in 1358 and Marcel and his followers were killed. Thereafter, the powers of the local government were considerably reduced, and the city was kept much more tightly under royal control. 1041:. The façade was built between 1200 and 1225, and the two towers were built between 1225 and 1250. The church was not finished until the reign of Philip IV in 1330, almost 170 years after it was begun. It was the largest monument in Paris, 125 meters long, with towers 63 meters high, and seats for 1300 worshippers. 1256:) played an important role. They were societies of wealthy merchants in each parish who contributed to the church and its activities. The most prestigious was the Grande Confrérie de Notre-Dame, which had its own chapel on the Île-de-Cité. It had an enormous treasury, which was governed during one period by 1304: 1703:. For his role in administering justice, he had a lieutenant for civil law, one for criminal law, and one for minor infractions. He also had two "examiners" to carry out investigations. In 1301, the provost was given an additional staff of sixty clerks to act as notaries to register documents and decrees. 2332:

The major crossroads of medieval Paris was the intersection of the Grand-Rue Saint-Martin and the Grand-Rue Saint-Honoré; under Philip II, these were also among the first streets in the city to be paved with stones. According to a plan drawn up in 1222, the Rue Saint-Honoré was just six meters wide,

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was that street merchants were forbidden to shout at customers being served by other street merchants or to criticize the goods sold by other merchants. Street merchants went door to door selling fish, fruits, vegetables, cheese, milk, chickens, garlic, onions, clothing, and countless other products.

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Prostitution was a separate category of crime. Prostitutes were numerous and mostly came from the countryside or provincial towns; their profession was strictly regulated, but tolerated. In 1256, the government of Louis IX tried to limit the work areas of prostitutes to certain streets, including the

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By the time of Philip Augustus the port of the Grève was not large enough to handle all the river commerce. The King granted the league of river merchants a sum collected from each shipload of salt, herring, hay and grain that arrived in the city to build a new port, called de l'Ecole, where Place de

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of Notre-Dame occupied the whole area of the island to the north of the cathedral; it was not a cloister in the traditional sense, but a small city enclosed by a wall, where the clerical community of Notre-Dame lived and worked. It also included a large garden on the eastern end of the island. In the

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and other persons close to the Dauphin. The Burgundians soon lost control of the movement they had sponsored; members of the government and army were arrested and imprisoned and their places taken by Cabochians. The Cabochians demanded large payments from wealthy Parisians, and a reign of terror and

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Street lighting was almost nonexistent in the Middle Ages. In 1318, it was recorded that there were just three street lanterns in Paris: one candle in a lantern outside the entrance to the Châtelet fortress; a candle outside the Tour de Nesle to indicate its entrance to boatmen; and a third lantern

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In the Middle Ages, the water of the Seine was polluted with waste from butchers, tanners, decomposing corpses in cemeteries, and animal and human waste. Wealthy Parisians, the monasteries, and the royal palace had their own wells, usually in the basements of their buildings. Ordinary Parisians took

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The streets typically had a narrow channel down the center to carry away rainwater and waste water. Upper floors of houses were wider than the ground floor and overhung the street; residents often dumped their waste water out the window down the street. Flocks of animals also frequently filled the

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Large and colorful processions frequently took place to mark special days or events, such as a military victory, or ask for God's protection in the event of a flood or an outbreak of the plague. The most important annual procession took place on the Day of Saint Denis; it proceeded from the Châtelet

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The smells of Paris were also varied and unavoidable. In winter, the overwhelming smell was burning wood and charcoal used for heating and cooking. Year round, the streets smelled strongly of unwashed persons, animals, and human and animal waste products. Chamber pots of urine were routinely emptied

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that attracted merchants from as far away as Saxony and Italy. The Abbey of Saint Denis had been holding a large annual fair since the seventh century; the fair of Saint-Mathias dated to the 8th century; The Lenit Fair appeared in the 10th century, and the Fair of the Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Pres

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and the two bridges of Paris; the cargoes of other boats would be confiscated. This was the beginning of the close association between the merchants and the king. The arrangement with the river merchants coincided with a great expansion of commerce and increase in the population on the Right Bank of

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In the later Middle Ages, important positions in the church were given more and more often to members of the aristocracy of wealthy families who had provided services to the Court; abbots were assured of a large income. One of the greatest benefits was to receive one of the twenty-seven houses that

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As the palace became the center of administration and justice in France, the kings began to spend less and less time there. Between 1190 and 1202, Philip II built the massive fortress of the Louvre, designed to protect the Right Bank of the Seine against an English attack from Normandy. The fortress

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tried to liberate Paris on 8 September 1429, the Parisian merchant class joined with the English and Burgundians to keep her out. She was wounded and captured soon afterwards, then put on trial by the English; a tribunal of scholars from the University of Paris judged her guilty and called for her

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In the late 13th and early 14th centuries, tensions began to emerge between the Parisians and the royal government. Philip II granted the merchants monopolies and a role in the administration of the city, but he also expected them to pay for the privilege with taxes and fees. Between 1293 and 1300,

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Fish was another important part of the Parisian diet, largely for religious reasons; there were more than one hundred fifty days a year, including Fridays and Saturdays, when Parisians were required to fast and to eat only boiled vegetables and fish. Most of the fish was salted herring brought from

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The most common serious crime was murder, which accounted for 55 to 80 percent of the major crimes described in court archives. It was largely the result of the strict code of honor in effect in the Middle Ages; an insult, such as throwing a person's hat in the mud, required a response, which often

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during the day and an additional twenty sergeants and twelve other sergeants on horseback to patrol the streets at night. The sergeants on horseback went from post to post to see that they were properly manned. The night watch of the tradesmen continued. Groups of six were stationed at the Châtelet

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The Parlement de Paris was created in 1250. It was a national, not a local, institution and functioned as a court rather than a legislature by rendering justice in the name of the king. It was usually summoned only in difficult periods when the king wanted to gather broader support for his actions.

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By the end of the 12th century the neighborhood around the Montagne Sainte-Geneviève was crowded with students who frequently came into conflict with the neighbors and the authorities of the city. One particular battle in 1200 between students and the townspeople in a tavern left five persons dead;

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During the 12th century, the teachers of the School of Notre Dame established Paris as one of the leading centers of scholarship in Europe. As the century advanced, the intellectual center moved from Notre Dame to the Left Bank, where the monasteries, which were independent of the Bishop of Paris,

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and other streets, and a five-story house is recorded on the Rue des Poulies. Given that the area of Paris within the city walls in 1328 was 439 hectares, and the population was two hundred thousand, many of those counted probably lived outside the city walls. It remained very high in the heart of

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As the city pressed against the city walls, it also grew vertically. The streets were very narrow, averaging only four meters wide. The average house in the 14th century had a ground floor, two floors of residential space, and another smaller residential space under the roof on the third floor, but

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had eleven Paris residences; his preferred house was the Hôtel de Nesle on the Left Bank opposite the Île de la Cité, which used part of the old fortifications built by Philip II and which possessed a large gallery overlooking the Seine. Magnificent town houses were built between 1485 and 1510 for

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and marched toward Paris. John the Fearless made new efforts to recapture the city in 1414, 1415 and 1417, all without success, but during the night of 28–29 May 1418, his forces were able to enter quietly and seize the city with the aid of allies inside. Arrests and massacres followed, with some

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The original Grand Point included several grain mills to take advantage of the flow of water through its arches. When the Grand Pont was rebuilt in its new location, the mills were rebuilt under the arches of the old bridge, which transformed into a new footbridge called the Pont aux Meuniers, or

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Official news and announcements were made to the Parisians by the guild of town criers, who were first chartered by the king, and then put under the authority of the League of River Merchants. They had their own patron saint and holiday. There were twenty-four members of the guild recorded at one

1552:, Rue Tirechappe and Rue des Bourdonnais. Later, during the reign of Charles V, the meat market was transferred to the neighborhood of the Butte Saint-Roche. The market for lamb and mutton was originally near the wooden tower of the old Louvre, until it was moved in 1490 near the city wall at the 1437:

if they were not charitable. Noble families and the wealthy funded hospitals, orphanages, hospices, and other charitable institutions in the city. Early in the Middle Ages, beggars were generally respected and had an accepted social role. Later in the Middle Ages, at the end of the 14th and early

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at seven in the evening in winter and eight in summer. The working day was usually measured by the same bells, ending either at vespers or at the curfew. There was little precision in timekeeping, and the bells rarely rang at exactly the same time. The first mechanical clock in Paris appeared in

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The evidence of early medieval laws that enforced punishments for the destruction of bathing houses suggests that such buildings were not rare. That they ... took a bath every week. At places in southern Europe, Roman baths remained in use or were even restored ... The Paris city scribe Nicolas

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outside the Cemetery of the Innocents to remind passers-by to pray for the souls of the deceased. Very little light came from houses, since glass windows were extremely rare; most windows were closed with wooden shutters. The wealthy lighted the streets at night with servants carrying torches.

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in the third century BC to connect the Île-de-la-Cité to the Left and Right Bank of the Seine. They were burned by the Parisii themselves in an unsuccessful effort to defend the city against the Romans. They were rebuilt by the Romans, then regularly destroyed and replaced over the centuries in

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The 12th century and 13th saw the founding of several new hospitals sponsored by religious orders and wealthy families: the Hospital of Saint-Gervais in 1171, the Hospital of the Trinity in 1210, and the Hospital of Saint Catherine in 1188. Later in the Middle Ages, there were hospitals founded

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The population of medieval Paris was strictly divided into social classes, whose members wore distinctive clothing, followed strict rules of behavior, and had very distinct roles to play in society. At the top of the social structure was the hereditary nobility. Just below the nobility were the

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Paris was soon divided into two hostile parties. The Orléans party, or Armagnacs, had many followers in the royal administration and treasury, whereas supporters of the duke of Burgundy had a strong following within the University of Paris. In 1408, university scholars in prepared an elaborate

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Royal justice was administered by the Provost of Paris, who had his office and his own prison in the Grand Châtelet fortress on the Right Bank at the end of the Pont de la Cité. He and his two examiners were responsible for judging crimes ranging from theft to murder and sorcery. Royal prisons

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of Paris, those who paid taxes, amounted to about fifteen percent of the population. According to tax records at the end of the 13th century, the wealthiest one percent of Parisians paid eighty percent of the taxes. According to tax records, the wealthy bourgeois of Paris between 1250 and 1350

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decided to build a new wall entirely around the city. Work began between 1190 and 1208 on the Right Bank and 1209 and 1220 on the Left Bank. The new wall was 5,400 meters long (2,800 on the Right Bank and 2,600 on the Left Bank), with ten gates and seventy-five towers, and surrounded about 273

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The first illuminated manuscripts in Paris began to be produced in workshops in the 11th century. At first, they were created by monks in the abbeys, particularly Saint-Denis, Saint-Maur-des-Fossés, Notre-Dame and Saint-Germain-des-Prés. The first recognized artist of the period was the monk

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on the square in front of Notre Dame, where clerics who had committed crimes could be put on display. For more serious crimes, the Bishop had a prison in a tower adjoining his residence next to the Cathedral, as well as several other prisons for conducting investigations in which torture was

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Throughout the Middle Ages, the University of Paris grew in size and experienced almost continual conflicts between students and the townspeople. It was also divided by all of the theological and political conflicts of the period: disputes between the king and the pope; disputes between the

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of Paris, to be the administrator of the city. Originally, the position was purchased for a large sum of money, but after scandals during the reign of Louis IX caused by provosts who used the position to become rich, the position was given to proven administrators. The provost lived in the

793:(1285–1314) reconstructed the royal residence on the Île de la Cité, transforming it from a fortress into a palace. Two of the great ceremonial halls still remain within the structure of the Palais de Justice. The palace complex included the residence of the king, with a private chapel, or 1725:

With the growth in population came growing social tensions. The first riots against the Provost of the Merchants took place in December 1306, when the merchants were accused of raising rents. The houses of many merchants were burned, and twenty-eight rioters were hanged. In January 1357,

2494:, were members of the same guild or corporation as the illuminators and the sculptors; there were twenty-nine painters enrolled in the guild in 1329. In the 14th and 15th centuries, many of the painters came from Flanders and the north and worked for the courts of Duke John of Berry at 2316:, and its widespread use prevented large-scale fires of the kind that destroyed many medieval neighborhoods. The interiors were covered with plaster plaques, and the roofs covered with tile; only the wealthy could afford slate roofs. The oldest surviving house in Paris is the house of 1936:

Meat was the other main staple of the diet. Enormous herds of cattle, pigs and sheep were brought into the city each day. The animals raised within seven leagues of Paris could be sold only in Paris. The largest cattle market was on the Place aux Pourceaux, at the intersection of the

1185:

surrounded the cloister of Notre Dame, located northeast of the cathedral at the end of the Île de la Cité. The position of the curate of a parish in Paris was also often given to those who had done favors for the king, rather than those who had demonstrated religious devotion.

