Architecture of Paris

5023: 4375: 5992: 446: 6126: 5003: 1190: 1624: 6880:, the tallest structure in the city; a strict height limit of thirty-five meters was in place. However, in October 1958, under the Fifth Republic, in order to permit the construction of more housing and office buildings, the rules began to change. A new urban plan for the city was adopted by the municipal council in 1959. Higher buildings were permitted, as long as they met both technical and aesthetic standards. The first new tower to be constructed was an apartment building, the Tour Croulebarbe, at 33 rue Croulebarbe in the 13th arrondissement. It was twenty-two stories, and 61 meters high, and was completed in 1961. Between 1960 and 1975, about 160 new buildings higher than fifteen stories were constructed in Paris, more than half of them in the 13th and 15th arrondissements. Most of them were about one hundred meters high; several clusters of high-rises the work one developer, Michel Holley, who built the towers of 918:. The construction continued until the 14th century, beginning with the twin towers on the west toward the choir in the east. The style evolved as the construction continued; the opening of the rose window on the western façade were relatively narrow; the great rose windows of the central transept were much more delicate, and allowed in much more light. At the western end, the walls were supported by buttresses built directly against the walls; in the center, completed later, the walls were supported by two steps of flying buttresses. In the last century of construction, the buttresses were able to cross the same distance with a single stone arch. The towers on the west were more stately and solemn, in the classic Gothic style, while the eastern elements of the cathedral, with its combination of rose windows, spires, buttresses and pinnacles, belonged to more elaborate and decorative style, called the Gothic rayonnant. 2929: 2944: 4789: 1468: 6297: 3245: 3174: 3209: 872: 1760: 7093: 3640: 5713: 6426: 2647: 4967: 193: 1127: 2748: 6316: 2574: 1803: 5264: 1171: 5108: 679:; the Hall of the Men-at-Arms, (early 14th century), the former dining hall of the palace officials and guards, located underneath the now-vanished Great Hall; and the four towers along the Seine facing the right bank. The façade was built in the 19th century. The tower on the far right, the Tour Bonbec, is the oldest, built between 1226 and 1270 during the reign of Louis IX, or Saint Louis. It is distinguished by the crenelation at the top of the tower. It originally was a story shorter than the other towers, but was raised to match their height in the renovation of the 19th century. The tower served as the primary torture chamber during the Middle Ages. The two towers in the center, the Tour de César and the Tour d'Argent, were built in the 14th century, during the reign of 414: 3913: 3086: 6074: 4323: 4841: 1111: 302: 2455: 7065: 99: 2435: 1383: 1972: 239: 4860: 5280: 5140: 3122: 2467: 2490: 6862: 4624: 4765: 4136: 1772: 212: 4729: 118: 1456: 5402: 3929: 399: 5128: 1368: 2842: 1048: 6800: 4709: 4584: 5870: 572: 3948: 3098: 4461: 137: 3473: 700: 6899:

plan, proposed in 1957, was a new headquarters for Air France, a state-owned enterprise, in a tower 150 meters high. In 1959, the proposed height was increased to 170 meters. In 1965, to protect the views in the historic part of the city, the municipal council declared that the new building should be shorter, so it would not visible from the esplanade of Les Invalides. In 1967, the Prefect of Paris, representing the government of President de Gaulle, overruled the municipal council decision, raised the height to two hundred meters, to create more rentable office space. The new building, built between 1969 and 1972, was (and still is) the tallest building within the city limits.

1984: 175: 6496:, and eventually became the head of the Academy of Beaux-Arts, but he converted with enthusiasm to the new style. The Maison de la Radio was composed of two circular buildings fitted one inside the other, an outer circle facing the river, with a thousand offices, an inner circle made up of studios, and a 68-meter tall tower in the center, which contains the archives. It was originally designed with a concrete façade on the outer building, but it was modified and covered with a skin of aluminium and glass. It was described by its builders as a continuation toward the west of the line of great monuments beside the Seine: the Louvre, the Grand Palais, and Palais de Chaillot. 1147: 5324: 1605: 5941: 6843: 1032: 4777: 988: 2147: 383: 824: 6245: 2736: 2631: 560: 3225: 4745: 5386: 4156: 4441: 3843:

larger; from six to eight meters wide for a single house to between twelve and twenty meters for a residential building. The typical new residential building was four to five stories high, with an attic roof sloping forty-five degrees, broken by five to seven windows. The decoration was largely adapted from that of the Rue de Rivoli; horizontal rather than vertical orders, and simpler decoration. The windows were larger and occupied a larger portion of the façades. Decoration was provided by ornamental iron shutters and then wrought-iron balconies. Variations of this model were the standard on Paris boulevards until the Second Empire.

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and decoration. They were usually designed so that every office had its own window and view. The materials of choice were reinforced concrete, sometimes covered with aluminium panels, and glass. The term "Palais" used for many public buildings before the war was replaced by the more modest term "Maison", or "House." In place of decoration, the buildings often contained works of sculpture in interior courtyards and were surrounded by gardens. There was little if anything specifically French about the new buildings; they resembled modernist buildings in the United States and other parts of Europe, and, particularly under President

5851: 736: 3620: 3600: 2331: 2597: 67: 4223: 6328: 1933: 5976: 4401: 5418: 3261: 5244: 2365: 6656: 5892:, which appeared just before the war, became the dominant style for major buildings between the wars. The primary building material of the new era was reinforced concrete. The structure of the buildings was clearly expressed on the exterior, and was dominated by horizontal lines, with rows of bow windows and small balconies. They often had classical features, such as rows of columns, but these were expressed in a stark modern form; ornament was kept to a minimum, and statuary and ornament was often applied, as a carved stone plaque on the façade, rather than expressed in the architecture of the building itself. 3786: 5053:, the Ministry of Finance, and others. The interior of the Tuileries Palace was completely destroyed, but the walls were still standing. Haussmann and others called for its restoration, but the new government decided it was a symbol of the monarchy and had the walls torn down. (A fragment of the building can be seen today in the Park of the Trocadero). Most of the others were restored to their original appearance. To celebrate the rebuilding of the city the Parisians hosted the first of three universal expositions which attracted millions of visitors to Paris, and transformed the architecture of the city. 6640: 4987: 3457: 2169:. A very modest dome was created in Paris between 1608 and 1619 in the chapel of the Louanges on rue Bonaparte. (Today it is part of the structure of the École des Beaux-Arts). The first large dome was on the church of Saint-Joseph des Carmes, which was finished in 1630. Modifications in the traditional religious services, strongly supported by the growing monastic orders in Paris, led to modification in church architecture, with more emphasis on the section in the center of the church, beneath the dome. The circle of clear glass windows of the lower part of the dome filled the church center with light. 840: 259: 757: 4421: 2350: 6617: 1917: 5650: 2982: 2381: 3110: 6410: 5454: 3405: 3293: 2764: 720: 5681: 1095: 856: 3489: 271: 3874: 5811: 4564: 6162: 3894: 4879: 3659: 3277: 2252: 2125: 2064: 1640: 5732: 528: 7050: 2106: 1784: 4363: 5312: 3437: 507: 4343: 5434: 6142: 5751:, which Giraud had designed. Apartment buildings saw changes in the interiors; with the development of elevators, the apartment of the wealthiest residents moved from the first floor above the street to the top floor. The rooflines of the new apartment buildings also changed, as the city removed the restrictions imposed by Haussmann; the most extravagant example was the apartment building at 27–29 quai Anatole-France in 7th arrondissement (1906), which sprouted profusion of turrets, spires and decorative arches, made possible by reinforced concrete. 7034: 5665: 6561: 7015: 6598: 3158: 2083: 888: 2264: 6090: 4608: 5292: 1016: 3321: 7081: 6816: 5835: 3421: 4112: 430: 287: 83: 5592: 2666: 544: 6261: 5957: 5701: 6110: 2612: 3189: 3501: 6784: 1337: 5576: 6446: 1658: 156: 976: 2280: 1487: 6831: 1353: 1004: 6462: 5557: 3824: 6580: 4642:. Haussmann demolished the narrow streets and crumbling medieval houses in the center of the city (including the house where he was born) and replaced them with wide boulevards lined by large residential buildings, all of the same height (Twenty meters to the cornice, or five stories on boulevards and four on narrower streets), with façades in the same style, and faced with the same cream-colored stone. He completed the east–west axis of the city center, the 6949:

housing of the City of Paris acquired the cheapest land it could buy, at the edges of the city. In 1961, when land within the city was exhausted, they were authorized to begin buying land in the surrounding suburbs. The first postwar social housing buildings were relatively low- three or four stories. Much larger buildings began to appear in the mid-1950s. They were built with prefabricated materials and placed in clusters. They were known as HLMs, or

6537: 4198:, including French architecture of the Middle Ages and Renaissance. They instituted teaching about a variety of architectural styles at the École des Beaux-Arts, and installed fragments of Renaissance and Medieval buildings in the courtyard of the school so students could draw and copy them. Each of them also designed new non-classical buildings in Paris inspired by a variety of different historic styles; Labrouste built the 355:, which was discovered and restored in the 19th century. Though the population of the town was probably no more than 5–6 thousand persons, the amphitheater measured 130 meters by 100 meters, and could seat fifteen thousand persons. Fifteen tiers of seats remain from the original thirty-five. It was built in the 1st century AD and was used for the combat of gladiators and animals, and also for theatrical performances. 336:, at rue de Lutèce. The center of Roman administration was on the island; the Roman governor's palace stood where the Palais de Justice is located today. The right bank was largely undeveloped. The city grew up the Left Bank, on the slopes of Mount Saint-Geneviève. The Roman forum was on the summit of the hill, under the present Rue Soufflot, between the boulevard Saint-Michel and rue Saint-Jacques. 3693:, the government decided to transform it from a monument to the victories of Napoleon into a monument celebrating the victory of the Duke of Angôuleme over the Spanish revolutionaries who had overthrown their Bourbon king. A new inscription was planned: "To the Army of the Pyrenees", but the inscription had not been carved and the work was still not finished when the regime was toppled in 1830. 2805:, often borrowed from Italy. The style first appeared on houses in the Marais, then in the neighborhoods of Saint-Honoré and Saint-Germain, where larger building lots were available. These became the most fashionable neighborhoods by the end of the 18th century. The new hôtels were often ornamented with curve façades, rotundas and lateral pavilions, and had their façades decorated with sculpted 2399:. The new residences typically were separated from the street by a wall and gatehouse. There was a large court of honor inside the gates, with galleries on either side, used for receptions, and for services and the stables. The house itself opened both onto the courtyard and onto a separate garden. One good example in its original form, between the Place des Vosges and rue Saint-Antoine, is the 2165:, which was first imported from Italy in about 1630, and began to change the Paris skyline, which hitherto had been entirely dominated by church spires and bell towers. The domed churches began as a weapon of the Counter-Reformation against the architectural austerity of the Protestants. The prototype for the Paris domes was the Church of the Jesu, the Jesuit church in Rome, built in 1568–84 by 5536:, built in 1883 on the boulevard des Italiens in 1883 by William Bouwens Van der Boijen, was in the Beaux-Arts style on the outside, but inside one of the most modern buildings of its time, using an iron frame and glass skylight to provide ample light to large hall where the title deeds were held. In 1907 the building was updated with a new entrance at 15 rue du Quatre-Septembre, designed by 6941: 4510:. When asked by the Empress Eugenie what the style of the building was called, he replied simply "Napoleon III." It was at the time the largest theater in the world, but much of the interior space was devoted to purely decorative spaces; grand stairways, huge foyers for promenading, and large private boxes. The façade was decorated with seventeen different materials, marble, stone, 5607: 1725:(16.25 to 19.50 metres (53.3 to 64.0 ft)) for buildings of stone, following earlier rules set in place in 1607. To prevent fires, the traditional gabled roof was banned. Beginning in 1669, under the new regulations, large blocks of houses of uniform height and uniform façades were built along several Paris streets on the right bank, notably rue de la Ferronnerie (1st arr.), 1063:

for the wealthy; the oldest house in the Paris is considered to be the Maison de Nicolas Flamel, at 51 rue Montmorency in the 3rd arrondissement, built in 1407. it was not a private residence, but a kind of hostel. Two houses with exposed beams at 13-15 rue François-Miron in the 4th arrondissement, often described as Medieval, were actually built in the 16th and 17th centuries.

6910:(POS) or Land use plan, which imposed a height limit of twenty-five meters in the center of Paris and 31 meters in the outer arrondissements. Also, new buildings are required to be constructed right up to the sidewalk, without setbacks, further discouraging very tall buildings. The building of skyscrapers continued outside of Paris, particularly in the new business district of 1511:, or large private residences, mostly in the Marais. They were built of stone and richly decorated with sculpture. They were usually built around a courtyard, and separated from the street. The residence was a located between the courtyard and garden. The façade facing the courtyard had the most sculptural decoration; the façade facing the garden was usually rough stone. The 4394:

improve traffic circulation and bring light and air to the center of the city, Napoleon's Prefect of the Seine, destroyed the crumbling and overcrowded neighborhoods in the heart of the city and built a network of grand boulevards. The expanded use of new building materials, especially iron frames, allowed the construction of much larger buildings for commerce and industry.

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buildings constructed in a simplified and harmonious neoclassical style. The ground floors were often occupied by arcades to give pedestrians shelter from the rain and the traffic in the streets. Strict new building regulations were put into place in 1783 and 1784, which regulated the height of new buildings in relation to the width of the street, regulating the line of the

5346:, whose design won a national exposition. Its construction lasted the entire span of the Belle Epoque, between 1874 and 1913, under three different architects; it was not consecrated until 1919. It was modeled after the romanesque and Byzantine cathedrals of the early Middle Ages, which Abadie had restored. The style also appeared in the church of Notre-Dame d'Auteuil by 6957:, because it was longer than it was high. The usually had between 200 and 300 apartments, were built in clusters, and were often some distance from shops and public transportation. They were welcomed by the families who lived there in the 1950s and early 1960s, but in later years they were crowded with recent immigrants and suffered from crime, drugs and social unrest. 1581:, but at the same time he wanted to transform Paris into "The New Rome", a city worthy of the Sun King. Over the course of his long reign, from 1643 until 1715, the architectural style in Paris gradually changed from the exuberance of the Baroque to a more solemn and formal classicism, the embodiment in stone of the King's vision of Paris as "the new Rome." The new 1290:

southeast side of the Cour Carrée of the Louvre (1546–53). Inside the Louvre, they made the staircase of Henry II (1546–53) and the Salle des Caryatides (1550). Both French and Italian elements were combined; the antique orders and paired columns of the Italian renaissance were combined with sculpted medallions and high roofs broken by windows (later known as the

812:, dominated by another massive keep or tower fifty-two meters high. It was completed in 1369. Beginning in 1379, close to the Château, he began constructing a replica of Sainte-Chapelle. Unlike the Sainte-Chapelle in the city, the interior of the Sainte-Chapelle of Vincennes was not divided into two levels; the interior was a single space, flooded with light. 5175:, Albert Louvet and Albert Thomas, was a synthesis of the grand neoclassical styles of Louis XIV and Louis XV. concealed a vast interior space covered by a glass roof resting on slender iron pillars. The Petit-Palais (1897–1900), by Charles Girault, borrowed elements of Italian Renaissance architecture, and French neoclassical decorative elements from 3141:

façade of the Cathedral of Notre-Dame was smashed or removed, and the spire torn down. Many of the abandoned religious buildings, particularly in outer neighborhoods of the city, were turned into factories and workshops. Much of the architecture of the Revolution was theatrical and temporary, such as the extraordinary stage sets created for the

2688:, stayed with the late baroque style of superimposed orders. Later churches ventured into neoclassicism, at least on the exterior. The most prominent example of a neoclassical church was the Church of Saint Genevieve (1764–90), the future Pantheon. The church of Saint-Philippe-du-Roule at 153 rue du Faubourg-Saint-Honoré (8th arr.) (1764–84) by 6233:, who built a series of large luxury apartment buildings in the 1920s and 1930s, mostly in the 6th and 7th arrondissements. The buildings were all built of reinforced concrete, had white walls, often faced with stone, and horizontal rows of three-faced bow windows, a modernized version of the Haussmann apartment buildings on the same streets. 4669:. In the latter years of the Empire, he built new boulevards to connect the city center with the eight new arrondissements which Napoleon III attached to the city in 1860, along with new city halls for each arrondissement. New city halls were also built for many of the original arrondissements. The new city hall of the First arrondissement by 5022: 4374: 5191:. Its interior was more revolutionary than the Grand Palais; Girault used reinforced concrete and iron to create a winding stairway along brightly lit galleries. The style of these two buildings, along with the colossal neoclassical style of Louis XVI, influenced the design of Paris residential and commercial buildings until 1920. 6205:. Built in 1923, it introduced elements found in many of Corbusier's later buildings, including white concrete walls, was constructed in 1923, and introduced many of the themes found in Corbusier's later work, including an interior ramp between levels and horizontal bands of windows. He also designed the furniture for the house. 6760:, opened on 13 July 1989, the day before the bicentennial of the French Revolution, and a new building for the Ministries of the Economy and Finance, at Bercy (12th arrondissement) (1982–88), a massive building next to the Seine which resembled both a gateway to the city and a huge bridge with its feet in the river, designed by 2884:, designed to give a clear view of the statue in the center of the square. The façades of the two hôtels, with long colonnades and classical pediments, were inspired by Perrault's neoclassical façade of the Louvre. Construction began in 1754, and the statue was put in place and dedicated on 23 February 1763. The two large 1413:. The project was begun in 1519, and construction began in 1532. The pillars were inspired by the monastery church of Cluny, and the soaring interior is taken from the gothic cathedrals of the 13th century, but Cortona added details and ornament taken from the Italian Renaissance. It was not completed until 1640. 964:, the flamboyant Gothic vestige of an abbey church destroyed during the Revolution; and the chapel of the residence of the Abbots of Cluny, now the Museum of the Middle Ages, and the ceiling of the Tour Saint-Jean-Sans-Peur, a vestige of the former residence of the Dukes of Burgundy, in the 2nd arrondissement. 1802: 1733:. They usually were built of stone and composed of an arched arcade on the ground floor with two to four stories above, the windows separated by decorative columns, and a high roof broken by rows of windows. This was the birth of the iconic Paris street architecture that dominated for the next two centuries. 4494:, following the grand design of Henry IV; he built the Pavillon Richelieu (1857), the guichets of the Louvre (1867), and rebuilt the Pavillon de Flore; he broke with the neo-classicism of the wings of the Louvre built by Louis XIV; the new constructions were perfectly in harmony with the Renaissance wings. 6511:(1954–1958), in the form of a tripod of three wings made of reinforced concrete, with gardens between the wings. Each office in the building benefited from natural light and an exterior view. The headquarters of the French Communist Party at 2 Place du Colonel Fabien (19th arrondissement), was designed by 6948:

After the War Paris faced a severe housing shortage; most of the housing in the city dated to the 19th century and was in terrible condition. Only two thousand new housing units were constructed between 1946 and 1950. The number rose to 4,230 in 1951 and more than 10,000 in 1956. The office of public

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The new entrance featured a striking rotunda with a glass dome over a floor of glass bricks, which allowed the daylight to illuminate the level below, and the three other levels below. The entrance was badly damaged by a fire in 1996; the rotunda was restored, but the only a few elements still remain

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The ordinary Paris house of the Renaissance was little changed from the medieval house; they were four to five stories high, narrow, built on a stone foundation of wood covered with plaster. They usually had a "pigeon", or gabled roof. The two houses at 13–15 rue François Miron (actually built in the

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was another exhibit legacy, designed by André Auber, Jean-Claude Dondel, Paul Viard and Marcel Dastugue (1934–1937), in a similar neoclassic style, with a colonnade. It is now the modern art museum of the city of Paris. Another exhibit legacy is the former Museum of Public Works (1936–1948) at Place

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The new office buildings of the Belle Époque often made use of steel, plate glass, elevators and other new architectural technologies, but they were hidden inside sober neoclassical stone façades, and the buildings matched the height of the other buildings on Haussmann's boulevards. The headquarters

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was purchased by the French state and became an official residence, and under late governments the residence of the Presidents of the French Republic. The Basilica of Sainte-Geneviève, originally built as a church, then, during the Revolution, made into a mausoleum for great Frenchmen, then a church

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I have no doubt that Bouchardon will make of this fountain a fine piece of architecture; but what kind of fountain has only two faucets where the water porters will come to fill their buckets? This isn't the way fountains are built in Rome to beautify the city. We need to lift ourselves out of taste

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fruit, cascades of trophies and other sculptural decoration. The interiors were richly decorated with carved wood panels. The houses usually looked out onto courtyards on the front and gardens to the rear. The Hôtel de Chenizot, 51 rue Saint-Louis-en-Ile, by Pierre-Vigné de Vigny (about 1720), was a

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in the 6th arrondissement, by Jean-Nicolas Servandont, then by Oudot de Maclaurin and Jean-François Chalgrin was given a classical façade and two bell towers (1732–80). Funding was exhausted before the second tower was finished, leaving the two towers different in style. The church of Saint-Eustache

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During the first half of the 18th century, the grand style of Louis XIV, defined by the Royal Academy of Architecture and evoking power and grandeur, dominated Paris architecture. In 1722, Louis XV returned the court to Versailles, and visited the city only on special occasions. While he rarely came

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to honor the league of the boatmen, who played an important part in the town's economy and religious and civic life. It is now on display in the Roman baths at the Museum of the Middle Ages. Other fragments of Gallo-Roman architecture are found in the crypt under the square in front of the Cathedral

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was built between the Portes of Clignancourt and Montmartre between 1922 and 1928. The new buildings were constructed of concrete and brick. The earliest buildings had many decorative elements, particularly at the roofline, including concrete pergolas. The decoration became less over the years, and

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The later part of the 18th century saw the development of new residential blocks, particularly on the left bank at Odéon and Saint-Germain, and on the right bank in the first and second arrondissements. The most fashionable neighborhoods moved from the Marais toward the west. with large residential

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at the end of the 16th and beginning of the 17th century. This style of architecture was usually used for ornate apartments in wealthy areas and for hôtels particuliers. It was sometimes called the "style of three crayons" because it used three colors; black slate tiles, red brick, and white stone.

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Under Henry II and his successors, the Louvre was gradually transformed from a medieval fortress into a Renaissance palace. The architect Pierre Lescot and sculptor Jean Gouchon made the Lescot wing of the Louvre, a masterpiece of combined French and Italian Renaissance art and architecture, on the

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The houses in Paris during the Middle Ages were tall and narrow; usually four or five stories. They were constructed of wooden beams on a stone foundation, with the walls covered by white plaster, to prevent fires. There was usually a shop located on the ground floor. Houses built of stone reserved

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Since the 1980s the more recent constructions of HLMs, or public housing, in Paris have tried to avoid the massive and monotonous structures of the past, with more picturesque architectural detail, variety of styles, greater use of color, and large complexes broken into smaller mini-neighborhoods.

6519:, the new Brazilian capital city. It was constructed between 1969 and 1980 and was an eight-story block built on columns above the street, with a smooth undulating glass façade. The auditorium next to the building was half buried underground, covered by a concrete dome that allowed light to enter. 6472:

In the years after World War II, modernism became the official style for public buildings, both because it was new and fashionable, and partly because it was usually less expensive to build. Buildings were designed to express their function, using simple geometric forms, with a minimum of ornament

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pursued a similar modernist style, composed of geometric shapes, walls of glass, and an absence of ornament. He built a studio and residence with a large glass wall and spiral stairway for glass designer Louis Barillet at 15 square Vergennes (15th arrondissement) and constructed a series of houses

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Religious architecture finally broke away from the neoclassical style which had dominated Paris church architecture since the 18th century. Neo-Gothic and other historical styles began to be built, particularly in the eight new arrondissements farther from the center added by Napoleon III in 1860.

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devoted considerable attention to the details of the city infrastructure. Haussmann also built a new water supply and sewer system under the new boulevards, planted thousands of trees along the boulevards, and ornamented the parks and boulevards with kiosks, gateways, lodges and ornamental grills,

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department store in 1931, preserving elements of the Art Nouveau interior and façades, while giving it an Art Deco form. He experimented with new, simpler forms of apartment buildings, including the stepped building, creating terraces for the upper floors, and covered concrete surfaces with white

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led to major changes in the architecture and urban design of Paris. New types of architecture connected with the economic expansion; railroad stations, hotels, office buildings, department stores and exposition halls, occupied the center of Paris, which previously had been largely residential. To

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and the Hôtel de Ville, dating to the 17th century; the old buildings which pressed up against the back of the Hôtel de Ville were cleared away; two new wings were added, the interiors were lavishly redecorated, and the ceilings and walls of the large ceremonial salons were painted with murals by

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in 1825. New residential neighborhoods were built on the Right Bank, as the city grew to the north and west. Between 1824 and 1826, a time of economic prosperity, the quarters of Saint-Vincent-de-Paul, Europe, Beaugrenelle and Passy were all laid out and construction began. The width of lots grew

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was destroyed, and its church left in ruins. Parts of the Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés were turned into a gunpowder factory; an explosion destroyed many of the buildings outside the church. The Church of Saint-Genevieve was turned into a mausoleum for revolutionary heroes. The sculpture on the

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Between 1959 and 1968, the old Montparnasse railway station was demolished and rebuilt nearby, making a large parcel of land available for construction. The municipal council learned of the project only indirectly, through a message from the ministry in charge of construction projects. The first

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A new form of commercial architecture had appeared at the end of the 18th century; the passage, or shopping gallery, a row of shops along a narrow street covered by a glass roof. They were made possible by improved technologies of glass and cast iron, and were popular since few Paris streets had

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wrote: "We blush with shame to see the public markets, set up in narrow streets, displaying their filth, spreading infection, and causing continual disorders… Immense neighbourhoods need public places. The center of the city is dark, cramped, hideous, something from the time of the most shameful

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at the eastern edge of the city. The Palace was used occasionally for special ceremonies and to welcome foreign monarchs, but housed the administrative offices and courts of the Kingdom, as well as an important prison. The Great Hall was destroyed by a fire in 1618, rebuilt; another fire in 1776

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between 1080 and 1137. It had a diameter of 11.7 meters at the base and walls three meters thick, and remained until its demolition in 1776. The ensemble of buildings (seen in the image at right as they were between 1412 and 1416) included a royal residence, a great hall for ceremonies, and four

5929:, buildings that resembled the ocean liners of the period, with sleek white façades, rounded corners, white façades, and nautical railings. They often were built on narrow pieces of land, or on corners. One example is the building at 3 boulevard Victor in the 15th arrondissement, built in 1935. 3748:

Several new churches were begun during the Restoration to replace those destroyed during the Revolution. A battle took place between architects who wanted a neogothic style, modeled after Notre-Dame, or the neoclassical style, modeled after the basilicas of ancient Rome. The battle was won by a

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described his disappointment when he first arrived in Paris in 1731: I expected a city as beautiful as it was grand, of an imposing appearance, where you saw only superb streets, and palaces of marble and gold. Instead, when I entered by the Faubourg Saint-Marceau, I saw only narrow, dirty and

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in the 9th century. The oldest elements of the original church existing today are the tower (the belfry at the top was added in the 12th century), and the chapel of Saint Symphorien, on the south flank of the bell tower, built in the 11th century. It is considered the earliest existing place of

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in 1893–94, but Paris architects and clients showed little interest in building tall office buildings. Paris was already the banking and financial capital of the continent, and moreover, as of 1889 it had the tallest structure in the world, the Eiffel Tower. While some Paris architects visited

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in the (18th century). However, Napoleon's Egyptian campaign gave the style a new prestige, and for the first time it was based on drawings and actual models carried back the scholars who traveled with Napoleon's soldiers to Egypt; the style soon appeared in public fountains and residential

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which was more a work of inhabited sculpture than a building. The façade was entirely covered with decorative ceramic sculpture. The popularity of Art Nouveau did not last long; the last Paris building in the style was Guimard's own house, the Hôtel Guimard at 122 Avenue Mozart (1909–13).

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on the Champs-de-Mars in 1794. However, work continued on some pre-revolutionary projects. The rue des Colonnes in the second arrondissement, designed by Nicolas-Jacques-Antoine Vestier (1793–1795), had a colonnade of simple Doric columns, characteristic of the Revolutionary period.

571: 6026:, but they were all torn down when the exhibit ended. One impressive Art Deco building from the 1934 Colonial Exposition survived; the Museum of the Colonies at la Port Doréé, by Albert Laprade, 89 meters long, with a colonnade and a front wall entirely covered with a bas-relief by 3712:

in 1826. New storehouses for grain near the Arsenal, new slaughterhouses, and new markets were finished. Three new suspension bridges were built over the Seine: the Pont d'Archeveché, the Pont des Invalides and footbridge of the Grève. All three were rebuilt later in the century.

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The industrial revolution and economic expansion of Paris required much larger structures, particularly for railroad stations, which were considered the new ornamental gateways to the city. The new structures had iron skeletons, but they were concealed by Beaux-Arts façades. The

1771: 5002: 6296: 3757:. Godde also completed Chalgrin's project for Saint-Pierre-du-Gros-Caillou (1822–29), and built the neoclassic basilicas of Notre-Dame-du-Bonne Nouvelle (1823–30) and Saint-Denys-du-Saint-Sacrament (1826–35). Other notable neoclassical architects of the Restoration included 5625:

was built by Marius Toudoire between 1895 and 1902, making the maximum use of glass and iron combined with a picturesque bell tower and Beaux-Arts façade and decoration. The café of the station looked down on the platform where the trains arrived. The Gare d'Orsay (now the

3814:

carried the idea a step further, covering an entire courtyard of the Palais-Royal, the Galerie d'Orleans, with a glass skylight. The gallery remained covered until 1935. It was the ancestor of the glass skylights of the Paris department stores of the later 19th century.

3208: 6724:, he personally selected the architect, without a competition. He completed the projects begun by Giscard d'Estaing and began even more ambitious projects of his own, many of them designed for the celebration of the bicentennial of the French Revolution in 1989. His 445: 487:(1147–1200) is the only surviving building of the vast Abbey of Montmartre, which once covered the top of the hill; it has both ancient Roman columns and one of the first examples of a Gothic arched ceiling, in the nave near the choir. The interior of the church of 2466: 3136:, the churches of Paris were closed and nationalized, and many were badly damaged. Most destruction came not from the Revolutionaries, but from the new owners who purchased the buildings, and sometimes destroyed them for the building materials they contained. The 4623: 3850:, particularly in the new residential quarters of Nouvelle Athenes and the Square d'Orleans on Rue Taibout (9th arrondissement), a private residential square (1829–35) in the English neoclassical style designed by Edward Cresy. Residents of the square included 2414:

introduced a more classical and sober style to the hôtel particulier. The Hôtel de Guénégaud des Brosses at 60 rue des Archives (3rd arrondissement) from 1653 had a greatly simplified and severe façade. Beginning in the 1660s Mansart remade the façades of the

1216:, at the end of the 15th and early 16th century were not very successful from a military point of view, had a direct and beneficial effect on the architecture of Paris. The two Kings returned to France with ideas for magnificent public architecture in the new 5107: 687:

in 1350, and modified several times over the centuries. The first public clock in Paris, was added by Charles V in 1370. The sculptural decoration around the clock, featuring allegorical figures of The Law and Justice, was added in 1585 century by Henry III.

2180:, it is the oldest surviving dome in the city. Another appeared on the Eglise-Saint-Joseph in the convent of the Carmes-dechaussés at 70 rue de Vaugirard (6th arr.) between 1628 and 1630. Another dome soon was built in the Marais; the dome of the Church of 1070:, at 20 rue Étienne-Marcel in the 2nd arrondissement, built in 1409–11, was part of the Hôtel de Burgogne, the Paris residence of the Dukes of Burgundy. Built by Robert de Helbuterne, it contains a stairway with a magnificent flamboyant gothic ceiling. The 7112:

A notable new style of French architecture, called Supermodernism by critic Hans Ibeling, gives precedence to the visual sensations, spatial and tactile, of the viewer looking at the façade. The best-known architects in this school are Jean Nouvel and

1706:, (2) had statues of the King in the center, and (3) were financed largely by the sale of the houses around the squares. The residences around the latter two squares had identical classical façades and were built of stone, following Hardouin-Mansart's 3055:

glorifying the King, at 57–59 rue de la Grenelle. While the fountain was huge, and dominated the narrow street, it originally had only two small spouts, from which residents of the neighborhood could fill their water containers. It was criticized by

5479:, in 1852. Within twenty years, it had 1,825 employees and an income of more than 20 million francs. In 1869 Boucicault began constructing a much larger store, with an iron frame, a central courtyard covered with a glass skylight. The architect was 4270:, and was the terminus of the new Paris-Versailles line on the left bank of the Seine. It was quickly found to be too small, and was rebuilt between 1848 and 1852 at the junction of rue de Rennes and boulevard du Montparnasse, its present location. 1677:

In the 17th century, the first large-scale urban planning of Paris was initiated by royal ordinance, largely based on the model of Italian cities, including the construction of the first residential squares. The first two squares, Place Royale (now

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Les Docks, a large warehouse structure built before World War I alongside the Seine at 34 quai d'Austerlitz, was converted 2005–08 into the City of Fashion and Design, by means of a "plug-over" of ramps, stairways and passages. The architects were

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The "Flower-Tower" built in 2004 by Édouard François, located at 23 rue-Albert-Roussel in the 17th arrondissement, is covered with the living foliage of bamboo plants, placed in concrete pots at the edges of the terraces on each floor, and watered

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or National Museum of the Middle Ages (1490–1500), has a typical feature of manors of the period; a stairway in a tower on the exterior of the building, in the courtyard. It also contains a chapel with a spectacular flamboyant Gothic ceiling. The

491:(1170–1220) has been extensively rebuilt, but it still has massive Romanesque columns and the exterior is a classic example of the Romano-Gothic style. The former priory of Saint-Martin-des-Champs (1060–1140) has a choir and chapels supported by 7145:

The Hôtel Fouquet's Barrière at 2 rue Vernet, 23 rue Quentin-Bauchart and 46 avenue George-V, in the 8th arrondissement, designed by Édouard François, is covered by a skin of concrete which is a molding of the façade of an historic neighboring

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The royal government restored the symbols of the old regime, but continued the construction of most of the monuments and urban projects begun by Napoleon. All of the public buildings and churches of the Restoration were built in a relentlessly

2028:

recommended that certain churches "so-called Gothic, without any good order, beauty or harmony" should be rebuilt "in the new style of our beautiful modern architecture", meaning the style imported from Italy, with certain French adaptations.

1146: 4214:(1838–67), and Duban designed the new buildings of the École des Beaux-Arts. Together, these buildings, drawing upon Renaissance, Gothic and romanesque and other non-classical styles, broke the monopoly of neoclassical architecture in Paris. 2646: 6271:

Beginning in 1919, soon after the end of World War I, the French government began building public housing on a huge scale, particularly on the vacant land of the former fortifications around the city. The new buildings were called HBMs, or

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in 1895. All the new stores glass skylights whenever possible to fill the stores with natural light, and designed the balconies around the central courts to provide the maximum of light to each section. Between 1903 and 1907 the architect

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began construction of a wall five kilometers long to protect the city on the right bank. The wall was reinforced by seventy-seven circular towers, each no more than six meters in diameter. He also began construction of a large castle, the

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inspired by plants and flowers. Horta designed every detail of the house, including furniture, wallpaper, door handles and locks. The success of the Castel Beranger led to Guimard's selection to design the entrance of stations of the new

4859: 4079:, the oldest in the city. Work also began in 1843 on the cathedral of Notre Dame, which had been badly damaged during the Revolution, and stripped of the statues on its façade. Much of the work was directed by the architect and historian 3978:, a confirmed neoclassicist. The architectural style of public buildings and monuments was intended to associate Paris with the virtues and glories of ancient Greece and Rome, as it had been under Louis XIV, Napoleon and the Restoration. 3372:

in Rome, made of the iron of cannon captured from the Russians and Austrians in 1805. At the end of the Rue de la Concorde (given again its former name of Rue Royale on 27 April 1814), he took the foundations of an unfinished church, the

1585:, founded in 1671, imposed an official style, as the Academies of art and literature had earlier done. The style was modified again beginning in about 1690, as the government began to run short of money; new projects were less grandiose. 6041:, held on the eve of World War II, was not a popular success; its two largest national pavilions were those of Nazi Germany and Stalinist Russia, facing each other across the central esplanade. The chief architectural legacies were the 6381:, and built and decorated with the assistance of craftsmen from North Africa. The project was funded by the National Assembly in 1920, construction began in 1922, and it was completed in 1924, and dedicated by the President of France, 2747: 1889:. Louis XIV rejected Bernini's Italianate plan in favor of a classical design by Perrault, which had a flat roof concealed by a balustrade and a series of massive columns and triangular pediments designed to convey elegance and power. 7166:

A public housing hostel for the homeless, the Centre d'hebergement Emmaüs, designed by Emmanuel Saadi in 2011, located at 179 quai de Valmy in the 10th arrondissement, is entirely covered by photo-voltaic panels for generating solar

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did not last long; in 1904 the Guimard Metro entrance at Place de l'Opera it was replaced by a more classical entrance. Beginning in 1912, all the Guimard metro entrances were replaced with functional entrances without decoration.

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Many of Napoleon's contributions to Paris architecture were badly needed improvements to the city's infrastructure; He started a new canal to bring drinking water to the city, rebuilt the city sewers, and began construction of the

2573: 1694:(1599–1604). The Place Royale had nine large residences on each of its four sides, with identical façades. The Place Dauphine had forty houses on its three sides (of which just two remain today). Louis XIV continued the style with 784:

or tower, thirty meters high and fifteen meters in diameter. It was not then the residence of the King, but Philippe Auguste placed the royal archives there. Another walled complex of buildings, the Temple, the headquarters of the

347:. It was the largest of the three baths, one hundred meters by sixty-five meters, and was built at the end of the 2nd century or beginning of the 3rd century BC, at the height of the town's grandeur. The baths are now part of the 6315: 6062:. It contains an impressive rotunda and conference hall with a neoclassical façade, all built of reinforced concrete. After the War it was converted into the headquarters of the French Economic, Social and Environmental Council. 4744: 6280:, or moderate priced residences, intended for the middle class, were built to the west of the city. A special agency of architects was established to design the buildings. The first group of 2,734 new housing units, called the 4812:

in 1857. During the Second Empire, architects began to use metal frames combined with the Gothic style; the Eglise Saint-Laurent, a 15th-century church rebuilt in Neo-Gothic style by Simon-Claude-Constant Dufeux (1862–65), and

3858:. Some of the houses in the new quarters in the 8th arrondissement, particularly the quarter of François I, begun in 1822, were made in a more picturesque style, a combination of the Renaissance and classical style, called the 1126: 796:, began building a new city wall in 1356, which doubled the area of the city. The Louvre, now surrounded by the city, was given rich decoration and a grand new stairway, and gradually became more of residence than a fortress. 7206:, was particularly pioneered by architects Christian de Portzamparc and Frédéric Borel. In one complex on rue Pierre-Rebière in the 17th arrondissement the 180 residences were designed by nine different teams of architects. 1864:

The construction of the Louvre was one of the major Paris architectural projects of the 17th century, and the palace architecture clearly showed the transition from the French Renaissance to the classical style of Louis XIV.

463:, Paris has very few examples of Romanesque architecture; most churches and other buildings in that style were rebuilt in the Gothic style. The most remarkable example of Romanesque architecture in Paris is the church of the 7064: 4006:, was slowly hoisted into place in the presence of Louis-Philippe and a huge crowd. In the same year, the Arc de Triomphe, begun in 1804 by Napoleon, was finally completed and dedicated. Following the return to Paris of the 4583: 2434: 2176:. His first dome was at the chapel of the Minimes (later destroyed), then at the chapel of the Church of the Convent of the Visitation Saint-Marie at 17 rue Saint-Antoine (4th arr.), built between 1632 and 1634. Now the 1563:. The new style in Paris was characterized by opulence, irregularity, and an abundance of decoration. The straight geometric lines of the buildings were covered with curved or triangular frontons, niches with statues or 5487:. After more enlargements and modifications, the building was finished in 1887, and became the prototype for other department stores in Paris and around the world. Au Bon Marché was followed by au Louvre in 1865; the 7141:

The administration building of the French Ministry of Culture at 182 rue Saint-Honoré (2002–04), by Francis Soler and Frédéric Druot, is an older structure whose façade is completely covered with an ornamental metal

6985:, a museum presenting the cultures of Asia, Africa and the Americas. It also included a glass screen between the building and the street, as well as a façade covered with living plants. In 2015, he completed the new 3292: 3989:

into its modern form. The moats of the Tuileries were filled, two large fountains, one representing the maritime commerce and industry of France, the other the river commerce and great rivers of France, designed by

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The dominant architectural style of the Second Empire was the eclectic, drawing liberally from the architecture of the Gothic style, Renaissance style, and style of Louis XV and Louis XVI. The best example was the

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Private houses and apartment buildings in the Belle Époque were usually in the Beaux-Arts style, either neo-Renaissanace or neoclassical, or a mixture of the two. A good example is the Hôtel de Choudens (1901) by

2860:, and the Academy of Architecture was assigned to create a square, to be called Place Louis XV, where it could be erected. The site selected was the marshy open space between the Seine, the moat and bridge to the 1189: 3020:

wrote: "How monotonous is the genius of our architects! How they live on copies, on eternal repetition! They don't know how to make the smallest building without columns… They all more or less resemble temples."

1539:. The end of the wars of religion allowed the continuation of several building projects, such as the expansion of the Louvre, begun in the 16th century but abandoned because of the war. With the arrival in power 7163:

The façade of the university restaurant building at 3 rue Mabillon in the 6th arrondissement, built in 1954, was recovered by architect Patrick Mauger with the logs of trees, to provide better thermal isolation.