604:

built another new wall 4,900 meters long to enclose 439 hectares. Most of this wall was on the Right Bank; on the slower-growing Left Bank, the king simply repaired the old wall of Philip II. This new wall included a powerful new fortress at the eastern edge of the city at the

1616:

Money changers were active in Paris since at least 1141; they knew the exact values of all the different silver and gold coins in circulation in Europe. They had their establishments primarily on the Grand Pont, which became known as the Pont aux Changeurs and then simply the

1856:

The Church had its own system of justice for the ten percent of the Paris population who were clerics, including all the students of the University of Paris. Most clerical offenses were minor, ranging from marriage to deviations from official theology. The Bishop had his own

1832:

Heresy and sorcery were considered especially serious crimes; witches and heretics were usually burned, and the king sometimes attended the executions to display his role as defender of the Christian faith. Others were decapitated or hanged. Beginning in about 1314, a large

1754:, the trades and professions in Paris, who served in rotations of three weeks. This night watch was insufficient to maintain security in such a large city, so a second force of guardians was formed whose members were permanently stationed at key points around Paris. The two 1429:("Book of Professions") published in 1268 by the Provost of Paris, the artisans of Paris were formally divided into about one hundred corporations and 1300 distinct professions, each with its own set of rules, largely designed to limit competition and assure employment. 1770:

There was no professional force of firemen in the city during the Middle Ages; an edict of 1363 required that everyone in a neighborhood join in to fight a fire. The role of firefighters was gradually taken over by monks, who were numerous in the city. The Cordeliers,

1432:

The great majority of Parisians, about 70 percent, paid no taxes and led a very precarious existence. Fortunately for the poor, the theology of the Middle Ages required the wealthy to give money to the poor and warned them that it would be difficult for them to enter

2733:

scholarly justification for the murder of Louis of Orléans. The corporations of artisans also took sides; the butchers, one of the largest and most powerful guilds, gave their support to the Burgundians, and were rewarded with patronage, influence and large casks of

1438:

15th centuries, when the city was struck repeatedly by plague and refugees from wars flooded the city, the charitable institutions were overwhelmed and Parisians became less welcoming; beggars and those without professions were rounded up and expelled from the city.

2872: 2406:

their water from one of the three city public fountains that existed in 1292 or paid one of the fifty-five water porters registered in that year to carry water from the fountains to their residence. Many Parisians took the risk and drank the water from the river.

2040:

The narrow medieval streets of Paris were extremely noisy, with crowds of people and animals moving along between three- and four-story-high houses. The chief form of advertising for the street merchants was shouting; one of the regulations of Paris listed in the

1413:

clerics, who made up about ten percent of the city population with the inclusion of students. They maintained their own separate and strict hierarchy. Unlike the nobility, it was possible for those with talent and modest means to enter and advance in the clergy;

801:, or tower, which was still standing in the mid-19th century. The palace also had a private walled garden at the end of the island and a private dock, from which the king could travel by boat to his other residences, the Louvre fortress on the Right Bank and the 959:

and religious orders, and there were about three thousand students who had taken religious orders and were considered clerics. Altogether, there were about 20,000 members of religious orders in the city, or about ten percent of the population, in the year 1300.

2605:

The 12th-century windows were composed of many small medallions and used lighter colors so that the churches would not be too dark inside. In the 13th century, the colors became darker and richer as the windows became larger, for example in the royal chapel of

824:

Once Paris became the permanent seat of the government, the number of officials began to grow. This created a demand for educated lawyers, clerks and administrators. This need was met by the incorporation of the many small colleges on the Left Bank into the

812:

de Paris, a high court composed of nobles. The royal offices took their names from the different chambers, or rooms, of the palace; the Chambre des Comptes (chamber of the accounts), was the treasury of the kingdom, and the courts were divided between the

1608:. The manufacture of cloth was important until the 14th century, but it lost its leading role to competition from other cities and was replaced by crafts which made more finished clothing items: tailors, dyers, ribbon-makers, makers of belts and bonnets. 435:

stands today became the port and the commercial center of the city, where the central market was located. The trade route from Orléans to Flanders passed between two large buttes on the Right Bank; the same route is followed today by the trains to

2530:

The art of sculpture, practiced in Paris since Roman times, reached a summit during the Middle Ages in the decoration of the Cathedral of Notre Dame, particularly in the sculptures above the portals on the western facade. Sculptors were known as

1474:

for each boatload of wine that arrived in the city during the harvest. In 1170, Louis VII extended the privileges of the river merchants even further; only the boatmen of Paris were allowed to conduct commerce on the river between the bridge of

1240:

at the beginning of his reign. Philip IV was resentful at the power of the Templars and had their leaders arrested in 1307, then condemned and burned. All the belongings of the Templars were seized and handed over to another military order, the

564:

and other invaders attacked, the residents of Paris took sanctuary on the island. The first city wall was built on the Right Bank in the 11th century; it was about 1,700 meters long and protected an area of the Right Bank from about the modern

2717:, Duke of Burgundy, began a battle for the control of Paris. On 23 November 1407, Louis of Orléans was murdered on the streets of Paris by agents of the duke of Burgundy, who took over the royal administration. The son of the murdered duke, 738:(or "Royal Palace") was commonly used. Philip II (1180–1223) placed the royal archives, the treasury and courts within the royal palace, and thereafter the city functioned, except for brief periods, as the capital of the kingdom of France. 1632:

from Italy. The Lombards, connected to a well-organizer banking system in Italy, specialized in loans to the wealthy and the nobility. Their activities were recorded in Paris archives from 1292 onwards; they made important loans to King

1325:

King Philip II was called in to define the rights and legal status of students formally. Thereafter, the students and teachers were gradually organized into a corporation that was officially recognized in 1215 as a university by

347:, the city was abundantly supplied with food from the surrounding region, which was rich in grain fields and vineyards. The rivers also offered access for trading by boat with other cities in France and locations as far away as 559:

era of Frankish rule (481–751 AD), the Île de la Cité had ramparts, and some of the monasteries and churches were protected by wooden stockades walls, but the residents of the Left and Right Banks were largely undefended. When

2066:

The calendar of Parisians in the Middle Ages was filled with holidays and events that were widely and enthusiastically celebrated, perhaps because of the precarious lives of the ordinary populace. In addition to holidays for

1368:, medicine, and arts and letters. The arts and letters students were the most numerous; their courses included grammar, rhetoric, dialectics, arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy. Their course of study led first to a 821:. The tangible symbol of royal power was the large black marble table in the hall of the king, which was used for royal banquets, and also for ceremonial events, the taking of oaths and sessions of the military high courts. 291:, where the ports, central markets, artisans and merchants were located, became the commercial center of the city, and the merchants assumed an important role in running the city. Paris became a center for the creation of 782:. The chapel had two levels, the lower level for ordinary servants of the king, and the upper level for the king and royal family. Only the king was allowed to touch the crown of thorns, which he took out each year on 2760:: several thousand working-class Parisians recruited by the Burgundians and known as Cabochians stormed through the streets to attack or arrest known supporters of the Armagnac Party. They invaded the houses of Queen 2103:

called the Fire of Saint Jean. A special event in the royal family – a coronation, birth, baptism, marriage, or simply the entry of the king or queen into the city – was usually the occasion for a public celebration.

1993:. Contrary to a popular notion, spices were not used only to hide the taste of spoiled meat; they were valued for the medicinal qualities and believed to improve the digestion. The chefs of the time made sauces and 1008:

constructed a new cathedral, called Notre-Dame, next to the church of Saint-Étienne. Twelve stones from the seats of the ancient Roman amphitheater were found in the foundations of the church. A baptistry, called

716:, who ruled from 996 to 1031, stayed in Paris more often than his predecessors. He rebuilt the old castle, making it a walled rectangle 110 by 135 meters in size, with numerous towers and massive central tower, or 1928:

and the Seine from towns in the surrounding region and unloaded at the market on the Place de Grève. Mills near the Grand Pont turned it into flour. During the reign of Philip II, a new grain market was opened at

1164:

The pope did not appreciate the close ties between the kings of France and the bishops of Paris; although Paris was the capital and largest city of France, the bishop was under the authority of the archbishop of

1028:

to study at the school of the cathedral. He became the bishop in 1160, and it was he who baptized Philip II, the son of King Louis VII, in 1163. In the same year, the first stone of the cathedral was laid by

1698:

fortress. He combined the positions of financial manager, chief of police, chief judge and chief administrator of the city, though the financial management position was soon taken away and given to a separate

2721:, pretended to accept the Burgundians, but quietly assembled a coalition of other nobles, including the Dukes of Berry and Bourbon, the count of Alençon, and the count of Armagnac. They became known as the 1604:. The vendors of parchment, illuminators and book sellers were found on the Left Bank, near the University, on the Rue de la Parcheminerie, Rue Neuve-Notre-Dame, Rue Eremburg-de-Brie, Rue Écrivains, and 2685:. The king and royal government returned to the city, and the powers of the provost of the Paris merchants were drastically reduced; until the French Revolution, it became only a symbolic office. 2091:, which celebrated its own holiday with a parade, farces and satirical theatrical productions. The day of Sainte-Geneviève, the patron saint of the city, had an especially large celebration, with 2004:

Wine had been introduced to Paris by the Romans, and it was the principal beverage they drank during the Middle Ages. Most of the inexpensive wine came from vineyards neighboring the city: from

1462:, had traded with cities as far away as Spain and Eastern Europe and had minted their own coins for this purpose. In the Gallo-Roman town of Lutetia, the boatmen dedicated a column to the god 762:, or Saint Louis, the grandson of Philip II, gave the palace a new symbol that combined royal and religious symbolism. Between 1242 and 1248, on the site of the old chapel, he built the 927:

While the seat of royal power during the Middle Ages was on the west end of the Île de la Cité, the center of religious authority was at the east end of the island, in the Cathedral of

2366:

bridge of the millers. At the beginning of the 14th century, a new bridge was built to connect the island to the Rue Saint-Martin. It was replaced in 1413 by a new wooden bridge, the

1887:

The time of day in medieval Paris was announced by the church bells, which rang eight times during the day and night for the different calls to prayer at the monasteries and churches:

1109:

was situated. The Abbey of Saint Laurent was founded in the first half of the 6th century; in the early 7th century, the Basilica of the Saints-Apôtres (the Holy Apostles), the future

487:

in 1407, the population fell to about one hundred thousand by 1422. Following the end of the wars, the population increased quickly; by 1500, the population had reached about 150,000.

984:, where a basilica was founded to mark his grave. The first Christian church is believed to have been built near where Notre Dame Cathedral is today, on the site a Roman temple to 1624:

Some money changers branched into a new trade, that of lending money for interest. Since this was officially forbidden by the Catholic Church, most in the profession were either

1292:

began to establish their own schools. One of the most important new schools was established on the left bank at the Abbey of Sainte-Geneviève; its teachers included the scholar

472:

There are no reliable figures for the population of Paris from before 1328, when an official count was made of the number of parishes in the kingdom of France and the number of

2308:

The private houses of the wealthy were often built of stone, but the great majority of houses in Paris were built of wood beams and plaster. Plaster was abundant thanks to the

2654:. In the first epidemic of the plague in 1348–1349, forty to fifty thousand Parisians died, a quarter of the population. The plague returned in 1360–61, 1363, and 1366–1368. 2389:

on the Left Bank. This allowed for a direct route across the Île de la Cité. Construction lasted from 1379 until 1387. Once complete, the Parisians named the bridge the "

880:, one of the dancers, barely escaped. Charles VII abandoned it when he fled Paris in 1418. By 1519, the buildings were in ruins and torn down soon afterwards. The church of 416:, was built in the fields along the Seine farther west. In the Middle Ages, the monasteries attracted thousands of scholars and students who formed colleges that became the 1525:, while a smaller market called Palu or Palud, took place in the eastern neighborhood of the city. As the population grew on the Right Bank, another market appeared on the 1263:

By the end of the 15th century, the prestige of the church in Paris was in decline, due largely to financial scandals and corruption. This set the stage for the arrival of

1213:

was the first to arrive in 1217, charged with teaching orthodox church doctrine both within the university and to the Parisians. They established their headquarters on the

4572: 1333:, because Latin was the language of instruction at the university. The number grew to about four thousand in the 14th century. The poorer students lived in colleges ( 2397:) and tapestry-weavers, and later, in the 17th century, by perfume makers and booksellers. During the winter of 1407–1408, it was destroyed by river ice and rebuilt. 2136:

specially for destitute women, repented prostitutes and poor widows. They also served to provide employment as nurses or maids for women arriving from the provinces.

2020:. Wine merchants were regulated and taxed by the royal government beginning in 1121. Better-quality wines arrived in the city between September through November from 1458:

Commerce was a major source of the wealth and influence of Paris in the Middle Ages. Even before the Roman conquest of Gaul, the first inhabitants of the city, the

1425:

numbered just 140 families or about two thousand persons. Below this level were the artisans who possessed their own shops and their own tools. According to the

891:, which became one of his principal residences. Within its walls and towers, he re-created the Palais de la Cité, complete with a full-size replica of the royal 2839:

After the departure of the English, Paris became France's capital once again, but throughout the rest of the 15th century, French monarchs chose to live in the

1221:

came in 1217–1219 and established chapters at Saint Denis, on the Montagne Sainte-Geneviève, and, with the support of King Louis IX, at Saint-Germain des Prés.

600:

The city continued to grow rapidly, particularly on the Right Bank to fill in the vacant tracts within the new wall and spill beyond it. Between 1358 and 1371,

1420:

The wealthy merchants and bankers were a small part of the population, but their power and influence grew throughout the Middle Ages. In the 13th century, the

369:("Island of the City"), was the easiest place to build bridges across the Seine; it became the crossing point on the important north-south trade route between 1572:, or corporations, that had strict rules and regulations to protect their members against competition and unemployment. The oldest four corporations were the 2847:

finally returned the royal residence to Paris in 1528, and thereafter, Paris gradually made the transition from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance. The old

2244:. Built between 1241 and 1248, it has the oldest stained glass windows remaining in Paris. At the same time that the Saint-Chapelle was built, stained glass 1568:

The second important business community in Paris were that of the artisans and craftsmen, who produced and sold goods of all kinds. They were organized into

1345:.From the 13th to the 15th century, the University of Paris was the most important school of catholic theology in Western Europe, whose teachers included 1300:. The schools trained not only clerics for the church, but also clerks who could read and write for the growing administration of the kingdom of France. 331:

The location of Paris was an important factor in its growth and strategic importance during the Middle Ages. Due to its position at the confluence of the

2551:, built later, was in a more realistic and distinctively Parisian style; the face of each figure reflects an individualized and naturalistic depiction. 2144:, due to the contacts with the infected areas in the eastern Mediterranean and the movements of population. By 1124, King Louis VII established a large 2370:. That bridge washed away in 1499 and was rebuilt in stone between 1500 and 1514 with sixty-eight houses of brick and stone positioned on top of it. 2337:

streets. The houses on the streets had no numbers; they were usually identified by colorful signs that created additional obstacles for passers-by.

1296:(1079–1142), who taught five thousand students. Abelard was forced to leave the university because of the scandal caused by his romance with the nun 1209:

In the 13th century, new religious orders arrived in Paris with the mission of fighting heresies that had appeared inside and outside the church. The

1376:, which allowed them to teach. Students began at the age of fourteen and studied at the faculty of arts until they were twenty. The completion of a 1329:, who had studied there. In the 13th century, there were between two and three thousand students living in the Left Bank, which became known as the 1848:

The city's main prison, courts and residence of the Provost of Paris were located in the Grand Châtelet fortress, shown here as it appeared in 1800

400:, because it was of higher elevation and less prone to flood; the forum was located on a hill about 60 metres (200 ft) high, later called the 866:, covered a large area between the Rue Saint Antoine and the Seine and the Rue Saint-Paul and Rue du Petit-Musc. It was the site of the notorious 263:

between 987 and 1328, it developed into an important commercial and religious center and the seat of the royal administration of the country. The

808:

In the later Middle Ages, the Palais de le Cité was the financial and judicial center of the kingdom; the home of the courts of justice and the

1965:. The diets of the rich Parisians in the late Middle Ages were exotic and varied; they were supplied with olive oil and citrus fruits from the 698:

on 3 July 987, he resided in this castle, but he and the other Capetian kings spent little time in the city, and had other royal residences in

1033:. The altar was consecrated in 1182. Sully guided the work on the church until his death in 1196, following the new style innovated by Abbot 988:; stones from the Roman temple were found beneath the choir of Notre Dame when the choir was renovated in 1711 and are now on display in the 2883:(Gasparino da Barzizza), published in 1470. The arrival of printing heralded the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Renaissance 580:

A map of Paris published in 1553 by Olivier Truschet and Germain Hoyau. It documents the growth of Paris within its medieval walls and the

4567: 4176: 389:. The Roman prefects had built their residences on the west end of the island; the first royal palace was built on the same site in the 1941:

and Rue des Dechargeurs. Another large market was located at the Place aux Veaux, near the Grande Boucherie, the major slaughterhouse.

238: 2160:. In 1363, the corporation of merchants of Paris founded a home for poor orphans, the Hospice du Saint-Esprit, on the Place de Grève. 1521:(square) in front of the Cathedral of Notre-Dame. Other markets took place in the vicinity of the two bridges, the Grand Pont and the 2454: 2301:, the residence of the archbishop of Sens from 1490, has towers at the corners and flanking the entrance in the manner of a medieval 2756:

In April 1413, after much political maneuvering, the Burgundians inspired a new strike against the Armagnacs that resulted in the

1149:

During most of the Middle Ages, the Bishops of Paris and the Abbots of Saint-Denis were closely allied with the royal government.

1791:

all took an active role in fighting fires. The first professional fire companies were not formed until the eighteenth century.

770:. It housed the sacred relics Louis had acquired, which were believed to be the crown of thorns and wood from the cross of the 142: 2522: 4369: 4351: 4294: 4275: 4205: 4170: 4149: 2657:

The Hundred Years' War between France and England, which began in 1337, brought new woes to the Parisians. In 1356, the King

193: 2677:

and asked for the coins of Paris to be devalued in order to put more money into the treasury. The provost of the merchants,

2507: 1862:

permitted. The church courts could condemn clerics to corporal punishment or banishment. In the most extreme cases, such as

1004:

was said to have gathered the faithful inside the cathedral when the city was threatened by Germanic invaders. In 528, King

751: 670: 4332: 110: 2740: 2539:, since they often made tombs. The timpanium, or arch-shaped ensemble of sculptures over the central door, portrayed the 4748: 4557: 2054:

time in Paris, and all merchants and other persons were required to be silent when the crier was making an announcement.

1470:

of Notre Dame. In 1121, during the reign of Louis VI, the king accorded to the league of boatmen of Paris a fee of sixty

1010: 448:

on the highest point at 130 metres (430 ft), which they called "Mount Mercury". It was the site of the martyrdom of

404:

after the patron saint of the city. In the early Middle Ages, the hill became the site of two important monasteries, the

2543:

enthroned and surrounded by saints. It was made about 1170 in a more traditional style taken from older churches in the

1556:. The first horse market was established in 1475 near Rue Garancière and Rue de Tournon; it had the picturesque name of 4224: 1899:

at six in the evening, though later in summer and earlier in the winter. The churches also rang their bell for a daily

1807:

heretics in 1210, an event witnessed by King Philip II, as depicted by Jean Fouquet, ca. 1455. The Bastille (left) and

393:. The first cathedral and the residence of the bishop were built on the east end of the island at about the same time. 377:. The island was also the easiest place to defend; it gave the Parisians a sanctuary when the city was attacked by the 125: 1118: 413: 276: 4313: 4243: 3962: 3934: 2726: 2218: 1815:

Paris, like all large medieval cities, had its share of crime and criminals, though it was not quite as portrayed by

993: 484: 1742:

The streets of Paris were particularly dangerous at night because of the absence of any lights. As early as 595 AD,

1548:

There were other more specialized markets within the city: beef, veal and pork were sold at the intersection of the

2851:

collapsed in 1499. To build a new bridge, an Italian architect who had worked on the Renaissance-style châteaux at

2294: 593:

hectares, including much land that was still gardens and pastures. Portions of this wall can still be seen in the

183: 152: 1483:

The large monasteries also played an important role in the growth of commerce in the Middle Ages by holding large

573:. It had about thirty towers and four to six gates. The much smaller population of the Left Bank was unprotected. 464: 4400: 2578: 2768:

The city was soon threatened from a new direction. In October 1415, the English army defeated the French at the

904: 2900: 2774: 981: 355:. The Seine, without its stone embankments, was about twice as wide as it is today, and a tributary, the river 320: 231: 120: 2785: 1730:

led a merchants' revolt in a bid to curb the power of the monarchy and obtain privileges for the city and the

1541:. It continued to be the main produce market in Paris until the late 20th century, when it was transferred to 1113:, was established near the site of the old Roman forum on the Left Bank. Farther west on the Left Bank, Saint 2120:

Patients in the Hôtel Dieu in about 1500. it was common to have two, three or even four patients share a bed.

3013:

1357 – Étienne Marcel establishes the city government in the Maison des Pilliers, on the site of the future

2393:" (New Bridge). The bridge's sides were quickly filled with houses. It was first occupied largely by dyers ( 1844: 4685: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4477: 2087:

and celebrated that saint's feast day. The unmarried clerks of the royal palace had their own corporation,

1312: 548: 483:

struck Paris for the first time in 1348 and returned frequently. Due to the plague and the outbreak of the

4680: 2152:. Between 1254 and 1260, Louis IX built a special hospital for three hundred poor blind patients near the 1762:. The name of the first one, Geofroy de Courferraud, was recorded in 1260. He commanded a force of twelve 1315:

began a legendary Paris romance in about 1116. They are depicted here in a 14th-century manuscript of the

1110: 1102: 778:. These symbols allowed Louis to present himself not just as the king of France, but as the leader of the 613:. These walls were modified to make them more resistant to a new strategic weapon of the Middle Ages, the 401: 130: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4430: 2570:

for the château of the Louvre, as well as several tombs for members of the royal family at Saint Denis.

2476: 2149: 1821: 1137:

In an anonymous illustration of about 1500, the Bishop of Paris is depicted in front of the Cathedral of

682:(=Lutèce), the ancient predecessor of modern Paris, maintained their residence on the western end of the 255:

was a provincial cathedral city of little political or economic significance, but under the kings of the

2710: 2698: 2277: 2095:

and processions. Some holidays with origins in pagan times were also marked, such as New Year's and the

1605: 635: 2939: 2222: 1780: 1404:. After three months of study, they found her guilty on all charges, and demanded her rapid execution. 1062: 405: 115: 2358:

almost the same locations. The first Grand Pont was built by Charles V just to the west of the modern

1924:

During the Middle Ages, the staple food of most Parisians was bread. Grain was brought by boat on the

1417:

came from a family of modest means to become the Bishop of Paris and builder of Notre-Dame cathedral.