4728: 3276: 7092: 6350:. It has a modern exterior made of reinforced concrete covered with red brick and a modern bell tower 75 meters high, but the central feature is a huge dome, 22 meters in diameter. The design, like that of the 4257:

The Péreire brothers argued that Gare Saint-Lazare should be the unique station of Paris, but the owners of the other lines each insisted on having their own station. The first Gare d'Orléans, now known as the

2943: 1467: 398: 2036:(1571–1626) introduced a new style of façade, based on the traditional orders of architecture (Doric, Ionic and Corinthian), placed one above the other. He first used this style in the façade of the Church of 4906:(1842–65), had a glass roof with iron columns thirty-eight meters high, while the façade was in the beaux-arts style faced with stone and decorated with statues representing the cities served by the railway. 2489: 4878: 6192:

went further, designing houses in geometric forms, lacking any ornament. At age of twenty-one worked as an assistant in the office of Perret. In 1922, he opened his own architectural office with his cousin

3639: 3244: 2928: 1405:, 105 meters long, 44 meters wide and 35 meters high, which in size and grandeur, approaches that of the Cathedral of Notre-Dame. King Francis I wanted a monument as the centrepiece for the neighborhood of 5401: 4840: 3805:

in 1786; rows of shops, along with cafes and the first restaurants, were located under the arcade around the garden. It was followed by the passage Feydau in 1790–91, the passage du Caire in 1799, and the

6327: 1110: 5139: 1282:. It was combination of both French and Italian Renaissance styles, with a high French-style roof and Italian loggias. It was demolished beginning in 1787, but a fragment can still be seen today in the 323:

in about the 3rd century BC. It was conquered by the Romans in 52 BC, and turned into a Gallo-Roman garrison town. It was rebuilt in the 1st century AD on the classic Roman plan; a north–south axis, or

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was one of the more unusual buildings constructed during the period. Intended to honor the Muslim soldiers from the French colonies who died for France during the war, it was designed by the architect

6073: 5869: 5323: 3912: 3725:, begun under Louis XVI, had been turned by Napoleon into the Temple of Glory (1807). It was now turned back to its original purpose, as the Royal church of La Madeleine. To commemorate the memory of 3224: 6425: 6030:

on the animals, plants, and cultures the theme the cultures of the French colonies. The interior was filled with sculpture and murals from the period, still visible today. Today, the building is the

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by Louis-Auguste Boileau and Adrien-Louis Lusson (1854–55); and Saint-Jean-Baptiste de Belleville by Jean-Bapiste Lassus (1854–59). The largest new church built in Paris during the Second Empire was

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In the second part of the century, a more purely neoclassical style, based directly on Greek and Roman models, began to appear. It was strongly influenced by a visit to Rome in 1750 by the architect

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became the first King of France, and established his capital in Paris, though at the time his kingdom was little bigger than the Île-de-France, or modern Paris region. The first royal residence, the

1523:, is the best example of a Renaissance hôtel. As the century advanced, the exterior stairways disappeared and the façades became more classical and regular. A good example of the later style is the 4673:(1855–60), close the medieval church of Saint-Germain-Auxerois the historic center of the city. The new city hall was in neo-Gothic style, echoing the medieval church, complete with a rose window. 2841: 2630: 2380: 7176:

Another important theme in 21st-century Parisian architecture is the conversion of older industrial or commercial buildings for new purposes, called in French "reconversions" or "transcriptions".

4764: 2063: 301: 2221: 1031: 5940: 5127: 2454: 1170: 6689:, and expressed all of its mechanical functions on the exterior of the building, with brightly colored pipes, ducts and escalators. The principal architectural projects begun by his successor, 5975: 5417: 1623: 506: 4986: 4238:(a term used for water traffic), and their location was a source of great contention, as each railroad line was owned by a different company, and each went in a different direction. The first 2735: 2596: 6188:

also made Art Deco residential buildings with clean geometric lines, made of reinforced concrete faced with white ceramic tiles. The architect Charles-Édouard Jeanneret-Gris, better known as

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Other major public buildings in the monumental modernist style included the headquarters of UNESCO, the United Nations cultural headquarters, on Place Fontenoy in the 7th arrondissement, by

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The reign of Louis-Philippe saw the beginning of a movement to preserve and restore some of the earliest landmarks of Paris, inspired in large part by Victor Hugo's hugely successful novel

1047: 823: 5433: 5263: 3085: 587: 6639: 6038: 5967: 5712: 5453: 5350:(1878–92) The church of Saint-Dominque, by Leon Gaudibert, (1912–25) followed the style of Byzantine churches, with a massive central dome. The first church in Paris to be constructed of 4776: 4708: 2016:

largely followed the traditional Gothic floor-plan of Notre-Dame, though they did add façades and certain other decorative features from the Italian Baroque, and follow the advice of the

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The Lescot wing from 1546 to 1553 (left of the tower) and Lemercier wing from 1624 to 1639) (right of the tower) in the interior of the Cour Carrée of the Louvre, in the Renaissance style

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to integrate themselves into the city's architecture, and they were aligned with the street. In 1675, an official survey on the state of church architecture in Paris made by architects

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features a soaring gothic vault in the apse, but also had a transept a more sober classical style inspired by the Renaissance. (The baroque façade was added in the 17th century).in the

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also made a notable contribution to Paris architect, for his American Center in Bercy (1994), which became the home of the Cinémathèque Française in 2005; and for the building of the

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long before Napoleon; pyramids, obelisks and sphinxes occurred frequently in Paris decoration, such as the decorative sphinxes decorating the balustrade of the Hotel Sale (now the

871: 619:(972–1031), built the first palace, the Palais de la Cité, and royal chapel within the walls of the fortress, and his successors embellished it over the centuries; by the reign of 192: 6655: 1885:

rebuilt the east exterior façade of the courtyard with a long colonnade. A competition was held in 1670 for the south façade, which included a proposal from the Italian architect

3773:(1824–44). Hittorff went on to along a brilliant career in the reigns of Louis Philippe and Napoleon III, designing the new plan of the Place de la Concorde and constructing the 1901:

of the Louvre in a more classical version than that of the facing Renaissance façade. The Louvre was gradually transformed from a Renaissance and baroque palace to the classical

987: 3260: 4955:. It was also known for its lavish decoration and its imaginative use of both new and traditional materials, including iron, plate glass, colored tile and reinforced concrete. 3377:, which had been started in 1763, and transformed it into a 'temple à la gloire de la Grande Armée', a military shrine to display the statues of France's most famous generals. 3173: 1382: 3001:

foul-smelling streets, and villainous black houses, with an air of unhealthiness; beggars, poverty; wagons-drivers, menders of old garments; and vendors of tea and old hats."

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for artists, each one different, on what is now known as rue Mallet-Stevens in the 16th arrondissement. One of the most striking houses of the 1920s was the house of artist

2500: 2040:(1616–20). The style of the three superimposed orders appeared again in the Eglise Saint-Paul-Saint-Louis, the new Jesuit church in Paris, designed by the Jesuit architects 413: 6861: 952:, which combined extremely refined forms and rich decoration. The style was used not only in churches, but also in some noble residences. Notable existing examples are the 8869: 7240: 6799: 4607: 4250:. It opened on 26 August 1837, and with its success was quickly replaced by a larger building on rue de Stockholm, and then an even larger structure, the beginning of the 4068:. The Commission of Public Monument was created in 1837, and in 1842, Mérimée began compiling the first official list of classified historical monuments, now known as the 3576:

by Louis-Alexandre de Cessart and Jacques Lacroix-Dillon (1801–03). This was followed by a metal frame for the cupola of the Halle aux blé, or grain market (now the Paris

3340:

In 1806, in imitation of Ancient Rome, Napoléon ordered the construction of a series of monuments dedicated to the military glory of France. The first and largest was the

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in 1836. Examples continued to appear in the 20th century, from the Luxor movie palace on boulevard de Magenta in the 10th arrondissement (1921) to the Louvre pyramid by

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The Belle Époque was the golden age of the Paris railroad station; they served as the gateways of the city for the visitors who arrived for the great Expositions. A new

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at 40 rue des Archives (4th arr.) from the late 16th century; the Hôtel Scipion Sardini at 13 rue Scipion in the (5th arr,) from 1532, and the Abbot's residence at the

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at 74–84 boulevard August-Blanqui in the 13th arrondissement, designed by Christian de Portzamparc (2005), has a façade that resembles the front page of the newspaper.

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to the west, east, north and south, filled with picturesque garden follies, as well as numerous smaller parks and squares where the new boulevards met. City architect

3404: 668:, were tried and imprisoned there, before being taken to the guillotine. After the Revolution the Conciergerie served as a prison and courthouse. It was burned by the 6616: 3121: 2516:. Gabriel borrowed the design of the Pavillon d'Horloge of the Louvre by Lemercier for the central pavilion, a façade influenced by Mansart, and Italian touches from 559: 5850: 4440: 1783: 1759: 362:, a fragment of a Roman column with carvings of both Roman and Gallic gods. It was probably made at the beginning of the 1st century during the reign of the Emperor 6461: 3472: 2082: 6597: 6409: 4362: 3599: 3097: 1604: 855: 7125:, an office building at 26-34 rue Bruneseau in the 13th arrondissement, is a block of glass, whose structure is nearly invisible. Perrault also designed the new 2698: 615:, where the Roman governors had established their residence. Capet and his successors gradually enlarged their kingdom through marriages and conquests. His son, 136: 5100:, was the largest covered space in the world when it was built. It combined modern engineering with colorful polychrome decoration, typical of the Belle Epoque. 3393:, the modern National Assembly, to match the colonnade of the Temple of Military Glory (now the Madeleine), directly facing it across the Place de La Concorde. 2763: 2611: 628:

large towers along the Seine on the north side of the island, as well as a gallery of luxury shops, the first Paris shopping center. Between 1242 and 1248 King

6752:, a building in the form of a giant ceremonial arch, which marked the western end of the historical axis that began at the Louvre (inaugurated July 1989); the 5664: 4247: 3994:, were put in place, along with monumental sculptures representing the major cities of France. On 25 October 1836, a new centerpiece was put in place; a stone 3873: 2124: 1983: 1971: 6673:

In the 1970s, French Presidents began to build major architectural projects which became their legacy, usually finished after they left office. The first was

6031: 4400: 4155: 4111: 2535:. They and other architects who made the obligatory trip to Italy brought back classical ideas and drawings which defined Paris architecture until the 1830s. 2251: 2236:, built between 1677 and 1706. The last dome of the period was for a Protestant church, the Temple de Pentemont on rue de Grenelle (7th arr.) (about 1700) by 1094: 6772:. The books were stored in the towers, while the reading rooms were located beneath a terrace between the buildings, with windows looking out onto a garden. 3658: 3436: 1083:

was the Paris residence of the Archbishop of Sens, who had authority over the Bishops of Paris. It also featured a separate stairway tower in the courtyard.

771:

Much of the architecture of medieval Paris was designed to protect the city and King against attack; walls, towers, and castles. Between 1190 and 1202, King

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Paris architecture since 2000 has been very diverse, with no single dominant style. In the field of museums and monuments, the most prominent name has been

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and Borja Huidobro. His last project was located on the other side of the Seine from the Finance Ministry; a group of four book-shaped glass towers for the

4460: 2419:, preserving some of the Renaissance decoration and a 16th portal but integrating them into a more classical composition, with columns, pediments and stone 5834: 5243: 3188: 887: 5638:. It was the first Paris station to be electrified and to place the train platforms below street level, a model soon copied by New York and other cities. 4563: 3544:

by Bralle and Louis Simon Boizot (1808). The sphinxes around this fountain were Second-Empire additions in 1856–58 by the city architect of Napoleon III,

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The hôtel particulier, or large private house of the Restoration, usually was built in a neoclassical style, based on Greek architecture or the style of

2395:

The palatial new residences built by the nobility and the wealthy in the Marais featured two new and original specialized rooms; the dining room and the

581:; the Tour Bonbec (1226–70), far right, is the oldest; the Cesar Tower and Silver Tower (center) and Horloge Tower (left) were built in the 14th century. 286: 6842: 3801:

sidewalks and pedestrians had to compete with wagons, carts, animals and crowds of people. The first indoor shopping gallery in Paris had opened at the

174: 2913:, the number of stories and the slope of the roofs. Under a 1784 decree of the Parlement of Paris, the height of most new buildings was limited to 54 2315:, built between 1605 and 1612. Other good examples are the Hospital of Saint-Louis on rue Buchat (10th arr.) from 1607 to 1611; the two houses at 1-6 270: 5338:

From the 1870s until the 1930s the most prominent style for Paris churches was the Romano-Byzantine style; the model and most famous example was the

1321:(1589–1610), the building was enlarged to the south, so it joined the long riverside gallery, the Grande Galerie, which ran all the way to the older 6109: 5385: 5291: 1845:, on the left bank. It was inspired by the palaces of her native Florence, but also by the innovations of the French Renaissance. The architect was 1352: 6367: 6362:, at 31 avenue Marceau (16th), was designed by Émile Bois (1932–38). Its tower and massive Romanesque entrance was inspired by the churches of the 3065:

that is gross and shabby. Fountains should be built in public places, and viewed from all the gates. There isn't a single public place in the vast

1748:, were built without the rows of houses that occupied earlier bridges, and were designed to match the grand style of the architecture around them. 258: 6053:, (1935–37), built of concrete and beige stone, and the Palais de Iena, facing it. Both were built in a monumental neoclassical style. The nearby 4646:

begun by Napoleon, built a new north–south axis, Boulevard de Sébastopol, and cut wide boulevards on both the right and left banks, including the

1003: 66: 7080: 5956: 5731: 4420: 4194:, who had first studied Roman and Greek architecture at the Villa Medici in Rome, then in the 1820s began the systematic study of other historic 3488: 3456: 2665: 808:, a fortress with six cylindrical towers. At the same time, further east, in the forest of Vincennes, Charles V built an even larger castle, the 7033: 5649: 1639: 6536: 1015: 16:

The city of Paris has notable examples of architecture of every period, from the Middle Ages to the 21st century. It was the birthplace of the

8014:

Naissance des grands magasins : le Bon Marché (by Jacques Marseille, in French, on the official site of the Ministry of Culture of France

5311: 2349: 1066:

While there are no ordinary houses from the Middle Ages, there are several examples of manors built for the nobility and the high clergy. The

2105: 6276:(Low-cost residences). They were concentrated to the north, east and south of the city, while a more expensive type of housing, the ILM, or 6229:

Modernist buildings built in the 1920s and 1930s were relatively rare. The most characteristic Paris residential architect of the 1920s was

6141: 5922:

ceramic tile, resembling stone. He also was a pioneer in the use of prefabricated building materials, reducing costs and construction time.

4211: 4142: 3389:(1808–26), the Paris stock market, with its grand colonnade. it was not finished until 1826. In 1806 he began to build a new façade for the 7049: 5096:, was the tallest structure in the world, was the gateway to the Exposition, and the Gallery of Machines, designed by Ferdinand Dufert and 1367: 933:, or Gothic pointed arches. The church of Saint-Germain l'Auxerois, next to the Louvre, was given a portal inspired by Notre Dame, and the 5680: 5028:

The new Gallery of Machines of the 1889 Exposition, again the largest building in the world, was decorated with colorful polychrome tiles.

4277:

received the permission of the government to build the first railroad line from Paris to the Belgian border in 1845, with branch lines to

3741:

in a neoclassical style similar to the Paris Pantheon on the site of the small cemetery of the Madeleine, where their remains (now in the

2263: 8864: 2542:, the model of the neoclassical style, constructed on the summit of Mont Geneviéve between 1764 and 1790. It was not completed until the 7220: 5907:, the first Art Deco building in Paris, in 1913, just before the War. His major achievements between the wars were the building for the 543: 9050: 3044:. The wall was highly unpopular and was an important factor in turning opinion against Louis XVI, and provoking the French Revolution. 2888:

were still unfinished, but the façades were finished in 1765–66. The Place was the theatre for some of the most dramatic events of the

2279: 623:

in the 14th century, it was the most magnificent palace in Europe. The tallest structure was the Grosse Tour, or great tower, built by

6895:, and 87 hectares between Place de l'Italie and Tolbiac. Blocks of old buildings were torn town and replaced with residential towers. 2546:, at which time it became a mausoleum for Revolutionary heroes. Other royal commissions in the new style included the royal mint, the 1710:

used in his monumental buildings. The residential squares all had pedestrian arcades on the ground floors, and what became known as a

756: 6184:

had anticipated modern residential style in 1904, with an Art Deco house of reinforced concrete faced with ceramics on Rue Franklin.

5591: 5037:(March–May 1871). In the final days of the Commune, as the French Army recaptured the city, the Communards pulled down the column in 7014: 6698: 6607: 6218:. The interior was completely irregular: each room was of a different size, and on a different level. Another unusual house was the 5069:

and Jules Bourdais (1876–78). It was used in the Expositions of 1889 and 1900, and remained until 1937, when it was replaced by the

4934: 4814: 3344:, built at the edge of the city at the Barrière d'Étoile, and not finished before July 1836. He ordered the building of the smaller 780:, where the wall met the river. The Louvre was protected by a moat and a wall with ten towers. In the center was a massive circular 527: 339:

The Roman town had three large baths near the forum, supplied with water by a 46-kilometer-long aqueduct. Vestiges of one bath, the

155: 33: 6902:

The growing number of skyscrapers appearing on the Paris skyline provoked resistance from the Paris population. In 1975, President

6528: 3036:) to prevent smuggling of goods into the city. it had fifty-five barriers, many of them in the form of Doric temples, designed by 2692:

had an exterior inspired by the early Paleo-Christian church, though the nave in the interior was more traditional. The Church of

1717:

Urban planning was another important legacy of the 17th century. In 1667 formal height limits were imposed on Paris buildings; 48

675:

Several vestiges of the medieval Palais de la Cité, extensively modified and restored, can still be seen today; the royal chapel,

429: 4030:, was inaugurated on 28 July 1840, on the anniversary of the July Revolution, and dedicated to those killed during the uprising. 3420: 5556: 4676:

To provide green space and recreation for the residents of the outer neighborhoods of the city, Haussmann built large new parks

2299:

This architecture was expensive, having a variety of different materials, and ornate stone work. This style inspired the unique

1657: 82: 7230: 6579: 6484:(1952–1963), the headquarters of French national radio and television, along the Seine in the 16th arrondissement, designed by 6006:

The international expositions of the 1920s and 1930s left fewer architectural landmarks than the earlier exhibitions. The 1925

7180:

A large grain warehouse and flour mill in the 13th arrondissement were converted between 2002 and 2007 into buildings for the

1401:

style, though some have features borrowed from the Italian Renaissance. The most important Paris church of the Renaissance is

8661: 8604: 8585: 8538: 8491: 8451: 8432: 8413: 8171: 6720:

had fourteen years in power, enough time to complete more projects than any president since Napoleon III. In the case of the

5370:. The nature of the revolution was not evident, because Baudot faced the concrete with brick and ceramic tiles in a colorful 3811: 3794: 3738: 3610: 1259:, was built in 1549 as a tribune for the welcome of the new King, Henry II, to the city on June 16, 1549. It was designed by 7697:

Letter from Voltaire to Caylus, extract published in A. Roserot (1902), cited by Rabreau, pg. 99.Translation by D.R Siefkin.

3109: 747: 518: 8642: 8623: 5913:(1936) and the Museum of Public Works (1939), now the Economic and Social Council, located on place d'Iéna, with its giant 5904: 5817: 3137: 3016:

The uniform neoclassical style all around the city was not welcomed by everyone. Just before the Revolution the journalist

800:, in 1364–80, moved his primary residence from the City Palace to the Hôtel Saint-Pol, a comfortable new palace in the new 6815: 3364:. His soldiers celebrated his victories with grand parades around the Carrousel. He also commissioned the building of the 1582: 371:, where several Roman columns, probably from a temple, were re-used in the late 12th century to build a Christian church. 8854: 5339: 1524: 1493: 476:

worship in Paris. The gothic choir, with its flying buttresses, was added in the mid-12th century, it was consecrated by

6765: 6260: 5050: 4922: 4654:, usually culminating in a domed landmark. if a dome was not already there, Haussmann had one built, as he did with the 4076: 2705:, into a neoclassical façade with two orders (1754–78), and was intended to have two towers, but only one was finished. 2496: 2319:

on the Île de la Cité, from 1607 to 1612; and the Hôtel d'Alméras at 30 rue des Francs-Bourgeois (4th arr.), from 1612.

1424:, which features impressive flying buttresses; and the Église Saint-Medard. whose choir was built in beginning in 1550; 922: 405: 7235: 4943:, between 1871 and the beginning of the First World War in 1914, was notable for its variety of different styles, from 4314: 4297:

was begun in 1847, but not finished until 1852. Construction of a new station for the line to the south, from Paris to

3500: 3385:, to permit the easier circulation of traffic between the east and west of the city. He also began construction of the 2680:

Churches in the first half of the 18th century, such as the church of Saint-Roche at 196 rue Saint-Honoré (1738–39) by

1235:

The first structure in Paris in the new style was the old Pont Notre-Dame (1507–12), designed by the Italian architect

7225: 6359: 3862:. This marked the beginning of the movement away from uniform neoclassicism toward eclectic residential architecture. 2716:, died in 1777, and was replaced by his pupil Guillaume-Martin Couture, who decided instead to base his church on the 2308: 464: 389: 351:, or National Museum of the Middle Ages. Nearby, on rue Monge, are the vestiges of the Roman amphitheater, called the 73: 8566: 8510: 8470: 8371: 6830: 3585: 3286:

by Louis-Alexandre de Cossart and Jacques-Lacroix Dillon (1801–1803, rebuilt in 1984), the first iron bridge in Paris

3029: 6343: 6302: 8390: 7155:

One important theme of early-21st-century Paris architecture was making buildings that were ecologically friendly.

6783: 6354:, was inspired by Byzantine churches. The interior was decorated with murals by several notable artists, including 5700: 1437: 1075: 348: 3705: 3303: 1336: 9055: 8697: 4254:, built between 1841 and 1843. It was the station for the trains to Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Versailles and Rouen. 3753:

had designed Saint-Philippe de Role before the Revolution in a neoclassical style; it was completed (1823–30) by

3033: 2797:, or mansion. The ornate wrought-iron balcony appeared on residences, along with other ornamental details called 1505:

Once the French court returned to Paris from the Loire Valley, the nobility and wealthy merchants began to build

1225: 6925:

in the 7th arrondissement, 324 meters high, completed in 1889. The tallest building in the Paris region was the

5488: 2712:

beginning in the 1760s. the King laid the cornerstone on April 3, 1763, but work halted in 1764. The architect,

2550:

on the Quai de Conti (6th arr.), with a 117-meter-long façade along the Seine, dominated by its massive central

1255:, but the central portion was faithfully reconstructed in 1882. A monumental fountain in the Italian style, the 8013: 6321:

The church of Sainte-Odile at 2 avenue Stephane-Mallarmé (17th) (1935–1939) has the highest bell tower in Paris

5671: 2697:

on rue-du-Jour (1st arr.) an example of both Gothic and Renaissance architecture, had its west faced redone by

2693: 2653: 2005: 452: 5033:

The fall of Napoleon III in 1871 and advent of the Third Republic was followed by the brief Paris rule of the

6891:

Two of the projects of residential towers were especially large: 29 hectares along the banks of the Seine at

6697:, a central railroad station transformed into a museum devoted to 19th-century French art (1978–86), and the 5156: 5077: 5058: 5013: 4993: 4655: 4527: 4447: 3581: 3516: 3142: 358:

Another notable piece of Gallo-Roman architecture was discovered under the choir of Notre-Dame de Paris; the

41: 3218:, the French National Assembly, to match the Temple of Military Glory (now the church of La Madeleine) 1806) 1220:, and brought Italian architects to build them. A new manual of classical Roman architecture by the Italian 8982: 8824: 8819: 8814: 8809: 8804: 8799: 8794: 8789: 8784: 8779: 8774: 5630:

was the first station in the center of the city, on the site of the old Ministry of Finance, burned by the

5220: 3970:

The architectural style of public buildings under the Restoration and Louis-Philippe was determined by the

3770: 3762: 3664: 3646: 3626: 3345: 3179: 2702: 1577:

distrusted the unruly Parisians and spent as little time as possible in Paris, finally moving his Court to

1559:, was to awe Parisians with its majesty and ornament, in opposition to the austere style of the Protestant 1551:, a new architectural style, the Baroque, imported from Italy, began to appear in Paris. Its purpose, like 1421: 8977: 5997:

Grand stairway of the French Economic, Social and Environmental Council, built for the 1937 Exposition by

2547: 1502:

16th or 17th century, but often described as medieval houses) are good examples of the Renaissance house.

8769: 8764: 8759: 8754: 8749: 8742: 8737: 8732: 8727: 6677:, a noted admirer and patron of modern art, who made plans for what became, after his death in 1974, the 5250: 4666: 4519: 4503: 4427: 4353: 4207: 4052: 3048: 2996:

Paris in the 18th century had many beautiful buildings, but it was not a beautiful city. The philosopher

2988: 2868:, which led to the Place de l'Étoile, convergence of hunting trails on the western edge of the city (now 2472: 910:, just outside Paris, finished in 1144. Twenty years later, the style was used on a much larger scale by 804:

quarter. To protect his new palace and the eastern flank of the city, in 1370 Charles began building the

199: 184: 4639: 4557:. Later critics complained that some of the restoration was more imaginative than precisely historical. 4535: 4466: 4199: 4162: 3935: 1535:

The architectural style of the French Renaissance continued to dominate in Paris through the Regency of

981:

The house of Nicolas Flamel (1407), considered the oldest house in Paris, was actually a kind of hostel.

6977:(1992–94), which features a glass screen between the building and the street. In 2006 he completed the 6749: 6631: 6378: 6226:, with Bernard Bijvoet (1927–31). It was made entirely of bricks of glass, supported by a metal frame. 5582: 5460: 3577: 3327: 2856:

In 1748, the Academy of Arts commissioned a monumental statue of the king on horseback by the sculptor

2521: 926: 484: 420: 368: 308: 6389:. The style was termed "Hispano-Moorish" and the design was largely influenced by the Grand Mosque of 5121:, Albert Louvet and Albert Thomas (1897–1900), had a Beaux-Arts façade concealing a vast exhibit hall. 3754: 3650: 3017: 2508:

into Paris, he did make important additions to the city's landmarks. His first major building was the

2146: 2009: 1714:

window breaking the line of the high roof. They set a model for European squares in the 18th century.

953: 941:, or first-story side gallery, in Paris. The supreme example of the new style was the upper chapel of 934: 9060: 8842: 6485: 6416: 5771: 4274: 3682: 3349: 6015: 4380:

The reading room of the Bibliothèque Nationale de France, site Richelieu (1854–75), was designed by

3199: 2689: 2657: 2603: 1416:

The other churches of the period follow the more traditional flamboyant Gothic models. They include

1409:, where the main city market was located. The church was designed by the King's favorite architect, 166: 8945: 8898: 8876: 8717: 7250: 7181: 7071: 7001: 6906:

declared a moratorium on new towers within the city, and in 1977 the City of Paris was given a new

5355: 5298: 4689: 4515: 4222: 4203: 2713: 2622: 2528: 2404: 2341: 2037: 1939: 1425: 1283: 1217: 957: 878: 706: 5046: 4550: 2193: 2089: 1923: 1429: 1389: 1244: 1156:(1549), next to the city market, celebrated the official entrance of king Henry II into Paris, by 925:

was completely rebuilt in the new style, with pointed arches and flying buttresses. The church of

9014: 8935: 7678: 7245: 7126: 6970: 6729: 6662: 6543: 6222:

or "Glass house" at 31 rue Saint-Guillaume in the 7th arrondissement, built for Doctor Dalace by

5520: 5188: 4944: 4903: 4889: 4670: 4647: 4614: 3991: 3884: 3839: 3766: 3742: 3668: 3032:. Between 1785 and 1787, the royal government built a new wall around the edges of the city (The 2869: 2810:

good example of the new style; it was a 17th-century house transformed by a new rocaille façade.

2806: 2741:

Detail of the Hôtel de Chenizot, 51 rue Saint-Louis-en-Ile, by Pierre-Vigné de Vigny (about 1720)

2294:

An elegant new form of domestic architecture, the rustic style, appeared in Paris in the wealthy

1436:(1530–35), a magnificent bridge across the center of the church. The flamboyant gothic church of 1432:(1510–86), near the modern Pantheon on Mont Sainte-Genevieve, has the only remaining Renaissance 1302: 1239:. It was lined with 68 artfully designed houses, the first example of Renaissance urbanism. King 907: 830: 57: 7020: 6978: 6489: 5184: 4329: 4175: 4118: 3975: 3900: 3859: 3537: 3524: 3447: 2311:

at 3-5 rue de l'Abbaye, (6th arr.), from 1586. The most famous examples around found around the

1869:

had built the Pavillon de l'Orloge in 1624–39 in an ornate baroque style. Between 1667 and 1678

1306: 809: 763: 9045: 7639: 6467:

Interior of the auditorium of the headquarters of the French Communist Party, by Oscar Niemeyer

6370:(1935–39) has a single nave, three neo-Byzantine cupolas, and the highest bell tower in Paris. 6351: 5914: 5159:

extended to both the right and left banks of the Seine. It gave Paris three new landmarks; the

5065:, an eclectic composition of Moorish, renaissance and other styles, on the hill of Chaillot by 4805: 4715: 4651: 4598: 4545:

The Second Empire also saw the restoration of the famed stained glass windows and structure of

4531: 4451: 4289:

of the new line opened on rue de Dunkerque in 1846. It was replaced by a much grander station,

3785: 3066: 2774: 2233: 2181: 2155: 1955: 1745: 1703: 1667: 1649: 1314: 1256: 1209: 1153: 672:

in 1871, but was rebuilt. The prison was closed in 1934, and the Conciergerie became a museum.

593:

The first clock was installed on the tower of the Horloge in 1370. The current clock is modern.

488: 483:

Romanesque and Gothic elements are found together in several old Paris churches. The church of

436: 344: 128: 6953:, or moderate-cost housing. A larger type of HLM began to appear in the mid-1950s, known as a 6717: 6709:, a geodesic sphere 36 meters in diameter made of polished stainless steel, now containing an 6474: 5528:

Chicago to see what has happening, no clients wanted to change the familiar skyline of Paris.

5062: 4973: 2217: 2185: 2139: 2041: 1959: 1878: 1817: 664:, the revolutionary tribunal was housed in the building; hundreds of persons, including Queen 6986: 6374: 6334: 6206: 6202: 6132: 6116: 5480: 4818: 4751: 4590: 4298: 3807: 3758: 3745:) had been hastily buried following their execution. It was completed and dedicated in 1826. 3690: 3630: 3357: 3311: 3037: 2997: 2973: 2709: 2685: 2637: 2588: 1402: 1374: 1358: 1117: 359: 352: 245: 4301:

began in 1847 and was finished in 1852. In 1855 it was replaced by a new station, the first

4087:

architecture, rather strict historical accuracy. The other major restorations projects were

3749:

majority of neoclassicists on the Commission of Public Buildings, who dominated until 1850.

3163:

Intended by Napoleon to be the Museum of Military Glory, the structure became the church of

2848: 1850: 7674:

Paris: Including a Description of the Principal Edifices and Curiosities of that Metropolis

7099: 6903: 6690: 6366:

region. The Church of Sainte-Odile at 2 Avenue Stephane-Mallarmé (17th arrondissement), by

6337:(1920–1924) built to honor the Muslim soldiers who died fighting for France in World War I. 5947: 5180: 4735: 4259: 4061: 4027: 3986: 3954: 3880: 3855: 3557: 2873: 2832: 2828: 2513: 2445: 2300: 1578: 1540: 147: 3060:

in a letter to the Count de Caylus in 1739, as the fountain was still under construction:

2161:

The most dramatic new feature of Paris religious architecture in the 17th century was the

1507: 1271: 1101: 608: 578: 513: 8: 8957: 8690: 7215: 7189: 6990: 6702: 5351: 4921:(1801–1875) used iron and glass to create a dramatic cathedral-like reading room for the 4782:

The church of Saint-Pierre de Montrouge (14th arrondissement) by Emile Vauremer (1863–70)

4554: 4195: 4065: 3828: 3734: 3722: 3606: 3541: 3463: 3374: 3251: 3164: 2872:). The winning plans for the square and buildings next to it were drawn by the architect 2865: 2672: 2237: 2209: 2201: 2166: 2112: 2001: 1834: 1695: 1645: 1536: 1440:(1559) has a striking Renaissance feature; a portal on right side inspired by designs of 1410: 1248: 1240: 1213: 1067: 994: 915: 903: 846: 797: 648: 616: 612: 480:, in 1163. It was one of the earliest Gothic style elements to appear in a Paris church. 468: 333: 293: 89: 7672: 6736:, finished in 1987; the Grand Louvre, including the glass pyramid (1983–89) designed by 6694: 6567: 5888:

had its moment of glory in Paris beginning in 1898, but was out of fashion by 1914. The

5627: 5613: 5541: 4243: 4093: 2917:

or 17.54 meters, with the height of the attic depending upon the width of the building.

2416: 2411: 2387: 2371: 2173: 2093: 2074: 1726: 1686:, the latter in place of the old royal garden on the Île-de-la-Cité, were both begun by 1530: 1512: 1251:, and begun in 1532 but not finished until 1628. The building was burned in 1871 by the 56:

style of architecture first appeared in Paris, and Paris architects also influenced the

8962: 8930: 8925: 8910: 7632: 7122: 7114: 7056: 6769: 6666: 6481: 6346:(1928–32), located at 186 Avenue Daumesnil in the 12th arrondissement, was designed by 6042: 5963: 5926: 5718: 5500: 5472: 5408: 5168: 5133:

The cathedral-like glass roof of the Grand Palais was supported by slender iron pillars

5070: 4511: 4479: 4034: 4007: 3697: 3533: 3443: 3369: 2778: 2754: 2532: 2476: 2131: 1830: 1687: 1568: 1544: 1318: 1298: 1229: 961: 894: 629: 624: 477: 21: 8402: 5759: 5687: 5533: 5440: 5424: 5347: 5270: 4770:

The interior of Saint-Augustin; with an iron frame supported by iron columns (1860–71)

4122: 2538:

Soufflot's Roman trip led to the design of the new church of Saint Genevieve, now the

2509: 2441: 2189: 2045: 1963: 1730: 652: 143: 8919: 8657: 8638: 8619: 8600: 8581: 8562: 8534: 8506: 8487: 8466: 8447: 8428: 8409: 8386: 8367: 8167: 6974: 6881: 6821: 6230: 5985:, built for the 1937 Exposition, is now the museum of modern art of the city of Paris 5909: 5802: 5363: 5302: 5093: 5081: 4681: 4570: 4263: 4251: 4227: 4083:

who, sometimes, as he admitted, was guided by his own scholarship of the "spirit" of

4069: 3588:

in 1767, which burned in 1802. It was the first iron frame used in a Paris building.

3584:

and the engineer François Brunet (1811). It replaced the wooden-framed dome built by

3133: 2889: 2881: 2721: 2580: 2543: 2480: 2205: 2116: 2049: 2033: 2013: 1994: 1990: 1866: 1854: 1846: 1842: 1794: 1527:, at 24 rue Pavée in the 3rd arrondissement (1585–89), designed by Thibaut Métezeau. 1474: 1441: 1275: 949: 792:

The city on the right bank continued to grow outwards. The Provost of the Merchants,

661: 637: 8837: 6876:

Until the 1960s there were no tall buildings in Paris to share the skyline with the

6753: 5171:. The Beaux-Arts façade of the Grand Palais (1897–1900), designed by Henri Deglane, 4809: 4795: 4719: 4630: 4514:

and bronze. Other notable examples of Second Empire public architecture include the

4478:

When he declared himself Emperor in 1852, Napoleon III moved his residence from the

3572:

Iron architecture made its Paris debut under Napoleon, with the construction of the

3231: 2400: 2025: 1071: 1054: 1038: 793: 644: 8989: 8952: 8940: 8915: 8905: 8893: 8881: 7070:

A flour mill and grain storage warehouse were turned into campus buildings for the

7005: 6917:

At the end of the 20th century, the tallest structure in the City of Paris and the

6674: 6508: 6504: 6382: 6194: 5042: 4829:. While the structure was supported by cast-iron columns, the façade was eclectic. 4677: 4523: 4483: 4431: 4333: 4294: 4179: 3958: 3730: 3353: 3235: 2897: 2861: 2312: 2270: 2177: 2070: 2017: 1679: 1630: 1556: 1548: 1496:, at 24 rue Pavée in the Marais. (1585–89), now the library of the history of Paris 1310: 1279: 1196: 911: 772: 665: 643:

In 1358, a rebellion of the Parisian merchants against the royal authority, led by

340: 277: 9019: 6918: 6214:

at 15 avenue Junot in the 18th arrondissement, designed by the Austrian architect

5038: 4191: 4146: 3556:, offered as a gift by the Viceroy of Egypt to Louis-Philippe, and erected on the 3520: 3411: 3365: 2004:

in the 17th century was slow to change. Interiors of new parish churches, such as

1699: 1663: 1080: 1022: 8481: 6678: 6477:, were often designed by internationally famous architects from other countries. 6342:

Several new churches were built in Paris between the wars, in varied styles. The

6219: 6168: 6054: 6050: 5982: 5946:

Pavillon of the Soviet Union from the 1925 Exposition of Decorative Arts, in the

5784: 5780: 5744: 5722: 5656: 5566: 5505: 5464: 5224: 5172: 5118: 5097: 5066: 4977: 4918: 4693: 4685: 4594: 4574: 4546: 4539: 4470: 4381: 4262:, was opened on 2 May 1843, and was greatly expanded in 1848 and 1852. The first 4187: 4166: 4088: 3939: 3701: 3686: 3545: 3341: 3195: 2681: 2584: 2512:, a new military school, on the Left Bank. It was built between 1739 and 1745 by 1894: 1882: 1874: 1858: 1821: 1813: 942: 862: 786: 680: 676: 633: 620: 550: 534: 460: 222: 162: 4909:

The most dramatic use of iron and glass was in the new central market of Paris,

4368:

Boulevard Haussmann, with the classic Haussmann-style apartment buildings (1870)

3709: 3307: 8994: 8886: 8683: 6982: 6885: 6806: 6721: 6686: 6585: 6551: 6512: 6452: 6386: 6223: 6198: 6181: 6172: 6096: 6059: 6027: 5998: 5918: 5896: 5856: 5825: 5755: 5691: 5524: 5509: 5496: 5484: 5367: 5330: 5208: 5089: 4914: 4870: 4850: 4822: 4755: 4662: 4507: 4499: 4487: 4080: 4015: 3982: 3390: 3215: 2717: 2708:

A large church with a dome, similar to Les Invalides, had been planned for the

2602:

The neoclassical façade of the church of Saint-Philippe-de-Roule (1764–84), by

2356: 2337: 2316: 2286: 2225: 2197: 2097: 2021: 1824:, was in the grand classical style of Louis XIV, symbolizing power and grandeur 1683: 1610: 1397:

Most of the churches built in Paris in the 16th century are in the traditional

320: 180: 8967: 6309:(1928–32), has modern exterior and massive reinforced concrete Byzantine dome. 5776: 5766:

style. The façade was inspired by the work of the Belgian Art Nouveau pioneer

5204: 4700: 4183: 4126: 3904: 3523:) (1654–1659), and small pyramids decorating the Anglo-Chinese gardens of the 3330:, the former grain market, the first Paris building with a metal frame. (1811) 2460:

Entrance to the royal mint, the Hôtel des Monnaies, on quai de Conti (1767–73)

956:(1489–95) with its famous twisting pillar; the elegant choir of the church of 495:

and a Romanesque bell tower. It now belongs to the Musee des Arts et Metiers.