4545: 299:. Despite civil wars, the plague, and foreign occupation, Paris became the most populous city in the 224: 178: 100: 95: 90: 55: 2226: 1337:) that functioned as dormitories where they were lodged and fed. In 1257, the chaplain of Louis IX, 315: 4648: 4601: 4579: 4420: 2674: 1838: 1214: 687: 3014: 2264:(1380–1422), French noblemen and wealthy merchants began building large townhouses, mostly in the 2209:. Then, from 1140 to 1144, he rebuilt the rear of the church with a majestic and dramatic wall of 1279: 566: 432: 4753: 4717: 4638: 2382: 2268:

neighborhood that were usually surrounded by walls and often had gardens. King Charles and Queen

2202: 2182: 1601: 1268: 1101:

appeared in Paris during the Merovingian Dynasty (481–731 AD) and were mostly located around the

1038: 622: 292: 188: 3046: 2852: 2281: 1529:, where the Hôtel de Ville is located today, and another near the city gate, at what is now the 1454:

of the league of Paris river merchants in the Middle Ages became the emblem of the city of Paris

1153:, the Abbot of Saint Denis, was both a pioneer in church architecture and a royal advisor. When 955:. There were thousands of monks and nuns in the eighty-eight convents and monasteries, numerous 888: 2429: 2080: 1122: 881: 4160: 2125: 1961:. Wealthy Parisians were able to afford fresh fish brought on horseback during the night from 4562: 2880: 2823: 2793: 2651: 2599: 1938: 1731: 956: 771: 588:

By 1180, the city had grown to 200 hectares. To give all Parisians a sense of security, King

409: 280: 173: 147: 2718: 2153: 1553: 431:

was swampy, but it was also the best place for landing boats. The gravel beach in which the

2812: 2800: 2706: 2555: 2480: 2261: 2241: 2178: 2021: 1808: 1665:

It was actually a court, rather than a legislature, and rendered justice in the king's name

1467: 1369: 1233: 969: 877: 449: 283:. In the late 1100s, the collection of colleges on the left bank became one of the leading 137: 105: 2673:, was named regent and tried to raise money to pay ransom for his father. He summoned the 2345: 1530: 1181:, but the pope refused. Paris did not become an archdiocese until the reign of Louis XIV. 735: 656: 8: 4660: 4393: 3941:

Public baths were common in the larger towns and cities of Europe by the twelfth century.

3083: 3028: 2993: 2974: 2960: 2921: 2915: 2844: 2819:

resided in Paris for only one month, for his coronation at Notre-Dame in December 1431.

2816: 2769: 2682: 2670: 2563: 2554:

Other important works of sculpture were created for the tombs of the French Kings in the

2289: 2280:, the brother of the Charles VI, had nine separate residences in the city, including the 2198: 1966: 1638: 1634: 1463: 1342: 1341:, opened the most famous college of the university, which was later named after him: the 1242: 1237: 1202: 1170: 1154: 1138: 1066: 1014: 985: 928: 900: 859: 826: 790: 731: 683: 606: 601: 589: 556: 539: 491: 445: 417: 365: 296: 284: 268: 264: 43: 27: 2952:

1200 – Philip II takes the students and teachers of the university under his protection.

2856: 2205:, dividing it into three horizontal levels and three vertical sections to symbolize the 1549: 626: 534: 4665: 4633: 4628: 4613: 3000: 2928: 2911: 2904: 2893: 2808: 2761: 2662: 2321: 2269: 2194: 2173: 1718:, which became the first city hall; the current city hall occupies the same location. 1373: 1229: 1070: 1030: 896: 759: 741: 727: 695: 360: 4194: 3024: 2273: 1117:

founded the Abbey of Sainte-Croix and Saint Vincent, which after his death became the

863: 852: 555:

The borders of Paris were defined in the Middle Ages by a series of walls. During the

4622: 4365: 4347: 4328: 4309: 4290: 4271: 4239: 4220: 4201: 4166: 4145: 3958: 3930: 3101: 3039: 3020:

1358 – Étienne Marcel tries to hand over the city to the English and is assassinated.

2956: 2860: 2714: 2666: 2658: 2567: 2544: 2503: 2428:

The ancient Gallo-Roman town of Lutetia had an efficient sewer along what is now the

2374: 2157: 2005: 1997:

by combining spices with an acidic liquid, either vinegar or the white wine from the

1326: 1086: 794: 452:

and two other missionaries and thereafter was known as the "Mountain of Martyrs" or "

390: 168: 4540: 3007: 2678: 2632: 2590:

A stained glass medallion from the royal chapel of the Sainte-Chapelle (before 1248)

2232:

In the 13th century, King Louis IX specially built a masterpiece of Gothic Art, the

1727: 1715: 1711: 1695: 1674: 1526: 1446: 1257: 356: 4692: 4655: 4643: 4618: 4608: 4596: 4584: 3096: 2978: 2804: 2757: 2745: 2722: 2646:

In the middle of the 14th century, Paris was struck by two great catastrophes: the

2499: 2285: 2050:

begging for alms, and flocks of sheep, pigs, and cows being driven to the markets.

1682: 1592:

had their shops on the Rue de la Vieille-Draperie on the Ile de la Cité, while the

1414: 1389: 1338: 1317: 1218: 1114: 1021: 713: 710:. The administration and archives of the kingdom travelled wherever the king went. 198: 64: 4722: 2559: 2298: 1998: 690:

stands today. A castle was built on the same site in the early Middle Ages. After

526:. In addition, there were many more from the cities and towns of the Paris basin. 34: 4264: 3053: 2989: 2985: 2967: 2848: 2607: 2386: 2367: 2233: 2129: 2096: 1888: 1772: 1690: 1476: 1284: 1253: 1225: 1210: 1198: 1174: 892: 887:

Further east, outside the city walls, in the royal forest, Charles V rebuilt the

868: 847: 767: 763: 734:(1137–1180) that Paris became the principal residence of the kings, and the term 660: 630:

the city, except during times of war and the plague, until the reconstruction by

39: 1224:

Another important religious order arrived in Paris in the mid-12th century: the

576: 4697: 4589: 4386: 3035: 2647: 2636: 2409: 2359: 2354: 2317: 1912: 1750:, or force of watchmen, to patrol the streets. It was manned by members of the 1649: 1618: 1459: 1393: 1350: 1293: 1158: 1082: 1078: 1074: 968:

According to tradition, Paris was converted to Christianity in about 250 AD by

936: 920: 775: 723: 480: 256: 4670: 2502:, as well as for clients in Paris. Among the most celebrated artists were the 2116: 18: 4742: 2734: 2540: 2210: 1925: 1330: 1264: 997: 802: 507: 340: 300: 214: 2709:

began to show increasing signs of madness. Two princes of the royal family,

2627: 1669: 1142: 1057:

The School of Notre-Dame became famous throughout Europe; it produced seven

4550: 4425: 2840: 2693: 2611: 2511: 2484: 2459: 2214: 2189:

The flourishing of religious architecture in Paris was largely the work of

2084: 1917: 1799: 1784: 1662: 1657: 1517:

In the early Middle Ages, the principal market of Paris was located on the

1451: 1297: 1025: 1005: 989: 631: 543: 421: 324: 23: 2688: 4712: 3070: 3060: 2827: 2789: 2417: 2245: 2213:

windows that flooded the church with light. This style, later designated

2145: 1816: 1776: 1743: 1421: 1397: 1385: 1354: 1346: 1098: 1024:, the Bishop of Paris, who had originally come from a poor family in the 977: 872:

in 1393, when the elaborate costumes of four dancers, all members of the

783: 779: 664: 542:

enters the gates of Paris in 1358 in an illustration of ca. 1455–1460 by

428: 397: 386: 304: 288: 272: 75: 2526:

A sculpture from the Portal of Saint Anne of the Cathedral of Notre Dame

1944: 498:, or parish records, between 1292 and 1313 showed 155 persons listed as 4675: 3970:

Boileau noted the existence of twenty-six public baths in Paris in 1272

2889: 2548: 2378: 2313: 2092: 2009: 1958: 1930: 1863: 1804: 1788: 1538: 1522: 1303: 1193: 691: 453: 2302: 2272:

spent most of their time in their own house in that neighborhood, the

2029: 1758:

were under the authority of the Provost of Paris and commanded by the

1653:

The Grand Châtelet around 1800, looking south from the rue Saint-Denis

1360:

The University of Paris was originally organized into four faculties:

1308: 707: 370: 2586: 2390: 2265: 2076: 2068: 2047: 1954: 1834: 1377: 1365: 1001: 952: 841: 809: 703: 699: 594: 490:

In the Middle Ages, Paris was already attracting immigrants from the

441: 3357: 2466: 797:; a building for the law courts; a large hall for ceremonies; and a 651: 3038:, Provost of Paris, has the Petit-Pont-Neuf built. It becomes the 2249: 2141: 2025: 1970: 1763: 1629: 1471: 1361: 1050: 873: 610: 581: 523: 515: 511: 437: 374: 2826:, only ruled territories in France south of the Loire River. When 2193:, the abbot of Saint-Denis from 1122 to 1151 and advisor to Kings 4081: 4079: 4077: 3079:

1470 – First printing press installed at the College of Sorbonne.

2495: 2206: 2137: 2100: 1978: 1896: 1858: 1178: 1106: 679: 621:

there were also a large number of houses with four floors on the

561: 519: 382: 352: 3120: 3118: 3116: 1396:

was called upon by the English and Burgundians to judge whether

4727: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3268: 2946: 2701:, in 1407 set off a civil war between Burgundians and Armagnacs 2514:, who illustrated the history of France for his royal patrons. 2309: 2185:

flooded with light from stained glass windows (built 1140-1144)

2072: 2017: 1994: 1962: 1900: 1867: 1706:

Louis IX created a new position, the Provost of the Merchants (

1542: 1518: 1434: 1401: 944: 746: 726:. However, it was not until the 12th century and the reigns of 718: 614: 570: 344: 260: 4091: 4074: 3717: 3705: 3693: 3504: 3480: 2924:

confirms the privileges of the corporation of river merchants.

2083:, each of the guilds and corporations of the city had its own 1380:

in theology required a minimum of another ten years of study.

1133: 1000:) and located in front of where the Cathedral is today. Saint 915: 832: 4409: 3113: 2413: 2237: 2190: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1974: 1569: 1260:, the provost of the merchants and the first mayor of Paris. 1150: 1034: 948: 348: 332: 267:

became the site of the royal palace and the new cathedral of

252: 4004: 4002: 3746: 3744: 3492: 3265: 2871: 939:), and each of the thirty-three parish churches had its own 3879: 3855: 3635: 3633: 3161: 3159: 3157: 2582:

Stained glass in the Basilica of Saint-Denis (12th century)

2013: 1892: 1625: 1484: 1201:

were burned at the stake on 18 March 1314 on the orders of

1166: 1058: 973: 494:

and other countries of Europe. A study of the names in the

378: 336: 4108: 4106: 3681: 3669: 3420: 3320: 3031:. The Royal Palace is used for justice and administration. 4014: 3999: 3896: 3894: 3807: 3795: 3768: 3741: 3645: 3594: 3582: 3570: 3543: 3516: 3468: 3456: 3408: 3396: 3384: 3332: 3308: 3296: 2377:, was decided upon in 1378. A location downstream of the 2293:

the Abbot of the Cluny Monastery; one of them is now the

1841:, where the bodies of executed criminals were displayed. 4378: 3975: 3831: 3785: 3783: 3630: 3560: 3558: 3533: 3531: 3432: 3374: 3372: 3284: 3226: 3202: 3154: 2780: 2324:. It was not a private home, but a hostel for the poor. 4103: 4026: 3756: 3255: 3253: 3190: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3130: 2689:

The Civil War between the Burgundians and the Armagnacs

2449: 1505: 1161:, he entrusted Suger with the treasury of the kingdom. 617:, and no new walls were built until the 16th century. 3906: 3891: 3867: 3657: 3618: 2124:

According to tradition, the first Paris hospital, the

1837:

was built on a hill outside of Paris, near the modern

845:

King Charles VI nearly burned to death in 1393 at the

4325:

Histoire de Paris: Politique, urbanisme, civilisation

4118: 4062: 3987: 3843: 3819: 3780: 3729: 3606: 3555: 3528: 3444: 3369: 3238: 1407: 275:

was occupied by important monasteries, including the

4050: 4038: 3250: 3214: 3171: 2744:

A depiction of the massacre of Parisians during the

1746:, King of the Franks, required that the city have a 1188: 1013:, served both the early Saint-Etienne cathedral and 919:

The Cathedral of Notre-Dame in the 15th century, by

749:, begun in 1190, as it appeared in 1412–1416 in the 412:, while another large and prosperous monastery, the 4252: 3142: 522:, thirty four from Flanders, and twenty-eight from 4263: 4193: 3003:strikes Paris, killing a third of the inhabitants. 903:preferred to reside either at Vincennes or in the 2353:The first two bridges in Paris were built by the 1948:A medieval peasant meal (French National Library) 4740: 4261: 3124: 2875:A page of the first book printed in France: the 2843:, returning to Paris only on special occasions. 2773:three to four hundred persons killed, including 1283:A scholar and students as depicted in a work of 2201:. He rebuilt the façade of the old Carolingian 1600:north of the Châtelet fortress and east of the 910: 363:is today. The largest island in the river, the 2622: 2385:from the Grand-Pont on the Right Bank and the 2061: 1714:, who purchased the Maison aux Piliers on the 1245:, which was more closely under royal control. 1105:on the Left Bank, where the old Roman city of 1017:until its own demolition in the 17th century. 963: 876:, caught fire and burned them to death, while 26:from about 1450 that depicts the cathedral of 4394: 4262:Lawrence, Rachel; Gondrand, Fabienne (2010). 2866: 2834: 2229:, and quickly spread to England and Germany. 1611: 232: 3952: 2373:The construction of a new stone bridge, the 2168: 2163: 1466:that was found during excavations under the 4200:. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. 4139: 4097: 4085: 3723: 3711: 3699: 3687: 3675: 3510: 3498: 3486: 3426: 3338: 3302: 3278: 3196: 3165: 1891:, for instance, was at six in the morning, 1044: 833:The Louvre and the Hotel Royal of Saint-Pol 4401: 4387: 3066:1420 – English occupation of Paris begins. 2248:, eighteen meters high, were added to the 2217:, was copied by other Paris churches: the 1274: 641: 239: 225: 42:was the chapel of the royal palace on the 4270:(12th ed.). London: Insight Guides. 4233: 3363: 3326: 2914:lays the cornerstone of the Cathedral of 2815:died fifty days later. As a child, King 2458:The Book of Hours of Jeanne d'Evreux, by 1737: 1661:The Parlement of Paris in about 1450, by 774:, purchased in 1238 from the governor of 3955:Perception and Action in Medieval Europe 2931:and his successors are onward titled as 2870: 2784: 2739: 2692: 2626: 2585: 2577: 2521: 2465: 2453: 2344: 2172: 2115: 1943: 1911: 1843: 1798: 1668: 1656: 1648: 1504: 1445: 1302: 1278: 1192: 1132: 914: 840: 740: 650: 646: 597:district and other neighborhoods today. 575: 533: 463: 444:. The Romans probably built a temple to 314: 33: 30:with the rest of Paris in the background 17: 4341: 4322: 4284: 4191: 4124: 4068: 3849: 3837: 3825: 3639: 3450: 3438: 3290: 3148: 3136: 2713:, the younger brother of the king, and 2470:A Book of Hours from Paris (about 1410) 1882: 1794: 1128: 396:The Romans had built their city on the 4741: 4214: 4112: 4044: 4020: 4008: 3993: 3981: 3912: 3900: 3885: 3873: 3861: 3813: 3801: 3789: 3774: 3750: 3735: 3663: 3651: 3624: 3612: 3600: 3588: 3576: 3564: 3549: 3537: 3522: 3474: 3462: 3414: 3402: 3390: 3378: 3314: 3259: 3244: 3232: 3220: 3208: 3184: 1563: 4382: 4158: 4140:Bove, Boris; Gauvard, Claude (2014). 4056: 3924: 3073:is wounded trying to recapture Paris. 2781:The English and Burgundian Occupation 2276:, which had been built by Charles V. 1644: 1069:studied there, as did the nephews of 996:, dedicated in 375 to Saint Étienne ( 4344:Lutece- Paris, des origines a Clovis 4303: 4032: 3957:. Boydell & Brewer. p. 61. 3762: 3010:is elected Provost of the Merchants. 2562:, from Flanders, sculpted images of 2450:Illuminated manuscripts and painting 2035: 1584:, who sold food and spices, and the 1020:The modern cathedral is the work of 359:, entered the Seine about where the 4179:from the original on 1 January 2016 3927:The Middle Ages: Facts and Fictions 2661:was captured by the English at the 2479:, named for the third wife of King 1177:to raise Paris to the status of an 766:shortly before he departed for the 13: 4253:Héron de Villefosse, René (1959). 2945:1194 – Construction begins on the 2508:Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry 2435: 2416:, and there were about twenty-six 2099:, which was the occasion for huge 1580:, who made and sold clothing, the 1533:. This market was the site of the 1408:Social classes, wealth and poverty 1092: 752:Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry 671:Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry 14: 4765: 4217:Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris 3049:and makes it the royal residence. 2255: 2219:Priory of Saint-Martin-des-Champs 1907: 1513:by Thomas de Saluces (about 1403) 1189:Religious Orders and the Templars 1169:, a much smaller city. In 1377, 994:Cathedral of Saint Etienne, Paris 980:. He was martyred and buried at 529: 4362:Dictionnaire Historique de Paris 4308:. Monum Éditions de Patrimoine. 4289:. Paris: Editions Ouest-France. 3045:1407 – Charles VI purchases the 2992:, is burned at the stake on the 2573: 1920:, 1460 (French National Library) 972:, a bishop sent to Christianize 722:, and added a chapel named for 208: 74: 4327:. Editions Jean-Paul Gisserot. 4162:Encyclopedia of the Black Death 4133: 3946: 3918: 3344: 3076:1436 – The English leave Paris. 3027:becomes the royal residence of 2935:due to rise in French identity. 1271:that followed the Middle Ages. 1119:Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés 414:Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés 277:Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés 2775:Bernard VII, Count of Armagnac 2697:The assassination in Paris of 2490:The painters of Paris, called 2381:was chosen on the line of the 1560:(the "Field of horse turds"). 1509:A Paris market as depicted in 1500: 1011:the Church of St. Jean-le-Rond 1: 4238:. Paris: Editions Princesse. 3953:Kleinschmidt, Harald (2005). 3107: 2727:Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War 2725:. Their feud turned into the 1877: 1596:were just north of them; the 1335:Collegia pauperum magistrorum 1248:In the late Middle Ages, the 485:Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War 459: 4236:Connaaissance du Vieux Paris 3125:Lawrence & Gondrand 2010 2807:to accept the English king, 2517: 2349:The bridges of Paris in 1550 2111: 1491: 1103:Mountain of Sainte-Geneviève 923:(National Library of France) 911:The Cathedral and the Clergy 905:Châteaux of the Loire Valley 549:Grandes Chroniques de France 502:(an Englishman); 144 called 310: 7: 4364:. Le Livre de Poche. 2013. 4234:Hillairet, Jacques (1978). 4144:(in French). Paris: Belin. 3090: 3052:1413 – Construction of the 2963:its first official charter. 2623:Plague, war, and rebellions 2444: 2150:Rue du Faubourg Saint-Denis 2140:arrived in Paris after the 2062:Festivities and processions 1822:The Hunchback of Notre-Dame 1811:are visible the background. 1488:began in the 12th century. 1441: 964:The Cathedral of Notre-Dame 46:, built in the 13th century 10: 4770: 4749:History of Paris by period 2940:Wall of Philip II Augustus 2867:Chronology of major events 2835:The end of the Middle Ages 2750:Les Vigiles de Charles VII 2340: 2327: 2260:Beginning in the reign of 2223:Saint-Pierre de Montmartre 2046:Competing with these were 1612:Money changers and bankers 638:in the mid-19th century. 323:as depicted about 1455 by 4708: 4536: 4416: 4408: 4323:Sarmant, Thierry (2012). 4285:Meunier, Florian (2014). 4159:Byrne, Joseph P. (2012). 2973:1254 – Foundation of the 2942:is built around the city. 2617: 2423: 2295:Museum of the Middle Ages 2252:of Notre Dame Cathedral. 2169:The birth of Gothic style 2164:Architecture and urbanism 1111:Abbey of Sainte-Geneviève 1073:. The teachers included 510:), plus forty-seven from 402:Montagne Sainte-Geneviève 4304:Piat, Christine (2004). 3929:. ABC-CLIO. p. 61. 2822:The new king of France, 2711:Louis I, Duke of Orléans 2705:Beginning in 1392, King 2699:Louis I, Duke of Orléans 2477:Hours of Jeanne d'Evreux 2400: 2284:, whose site became the 2128:, was founded in 651 by 1839:Parc des Buttes Chaumont 1045:The School of Notre-Dame 420:in the beginning of the 4718:Paris metropolitan area 4215:Fierro, Alfred (1996). 4098:Bove & Gauvard 2014 4086:Bove & Gauvard 2014 3925:Black, Winston (2019). 3724:Bove & Gauvard 2014 3712:Bove & Gauvard 2014 3700:Bove & Gauvard 2014 3688:Bove & Gauvard 2014 3676:Bove & Gauvard 2014 3511:Bove & Gauvard 2014 3499:Bove & Gauvard 2014 3487:Bove & Gauvard 2014 3427:Bove & Gauvard 2014 3339:Bove & Gauvard 2014 3303:Bove & Gauvard 2014 3279:Bove & Gauvard 2014 3197:Bove & Gauvard 2014 3166:Bove & Gauvard 2014 2899:1113 – Founding of the 2487:between 1325 and 1328. 2412:was common in medieval 2203:Basilica of Saint Denis 2183:Basilica of Saint-Denis 1275:The University of Paris 1269:French Wars of Religion 1123:illuminated manuscripts 1039:Basilica of Saint-Denis 884:was built on the site. 858:Between 1361 and 1364, 678:The Roman governors of 642:Royal Palaces in France 381:in the 5th century and 293:illuminated manuscripts 4342:Schmidt, Joel (2009). 4192:Combeau, Yvan (2013). 2988:, grand master of the 2884: 2796: 2753: 2702: 2639: 2591: 2583: 2527: 2471: 2463: 2430:Boulevard Saint-Michel 2350: 2320:(1407), located at 51 2227:Saint-Germain-des-Prés 2186: 2121: 1949: 1921: 1849: 1812: 1738:The police and firemen 1681:Between 996 and 1031, 1678: 1666: 1654: 1576:, who made cloth; the 1545:in the Paris suburbs. 