9039: 6761: 6646: 6500: 6436: 6355: 6211: 6185: 6148: 6080: 6046: 5900: 5860: 5841: 5635: 5631: 5598: 5537: 5444: 5176: 5034: 4643: 4633:(1862), between the city hall (left) and the Church of Saint-Germain-Auxerois 4491: 4411: 4097: 4019: 3995: 3750: 3573: 3549: 3479: 3382: 3283: 3267: 2953: 2229: 2151: 1790: 1552: 1516: 1322: 1260: 1252: 1181: 1157: 948:

The Gothic Style went through another phase between 1400 and about 1550; the

669: 124: 109: 6911: 6868: 6852: 6745: 6627: 6480:

Among the earliest and most influential of the new public buildings was the

5476: 5392: 1461:

Houses at 13-15 rue Francois-Miron, 4th arrondissement (16th–17th centuries)

1228:, lavishly using cut stone and lavish ornamental sculpture, developed under 1137: 1009:

Flamboyant gothic vaulted ceiling from the tower of Jean-Sans-Peur (1409–11)

451:

The former church of Saint-Martin-des-Champs (1060–1140) is now part of the

8847: 8722: 6922: 6892: 6877: 6790: 6741: 6623: 6493: 6390: 6347: 6306: 6189: 6100: 6023: 5767: 5748: 5622: 5562: 5164: 5160: 5146: 5114: 5085: 5009: 4899: 4885: 4734:

The church of Saint-Jean-Baptiste-de-Belleville in the neo-Gothic style by

4542:(1859–62) and Theater de la Ville, facing each other on Place du Châtelet. 4390: 4302: 4290: 4011: 3974:, or Academy of Fine Arts, whose Perpetual Secretary from 1816 to 1839 was 3832: 3802: 3790: 3774: 3553: 3528: 3427: 3386: 3299: 3041: 2969: 2396: 2135: 1890: 1870: 1809: 1291: 1236: 1205: 604: 218: 49: 45: 29: 17: 6451:

Headquarters of the French Communist Party at place du Colonel Fabien, by

5634:. It was built in 1898–1900 in the palatial Beaux-Arts style by architect 5092:, and built by engineers Maurice Koechlin and Émile Nougier and architect 4758:, had a revolutionary iron frame but a classical Neo-Renaissance exterior. 4002:, weighing two hundred fifty tons, brought on a specially built ship from 3823: 1224:

also had a major effect on the new look of French buildings. A distinctly

930: 404:

The Chapel of Saint Symphorien (11th century), the earliest chapel in the

9009: 7040: 7024: 6997: 6966: 6733: 6682: 6571: 6547: 5885: 5763: 5516: 5343: 5254: 5196: 5049:, the Ministry of Justice, the Cour des Comptes, the Conseil d'Etat, the 4948: 4629:

The neo-gothic bell tower of the city hall of the 1st arrondissement, by

4349: 4084: 4060:), published in 1831. The leading figure of the restoration movement was 4023: 3851: 3356:. It was crowned with a team of bronze horses he took from the façade of 3028:(now the Chamber of Commerce) was given a neoclassical dome (1763–69) by 3025: 2757:, residence of the President of France (1718–20), by Armand-Claude Mollet 2724:, however, only the foundations and the grand portico had been finished. 2555: 2213: 1942:, the first Paris church with a façade in the new Baroque style (1616–20) 1560: 1520: 1478: 1433: 1417: 1343: 1264: 1161: 684: 660:

destroyed the residence of the King, the tower of Montgomery. During the

203: 37: 6706: 6603: 6516: 6363: 5791: 5523:, a ten-story building with a steel frame, had been built in Chicago by 5519:, making tall office buildings practical, and the first skyscraper, the 5285:

The neo-Byzantine church of Saint-Dominque, by Léon Gaudibert, (1912–25)

4039: 2618: 2539: 2257:

The residence of the Abbot of the Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés (1586)

2069:

The former church of the Convent de la Visitation Sainte-Marie, now the

1444:

for the former royal residence, the Palace of Tournelles in the Marais.

8972: 6926: 6848: 6757: 6285:

over time the brick gave way gradually to reinforced concrete façades.

6215: 6152: 6010:

had several very modern buildings, the Russian pavilions, the Art Deco

5641: 4910: 4866: 4846: 4826: 4506:(1825–1898), who won the competition against a Gothic-revival style by 4308: 3052: 2857: 1838: 1741: 1406: 1398: 921:

Other Paris churches soon adapted the Gothic style; the choir of Abbey

25: 6201:

at 10 square du Docteur-Blanche in the 16th arrondissement, built for

5879:

or ocean liner style, 3 boulevard Victor (15th arrondissement), (1935)

5779:. In 1901, the façade competition was won more extravagant architect, 4638:

The map and look of Paris changed dramatically under Napoleon III and

2786: 2531:

and the future Marquis de Marigny, the director of buildings for King

1729:(1st arr.), rue du Mail (2nd arr.), and rue Saint-Louis-en-Île on the 1278:

and erected between 1528 and 1552 west of the city in what is now the

7862: 7860: 6737: 6589: 5492: 4282: 3726: 3561: 3507: 2893: 2295: 2200:; then by a dome on the Chapel of Saint-Ursule at the college of the 1737: 1736:

Another element of the new architecture of Paris was the bridge. The

1691: 1614: 1574: 1531:

The 17th century – The Baroque, the dome, and the debut of Classicism

938: 801: 729:. Reconstruction from between 1855 and 1905 of its appearance in 1420 710: 7634:

The People of Paris: An Essay in Popular Culture in the 18th Century

4913:(1853–70), an ensemble of huge iron and glass pavilions designed by 4014:

in 1840, they were placed with great ceremony in a tomb designed by

3733:

to expiate the crime of their execution, King Louis XVIII built the

3024:

Even functional buildings were built in the neoclassical style; the

2720:; a classic colonnade topped by a massive dome. At the start of the 7134: 6645:

The Ministries of Finance and the Economy, at Bercy (1982–1988) by

5889: 5821: 5754:

A competition for new façades was held in 1898, and one winner was

5041:

and burned a number of Paris landmarks, including the 16th-century

4952: 3847: 3270:

by Charles Percier and Pierre-Françoid-Léonard Fontaine (1801–1835)

3238:

and Jean-Baptiste Lepére, sculpture by Étienne Bergeret (1806–1810)

3091:

Ruins of the abbey and church of Saint-Pierre-de-Montmartre in 1820

3070: 3057: 3009: 2798: 2790: 2517: 1564: 1041:, with its stairway in an exterior tower in the center (about 1500) 805: 726: 656: 363: 53: 7857: 7757: 6944:

HLM, or public housing project, in the Paris suburb of Saint-Denis

4486:, where his uncle Napoleon I had lived, adjoining the Louvre. His 2920: 2656:(1732–80) by Jean-Nicolas Servandoni, then Oudot de Maclaurin and 2426: 1247:, or city hall, for the city. It was designed by another Italian, 789:, was located on the right bank, centered around a massive tower. 565:

The Conciergerie; the Hall of the Men-at-Arms (early 14th century)

6710: 6099:, at 10 square du Docteur Blanche in the 16th arrondissement, by 6008:

International Exhibition of Modern Decorative and Industrial Arts

3780: 2910: 2420: 1886: 1841:

and between 1615 and 1631 she built a residence for herself, the

472: 316: 249: 7184:

campus. The architects were Nicolas Michelin and Rudy Ricciotti.

7086:

A recent Paris HLM on rue de la Saïda in the 15th arrondissement

5427:, William Bouwens Van der Boijen, in the Beaux-Arts style (1883) 5149:, with a curving stairway built of reinforced concrete and iron. 4384:

with an iron frame and glass creating the effect of a cathedral.

4293:, in 1854. The first station of the line to eastern France, the 2991:(1774) was monumental, but its tiny spouts provided little water 2727: 1690:, who also completed the first Paris bridge without houses, the 1571:, garlands of drapery, and cascades of fruit carved from stone. 632:, later known as Saint Louis, built an exquisite Gothic chapel, 611:, was established within the fortress at the western end of the 9024: 6432: 5377: 4832: 4502:, begun in 1862 but not finished until 1875. The architect was 4407: 4278: 3361: 2802: 2559: 1361:(1532–1640), a gothic church overlaid with Renaissance ornament 1221: 1177: 1133: 945:, where the walls seemed to be made entirely of stained glass. 777: 742: 683:. The tallest tower, the Tour de l'Horloge, was constructed by 105: 6570:, a conversion of a 19th-century train station (1978–1986) by 6079:

The Studio Building, Paris, an art deco apartment building by

2243: 1926:

by Claude Guérin, in the late Mannerist Gothic style (1606–21)

8706: 5211:, and with a handful of other buildings, including Guimard's 4865:

The interior of one of the giant glass and iron pavilions of

4613:

City hall of the 1st arrondissement, in neo-gothic style, by

4174:

At the same time, a small revolution was taking place at the

4003: 3999: 3793:(1818–1829), a shopping arcade covered with a glass roof, by 2448:, combined French classicism with Italian decorative elements 2172:

The most eloquent early architect of domes was the architect

1808:

The colonnade on the east façade of the Louvre (1667–68), by

1721:(15.6 metres (51 ft)) for wooden buildings and 50 to 60 8230: 8228: 7889: 7887: 7241:

List of tallest buildings and structures in the Paris region

6940: 5917:

and columns inspired by ancient Egypt. Sauvage expanded the

5747:, built for a client who wanted a house in the style of the 5585:

in the Gare de Lyon, in the ornate Belle Époque style (1902)

4853:(1853–70) seen from the roof of the church of Saint-Eustache 4210:

on the Île-de-la-Cité (1852–68); and Vaudroyer designed the

4096:. Fortunately, all the interiors were burned in 1871 by the 3047:

In 1774 Louis XV had constructed a monumental fountain, the

2303:. The earliest existing examples are the house known as the 997:(1409–11) was part of the residence of the Dukes of Burgundy 516:

as it appeared between 1412 and 1416, as illustrated in the

5227:

at 29 Avenue Rapp (7th arrondissement). The enthusiasm for

5016:, and the tallest structure in the world when it was built. 4701:

Religious architecture - the Neo-Gothic and eclectic styles

2162: 2052:, had a Gothic plan but colorful Italian-style decoration. 815: 8303: 8269: 8267: 8240: 7822: 7820: 7599: 3865: 2851:

on Place de la Concorde (1766–75), by Ange-Jacques Gabriel

315:

Very little architecture remains from the ancient town of

307:

Ancient Roman column re-used in the nave of the Church of

8339: 8327: 8315: 8291: 8225: 8117: 8107: 8105: 7995: 7884: 7379: 7377: 7375: 7362: 7360: 7358: 7345: 7343: 7273: 7271: 6932: 6197:

and built some of his first houses in Paris, notably the

5737:

Entrance to building by Jules Lavirotte at 29 Avenue Rapp

4226:

The first Paris train station, on the site of the modern

1053:

Flamboyant gothic vaulted ceiling from the chapel of the

8675: 8134: 8132: 7718:

Héron de Villefosse, René, ‘’Histoire de Paris’’, p. 303

6705:

in the 19th arrondissement, whose features included the

5840:

Apartment house at 26 Rue Vavin (6th arrondissement) by

5508:

created the interior and façades of the new building of

1857:. In the gardens, she built a magnificent fountain, the 1702:(1699–1702). Both of these squares were (1) designed by 1305:(1519–1589) planned a new palace. She sold the medieval 1074:

residence of the abbots of the Cluny Monastery, now the

8264: 8066: 7983: 7935: 7923: 7872: 7817: 7805: 7769: 7721: 7712: 7700: 7670: 7587: 7575: 7551: 7514: 7502: 7490: 7478: 7466: 7442: 7430: 7418: 7408: 7406: 7404: 5475:

launched the first modern department store in Paris Au

5317:

Art-Nouveau interior of Saint-Jean-de-Montmartre (1894)

5223:, and the ceramic-sculpture covered house by architect 4825:, the designer of the metal pavilions of the market of 4075:

The first structure to be restored was the nave of the

3548:. The grandest Egyptian element added to Paris was the 2483:, the centerpiece of a neoclassical 18th-century square 292:

Remains of a Roman wall beneath the square in front of

8213: 8189: 8102: 8078: 7971: 7947: 7899: 7832: 7781: 7652: 7372: 7355: 7340: 7304: 7301:

Brochure of the Church of Saint-Germain-des-Prés, 2015

7268: 6929:, at 225 meters, located in La Défense built in 1974. 4869:, (1853–70), the central market of Paris, designed by 4794:

The church of Saint-Ambroise (11th arrondissement) by

4064:, named by Louis-Philippe as the inspector General of 4033:

Several older monuments were put to new purposes: the

3981:

The first great architectural project of the reign of

3410:

A sphinx on the balustrade of the Hotel Salé (now the

2968:

A neoclassical customs barrier (1787–90), now part of

2813: 1140:

beginning in 1546 in the new French Renaissance style.

264:

Model of the Roman forum of Lutetia (Musée Carnavalet)

8635:

Histoire de Paris: Politique, urbanisme, civilisation

8279: 8252: 8201: 8177: 8144: 8129: 8042: 7959: 7852:

Paris et ses Fontaines, de la Renaissance a nos jours

7526: 7454: 7328: 5792:

Between the wars - Art Deco and modernism (1919–1939)

5770:; it used both elements of medieval architecture and 5374:

style, with stained glass windows in the same style.

3580:, or Chamber of Commerce). Designed by the architect 3494:

The Luxor movie palace on boulevard de Magenta (1921)

3103:

Notre Dame stripped of its statuary and spire (1820s)

1744:(1685–89), by engineer François Romain and architect 1309:, where her husband had died, and began building the 640:

which he had acquired from the Emperor of Byzantium.

8090: 7911: 7793: 7745: 7733: 7611: 7563: 7401: 7389: 7283: 5642:

Residential architecture – Beaux-Arts to Art Nouveau

4309:

Napoleon III and the Second Empire style (1848–1870)

4038:

again during the Restoration, once again became the

3149: 2386:

François Mansart kept the Renaissance portal of the

1270:

The first Renaissance Palace built in Paris was the

833:(completed 1144), the birthplace of the Gothic style 8519: 7866: 7763: 7316: 7098:Cathédrale orthodoxe russe de la Sainte-Trinité by 3838:During the Restoration, and particularly after the 2322: 2228:. The most majestic dome was that of the chapel of 1588: 1086: 328:(now rue Saint-Jacques); and an east–west axis, or 8401: 8054: 8030: 8018: 7631: 6713:theater (1980–86), designed by Adrien Feinsilber. 6135:(1927) on rue Mallet-Stevens (16th arrondissement) 2374:introduced a sober new classical residential style 1294:), which were characteristic of the French style. 897:a surviving example of Flamboyant Gothic (1509–22) 849:, with its spire and flying buttresses (1160–1330) 7854:, Collection Paris et son Patrimoine, Paris, 1995 7004:, a museum of modern and contemporary art in the 6396: 6045:, where the old Palais de Trocadero had been, by 5925:A related Paris fashion between the wars was the 5515:The safety elevator had been invented in 1852 by 4246:for the line Paris-Saint-Germain-en-Laye, at the 3708:from 1808 to 1813, was modified and completed by 3675: 3567: 1447: 467:, built between 990 and 1160 during the reign of 9037: 6415:The Maison de la Radio (16th arrondissement) by 5758:for the design of a new apartment building, the 4356:, was begun in 1864 but not finished until 1875. 3689:, begun by Napoleon. At the end of the reign of 3127:Set for the Festival of the Supreme Being (1794) 2340:at 62 rue Saint-Antoine (4th arr.) (1624–30) by 1267:, and is the oldest existing fountain in Paris. 906:was born in the rebuilding of the chevet of the 6960: 5483:, with assistance from the engineering firm of 4928: 4892:concealed a vast hall supported by iron columns 4045: 3965: 3922:on Place Saint-Georges by Édouard Renaud (1841) 3685:style. Work resumed, slowly, on the unfinished 3051:, richly decorated with classical sculpture by 2921:Paris architecture on the eve of the Revolution 2427:The 18th century – The triumph of neoclassicism 2208:; and the college des Quatres-Nations (now the 1104:, built 1528–52, demolished in the 18th century 5540:, who also designed the Gare d'Orsay, now the 4808:, begun by Christian Gau in 1841, finished by 4661:The centrepiece of the new design was the new 4234:The first train stations in Paris were called 3781:Commercial architecture – the shopping gallery 3700:was finished in 1822, and the building of the 3591: 3073:, partly made of gold and partly made of muck. 1420:(1520–52), with a plan similar to Notre-Dame; 1120:, built 1533–1628, burned 1871, restored 1882. 471:. An earlier church had been destroyed by the 44:and 1900 added Paris landmarks, including the 8691: 6065: 6032:Cité nationale de l'histoire de l'immigration 5783:, who designed a house for the ceramic maker 5362:at the foot of Montmartre. The architect was 5333:, with its discreet Art Nouveau detail (1913) 4939:The architecture of Paris created during the 2728:Régence and Louis XV residential architecture 2370:The Hotel de Guénégaud des Brosses (1653) by 1515:at 23 rue de Sévigné, (1547–49), designed by 651:, to move his residence to a new palace, the 7629: 6171:or "Glass house" built for Doctor Dalace by 5895:The leading proponents of the Art Deco were 5411:(1912) provides light to the galleries below 5378:The department store and the office building 4833:Railway stations and commercial architecture 2793:saw a gradual evolution of the style of the 2636:The unfinished west façade of the Church of 2475:on place de l'Odéon (6th arr.) (1767–83) by 2390:but built a classical façade above it (1661) 2224:on rue Saint-Honoré (1st arr.) (1670–76) by 2192:. It was followed by church of the Abbey of 1977:Interior of Saint-Paul-Saint-Louis (1627–41) 1025:, residence of the Archbishop of Sens (1498) 8616:Les Styles de l'architecture et du mobilier 8559:Paris, histoire d'une ville (XIX-XX siecle) 8408:. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. 6401: 6288: 6034:, or museum of the history of immigration. 5762:(1895–98), the first Paris building in the 5329:Interior of the Synagogue on Rue Pavée, by 5235: 4217: 3818: 3716: 3482:erected on the Place de la Concorde in 1836 2950:Demolition of houses on the Pont Notre-Dame 2903: 2565: 2244:Residential architecture – the rustic style 2184:at 899-101 rue Saint-Antoine (1627–41), by 1908: 1274:; it was a large hunting lodge designed by 1176:Ceiling of the stairway of Henri II in the 230: 8698: 8684: 8550:Guide d'architecture - France 20th century 8441: 8355: 7150: 6809:project in the 15th arrondissement (1970s) 5932: 4490:project continued the construction of the 4212:Conservatoire national des arts et métiers 4143:Conservatoire national des arts et métiers 3069:; that makes my blood boil. Paris is like 7039:The Louis Vuitton Foundation building by 6969:. His earlier work in Paris included the 6836:Towers in the 13th arrondissement (1970s) 5439:The grand gallery of the headquarters of 5407:The glass cupola of the department store 4389:The rapidly growing French economy under 3704:, or stock market, designed and begun by 1328: 691: 332:, of which traces have been found on the 319:, founded by a Celtic tribe known as the 8556: 8273: 7989: 7221:Concours de façades de la ville de Paris 6939: 6522: 6115:Residence and studio of Louis Barillet, 5670:27–29 quai Anatole-France (7th arr.) by 4958: 4221: 4042:, holding the tombs of great Frenchmen. 3822: 3784: 2145: 1751: 914:in the construction of the Cathedral of 816:Churches – the birth of the Gothic Style 598: 8632: 8613: 8575: 8547: 8486:(in French). Citadelles & Mazenod. 8399: 8380: 8361: 8309: 8246: 8219: 8195: 8111: 7977: 7953: 7905: 7838: 7787: 7658: 7605: 7532: 7460: 5088:, (1887–89), conceived by entrepreneur 4996:then the largest structure in the world 4103: 3866:The Paris of Louis-Philippe (1830–1848) 2617:The Church of Saint-Geneviéve, now the 937:was given a Gothic nave with the first 865:, the summit of Rayonnant Gothic (1250) 9038: 8651: 8597:Paris architectures de la Belle Époque 8500: 8479: 8460: 8383:Petit Larousse de l'histoire de France 8345: 8333: 8321: 8297: 8285: 8258: 8234: 8207: 8183: 8150: 8138: 8123: 8084: 8072: 8001: 7965: 7941: 7929: 7917: 7893: 7878: 7826: 7811: 7799: 7775: 7751: 7739: 7727: 7706: 7617: 7593: 7581: 7569: 7557: 7520: 7508: 7496: 7484: 7472: 7448: 7436: 7424: 7412: 7395: 7383: 7366: 7349: 7310: 7289: 7277: 7261: 7231:List of monuments historiques in Paris 6305:, 186 avenue Daumesnil (12th arr.) by 6039:Paris International Exposition of 1937 5612:Interior of the Gare d'Orsay (now the 5269:The Church of Notre-Dame d'Auteuil by 4935:Paris architecture of the Belle Époque 3077: 2640:, with its single bell tower (1754–78) 374: 280:or Roman baths (2nd or 3rd century AD) 8679: 8528: 8422: 8096: 7334: 7322: 6529:Grands Projets of François Mitterrand 6266:Facade of HBM on Avenue Simon-Bolivar 3396: 3352:and Constantine in Rome, next to the 3348:(1806–1808), copied from the arch of 2671:Project of Couture for the Church of 2583:at 196 rue Saint-Honoré (1738–39) by 2495:Courtyard of the Hôtel Salm, now the 2285:The two remaining original houses of 2196:(5th arr.) (1624–69), by Mansart and 1243:commissioned the next project; a new 20:, and has important monuments of the 8594: 8578:1000 Immeubles et monuments de Paris 8060: 8048: 8036: 8024: 6775: 6661:The François Mitterrand site of the 5548: 5199:became the most famous style of the 4804:The first neo-Gothic church was the 3138:Church of Saint-Pierre de Montmartre 2055: 2048:. Saint-Roch (1653–90), designed by 967: 367:of Notre Dame; and in the Church of 7196: 5968:1937 Paris International Exposition 5203:, particularly associated with the 3214:Napoleon rebuilt the façade of the 2814:Urbanism – the Place de la Concorde 2222:Notre-Dame de l'Assomption de Paris 1897:rebuilt the interior façade of the 60:of the second half of the century. 13: 8520:Héron de Villefosse, René (1959). 8503:La Vie des Parisiens sous Napoleon 7638:. U. of California Press. p. 7236:list of historic churches in Paris 7132:The headquarters of the newspaper 6610:, by Adrien Fainsilber (1980-1986) 6515:, who had just finished designing 5655:The Hôtel de Choudens, (1901), by 5597:The clock of the Gare d'Orsay, by 5443:at 18 rue du quatre septembre, by 5157:Paris Universal Exposition of 1900 5078:Paris Universal Exposition of 1889 5059:Paris Universal Exposition of 1878 4994:Paris Universal Exposition of 1878 4947:, neo-Byzantine and neo-Gothic to 4658:and the Church of Saint-Augustin. 3827:English neoclassical house in the 1837:, became the regent for the young 1519:, and decorated with sculpture by 748:Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry 519:Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry 498: 14: 9072: 9051:Buildings and structures in Paris 8671: 8654:Paris- Panorama de l'architecture 8463:Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris 7107: 6933:Public housing – the HLM and the 6236: 3150:The Paris of Napoleon (1800–1815) 1789:The Pavillon de l'Horloge of the 225:, Albert Louvet and Albert Thomas 7671:Louis-Sébastien Mercier (1817). 7091: 7079: 7063: 7055:The Hôtel Berlier (1986–89), by 7048: 7032: 7013: 6860: 6841: 6829: 6814: 6798: 6782: 6766:Bibliothèque nationale de France 6654: 6638: 6615: 6596: 6578: 6559: 6535: 6460: 6444: 6424: 6408: 6326: 6314: 6295: 6259: 6243: 6203:a Swiss banker and art collector 6160: 6140: 6124: 6108: 6088: 6072: 5990: 5974: 5955: 5939: 5868: 5849: 5833: 5809: 5730: 5711: 5699: 5679: 5663: 5648: 5605: 5590: 5574: 5555: 5452: 5432: 5416: 5400: 5384: 5322: 5310: 5290: 5278: 5262: 5242: 5183:and the palatial stables of the 5138: 5126: 5106: 5080:celebrated the centenary of the 5021: 5001: 4985: 4965: 4923:Bibliothèque nationale de France 4884:The Second-Empire façade of the 4877: 4858: 4839: 4787: 4775: 4763: 4743: 4727: 4707: 4622: 4606: 4582: 4562: 4459: 4439: 4419: 4399: 4373: 4361: 4341: 4321: 4202:(1844–50); Duc designed the new 4178:, led by four young architects; 4154: 4134: 4110: 4077:church of Saint-Germain-des-Prés 3946: 3927: 3911: 3892: 3872: 3812:Pierre-François-Léonard Fontaine 3795:Pierre-François-Léonard Fontaine 3739:Pierre-François-Léonard Fontaine 3657: 3638: 3618: 3611:Pierre-François-Léonard Fontaine 3598: 3499: 3487: 3471: 3455: 3435: 3419: 3403: 3319: 3291: 3275: 3259: 3243: 3223: 3207: 3187: 3172: 3156: 3120: 3108: 3096: 3084: 3040:. A few still exist, notably at 2980: 2961: 2942: 2937:by Jean-Baptiste Raguenet (1783) 2935:View of Paris from the Pont Neuf 2927: 2840: 2820: 2762: 2746: 2734: 2664: 2645: 2629: 2610: 2595: 2572: 2488: 2465: 2453: 2433: 2379: 2363: 2355:Detail of the decoration of the 2348: 2329: 2323:Residences – the classical style 2278: 2262: 2250: 2123: 2104: 2081: 2062: 1982: 1970: 1947: 1931: 1915: 1801: 1782: 1770: 1758: 1656: 1638: 1622: 1603: 1589:Royal squares and urban planning 1485: 1466: 1454: 1388:The rood screen in the interior 1381: 1366: 1351: 1335: 1188: 1169: 1145: 1125: 1109: 1093: 1087:Renaissance Paris (16th century) 1046: 1030: 1014: 1002: 986: 974: 923:church of Saint-Germain-des-Prés 886: 870: 854: 838: 822: 755: 734: 718: 698: 586: 570: 558: 542: 526: 505: 444: 428: 412: 406:church of Saint-Germain-des-Prés 397: 381: 300: 285: 269: 257: 237: 210: 191: 173: 154: 135: 116: 97: 81: 65: 8637:. Editions Jean-Paul Gisserot. 8618:. Editions Jean-Paul Gisserot. 8156: 8007: 7844: 7691: 7664: 7623: 7538: 7226:Architecture of the Paris Métro 7121:The Hôtel Berlier (1986–89) by 6360:Église Saint-Pierre-de-Chaillot 5706:Entrance of the Castel Beranger 5014:1889 Paris Universal Exposition 4992:The Gallery of Machines of the 4553:; and extensive restoration of 4406:The Paviillon Richelieu of the 4315:Haussmann's renovation of Paris 4266:opened on 10 September 1840 on 3810:in 1800. In 1834 the architect 3771:Church of Saint-Vincent-de-Paul 3665:Church of Saint-Vincent-de-Paul 2309:Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés 1195:Project for enlargement of the 549:Ceiling of the lower chapel of 465:Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés 390:Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés 248:, the open-air amphitheater of 221:(1897–1900), by Henri Deglane, 74:Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés 7295: 7171: 6981:, the Presidential project of 6397:After World War II (1946–2000) 6049:, Louis Hippolyte Boileau and 5672:Richard Bouwens van der Boijen 5463:at 29 boulevard Haussmann, by 5459:Cupola of the headquarters of 5423:Facade of the headquarters of 5207:station entrances designed by 4022:. Another Paris landmark, the 3676:Public buildings and monuments 3568:The debut of iron architecture 3515:Parisians had a taste for the 3250:Place du Châtelet and the new 2892:, including the executions of 1583:Académie royale d'architecture 1448:Houses and hôtels particuliers 1297:After the accidental death of 1116:17th-century engraving of the 745:in the 15th century, from the 1: 8442:de Finance, Laurence (2012). 7850:*Beatrice de Andia (editor), 7256: 6728:("Great Works") included the 6699:City of Sciences and Industry 6693:, were the conversion of the 6608:City of Sciences and Industry 6488:. Bernard had studied at the 6385:, and the Sultan of Morocco, 5051:Palais de la Légion d'Honneur 4656:Tribunal de commerce de Paris 4528:Tribunal de commerce de Paris 4448:Tribunal de commerce de Paris 3789:The Galerie d'Orleans at the 3706:Alexandre-Théodore Brongniart 3304:Alexandre-Théodore Brongniart 3302:, or Paris stock exchange by 3143:Festival of the Supreme Being 2876:. Gabriel designed two large 2554:and vestibule decorated with 2497:Palais de la Légion d'Honneur 1861:, also on the Italian model. 1765:The Luxembourg Palace in 1643 1477:(1547–48), with sculpture by 845:The later eastern portion of 636:, to house the relics of the 388:Romanesque bell tower of the 42:Exposition Universelle (1889) 8614:Renault, Christophe (2006). 6961:Contemporary (2001–present ) 6254:, at 99 Avenue Simon-Bolivar 4980:and Jules Bourdais (1876–78) 4929:The Belle Époque (1871–1913) 4925:, site Richelieu (1854–75). 4806:Basilica of Sainte-Clothilde 4716:Basilica of Sainte-Clothilde 4046:Preservation and restoration 3966:Monuments and public squares 3840:coronation of King Charles X 3647:Notre-Dame-de-Bonne-Nouvelle 3586:Nicolas Le Camus de Mézières 3532:architecture, including the 3346:Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel 3335: 3180:Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel 3071:the statue of Nabuchodonosor 3030:Nicolas Le Camus de Mézières 2880:with a street between them, 2831:for Place Louis XV, now the 2753:The Hotel d'Évreux, now the 2703:Pierre-Louis Moreau-Desproux 1286:in the 16th arrondissement. 7: 7209: 6888:, and Hauts de Belleville. 6586:Pyramid of the Grand Louvre 5796: 4053:The Hunchback of Notre-Dame 3777:railway station (1861–66). 3592:The Restoration (1815–1830) 3368:(1806–10), copied from the 3049:Fontaine des Quatre-Saisons 2989:Fontaine des Quatre-Saisons 2579:The late baroque church of 2269:The Pavillon de a Reine of 1829:After the assassination of 1525:Hôtel d'Angoulême Lamoignon 1494:Hôtel d'Angoulême Lamoignon 1076:Musée national du Moyen Âge 577:The original towers of the 349:Musée national du Moyen Âge 52:. In the 20th century, the 10: 9077: 8557:Marchand, Bernard (1993). 8548:Lemoine, Bertrand (2000). 8446:. Éditions du Patrimoine. 8427:. Éditions du Patrimoine. 6951:Habitations à loyer moderé 6908:Plan d'Occupation des Sols 6750:Johan Otto von Spreckelsen 6632:Johan Otto von Spreckelsen 6526: 6379:Maurice Tranchant de Lunel 5905:Théâtre des Champs-Élysées 5818:Théâtre des Champs-Élysées 5800: 4932: 4815:Saint-Eugene-Sainte-Cecile 4348:The grand stairway of the 4312: 3769:, who built the church of 3765:(1823–36); (1823–30); and 3426:Pyramid in the gardens of 3254:, by Étienne Bouhot (1810) 3115:Rue des Colonnes (1793–95) 3034:Wall of the Ferme générale 2522:Giovanni Battista Piranesi 927:Saint-Pierre de Montmartre 485:Saint-Pierre de Montmartre 421:Saint-Pierre de Montmartre 369:Saint-Pierre de Montmartre 309:Saint-Pierre de Montmartre 9005: 8833: 8713: 8705: 8633:Sarmant, Thierry (2012). 8166:(2010), Éditions Nassin, 6867:The business district of 6252:Habitiations à bon marché 5489:Bazar de l'Hôtel de Ville 4819:Church of Saint Augustine 4752:Church of Saint Augustine 4697:all designed by Davioud. 4597:(1856–61), where the new 4275:James Mayer de Rothschild 3350:Arch of Septimius Severus 3202:, not finished until 1836 2410:After 1650 the architect 1438:Saint-Nicholas-des-Champs 1422:Saint-Germain l'Auxerrois 1218:Italian Renaissance style 453:Musée des arts et métiers 24:, Classical revival, the 8576:Poisson, Michel (2009). 8381:Bezbakh, Pierre (2004). 8362:Antoine, Michel (1989). 7867:Héron de Villefosse 1959 7764:Héron de Villefosse 1959 7251:French Restoration style 7182:Paris Diderot University 7072:Paris Diderot University 7002:Louis Vuitton Foundation 6748:by the Danish architect 6435:(7th arrondissement) by 6402:The triumph of modernism 6274:Habitations à bon marché 6066:Residential architecture 5725:at 29 Avenue Rapp (1901) 5356:Saint-Jean-de-Montmartre 5299:Saint-Jean-de-Montmartre 5179:, the hotels beside the 5061:saw the building of the 4754:(1860–71), by architect 4690:Parc des Buttes Chaumont 4589:Fontaine de la Paix, or 4218:The first train stations 4200:Sainte-Geneviève Library 4163:Sainte-Geneviève Library 3985:was the remaking of the 3936:Sainte-Geneviève Library 3819:Residential architecture 3582:François-Joseph Bélanger 3006:Embellissements de Paris 2904:Urbanism under Louis XVI 2623:Jacques-Germain Soufflot 2529:Jacques-Germain Soufflot 2405:Jean Androuet du Cerceau 2342:Jean Androuet du Cerceau 2038:St-Gervais-et-St-Protais 1940:St-Gervais-et-St-Protais 1426:St-Gervais-et-St-Protais 1226:French Renaissance style 958:St-Gervais-et-St-Protais 879:St-Gervais-et-St-Protais 707:wall of Philippe Auguste 231:Gallo-Roman architecture 104:Renaissance wing of the 9015:Paris metropolitan area 8599:. Éditions Parigramme. 8501:Fierro, Alfred (2003). 8480:Fierro, Alfred (1997). 8461:Fierro, Alfred (1996). 8423:Delon, Monique (2000). 8356:Books cited in the text 7246:Neoclassicism in France 7151:Ecological architecture 7127:French National Library 6996:The American architect 6971:Institut du Monde Arabe 6768:(1989–95), designed by 6730:Institut du Monde Arabe 6716:Between 1981 and 1995, 6663:French National Library 6544:Centre Georges Pompidou 6278:Immeubles à loyer moyen 6012:Hôtel du collectionneur 5933:Exposition architecture 5521:Home Insurance Building 5395:department store (1875) 5012:was the gateway of the 4904:Jacques Ignace Hittorff 4890:Jacques Ignace Hittorff 4718:by Christian Gau, then 4671:Jacques Ignace Hittorff 4648:Boulevard Saint-Germain 4615:Jacques Ignace Hittorff 3992:Jacques Ignace Hittorff 3972:Academie des Beaux-Arts 3953:The July Column in the 3885:Jacques Ignace Hittorff 3767:Jacques Ignace Hittorff 3755:Étienne-Hippolyte Godde 3743:Basilica of Saint-Denis 3669:Jacques Ignace Hittorff 3651:Étienne-Hippolyte Godde 3446:at 42 rue de Sèvres by 3018:Louis-Sébastien Mercier 2870:Place Charles de Gaulle 2654:Church of Saint-Sulpice 2088:Church of the Abbey of 1613:and the newly finished 1132:The Lescot wing of the 954:Church of Saint-Séverin 935:Church of Saint-Séverin 908:Basilica of Saint-Denis 831:Basilica of Saint-Denis 343:, can still be seen on 58:postmodern architecture 9056:Architecture in France 8652:Texier, Simon (2012). 8400:Combeau, Yvan (2013). 7202:The new style, called 6945: 6871:, to the west of Paris 6344:Église du Saint-Esprit 6303:Church of Saint-Esprit 6289:Religious architecture 6016:Émile-Jacques Ruhlmann 5903:. Perret designed the 5251:Basilica of Sacré-Cœur 5236:Religious architecture 4652:Boulevard Saint-Michel 4599:Boulevard Saint-Michel 4569:Temple of Love in the 4532:Antoine-Nicolas Bailly 4452:Antoine-Nicolas Bailly 4231: 4018:beneath the church of 3835: 3797: 3717:Religious architecture 3506:The Louvre Pyramid by 3375:Église de la Madeleine 3200:Jean-François Chalgrin 3075: 3067:faubourg Saint-Germain 2690:Jean-François Chalgrin 2658:Jean-François Chalgrin 2604:Jean-François Chalgrin 2566:Religious architecture 2403:, (1624–29), built by 2305:Maison de Jacques Cœur 2234:Jules Hardouin-Mansart 2182:Saint-Paul-Saint-Louis 2158: 2156:Jules Hardouin-Mansart 1956:Saint-Paul-Saint-Louis 1909:Religious architecture 1746:Jules Hardouin-Mansart 1704:Jules Hardouin-Mansart 1668:Jules Hardouin-Mansart 1650:Jules Hardouin-Mansart 1629:The Place Royale (now 1329:Religious architecture 1317:. During the reign of 1257:Fontaine des Innocents 1154:Fontaine des Innocents 692:City walls and castles 489:Saint-Julien-le-Pauvre 437:Saint-Julien-le-Pauvre 345:Boulevard Saint-Michel 200:Basilica of Sacré-Cœur 167:Jean-François Chalgrin 129:Jules Hardouin-Mansart 28:style of the reign of 8595:Plum, Gilles (2014). 8561:. Éditions du Seuil. 8505:. Soteca Napoleon I. 7677:. C. Taylor. p. 7630:Daniel Roche (1987). 6987:Philharmonie de Paris 6943: 6681:. It was designed by 6527:Further information: 6523:Presidential projects 6375:Grand Mosque of Paris 6335:Grand Mosque of Paris 6207:Robert Mallet-Stevens 6133:Robert Mallet-Stevens 6117:Robert Mallet-Stevens 5859:department store, by 5481:Louis-Charles Boileau 4959:The Great Expositions 4591:Fontaine Saint-Michel 4551:Eugène Viollet-le-Duc 4299:Montereau-Fault-Yonne 4225: 3826: 3808:Passage des Panoramas 3788: 3763:Notre-Dame-de-Lorette 3759:Louis-Hippolyte Lebas 3631:Louis-Hippolyte Lebas 3627:Notre-Dame-de-Lorette 3312:Louis-Hippolyte Lebas 3062: 3038:Claude Nicolas Ledoux 2998:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 2974:Claude Nicolas Ledoux 2789:and then the rule of 2714:Pierre Contant d'Ivry 2710:Place de la Madeleine 2699:Jean Hardouin-Mansart 2686:Jules-Robert de Cotte 2638:Saint-Eustache, Paris 2589:Jules-Robert de Cotte 2149: 1924:Saint-Étienne-du-Mont 1752:Palaces and monuments 1430:Saint-Étienne-du-Mont 1390:Saint-Étienne-du-Mont 599:The Palais de la Cité 360:Pillar of the Boatmen 8533:. Baseline Co. LTD. 8529:Lahor, Jean (2007). 7100:Jean-Michel Wilmotte 7021:Musée du Quai Branly 6979:Musée du Quai Branly 6490:École des Beaux-Arts 6431:The headquarters of 6250:A block of HBMs, or 6147:The house of artist 6058:and Avenue Iena, by 5545:of the titles hall. 5185:Château de Chantilly 5181:Place de la Concorde 5145:The interior of the 5117:, by Henri Deglane, 4736:Jean-Baptiste Lassus 4305:, on the same site. 4196:architectural styles 4176:École des Beaux-Arts 4119:École des Beaux-Arts 4104:The Beaux-Arts style 4028:Place de la Bastille 3987:Place de la Concorde 3976:Quatremère de Quincy 3955:Place de la Bastille 3901:École des Beaux-Arts 3881:Place de la Concorde 3558:Place de la Concorde 3538:François-Jean Bralle 3536:on rue de Sèvres by 3525:Château de Bagatelle 3448:François-Jean Bralle 2874:Ange-Jacques Gabriel 2833:Place de la Concorde 2829:Ange-Jacques Gabriel 2514:Ange-Jacques Gabriel 2446:Ange-Jacques Gabriel 2301:Palais de Versailles 2220:; and the church of 2010:Saint-Louis-en-l'Île 1833:in 1610, his widow, 1307:Hôtel des Tournelles 1303:Catherine de' Medici 810:Château de Vincennes 764:Château de Vincennes 148:Ange-Jacques Gabriel 8348:, pp. 172–173. 8336:, pp. 178–179. 8324:, pp. 180–181. 8312:, pp. 285–286. 8300:, pp. 152–153. 8249:, pp. 799–815. 8237:, pp. 170–171. 8126:, pp. 138–139. 8004:, pp. 118–119. 7896:, pp. 900–901. 7608:, pp. 556–557. 7262:Notes and citations 7216:French architecture 6991:Parc de la Villette 6973:(1982–87), and the 6855:, 225 meters (1974) 6824:, 210 meters (1973) 6718:François Mitterrand 6703:Parc de la Villette 6475:François Mitterrand 6352:Sacré-Cœur Basilica 5863:, Paris (1925–1928) 5352:reinforced concrete 5221:16th arrondissement 5063:Palais du Trocadéro 5045:, the 17th-century 4974:Palais du Trocadéro 4555:Notre-Dame de Paris 4536:Théâtre du Châtelet 4534:(1860–65), and the 4467:Théâtre du Châtelet 4058:Notre-Dame de Paris 3735:Chapelle expiatoire 3607:Chapelle expiatoire 3542:Fontaine du Palmier 3464:Fontaine du Palmier 3387:Palais de la Bourse 3252:Fontaine du Palmier 3078:Revolutionary Paris 2473:Théâtre de l'Europe 2238:Charles de La Fosse 2210:Institute of France 2186:Étienne Martellange 2167:Giacomo della Porta 2042:Étienne Martellange 2002:Church architecture 1960:Étienne Martellange 1696:Place des Victoires 1646:Place des Victoires 1595:Residential Squares 1508:hôtels particuliers 1411:Domenico da Cortona 1315:Philibert de l'Orme 1313:in using architect 1301:in 1559, his widow 1249:Domenico da Cortona 1068:Tour Jean-sans-Peur 995:Tour Jean-sans-Peur 916:Notre-Dame de Paris 904:Gothic architecture 861:The upper level of 847:Notre-Dame de Paris 713:quarter (1190–1202) 647:, caused the King, 375:Romanesque churches 294:Notre-Dame de Paris 90:Notre-Dame de Paris 8524:. Bernard Grasset. 8465:. Robert Laffont. 8444:La Sainte-Chapelle 7546:’Histoire de Paris 7544:Sarmant, Thierry, 7190:Jakob + MacFarlane 7123:Dominique Perrault 7115:Dominique Perrault 7057:Dominique Perrault 6946: 6770:Dominique Perrault 6667:Dominique Perrault 6649:and Borja Huidobro 6482:Maison de la Radio 6282:Cité de Montmartre 6043:Palais de Chaillot 5964:Palais de Chaillot 5719:Lavirotte Building 5501:Galeries Lafayette 5473:Aristide Boucicaut 5409:Galeries Lafayette 5169:Pont Alexandre III 5071:Palais de Chaillot 4520:Court of Cassation 4428:Court of Cassation 4232: 4208:Court of Cassation 4066:Historic Monuments 3836: 3798: 3698:Canal Saint-Martin 3578:Bourse de Commerce 3534:Fontaine du Fellah 3444:Fontaine du Fellah 3397:The Egyptian style 3358:St Mark's Basilica 3328:Bourse de Commerce 2849:Hôtel de la Marine 2779:Mathurin Cherpitel 2722:Revolution of 1789 2548:Hotel des Monnaies 2477:Marie-Joseph Peyre 2159: 2132:Institut de France 1851:Marin de la Vallée 1543:and the ministers 1299:Henry II of France 1263:with sculpture by 962:Tour Saint-Jacques 895:Tour Saint-Jacques 478:Pope Alexander III 22:French Renaissance 9033: 9032: 8870:tallest buildings 8865:era of absolutism 8843:Charles de Gaulle 8663:978-2-84096-667-8 8606:978-2-84096-800-9 8587:978-2-84096-539-8 8540:978-1-85995-667-0 8522:Histoire de Paris 8493:978-2-85088-150-3 8453:978-2-7577-0246-8 8434:978-2-85822-298-8 8415:978-2-13-060852-3 8404:Histoire de Paris 8172:978-2-7072-0683-1 8162:Dumoulin, Aline, 8075:, pp. 86–87. 8051:, pp. 34–35. 7944:, pp. 78–79. 7932:, pp. 90–91. 7881:, pp. 76–77. 7829:, pp. 74–75. 7814:, pp. 70–71. 7778:, pp. 84–85. 7730:, pp. 68–69. 7709:, pp. 66–67. 7596:, pp. 54–55. 7584:, pp. 52–53. 7560:, pp. 58–59. 7523:, pp. 44–45. 7511:, pp. 30–31. 7499:, pp. 40–41. 7487:, pp. 36–37. 7475:, pp. 38–39. 7451:, pp. 28–29. 7439:, pp. 24–25. 7427:, pp. 26–27. 7386:, pp. 22–23. 7369:, pp. 14–15. 7352:, pp. 12–13. 7337:, pp. 12–37. 7313:, pp. 10–11. 7280:, pp. 11–12. 6975:Fondation Cartier 6904:Giscard d'Estaing 6822:Tour Montparnasse 6793:330 meters (1889) 6776:The age of towers 6701:(1980–86) in the 6691:Giscard d'Estaing 6231:Michel Roux-Spitz 6020:Pavillon d'Esprit 5910:Mobilier National 5803:Art Deco in Paris 5549:Railroad stations 5364:Anatole de Baudot 5303:Anatole de Baudot 5094:Stephen Sauvestre 5082:French Revolution 4682:Bois de Vincennes 4571:Bois de Vincennes 4516:Palais de Justice 4330:avenue de l'Opéra 4264:Gare Montparnasse 4260:Gare d'Austerlitz 4252:Gare Saint-Lazare 4248:Place de l'Europe 4242:was built by the 4228:Gare Saint-Lazare 4204:Palais de Justice 4008:ashes of Napoleon 3920:hôtel particulier 3899:Courtyard of the 3134:French Revolution 2890:French Revolution 2795:hôtel particulier 2775:Hôtel du Châtelet 2544:French Revolution 2481:Charles de Wailly 2206:Jacques Lemercier 2117:Jacques Lemercier 2056:Debut of the dome 2050:Jacques Lemercier 2034:Salomon de Brosse 1995:Jacques Lemercier 1867:Jacques Lemercier 1855:Jacques Lemercier 1847:Salomon de Brosse 1843:Luxembourg Palace 1795:Jacques Lemercier 1475:Carnavalet Museum 1442:Philibert Delorme 1284:Trocadero Gardens 1276:Philibert Delorme 1272:Château de Madrid 1102:Château de Madrid 1037:Courtyard of the 968:Houses and manors 950:Flamboyant Gothic 929:was rebuilt with 829:The choir of the 705:A vestige of the 662:French Revolution 638:Passion of Christ 609:Palais de la Cité 579:Palais de la Cité 514:Palais de la Cité 40:style. The great 9068: 9061:History of Paris 8899:Vélib' Métropole 8700: 8693: 8686: 8677: 8676: 8667: 8648: 8644:978-2-755-803303 8629: 8625:978-2-877474-658 8610: 8591: 8572: 8553: 8544: 8525: 8516: 8497: 8476: 8457: 8438: 8419: 8407: 8396: 8377: 8349: 8343: 8337: 8331: 8325: 8319: 8313: 8307: 8301: 8295: 8289: 8283: 8277: 8271: 8262: 8256: 8250: 8244: 8238: 8232: 8223: 8217: 8211: 8205: 8199: 8193: 8187: 8181: 8175: 8164:Églises de Paris 8160: 8154: 8148: 8142: 8136: 8127: 8121: 8115: 8109: 8100: 8094: 8088: 8082: 8076: 8070: 8064: 8058: 8052: 8046: 8040: 8034: 8028: 8022: 8016: 8011: 8005: 7999: 7993: 7987: 7981: 7975: 7969: 7963: 7957: 7951: 7945: 7939: 7933: 7927: 7921: 7915: 7909: 7903: 7897: 7891: 7882: 7876: 7870: 7864: 7855: 7848: 7842: 7836: 7830: 7824: 7815: 7809: 7803: 7797: 7791: 7785: 7779: 7773: 7767: 7761: 7755: 7749: 7743: 7737: 7731: 7725: 7719: 7716: 7710: 7704: 7698: 7695: 7689: 7688: 7686: 7685: 7668: 7662: 7656: 7650: 7649: 7647: 7646: 7637: 7627: 7621: 7615: 7609: 7603: 7597: 7591: 7585: 7579: 7573: 7567: 7561: 7555: 7549: 7542: 7536: 7530: 7524: 7518: 7512: 7506: 7500: 7494: 7488: 7482: 7476: 7470: 7464: 7458: 7452: 7446: 7440: 7434: 7428: 7422: 7416: 7410: 7399: 7393: 7387: 7381: 7370: 7364: 7353: 7347: 7338: 7332: 7326: 7320: 7314: 7308: 7302: 7299: 7293: 7287: 7281: 7275: 7095: 7083: 7067: 7052: 7036: 7017: 7006:Bois de Boulogne 6864: 6845: 6833: 6818: 6802: 6786: 6675:Georges Pompidou 6658: 6642: 6619: 6600: 6588:(1983–1989), by 6582: 6563: 6539: 6509:Pier Luigi Nervi 6505:Bernard Zehrfuss 6464: 6448: 6428: 6412: 6383:Gaston Doumergue 6330: 6318: 6299: 6263: 6247: 6195:Pierre Jeanneret 6164: 6144: 6128: 6112: 6092: 6076: 5994: 5978: 5959: 5943: 5875:Building in the 5872: 5853: 5837: 5813: 5734: 5715: 5703: 5683: 5667: 5652: 5616:) in about 1900. 5609: 5594: 5578: 5559: 5461:Société Générale 5456: 5436: 5420: 5404: 5391:Interior of the 5388: 5360:rue des Abbesses 5326: 5314: 5294: 5282: 5266: 5246: 5142: 5130: 5110: 5043:Tuileries Palace 5025: 5005: 4989: 4972:The neo-Moorish 4969: 4881: 4862: 4843: 4791: 4779: 4767: 4747: 4731: 4711: 4678:Bois de Boulogne 4626: 4610: 4586: 4566: 4524:Joseph-Louis Duc 4484:Tuileries Palace 4463: 4443: 4432:Joseph-Louis Duc 4423: 4403: 4377: 4365: 4345: 4334:Camille Pissarro 4325: 4244:Péreire brothers 4180:Joseph-Louis Duc 4158: 4138: 4114: 4094:Eugène Delacroix 3959:Joseph-Louis Duc 3950: 3934:Interior of the 3931: 3918:Neo-Renaissance 3915: 3896: 3879:Fountain in the 3876: 3860:Troubadour style 3829:Square d'Orleans 3731:Marie Antoinette 3661: 3649:(1828–1830), by 3642: 3622: 3602: 3503: 3491: 3475: 3459: 3439: 3423: 3407: 3354:Tuileries Palace 3323: 3295: 3279: 3263: 3247: 3236:Jacques Gondouin 3227: 3211: 3191: 3176: 3160: 3124: 3112: 3100: 3088: 2984: 2965: 2946: 2931: 2898:Marie Antoinette 2862:Tuileries Garden 2844: 2824: 2766: 2750: 2738: 2668: 2649: 2633: 2614: 2599: 2576: 2560:caisson ceilings 2492: 2469: 2457: 2437: 2417:Hôtel Carnavalet 2412:François Mansart 2388:Hôtel Carnavalet 2383: 2372:François Mansart 2367: 2352: 2333: 2313:Place des Vosges 2282: 2271:Place des Vosges 2266: 2254: 2218:François d'Orbay 2178:Temple du Marais 2174:François Mansart 2140:François d'Orbay 2127: 2108: 2094:François Mansart 2085: 2075:François Mansart 2071:Temple du Marais 2066: 2018:Council of Trent 1986: 1974: 1951: 1935: 1919: 1879:François d'Orbay 1835:Marie de' Medici 1818:François d'Orbay 1805: 1786: 1774: 1762: 1740:(1599–1604) and 1727:rue Saint-Honoré 1680:Place des Vosges 1666:(1699–1702), by 1660: 1642: 1631:Place des Vosges 1626: 1607: 1537:Marie de' Medici 1513:Hôtel Carnavalet 1489: 1470: 1458: 1385: 1370: 1355: 1339: 1311:Tuileries Palace 1280:Bois de Boulogne 1197:Tuileries Palace 1192: 1173: 1149: 1129: 1113: 1097: 1050: 1034: 1018: 1006: 990: 978: 912:Maurice de Sully 890: 874: 858: 842: 826: 773:Philippe-Auguste 766:(completed 1369) 759: 738: 722: 702: 666:Marie Antoinette 617:Robert the Pious 590: 574: 562: 546: 533:Upper chapel of 530: 509: 469:Robert the Pious 448: 432: 416: 401: 385: 353:Arènes de Lutèce 341:Thermes de Cluny 304: 289: 278:Thermes de Cluny 273: 261: 252:(1st century AD) 246:Arènes de Lutèce 241: 214: 195: 177: 158: 139: 120: 101: 85: 69: 9076: 9075: 9071: 9070: 9069: 9067: 9066: 9065: 9036: 9035: 9034: 9029: 9001: 8829: 8718:Arrondissements 8709: 8704: 8674: 8664: 8645: 8626: 8607: 8588: 8569: 8541: 8513: 8494: 8473: 8454: 8435: 8425:La Conciergerie 8416: 8393: 8374: 8358: 8353: 8352: 8344: 8340: 8332: 8328: 8320: 8316: 8308: 8304: 8296: 8292: 8284: 8280: 8272: 8265: 8257: 8253: 8245: 8241: 8233: 8226: 8218: 8214: 8206: 8202: 8194: 8190: 8182: 8178: 8161: 8157: 8149: 8145: 8137: 8130: 8122: 8118: 8110: 8103: 8095: 8091: 8087:, p. 2012. 8083: 8079: 8071: 8067: 8059: 8055: 8047: 8043: 8035: 8031: 8023: 8019: 8012: 8008: 8000: 7996: 7988: 7984: 7976: 7972: 7964: 7960: 7952: 7948: 7940: 7936: 7928: 7924: 7916: 7912: 7904: 7900: 7892: 7885: 7877: 7873: 7865: 7858: 7849: 7845: 7837: 7833: 7825: 7818: 7810: 7806: 7798: 7794: 7786: 7782: 7774: 7770: 7762: 7758: 7750: 7746: 7738: 7734: 7726: 7722: 7717: 7713: 7705: 7701: 7696: 7692: 7683: 7681: 7669: 7665: 7657: 7653: 7644: 7642: 7628: 7624: 7616: 7612: 7604: 7600: 7592: 7588: 7580: 7576: 7568: 7564: 7556: 7552: 7543: 7539: 7531: 7527: 7519: 7515: 7507: 7503: 7495: 7491: 7483: 7479: 7471: 7467: 7459: 7455: 7447: 7443: 7435: 7431: 7423: 7419: 7411: 7402: 7394: 7390: 7382: 7373: 7365: 7356: 7348: 7341: 7333: 7329: 7325:, pp. 6–8. 7321: 7317: 7309: 7305: 7300: 7296: 7292:, pp. 8–9. 7288: 7284: 7276: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7212: 7199: 7174: 7153: 7110: 7103: 7096: 7087: 7084: 7075: 7068: 7059: 7053: 7044: 7037: 7028: 7018: 6963: 6938: 6872: 6865: 6856: 6846: 6837: 6834: 6825: 6819: 6810: 6803: 6794: 6787: 6778: 6756:, by architect 6679:Centre Pompidou 6669: 6665:(1989–1995) by 6659: 6650: 6643: 6634: 6630:(1983–1989) by 6620: 6611: 6601: 6592: 6583: 6574: 6564: 6555: 6540: 6531: 6525: 6468: 6465: 6456: 6449: 6440: 6429: 6420: 6413: 6404: 6399: 6338: 6331: 6322: 6319: 6310: 6300: 6291: 6267: 6264: 6255: 6248: 6239: 6220:Maison de Verre 6176: 6169:Maison de Verre 6165: 6156: 6145: 6136: 6129: 6120: 6113: 6104: 6093: 6084: 6077: 6068: 6055:Palais de Tokyo 6002: 5995: 5986: 5983:Palais de Tokyo 5979: 5970: 5960: 5951: 5944: 5935: 5880: 5873: 5864: 5854: 5845: 5838: 5829: 5814: 5805: 5799: 5794: 5785:Alexandre Bigot 5781:Jules Lavirotte 5760:Castel Béranger 5745:Charles Girault 5738: 5735: 5726: 5723:Jules Lavirotte 5716: 5707: 5704: 5695: 5688:Castel Béranger 5684: 5675: 5668: 5659: 5657:Charles Girault 5653: 5644: 5617: 5610: 5601: 5595: 5586: 5583:Train Bleu café 5579: 5570: 5567:Marius Toudoire 5565:, by architect 5560: 5551: 5534:Crédit Lyonnais 5506:Frantz Jourdain 5468: 5465:Jacques Hermant 5457: 5448: 5441:Crédit Lyonnais 5437: 5428: 5425:Crédit Lyonnais 5421: 5412: 5405: 5396: 5389: 5380: 5366:, a student of 5348:Émile Vaudremer 5334: 5327: 5318: 5315: 5306: 5295: 5286: 5283: 5274: 5271:Émile Vaudremer 5267: 5258: 5247: 5238: 5225:Jules Lavirotte 5217:rue La Fontaine 5213:Castel Béranger 5173:Charles Girault 5150: 5143: 5134: 5131: 5122: 5119:Charles Girault 5111: 5098:Victor Contamin 5067:Gabriel Davioud 5029: 5026: 5017: 5006: 4997: 4990: 4981: 4978:Gabriel Davioud 4970: 4961: 4937: 4931: 4919:Henri Labrouste 4893: 4882: 4873: 4863: 4854: 4844: 4835: 4799: 4792: 4783: 4780: 4771: 4768: 4759: 4748: 4739: 4732: 4723: 4712: 4703: 4694:Gabriel Davioud 4686:Parc Montsouris 4667:Charles Garnier 4640:Baron Haussmann 4634: 4627: 4618: 4611: 4602: 4595:Gabriel Davioud 4587: 4578: 4575:Gabriel Davioud 4567: 4547:Sainte-Chapelle 4540:Gabriel Davioud 4526:(1862–68); the 4504:Charles Garnier 4474: 4471:Gabriel Davioud 4464: 4455: 4444: 4435: 4424: 4415: 4404: 4385: 4382:Henri Labrouste 4378: 4369: 4366: 4357: 4354:Charles Garnier 4346: 4337: 4326: 4317: 4311: 4268:avenue du Maine 4220: 4188:Henri Labrouste 4170: 4167:Henri Labrouste 4159: 4150: 4139: 4130: 4125:(1819–32) then 4123:François Debret 4115: 4106: 4089:Sainte-Chapelle 4062:Prosper Mérimée 4048: 3968: 3961: 3957:(1831–1840) by 3951: 3942: 3940:Henri Labrouste 3938:(1844–1850) by 3932: 3923: 3916: 3907: 3903:(1832–1870) by 3897: 3888: 3877: 3868: 3856:Frédéric Chopin 3831:(1829–1835) by 3821: 3783: 3719: 3702:Bourse de Paris 3687:Arc de Triomphe 3678: 3671: 3667:(1824–1844) by 3662: 3653: 3643: 3634: 3629:(1823–1836) by 3623: 3614: 3603: 3594: 3570: 3546:Gabriel Davioud 3540:(1807) and the 3511: 3504: 3495: 3492: 3483: 3476: 3467: 3466:(1808 and 1858) 3460: 3451: 3440: 3431: 3424: 3415: 3408: 3399: 3370:Trajan's Column 3342:Arc de Triomphe 3338: 3331: 3324: 3315: 3296: 3287: 3280: 3271: 3264: 3255: 3248: 3239: 3228: 3219: 3212: 3203: 3196:Arc de Triomphe 3192: 3183: 3177: 3168: 3161: 3152: 3128: 3125: 3116: 3113: 3104: 3101: 3092: 3089: 3080: 2992: 2985: 2976: 2966: 2957: 2947: 2938: 2932: 2923: 2906: 2852: 2845: 2836: 2825: 2816: 2781: 2767: 2758: 2751: 2742: 2739: 2730: 2682:Robert de Cotte 2676: 2669: 2660: 2650: 2641: 2634: 2625: 2615: 2606: 2600: 2591: 2585:Robert de Cotte 2577: 2568: 2510:École Militaire 2503: 2501:Pierre Rousseau 2493: 2484: 2470: 2461: 2458: 2449: 2442:École Militaire 2438: 2429: 2391: 2384: 2375: 2368: 2359: 2353: 2344: 2334: 2325: 2290: 2283: 2274: 2267: 2258: 2255: 2246: 2190:François Derand 2142: 2128: 2119: 2109: 2100: 2086: 2077: 2067: 2058: 2046:François Derand 1997: 1987: 1978: 1975: 1966: 1964:François Derand 1952: 1943: 1936: 1927: 1920: 1911: 1895:Claude Perrault 1883:Claude Perrault 1875:Charles Le Brun 1859:Medici Fountain 1825: 1822:Claude Perrault 1814:Charles Le Brun 1806: 1797: 1787: 1778: 1775: 1766: 1763: 1754: 1731:Île Saint-Louis 1682:, 1605–12) and 1675: 1674: 1673: 1670: 1661: 1652: 1643: 1634: 1627: 1618: 1608: 1597: 1596: 1591: 1533: 1497: 1490: 1481: 1471: 1462: 1459: 1450: 1393: 1386: 1377: 1371: 1362: 1356: 1347: 1340: 1331: 1200: 1193: 1184: 1174: 1165: 1150: 1141: 1130: 1121: 1114: 1105: 1098: 1089: 1058: 1051: 1042: 1035: 1026: 1019: 1010: 1007: 998: 991: 982: 979: 970: 943:Sainte-Chapelle 898: 891: 882: 875: 866: 863:Sainte-Chapelle 859: 850: 843: 834: 827: 818: 787:Knights Templar 767: 760: 751: 739: 730: 723: 714: 703: 694: 681:Philippe le Bel 677:Sainte-Chapelle 653:Hôtel Saint-Pol 634:Sainte-Chapelle 621:Philippe le Bel 601: 594: 591: 582: 575: 566: 563: 554: 551:Sainte-Chapelle 547: 538: 535:Sainte-Chapelle 531: 522: 510: 501: 499:The Middle Ages 461:Southern France 455: 449: 440: 433: 424: 417: 408: 402: 393: 386: 377: 311: 305: 296: 290: 281: 274: 265: 262: 253: 242: 233: 226: 223:Charles Girault 215: 206: 202:(1874–1916) by 196: 187: 185:Charles Garnier 183:(1861–1875) by 178: 169: 165:(1806–1836) by 163:Arc de Triomphe 159: 150: 146:(1751–1780) by 144:École Militaire 140: 131: 127:(1677–1706) by 121: 112: 102: 93: 86: 77: 70: 12: 11: 5: 9074: 9064: 9063: 9058: 9053: 9048: 9031: 9030: 9028: 9027: 9022: 9017: 9012: 9006: 9003: 9002: 9000: 8999: 8998: 8997: 8987: 8986: 8985: 8980: 8975: 8970: 8960: 8955: 8950: 8949: 8948: 8938: 8933: 8928: 8923: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8902: 8901: 8891: 8890: 8889: 8879: 8874: 8873: 8872: 8867: 8857: 8852: 8851: 8850: 8845: 8834: 8831: 8830: 8828: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8812: 8807: 8802: 8797: 8792: 8787: 8782: 8777: 8772: 8767: 8762: 8757: 8752: 8747: 8746: 8745: 8740: 8735: 8730: 8720: 8714: 8711: 8710: 8703: 8702: 8695: 8688: 8680: 8673: 8672:External links 8670: 8669: 8668: 8662: 8656:. Parigramme. 