1514: 1455: 1353:from Italy, and Saint 1321: 1288: 1206: 1146: 924: 882:Saint-Paul-Saint-Louis 855: 756: 675: 585: 552: 469: 328: 295:and the birthplace of 285:universities in Europe 47: 31: 4287:Le Paris du moyen âge 4142:Le Paris du Moyen Age 3888:, pp. 1086–1087. 3864:, pp. 1140–1143. 2901:Abbey of Saint-Victor 2881:Gasparinus de Bergamo 2874: 2803:was compelled by the 2794:Siege of Paris (1429) 2788: 2743: 2696: 2631:The assassination of 2630: 2589: 2581: 2525: 2469: 2457: 2348: 2176: 2119: 1947: 1939:Rue de la Ferronnerie 1915: 1847: 1802: 1672: 1660: 1652: 1508: 1449: 1307:The monk and scholar 1306: 1282: 1196: 1136: 918: 844: 772:Crucifixion of Christ 744: 674:(1410), month of June 654: 647:The Palais de la Cité 579: 537: 467: 410:Abbey of St Genevieve 406:Abbey of Saint-Victor 319:A view of Paris from 318: 281:Abbey of St Genevieve 271:, begun in 1163. The 174:Architectural history 37: 21: 3047:Hôtel des Tournelles 2614:of the Middle Ages. 2556:Abbey of Saint-Denis 2483:, that were made by 2282:Hôtel des Tournelles 2242:Crucifixion of Jesus 1916:A royal banquet, by 1883:The hours of the day 1809:Gibbet of Montfaucon 1795:Crime and punishment 1708:prévôt des marchands 1349:from England, Saint 1129:The Bishops of Paris 1083:Saint Thomas Aquinas 1077:, Maurice de Sully, 889:Château de Vincennes 745:The fortress of the 251:In the 10th century 116:Under Louis-Philippe 4100:, pp. 258–262. 4088:, pp. 130–135. 4035:, pp. 314–317. 4023:, pp. 491–492. 4011:, pp. 494–495. 3816:, pp. 931–934. 3804:, pp. 114–115. 3777:, pp. 452–453. 3765:, pp. 111–112. 3753:, pp. 449–450. 3726:, pp. 223–234. 3714:, pp. 228–229. 3702:, pp. 224–225. 3654:, pp. 915–916. 3603:, pp. 308–309. 3591:, pp. 472–474. 3579:, pp. 465–466. 3552:, pp. 456–457. 3525:, pp. 983–984. 3513:, pp. 142–143. 3489:, pp. 121–122. 3477:, pp. 399–400. 3465:, pp. 390–391. 3417:, pp. 388–389. 3405:, pp. 350–352. 3393:, pp. 342–343. 3317:, pp. 700–701. 3235:, pp. 270–272. 3211:, pp. 295–296. 2975:College of Sorbonne 2961:University of Paris 2916:Notre-Dame-de-Paris 2845:King Francis I 2817:Henry VI of England 2770:Battle of Agincourt 2683:Porte Saint-Antoine 2506:, who produced the 2288:in about 1600. The 1967:Mediterranean Basin 1564:Artisans and guilds 1511:Le Chevalier Errant 1243:Knights Hospitaller 1197:The leaders of the 1171:Charles V of France 1139:Notre-Dame de Paris 1015:Notre-Dame-de-Paris 929:Notre-Dame de Paris 827:University of Paris 732:Louis VII of France 663:as viewed from the 607:Porte Saint-Antoine 492:provinces of France 418:University of Paris 297:Gothic architecture 22:An illustration by 4266:Paris (City Guide) 4257:. Bernard Grasset. 4219:. Robert Laffont. 3984:, pp. 840–84. 3366:, vol. 2, pp. 5–6. 3350:Sarmant, Thierry, 3001:The Bubonic Plague 2929:Philip II Augustus 2912:Pope Alexander III 2894:King of the Franks 2885: 2797: 2762:Isabeau of Bavaria 2754: 2719:Charles of Orléans 2703: 2663:Battle of Poitiers 2652:Hundred Years' War 2640: 2594:Stained glass, or 2592: 2584: 2528: 2472: 2464: 2420:in Paris in 1272. 2351: 2322:Rue de Montmorency 2270:Isabeau of Bavaria 2187: 2154:Porte Saint-Honoré 2122: 1950: 1922: 1850: 1813: 1679: 1667: 1655: 1645:Governing the city 1515: 1456: 1322: 1289: 1207: 1147: 1145:in the background. 1071:Pope Alexander III 1031:Pope Alexander III 925: 856: 819:Chambre criminelle 805:on the Left Bank. 757: 755:, month of October 696:King of the French 676: 586: 553: 514:, forty-four from 496:Livres des Tailles 470: 361:Jardin des Plantes 329: 259:dynasty who ruled 48: 32: 4736: 4735: 4573:tallest buildings 4568:era of absolutism 4546:Charles de Gaulle 4371:978-2-253-13140-3 4353:978-2-262-03015-5 4296:978-2-7373-6217-0 4277:978-981-282-079-2 4255:Histoire de Paris 4207:978-2-13-060852-3 4196:Histoire de Paris 4172:978-1-59884-254-8 4151:978-2-7011-8327-5 4115:, pp. 52–53. 3840:, pp. 36–40. 3642:, pp. 44–45. 3501:, pp. 24–25. 3441:, pp. 25–26. 3352:Histoire de Paris 3329:, pp. 18–22. 3293:, pp. 43–44. 3281:, pp. 77–82. 3139:, pp. 28–29. 3102:Timeline of Paris 3040:Pont Saint-Michel 2957:Pope Innocent III 2861:Giovanni Giocondo 2715:John the Fearless 2568:Jeanne de Bourbon 2547:. The Portal of 2504:Limbourg Brothers 2375:Pont Saint-Michel 2158:Wall of Charles V 2043:Livre des métiers 2036:Sounds and smells 1803:The execution of 1760:Chevalier du guet 1701:Receveur de Paris 1606:Rue Saint-Séverin 1531:Place du Châtelet 1427:Livre des métiers 1370:bachelor's degree 1327:Pope Innocent III 1287:published in 1464 1215:Rue Saint-Jacques 1157:departed for the 1087:Saint Bonaventure 992:. This was the 736:Palais de la Cité 688:Palais de Justice 657:Palais de la Cité 584:beyond the walls. 518:, forty-two from 391:early Middle Ages 249: 248: 215:France portal 4761: 4602:Vélib' Métropole 4403: 4396: 4389: 4380: 4379: 4375: 4357: 4338: 4334:978-2-755-803303 4319: 4300: 4281: 4269: 4258: 4249: 4230: 4211: 4199: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4155: 4128: 4122: 4116: 4110: 4101: 4095: 4089: 4083: 4072: 4066: 4060: 4054: 4048: 4042: 4036: 4030: 4024: 4018: 4012: 4006: 3997: 3991: 3985: 3979: 3973: 3972: 3950: 3944: 3943: 3922: 3916: 3910: 3904: 3898: 3889: 3883: 3877: 3871: 3865: 3859: 3853: 3847: 3841: 3835: 3829: 3823: 3817: 3811: 3805: 3799: 3793: 3787: 3778: 3772: 3766: 3760: 3754: 3748: 3739: 3733: 3727: 3721: 3715: 3709: 3703: 3697: 3691: 3685: 3679: 3673: 3667: 3661: 3655: 3649: 3643: 3637: 3628: 3622: 3616: 3610: 3604: 3598: 3592: 3586: 3580: 3574: 3568: 3562: 3553: 3547: 3541: 3535: 3526: 3520: 3514: 3508: 3502: 3496: 3490: 3484: 3478: 3472: 3466: 3460: 3454: 3448: 3442: 3436: 3430: 3424: 3418: 3412: 3406: 3400: 3394: 3388: 3382: 3376: 3367: 3361: 3355: 3348: 3342: 3336: 3330: 3324: 3318: 3312: 3306: 3300: 3294: 3288: 3282: 3276: 3263: 3257: 3248: 3242: 3236: 3230: 3224: 3218: 3212: 3206: 3200: 3194: 3188: 3182: 3169: 3163: 3152: 3146: 3140: 3134: 3128: 3122: 3097:History of Paris 2979:Robert de Sorbon 2938:1191–1223 – The 2933:"King of France" 2805:Treaty of Troyes 2758:Cabochien Revolt 2746:Cabochien Revolt 2558:. The sculptor 2541:Virgin and Child 2500:Duke of Burgundy 2492:imagers-paintres 2286:Place des Vosges 1685:named the first 1683:Robert the Pious 1550:Rue Saint Honoré 1535:Grande Boucherie 1415:Maurice de Sully 1339:Robert de Sorbon 1318:Roman de la Rose 1219:Franciscan Order 1205:, shown at right 1115:Germain of Paris 1061:and twenty-nine 1022:Maurice de Sully 730:(1108–1137) and 714:Robert the Pious 627:Rue Saint-Honoré 241: 234: 227: 213: 212: 211: 78: 68: 50: 49: 4769: 4768: 4764: 4763: 4762: 4760: 4759: 4758: 4739: 4738: 4737: 4732: 4704: 4532: 4421:Arrondissements 4412: 4407: 4372: 4360: 4354: 4335: 4316: 4306:France Médiéval 4297: 4278: 4246: 4227: 4208: 4182: 4180: 4173: 4152: 4136: 4131: 4123: 4119: 4111: 4104: 4096: 4092: 4084: 4075: 4067: 4063: 4055: 4051: 4043: 4039: 4031: 4027: 4019: 4015: 4007: 4000: 3992: 3988: 3980: 3976: 3965: 3951: 3947: 3937: 3923: 3919: 3915:, p. 1096. 3911: 3907: 3903:, p. 1087. 3899: 3892: 3884: 3880: 3876:, p. 1142. 3872: 3868: 3860: 3856: 3848: 3844: 3836: 3832: 3824: 3820: 3812: 3808: 3800: 3796: 3788: 3781: 3773: 3769: 3761: 3757: 3749: 3742: 3734: 3730: 3722: 3718: 3710: 3706: 3698: 3694: 3686: 3682: 3674: 3670: 3666:, p. 1085. 3662: 3658: 3650: 3646: 3638: 3631: 3627:, p. 1052. 3623: 3619: 3611: 3607: 3599: 3595: 3587: 3583: 3575: 3571: 3563: 3556: 3548: 3544: 3536: 3529: 3521: 3517: 3509: 3505: 3497: 3493: 3485: 3481: 3473: 3469: 3461: 3457: 3449: 3445: 3437: 3433: 3425: 3421: 3413: 3409: 3401: 3397: 3389: 3385: 3377: 3370: 3362: 3358: 3349: 3345: 3337: 3333: 3325: 3321: 3313: 3309: 3301: 3297: 3289: 3285: 3277: 3266: 3258: 3251: 3243: 3239: 3231: 3227: 3219: 3215: 3207: 3203: 3195: 3191: 3183: 3172: 3164: 3155: 3147: 3143: 3135: 3131: 3123: 3114: 3110: 3093: 3054:Pont Notre-Dame 3025:Hôtel Saint-Pol 2990:Knights Templar 2986:Jacques DeMolay 2968:Sainte-Chapelle 2879:("Letters") of 2869: 2849:Pont Notre-Dame 2837: 2783: 2691: 2675:Estates-General 2625: 2620: 2608:Sainte-Chapelle 2576: 2520: 2452: 2447: 2438: 2436:Street lighting 2426: 2403: 2387:Rue de la Harpe 2383:Rue Saint-Denis 2368:Pont Notre-Dame 2343: 2330: 2278:Louis d'Orléans 2274:Hôtel Saint-Pol 2258: 2234:Sainte-Chapelle 2171: 2166: 2114: 2097:Summer solstice 2064: 2038: 1910: 1895:at midday, and 1885: 1880: 1797: 1740: 1732:Estates General 1647: 1614: 1602:Rue Saint-Denis 1566: 1554:Porte d'Orléans 1503: 1494: 1444: 1410: 1374:master's degree 1357:from Germany. 1285:Gautier de Metz 1277: 1254:Confraternities 1226:Knights Templar 1211:Dominican Order 1199:Knights Templar 1191: 1175:Pope Gregory XI 1131: 1095: 1093:The Monasteries 1047: 966: 913: 893:Sainte-Chapelle 869:Bal des Ardents 864:Hôtel Saint-Pol 853:Hôtel Saint-Pol 848:Bal des Ardents 835: 780:Christian world 768:Seventh Crusade 764:Sainte-Chapelle 661:Sainte-Chapelle 649: 644: 623:Rue Saint-Denis 532: 462: 335:and the rivers 313: 245: 209: 207: 143:Interwar period 66: 59: 40:Sainte-Chapelle 12: 11: 5: 4767: 4757: 4756: 4754:Medieval Paris 4751: 4734: 4733: 4731: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4709: 4706: 4705: 4703: 4702: 4701: 4700: 4690: 4689: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4652: 4651: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4605: 4604: 4594: 4593: 4592: 4582: 4577: 4576: 4575: 4570: 4560: 4555: 4554: 4553: 4548: 4537: 4534: 4533: 4531: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4449: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4423: 4417: 4414: 4413: 4406: 4405: 4398: 4391: 4383: 4377: 4376: 4370: 4358: 4352: 4339: 4333: 4320: 4314: 4301: 4295: 4282: 4276: 4259: 4250: 4244: 4231: 4226:2-221--07862-4 4225: 4212: 4206: 4189: 4171: 4156: 4150: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4129: 4117: 4102: 4090: 4073: 4061: 4059:, p. 259. 4049: 4037: 4025: 4013: 3998: 3996:, p. 835. 3986: 3974: 3963: 3945: 3935: 3917: 3905: 3890: 3878: 3866: 3854: 3842: 3830: 3818: 3806: 3794: 3792:, p. 816. 3779: 3767: 3755: 3740: 3738:, p. 936. 3728: 3716: 3704: 3692: 3690:, p. 223. 3680: 3678:, p. 213. 3668: 3656: 3644: 3629: 3617: 3615:, p. 310. 3605: 3593: 3581: 3569: 3567:, p. 973. 3554: 3542: 3540:, p. 455. 3527: 3515: 3503: 3491: 3479: 3467: 3455: 3443: 3431: 3429:, p. 187. 3419: 3407: 3395: 3383: 3381:, p. 346. 3368: 3364:Hillairet 1978 3356: 3343: 3331: 3327:Hillairet 1978 3319: 3307: 3295: 3283: 3264: 3249: 3247:, p. 293. 3237: 3225: 3223:, p. 270. 3213: 3201: 3189: 3187:, p. 280. 3170: 3153: 3141: 3129: 3111: 3109: 3106: 3105: 3104: 3099: 3092: 3089: 3088: 3087: 3080: 3077: 3074: 3067: 3064: 3057: 3050: 3043: 3036:Hugues Aubriot 3032: 3021: 3018: 3015:Hôtel de Ville 3011: 3008:Étienne Marcel 3004: 2997: 2994:Île de la Cité 2982: 2971: 2964: 2953: 2950: 2943: 2936: 2925: 2918: 2908: 2897: 2868: 2865: 2836: 2833: 2799:In 1420, King 2782: 2779: 2690: 2687: 2679:Étienne Marcel 2648:Bubonic plague 2637:Jean Froissard 2633:Étienne Marcel 2624: 2621: 2619: 2616: 2575: 2572: 2519: 2516: 2451: 2448: 2446: 2443: 2437: 2434: 2425: 2422: 2410:Public bathing 2402: 2399: 2360:Pont au Change 2342: 2339: 2329: 2326: 2318:Nicolas Flamel 2257: 2256:The town house 2254: 2170: 2167: 2165: 2162: 2113: 2110: 2063: 2060: 2037: 2034: 1909: 1908:Food and drink 1906: 1884: 1881: 1879: 1876: 1796: 1793: 1739: 1736: 1728:Étienne Marcel 1716:Place de Grève 1712:Étienne Marcel 1696:Grand Châtelet 1675:Étienne Marcel 1646: 1643: 1619:Pont au Change 1613: 1610: 1565: 1562: 1527:Place de Grève 1502: 1499: 1493: 1490: 1443: 1440: 1409: 1406: 1400:was guilty of 1394:Pierre Cauchon 1351:Thomas Aquinas 1294:Pierre Abelard 1276: 1273: 1258:Étienne Marcel 1190: 1187: 1159:Second Crusade 1130: 1127: 1094: 1091: 1079:Pierre Lombard 1075:Pierre Abelard 1046: 1043: 1037:at the nearby 965: 962: 921:Jean Froissart 912: 909: 895:. Rulers from 834: 831: 815:Chambre civile 776:Constantinople 724:Saint Nicholas 684:Île de la Cité 648: 645: 643: 640: 567:Hôtel de Ville 531: 530:The city walls 528: 481:bubonic plague 461: 458: 433:Hôtel de Ville 366:Île de la Cité 312: 309: 265:Île de la Cité 247: 246: 244: 243: 236: 229: 221: 218: 217: 204: 203: 202: 201: 196: 191: 186: 181: 176: 171: 163: 162: 158: 157: 156: 155: 150: 145: 140: 135: 128: 123: 118: 113: 108: 106:Under Napoleon 103: 98: 93: 88: 80: 79: 71: 70: 61: 60: 53: 44:Île de la Cité 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4766: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4746: 4744: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4723:Île-de-France 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4710: 4707: 4699: 4696: 4695: 4694: 4691: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4668: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4650: 4647: 4646: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4624: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4603: 4600: 4599: 4598: 4595: 4591: 4588: 4587: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4565: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4543: 4542: 4539: 4538: 4535: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4428: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4418: 4415: 4411: 4404: 4399: 4397: 4392: 4390: 4385: 4384: 4381: 4373: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4349: 4345: 4340: 4336: 4330: 4326: 4321: 4317: 4315:2-74-241394-4 4311: 4307: 4302: 4298: 4292: 4288: 4283: 4279: 4273: 4268: 4267: 4260: 4256: 4251: 4247: 4245:2-85961-019-7 4241: 4237: 4232: 4228: 4222: 4218: 4213: 4209: 4203: 4198: 4197: 4190: 4178: 4174: 4168: 4164: 4163: 4157: 4153: 4147: 4143: 4138: 4137: 4127:, p. 67. 4126: 4121: 4114: 4109: 4107: 4099: 4094: 4087: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4071:, p. 46. 4070: 4065: 4058: 4053: 4047:, p. 34. 4046: 4041: 4034: 4029: 4022: 4017: 4010: 4005: 4003: 3995: 3990: 3983: 3978: 3971: 3966: 3964:9781843831464 3960: 3956: 3949: 3942: 3938: 3936:9781440862328 3932: 3928: 3921: 3914: 3909: 3902: 3897: 3895: 3887: 3882: 3875: 3870: 3863: 3858: 3852:, p. 65. 3851: 3846: 3839: 3834: 3828:, p. 36. 3827: 3822: 3815: 3810: 3803: 3798: 3791: 3786: 3784: 3776: 3771: 3764: 3759: 3752: 3747: 3745: 3737: 3732: 3725: 3720: 3713: 3708: 3701: 3696: 3689: 3684: 3677: 3672: 3665: 3660: 3653: 3648: 3641: 3636: 3634: 3626: 3621: 3614: 3609: 3602: 3597: 3590: 3585: 3578: 3573: 3566: 3561: 3559: 3551: 3546: 3539: 3534: 3532: 3524: 3519: 3512: 3507: 3500: 3495: 3488: 3483: 3476: 3471: 3464: 3459: 3453:, p. 29. 3452: 3447: 3440: 3435: 3428: 3423: 3416: 3411: 3404: 3399: 3392: 3387: 3380: 3375: 3373: 3365: 3360: 3354:(2012) p. 33. 3353: 3347: 3341:, p. 24. 3340: 3335: 3328: 3323: 3316: 3311: 3305:, p. 82. 3304: 3299: 3292: 3287: 3280: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3262:, p. 22. 3261: 3256: 3254: 3246: 3241: 3234: 3229: 3222: 3217: 3210: 3205: 3198: 3193: 3186: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3168:, p. 12. 3167: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3150: 3145: 3138: 3133: 3127:, p. 27. 3126: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3112: 3103: 3100: 3098: 3095: 3094: 3086:enters Paris. 3085: 3081: 3078: 3075: 3072: 3068: 3065: 3063:occupy Paris. 3062: 3058: 3055: 3051: 3048: 3044: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3019: 3016: 3012: 3009: 3005: 3002: 2998: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2970:is completed. 2969: 2965: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2951: 2948: 2944: 2941: 2937: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2923: 2919: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2873: 2864: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2832: 2829: 2825: 2820: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2778: 2776: 2771: 2766: 2763: 2759: 2751: 2748:of 1413 from 2747: 2742: 2738: 2736: 2735:Burgundy wine 2730: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2700: 2695: 2686: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2669:, the future 2668: 2664: 2660: 2655: 2653: 2649: 2644: 2638: 2634: 2629: 2615: 2613: 2609: 2603: 2601: 2597: 2588: 2580: 2574:Stained glass 2571: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2560:Jean de Liège 2557: 2552: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2524: 2515: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2488: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2468: 2461: 2456: 2442: 2433: 2431: 2421: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2398: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2371: 2369: 2363: 2361: 2356: 2347: 2338: 2334: 2325: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2306: 2304: 2300: 2299:Hôtel de Sens 2296: 2291: 2290:Duke de Berry 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2253: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2230: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2211:stained glass 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2184: 2180: 2175: 2161: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2133: 2131: 2127: 2118: 2109: 2105: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2049: 2044: 2033: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2002: 2000: 1999:Île-de-France 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1953:ports on the 1946: 1942: 1940: 1934: 1932: 1927: 1919: 1914: 1905: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1875: 1871: 1869: 1865: 1860: 1854: 1846: 1842: 1840: 1836: 1830: 1826: 1824: 1823: 1818: 1810: 1806: 1801: 1792: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1768: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1735: 1733: 1729: 1723: 1719: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1704: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1691:Royal Provost 1688: 1684: 1676: 1673:The death of 1671: 1664: 1659: 1651: 1642: 1640: 1636: 1631: 1627: 1622: 1620: 1609: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1561: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1546: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1512: 1507: 1498: 1489: 1486: 1481: 1478: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1453: 1448: 1439: 1436: 1430: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1416: 1405: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1381: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1358: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1331:Latin Quarter 1328: 1320: 1319: 1314: 1310: 1305: 1301: 1299: 1295: 1286: 1281: 1272: 1270: 1266: 1265:Protestantism 1261: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1246: 1244: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1222: 1220: 1217:in 1218. The 1216: 1212: 1204: 1200: 1195: 1186: 1182: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1162: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1144: 1140: 1135: 1126: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1090: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1065:; the future 1064: 1060: 1055: 1052: 1042: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1027: 1023: 1018: 1016: 1012: 1007: 1003: 999: 998:Saint Stephen 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 961: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 922: 917: 908: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 885: 883: 879: 875: 871: 870: 865: 861: 854: 850: 849: 843: 839: 830: 828: 822: 820: 816: 811: 806: 804: 803:Tour de Nesle 800: 796: 792: 787: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 754: 753: 748: 743: 739: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 720: 715: 711: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 673: 672: 666: 662: 658: 653: 639: 637: 633: 628: 624: 618: 616: 612: 608: 603: 598: 596: 591: 583: 578: 574: 572: 568: 563: 558: 551: 550: 545: 541: 536: 527: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 488: 486: 482: 477: 475: 468:Paris in 1380 466: 457: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 434: 430: 425: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 394: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 367: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 326: 322: 317: 308: 306: 302: 301:Western world 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 242: 237: 235: 230: 228: 223: 222: 220: 219: 216: 206: 205: 200: 197: 195: 192: 190: 187: 185: 182: 180: 177: 175: 172: 170: 167: 166: 165: 164: 160: 159: 154: 151: 149: 146: 144: 141: 139: 136: 134: 133: 129: 127: 124: 122: 121:Second Empire 119: 117: 114: 112: 109: 107: 104: 102: 99: 97: 94: 92: 89: 87: 84: 83: 82: 81: 77: 73: 72: 69: 63: 62: 57: 52: 51: 45: 41: 36: 29: 25: 20: 16: 4563:Architecture 4426:Paris Centre 4361: 4343: 4324: 4305: 4286: 4265: 4254: 4235: 4216: 4195: 4181:. 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ABC-CLIO. 4161: 4141: 4134:Bibliography 4125:Meunier 2014 4120: 4093: 4069:Sarmant 2012 4064: 4052: 4040: 4028: 4016: 3989: 3977: 3968: 3954: 3948: 3940: 3926: 3920: 3908: 3881: 3869: 3857: 3850:Meunier 2014 3845: 3838:Sarmant 2012 3833: 3826:Sarmant 2012 3821: 3809: 3797: 3770: 3758: 3731: 3719: 3707: 3695: 3683: 3671: 3659: 3647: 3640:Sarmant 2012 3620: 3608: 3596: 3584: 3572: 3545: 3518: 3506: 3494: 3482: 3470: 3458: 3451:Sarmant 2012 3446: 3439:Combeau 2013 3434: 3422: 3410: 3398: 3386: 3359: 3351: 3346: 3334: 3322: 3310: 3298: 3291:Sarmant 2012 3286: 3240: 3228: 3216: 3204: 3199:, p. 7. 3192: 3151:, p. 9. 3149:Meunier 2014 3144: 3137:Sarmant 2012 3132: 2932: 2876: 2841:Loire Valley 2838: 2821: 2798: 2767: 2755: 2749: 2731: 2704: 2656: 2645: 2641: 2612:Cluny Museum 2604: 2595: 2593: 2553: 2536: 2532: 2529: 2512:Jean Fouquet 2491: 2489: 2485:Jean Pucelle 2473: 2462:(1325–1328). 2460:Jean Pucelle 2439: 2427: 2418:public baths 2408: 2404: 2394: 2372: 2364: 2352: 2335: 2331: 2307: 2259: 2246:rose windows 2236:, to house 2231: 2207:Holy Trinity 2188: 2134: 2130:Saint Landry 2123: 2106: 2088: 2085:patron saint 2065: 2056: 2052: 2042: 2039: 2003: 1951: 1935: 1923: 1918:Jean Fouquet 1886: 1872: 1855: 1851: 1831: 1827: 1820: 1814: 1785:Augustinians 1769: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1741: 1724: 1720: 1707: 1705: 1700: 1686: 1680: 1663:Jean Fouquet 1623: 1615: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1567: 1557: 1547: 1534: 1516: 1510: 1495: 1482: 1457: 1452:coat of arms 1431: 1426: 1419: 1411: 1382: 1359: 1334: 1323: 1316: 1311:and the nun 1290: 1262: 1249: 1247: 1223: 1208: 1183: 1163: 1148: 1096: 1056: 1048: 1026:Loire Valley 1019: 1006:Childebert I 990:Cluny Museum 967: 940: 932: 926: 886: 867: 857: 846: 836: 823: 818: 814: 807: 798: 788: 758: 750: 717: 712: 694:was elected 686:, where the 677: 668: 632:Napoleon III 619: 599: 587: 554: 547: 544:Jean Fouquet 503: 499: 495: 489: 478: 473: 471: 426: 422:13th century 395: 364: 330: 325:Jean Fouquet 250: 184:Demographics 148:World War II 132:Belle Époque 131: 101:18th century 96:17th century 85: 24:Jean Fouquet 15: 4713:Grand Paris 4558:Archdiocese 4113:Fierro 1996 4045:Fierro 1996 4021:Fierro 1996 4009:Fierro 1996 3994:Fierro 1996 3982:Fierro 1996 3913:Fierro 1996 3901:Fierro 1996 3886:Fierro 1996 3874:Fierro 1996 3862:Fierro 1996 3814:Fierro 1996 3802:Fierro 1996 3790:Fierro 1996 3775:Fierro 1996 3751:Fierro 1996 3736:Fierro 1996 3664:Fierro 1996 3652:Fierro 1996 3625:Fierro 1996 3613:Fierro 1996 3601:Fierro 1996 3589:Fierro 1996 3577:Fierro 1996 3565:Fierro 1996 3550:Fierro 1996 3538:Fierro 1996 3523:Fierro 1996 3475:Fierro 1996 3463:Fierro 1996 3415:Fierro 1996 3403:Fierro 1996 3391:Fierro 1996 3379:Fierro 1996 3315:Fierro 1996 3260:Fierro 1996 3245:Fierro 1996 3233:Fierro 1996 3221:Fierro 1996 3209:Fierro 1996 3185:Fierro 1996 3071:Joan of Arc 3061:Burgundians 3023:1360 – The 2966:1248 – The 2892:is elected 2828:Joan of Arc 2824:Charles VII 2790:Joan of Arc 2635:in 1358 by 2600:Virgin Mary 2146:leprosarium 2093:pilgrimages 1817:Victor Hugo 1777:Franciscans 1744:Chlothar II 1501:The markets 1398:Joan of Arc 1386:Burgundians 1355:Bonaventure 1347:Roger Bacon 1179:archdiocese 1099:monasteries 982:Saint-Denis 978:Pope Fabian 970:Saint Denis 784:Good Friday 667:, from the 609:called the 557:Merovingian 450:Saint Denis 387:9th century 321:Saint-Denis 305:Middle Ages 303:during the 138:World War I 111:Restoration 91:Renaissance 86:Middle Ages 65:History of 4743:Categories 4676:Transilien 4661:Topography 4346:. Perrin. 4183:25 October 4057:Byrne 2012 3108:References 2999:1348–49 – 2959:gives the 2890:Hugh Capet 2813:Charles VI 2801:Charles VI 2707:Charles VI 2549:Saint Anne 2481:Charles IV 2379:Petit-Pont 2314:Montmartre 2262:Charles VI 2126:Hôtel Dieu 2089:La Basoche 2048:mendicants 2010:Montmartre 2006:Belleville 1959:Baltic Sea 1931:Les Halles 1878:Daily life 1805:Amalrician 1789:Carmelites 1773:Dominicans 1594:pelletiers 1586:pelletiers 1558:Pré Crotté 1539:Les Halles 1523:Petit Pont 1480:the city. 1250:Confrèries 1234:Philip III 1143:Hôtel-Dieu 1097:The first 878:Charles VI 692:Hugh Capet 460:Population 454:Montmartre 429:Right Bank 289:Right Bank 269:Notre-Dame 126:Renovation 28:Notre-Dame 4666:Transport 4634:Libraries 4629:Landmarks 4614:Education 4033:Piat 2004 3763:Piat 2004 3084:Louis XII 3029:Charles V 2949:fortress. 2922:Louis VII 2877:Epistolae 2723:Armagnacs 2671:Charles V 2564:Charles V 2518:Sculpture 2391:Pont-Neuf 2312:mines of 2266:Le Marais 2240:from the 2199:Louis VII 2112:Hospitals 2081:Ascension 2077:Pentecost 2069:Christmas 2022:Champagne 1955:North Sea 1764:sergeants 1639:Philip VI 1635:Philip IV 1492:The ports 1422:bourgeois 1390:Armagnacs 1378:doctorate 1372:, then a 1366:canon law 1238:Philip IV 1203:Philip IV 1155:Louis VII 1141:with the 1067:Louis VII 1063:cardinals 1002:Genevieve 953:chaplains 933:chanoines 901:Francis I 860:Charles V 810:Parlement 791:Philip IV 704:Compiegne 700:Vincennes 665:Left Bank 636:Haussmann 602:Charles V 595:Le Marais 590:Philip II 582:faubourgs 540:Charles V 504:Le Breton 500:L’Anglois 442:Amsterdam 398:Left Bank 311:Geography 273:Left Bank 4698:Syndrome 4681:Tramways 4623:timeline 4541:Airports 4177:Archived 3091:See also 3042:in 1424. 2905:Louis VI 2650:and the 2545:Auvergne 2537:tombiers 2533:imagiers 2498:and the 2445:The arts 2395:fripiers 2250:transept 2195:Louis VI 2142:Crusades 2101:bonfires 2026:Burgundy 1971:cinnamon 1957:and the 1781:Jacobins 1630:Lombards 1598:armorers 1582:epiciers 1578:merciers 1574:drapiers 1472:centimes 1442:Commerce 1388:and the 1362:theology 1343:Sorbonne 1267:and the 1230:Louis IX 1051:cloister 957:beguines 897:Louis XI 874:nobility 817:and the 760:Louis IX 728:Louis VI 611:Bastille 524:Lorraine 516:Normandy 512:Burgundy 438:Brussels 408:and the 375:Flanders 279:and the 257:Capetian 169:Timeline 161:See also 56:a series 54:Part of 4693:Tourism 4656:Squares 4644:Museums 4619:History 4609:Economy 4597:Cycling 4585:Culture 4580:Bridges 3082:1498 – 3069:1429 – 3059:1418 – 3034:1378 – 3006:1355 – 2984:1314 – 2955:1215 – 2927:1190 - 2920:1171 – 2910:1163 – 2853:Amboise 2809:Henry V 2792:at the 2667:Dauphin 2659:John II 2596:vitrail 2496:Bourges 2355:Parisii 2341:Bridges 2328:Streets 2303:château 2181:of the 2156:on the 2148:in the 2138:Leprosy 2030:Orléans 1995:ragouts 1979:saffron 1897:Vespers 1864:sorcery 1859:pillory 1752:métiers 1590:drapers 1464:Mercury 1460:Parisii 1313:Héloïse 1309:Abélard 1298:Héloïse 1107:Lutetia 986:Jupiter 851:at the 795:oratory 708:Orléans 680:Lutetia 569:to the 562:Vikings 546:in the 520:Picardy 446:Mercury 385:in the 383:Vikings 371:Orléans 353:Germany 199:Writers 153:Postwar 4728:France 4639:Mayors 4368: 4350: 4331: 4312: 4293: 4274: 4242: 4223: 4204: 4169: 4148: 3961: 3933: 2947:Louvre 2888:987 – 2752:(1484) 2665:. The 2618:Events 2510:, and 2424:Sewers 2310:gypsum 2297:. The 2238:relics 2225:, and 2215:Gothic 2073:Easter 2028:, and 2018:Vanves 1977:, and 1963:Dieppe 1901:curfew 1868:heresy 1687:Prévôt 1570:guilds 1543:Rungis 1519:parvis 1477:Mantes 1435:Heaven 1402:heresy 1236:, and 1173:asked 1085:, and 951:, and 945:curate 937:canons 799:donjon 747:Louvre 719:donjon 625:, the 615:cannon 571:Louvre 508:Breton 357:Bièvre 345:Yerres 287:. The 261:France 189:Mayors 58:on the 4671:Métro 4590:Music 4410:Paris 2857:Blois 2414:Paris 2401:Water 2191:Suger 2179:choir 1991:Spain 1987:Italy 1985:from 1983:sugar 1975:Egypt 1973:from 1926:Marne 1889:Prime 1835:gibet 1756:guets 1689:, or 1485:fairs 1468:choir 1151:Suger 1059:popes 1035:Suger 949:vicar 789:King 538:King 349:Spain 341:Marne 333:Seine 253:Paris 194:Parks 179:Music 67:Paris 4649:list 4551:Orly 4528:20th 4523:19th 4518:18th 4513:17th 4508:16th 4503:15th 4498:14th 4493:13th 4488:12th 4483:11th 4478:10th 4366:ISBN 4348:ISBN 4329:ISBN 4310:ISBN 4291:ISBN 4272:ISBN 4240:ISBN 4221:ISBN 4202:ISBN 4185:2015 4167:ISBN 4146:ISBN 3959:ISBN 3931:ISBN 2855:and 2566:and 2197:and 2177:The 2079:and 2014:Issy 1989:and 1981:and 1893:Sext 1787:and 1748:guet 1637:and 1626:Jews 1450:The 1167:Sens 1049:The 974:Gaul 941:curé 706:and 669:Les 659:and 655:The 634:and 479:The 474:feux 440:and 427:The 379:Huns 373:and 351:and 343:and 337:Oise 38:The 4686:RER 4473:9th 4468:8th 4463:7th 4458:6th 4453:5th 4446:4th 4441:3rd 4436:2nd 4431:1st 2977:by 2903:by 2535:or 1866:or 1819:in 1628:or 976:by 947:), 907:. 899:to 506:(a 4745:: 4175:. 4105:^ 4076:^ 4001:^ 3967:. 3939:. 3893:^ 3782:^ 3743:^ 3632:^ 3557:^ 3530:^ 3371:^ 3267:^ 3252:^ 3173:^ 3156:^ 3115:^ 2859:, 2777:. 2737:. 2729:. 2602:. 2305:. 2221:, 2075:, 2071:, 2032:. 2024:, 2016:, 2012:, 2008:, 2001:. 1969:, 1783:, 1779:, 1775:, 1641:. 1364:, 1232:, 1125:. 1081:, 786:. 702:, 424:. 339:, 307:. 4625:) 4621:( 4402:e 4395:t 4388:v 4374:. 4356:. 4337:. 4318:. 4299:. 4280:. 4248:. 4229:. 4210:. 4187:. 4154:. 3056:. 3017:. 2996:. 2981:. 2907:. 2896:. 1677:. 1252:( 943:( 935:( 327:. 240:e 233:t 226:v

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Paris in the Middle Ages

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