8649: 8643: 8630: 8624: 8611: 8605: 8592: 8586: 8580:. Parigramme. 8573: 8567: 8554: 8545: 8539: 8526: 8517: 8511: 8498: 8492: 8477: 8471: 8458: 8452: 8439: 8433: 8420: 8414: 8397: 8391: 8378: 8372: 8357: 8354: 8351: 8350: 8338: 8326: 8314: 8302: 8290: 8288:, p. 164. 8278: 8276:, p. 302. 8263: 8261:, p. 158. 8251: 8239: 8224: 8222:, p. 186. 8212: 8210:, p. 156. 8200: 8198:, p. 181. 8188: 8186:, p. 129. 8176: 8174:, pp. 166–167. 8155: 8153:, p. 236. 8143: 8141:, p. 128. 8128: 8116: 8114:, p. 206. 8101: 8099:, p. 139. 8089: 8077: 8065: 8053: 8041: 8029: 8017: 8006: 7994: 7992:, p. 169. 7982: 7980:, p. 202. 7970: 7968:, p. 108. 7958: 7956:, p. 106. 7946: 7934: 7922: 7910: 7908:, p. 101. 7898: 7883: 7871: 7869:, p. 325. 7856: 7843: 7841:, p. 104. 7831: 7816: 7804: 7792: 7790:, p. 163. 7780: 7768: 7766:, p. 313. 7756: 7744: 7732: 7720: 7711: 7699: 7690: 7663: 7661:, p. 133. 7651: 7622: 7610: 7598: 7586: 7574: 7562: 7550: 7537: 7525: 7513: 7501: 7489: 7477: 7465: 7453: 7441: 7429: 7417: 7400: 7388: 7371: 7354: 7339: 7327: 7315: 7303: 7294: 7282: 7266: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7254: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7211: 7208: 7198: 7197:Public housing 7195: 7194: 7193: 7185: 7173: 7170: 7169: 7168: 7164: 7161: 7160:automatically. 7152: 7149: 7148: 7147: 7143: 7139: 7130: 7109: 7108:Supermodernism 7106: 7105: 7104: 7097: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7078: 7076: 7069: 7062: 7060: 7054: 7047: 7045: 7038: 7031: 7029: 7019: 7012: 6983:Jacques Chirac 6962: 6959: 6937: 6931: 6921:was still the 6886:Front de Seine 6882:Place d'Italie 6874: 6873: 6866: 6859: 6857: 6847: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6828: 6826: 6820: 6813: 6811: 6807:Front de Seine 6804: 6797: 6795: 6788: 6781: 6777: 6774: 6754:Opéra Bastille 6726:Grands travaux 6722:Louvre Pyramid 6687:Richard Rogers 6671: 6670: 6660: 6653: 6651: 6644: 6637: 6635: 6621: 6614: 6612: 6602: 6595: 6593: 6584: 6577: 6575: 6565: 6558: 6556: 6552:Richard Rogers 6541: 6534: 6524: 6521: 6513:Oscar Niemeyer 6470: 6469: 6466: 6459: 6457: 6453:Oscar Niemeyer 6450: 6443: 6441: 6430: 6423: 6421: 6414: 6407: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6387:Moulay Youssef 6368:Jacques Barges 6340: 6339: 6332: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6313: 6311: 6301: 6294: 6290: 6287: 6269: 6268: 6265: 6258: 6256: 6249: 6242: 6238: 6237:Public housing 6235: 6224:Pierre Chareau 6199:Villa La Roche 6182:Auguste Perret 6180:The architect 6178: 6177: 6173:Pierre Chareau 6166: 6159: 6157: 6146: 6139: 6137: 6130: 6123: 6121: 6114: 6107: 6105: 6097:Villa La Roche 6094: 6087: 6085: 6078: 6071: 6067: 6064: 6060:Auguste Perret 6028:Alfred Janniot 6004: 6003: 5999:Auguste Perret 5996: 5989: 5987: 5980: 5973: 5971: 5961: 5954: 5952: 5948:Constructivist 5945: 5938: 5934: 5931: 5927:Style paquebot 5919:La Samaritaine 5897:Auguste Perret 5882: 5881: 5874: 5867: 5865: 5857:La Samaritaine 5855: 5848: 5846: 5839: 5832: 5830: 5826:Auguste Perret 5815: 5808: 5801:Main article: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5756:Hector Guimard 5740: 5739: 5736: 5729: 5727: 5717: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5698: 5696: 5692:Hector Guimard 5685: 5678: 5676: 5669: 5662: 5660: 5654: 5647: 5643: 5640: 5619: 5618: 5611: 5604: 5602: 5596: 5589: 5587: 5580: 5573: 5571: 5561: 5554: 5550: 5547: 5525:Louis Sullivan 5510:La Samaritaine 5497:La Samaritaine 5485:Gustave Eiffel 5470: 5469: 5458: 5451: 5449: 5438: 5431: 5429: 5422: 5415: 5413: 5406: 5399: 5397: 5390: 5383: 5379: 5376: 5368:Viollet-le-Duc 5336: 5335: 5331:Hector Guimard 5328: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5309: 5307: 5297:The Church of 5296: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5277: 5275: 5268: 5261: 5259: 5253:, designed by 5248: 5241: 5237: 5234: 5209:Hector Guimard 5193: 5192: 5152: 5151: 5144: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5125: 5123: 5112: 5105: 5102: 5101: 5090:Gustave Eiffel 5074: 5047:Hôtel de Ville 5031: 5030: 5027: 5020: 5018: 5007: 5000: 4998: 4991: 4984: 4982: 4971: 4964: 4960: 4957: 4933:Main article: 4930: 4927: 4915:Victor Baltard 4895: 4894: 4883: 4876: 4874: 4871:Victor Baltard 4864: 4857: 4855: 4851:Victor Baltard 4845: 4838: 4834: 4831: 4823:Victor Baltard 4821:(1860–71), by 4810:Théodore Ballu 4801: 4800: 4796:Théodore Ballu 4793: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4762: 4760: 4756:Victor Baltard 4749: 4742: 4740: 4733: 4726: 4724: 4720:Théodore Ballu 4713: 4706: 4702: 4699: 4665:, designed by 4663:Palais Garnier 4636: 4635: 4631:Théodore Ballu 4628: 4621: 4619: 4612: 4605: 4603: 4601:met the Seine. 4588: 4581: 4579: 4568: 4561: 4508:Viollet-le-Duc 4500:Palais Garnier 4488:Nouveau Louvre 4476: 4475: 4465: 4458: 4456: 4445: 4438: 4436: 4425: 4418: 4416: 4405: 4398: 4387: 4386: 4379: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4360: 4358: 4352:, designed by 4347: 4340: 4338: 4327: 4320: 4310: 4307: 4219: 4216: 4172: 4171: 4160: 4153: 4151: 4140: 4133: 4131: 4116: 4109: 4105: 4102: 4081:Viollet-le-Duc 4047: 4044: 4016:Louis Visconti 3983:Louis-Philippe 3967: 3964: 3963: 3962: 3952: 3945: 3943: 3933: 3926: 3924: 3917: 3910: 3908: 3898: 3891: 3889: 3878: 3871: 3867: 3864: 3820: 3817: 3782: 3779: 3721:The church of 3718: 3715: 3677: 3674: 3673: 3672: 3663: 3656: 3654: 3645:The church of 3644: 3637: 3635: 3625:The church of 3624: 3617: 3615: 3604: 3597: 3593: 3590: 3569: 3566: 3517:Egyptian style 3513: 3512: 3505: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3486: 3484: 3477: 3470: 3468: 3462:Sphinx of the 3461: 3454: 3452: 3441: 3434: 3432: 3425: 3418: 3416: 3409: 3402: 3398: 3395: 3391:Palais Bourbon 3366:Vendôme Column 3337: 3334: 3333: 3332: 3325: 3318: 3316: 3297: 3290: 3288: 3281: 3274: 3272: 3265: 3258: 3256: 3249: 3242: 3240: 3232:Vendôme column 3229: 3222: 3220: 3216:Palais Bourbon 3213: 3206: 3204: 3193: 3186: 3184: 3178: 3171: 3169: 3162: 3155: 3151: 3148: 3130: 3129: 3126: 3119: 3117: 3114: 3107: 3105: 3102: 3095: 3093: 3090: 3083: 3079: 3076: 2994: 2993: 2986: 2979: 2977: 2967: 2960: 2958: 2948: 2941: 2939: 2933: 2926: 2922: 2919: 2905: 2902: 2866:Champs-Élysées 2854: 2853: 2847:Facade of the 2846: 2839: 2837: 2826: 2819: 2815: 2812: 2783: 2782: 2768: 2761: 2759: 2752: 2745: 2743: 2740: 2733: 2729: 2726: 2718:Roman Pantheon 2678: 2677: 2670: 2663: 2661: 2652:Facade of the 2651: 2644: 2642: 2635: 2628: 2626: 2616: 2609: 2607: 2601: 2594: 2592: 2578: 2571: 2567: 2564: 2505: 2504: 2499:(1782–89), by 2494: 2487: 2485: 2471: 2464: 2462: 2459: 2452: 2450: 2439: 2432: 2428: 2425: 2401:Hôtel de Sully 2393: 2392: 2385: 2378: 2376: 2369: 2362: 2360: 2357:Hotel de Sully 2354: 2347: 2345: 2338:Hotel de Sully 2335: 2328: 2324: 2321: 2317:Place Dauphine 2292: 2291: 2287:Place Dauphine 2284: 2277: 2275: 2268: 2261: 2259: 2256: 2249: 2245: 2242: 2226:Charles Errard 2212:(1662–68), by 2204:(1632–34), by 2198:Pierre Le Muet 2154:(1679–91), by 2150:The Church of 2144: 2143: 2129: 2122: 2120: 2111:Chapel of the 2110: 2103: 2101: 2098:Pierre Le Muet 2087: 2080: 2078: 2068: 2061: 2057: 2054: 2032:The architect 2026:Libéral Bruant 2022:Daniel Gittard 1999: 1998: 1988: 1981: 1979: 1976: 1969: 1967: 1954:The Church of 1953: 1946: 1944: 1938:The Church of 1937: 1930: 1928: 1922:The church of 1921: 1914: 1910: 1907: 1905:of Louis XIV. 1849:, followed by 1827: 1826: 1807: 1800: 1798: 1793:(1624–39), by 1788: 1781: 1779: 1776: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1757: 1753: 1750: 1698:(1684–97) and 1684:Place Dauphine 1672: 1671: 1662: 1655: 1653: 1644: 1637: 1635: 1628: 1621: 1619: 1611:Place Dauphine 1609: 1602: 1599: 1598: 1594: 1593: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1532: 1529: 1499: 1498: 1491: 1484: 1482: 1473:Facade of the 1472: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1453: 1449: 1446: 1403:Saint-Eustache 1395: 1394: 1387: 1380: 1378: 1375:Saint-Eustache 1372: 1365: 1363: 1359:Saint-Eustache 1357: 1350: 1348: 1341: 1334: 1330: 1327: 1245:Hôtel de Ville 1202: 1201: 1194: 1187: 1185: 1180:(1546–53), by 1175: 1168: 1166: 1151: 1144: 1142: 1131: 1124: 1122: 1118:Hotel de Ville 1115: 1108: 1106: 1099: 1092: 1088: 1085: 1072:Hôtel de Cluny 1060: 1059: 1055:Hôtel de Cluny 1052: 1045: 1043: 1039:Hôtel de Cluny 1036: 1029: 1027: 1020: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1001: 999: 992: 985: 983: 980: 973: 969: 966: 900: 899: 892: 885: 883: 877:The church of 876: 869: 867: 860: 853: 851: 844: 837: 835: 828: 821: 817: 814: 794:Étienne Marcel 769: 768: 761: 754: 752: 740: 733: 731: 724: 717: 715: 704: 697: 693: 690: 645:Étienne Marcel 613:Île de la Cité 600: 597: 596: 595: 592: 585: 583: 576: 569: 567: 564: 557: 555: 548: 541: 539: 532: 525: 523: 511: 504: 500: 497: 457: 456: 450: 443: 441: 434: 427: 425: 418: 411: 409: 403: 396: 394: 387: 380: 376: 373: 334:Île de la Cité 313: 312: 306: 299: 297: 291: 284: 282: 275: 268: 266: 263: 256: 254: 243: 236: 232: 229: 228: 227: 216: 209: 207: 197: 190: 188: 181:Palais Garnier 179: 172: 170: 160: 153: 151: 141: 134: 132: 122: 115: 113: 103: 96: 94: 87: 80: 78: 71: 64: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9073: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9046:Arts in Paris 9044: 9043: 9041: 9026: 9023: 9021: 9020:Île-de-France 9018: 9016: 9013: 9011: 9008: 9007: 9004: 8996: 8993: 8992: 8991: 8988: 8984: 8981: 8979: 8976: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8966: 8965: 8964: 8961: 8959: 8956: 8954: 8951: 8947: 8944: 8943: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8921: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8900: 8897: 8896: 8895: 8892: 8888: 8885: 8884: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8862: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8840: 8839: 8836: 8835: 8832: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8781: 8778: 8776: 8773: 8771: 8768: 8766: 8763: 8761: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8748: 8744: 8741: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8725: 8724: 8721: 8719: 8716: 8715: 8712: 8708: 8701: 8696: 8694: 8689: 8687: 8682: 8681: 8678: 8665: 8659: 8655: 8650: 8646: 8640: 8636: 8631: 8627: 8621: 8617: 8612: 8608: 8602: 8598: 8593: 8589: 8583: 8579: 8574: 8570: 8568:2-02-012864-0 8564: 8560: 8555: 8551: 8546: 8542: 8536: 8532: 8531:L'Art Nouveau 8527: 8523: 8518: 8514: 8512:2-9519539-0-9 8508: 8504: 8499: 8495: 8489: 8485: 8484: 8478: 8474: 8472:2-221-07862-4 8468: 8464: 8459: 8455: 8449: 8445: 8440: 8436: 8430: 8426: 8421: 8417: 8411: 8406: 8405: 8398: 8394: 8388: 8384: 8379: 8375: 8373:2-213-02277-1 8369: 8365: 8360: 8359: 8347: 8342: 8335: 8330: 8323: 8318: 8311: 8306: 8299: 8294: 8287: 8282: 8275: 8274:Marchand 1993 8270: 8268: 8260: 8255: 8248: 8243: 8236: 8231: 8229: 8221: 8216: 8209: 8204: 8197: 8192: 8185: 8180: 8173: 8169: 8165: 8159: 8152: 8147: 8140: 8135: 8133: 8125: 8120: 8113: 8108: 8106: 8098: 8093: 8086: 8081: 8074: 8069: 8063:, p. 26. 8062: 8057: 8050: 8045: 8039:, p. 20. 8038: 8033: 8027:, p. 28. 8026: 8021: 8015: 8010: 8003: 7998: 7991: 7990:Marchand 1993 7986: 7979: 7974: 7967: 7962: 7955: 7950: 7943: 7938: 7931: 7926: 7920:, p. 48. 7919: 7914: 7907: 7902: 7895: 7890: 7888: 7880: 7875: 7868: 7863: 7861: 7853: 7847: 7840: 7835: 7828: 7823: 7821: 7813: 7808: 7802:, p. 36. 7801: 7796: 7789: 7784: 7777: 7772: 7765: 7760: 7754:, p. 98. 7753: 7748: 7742:, p. 64. 7741: 7736: 7729: 7724: 7715: 7708: 7703: 7694: 7680: 7676: 7675: 7667: 7660: 7655: 7641: 7636: 7635: 7626: 7620:, p. 66. 7619: 7614: 7607: 7602: 7595: 7590: 7583: 7578: 7572:, p. 60. 7571: 7566: 7559: 7554: 7548:, pp. 117–118 7547: 7541: 7535:, p. 52. 7534: 7529: 7522: 7517: 7510: 7505: 7498: 7493: 7486: 7481: 7474: 7469: 7463:, p. 48. 7462: 7457: 7450: 7445: 7438: 7433: 7426: 7421: 7415:, p. 24. 7414: 7409: 7407: 7405: 7398:, p. 26. 7397: 7392: 7385: 7380: 7378: 7376: 7368: 7363: 7361: 7359: 7351: 7346: 7344: 7336: 7331: 7324: 7319: 7312: 7307: 7298: 7291: 7286: 7279: 7274: 7272: 7267: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7213: 7207: 7205: 7204:fragmentation 7191: 7186: 7183: 7179: 7178: 7177: 7165: 7162: 7158: 7157: 7156: 7144: 7140: 7137: 7136: 7131: 7128: 7124: 7120: 7119: 7118: 7116: 7101: 7094: 7089: 7082: 7077: 7073: 7066: 7061: 7058: 7051: 7046: 7042: 7035: 7030: 7026: 7022: 7016: 7011: 7010: 7009: 7007: 7003: 6999: 6994: 6992: 6988: 6984: 6980: 6976: 6972: 6968: 6958: 6956: 6952: 6942: 6936: 6930: 6928: 6924: 6920: 6919:Île-de-France 6915: 6913: 6909: 6905: 6900: 6896: 6894: 6889: 6887: 6883: 6879: 6870: 6863: 6858: 6854: 6850: 6844: 6839: 6832: 6827: 6823: 6817: 6812: 6808: 6801: 6796: 6792: 6785: 6780: 6779: 6773: 6771: 6767: 6763: 6762:Paul Chemetov 6759: 6755: 6751: 6747: 6743: 6739: 6735: 6732:by architect 6731: 6727: 6723: 6719: 6714: 6712: 6708: 6704: 6700: 6696: 6695:Musée d'Orsay 6692: 6688: 6684: 6680: 6676: 6668: 6664: 6657: 6652: 6648: 6647:Paul Chemetov 6641: 6636: 6633: 6629: 6625: 6618: 6613: 6609: 6605: 6599: 6594: 6591: 6587: 6581: 6576: 6573: 6569: 6568:Musée d'Orsay 6562: 6557: 6553: 6549: 6545: 6538: 6533: 6532: 6530: 6520: 6518: 6514: 6510: 6506: 6502: 6501:Marcel Breuer 6497: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6486:Henry Bernard 6483: 6478: 6476: 6463: 6458: 6454: 6447: 6442: 6439:, (1954–1958) 6438: 6437:Marcel Breuer 6434: 6427: 6422: 6418: 6417:Henry Bernard 6411: 6406: 6405: 6394: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6371: 6369: 6365: 6361: 6357: 6356:Maurice Denis 6353: 6349: 6345: 6336: 6329: 6324: 6317: 6312: 6308: 6304: 6298: 6293: 6292: 6286: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6262: 6257: 6253: 6246: 6241: 6240: 6234: 6232: 6227: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6212:Tristan Tzara 6208: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6191: 6187: 6186:Henri Sauvage 6183: 6174: 6170: 6163: 6158: 6154: 6150: 6149:Tristan Tzara 6143: 6138: 6134: 6127: 6122: 6118: 6111: 6106: 6102: 6098: 6091: 6086: 6082: 6081:Henri Sauvage 6075: 6070: 6069: 6063: 6061: 6056: 6052: 6048: 6047:Jacques Carlu 6044: 6040: 6035: 6033: 6029: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6000: 5993: 5988: 5984: 5977: 5972: 5969: 5965: 5958: 5953: 5949: 5942: 5937: 5936: 5930: 5928: 5923: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5911: 5906: 5902: 5901:Henri Sauvage 5898: 5893: 5891: 5887: 5878: 5871: 5866: 5862: 5861:Henri Sauvage 5858: 5852: 5847: 5843: 5842:Henri Sauvage 5836: 5831: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5812: 5807: 5806: 5804: 5789: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5773: 5772:curved motifs 5769: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5752: 5750: 5746: 5733: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5714: 5709: 5702: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5682: 5677: 5673: 5666: 5661: 5658: 5651: 5646: 5645: 5639: 5637: 5636:Victor Laloux 5633: 5632:Paris Commune 5629: 5628:Musée d'Orsay 5624: 5615: 5614:Musée d'Orsay 5608: 5603: 5600: 5599:Victor Laloux 5593: 5588: 5584: 5577: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5558: 5553: 5552: 5546: 5543: 5542:Musée d'Orsay 5539: 5538:Victor Laloux 5535: 5529: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5513: 5511: 5507: 5502: 5499:in 1870, and 5498: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5466: 5462: 5455: 5450: 5446: 5445:Victor Laloux 5442: 5435: 5430: 5426: 5419: 5414: 5410: 5403: 5398: 5394: 5387: 5382: 5381: 5375: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5332: 5325: 5320: 5313: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5293: 5288: 5281: 5276: 5272: 5265: 5260: 5257:, (1874–1914) 5256: 5252: 5245: 5240: 5239: 5233: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5215:(1898) at 14 5214: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5177:Les Invalides 5174: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5153: 5148: 5141: 5136: 5129: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5109: 5104: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5055: 5054: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5039:Place Vendôme 5036: 5035:Paris Commune 5024: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5004: 4999: 4995: 4988: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4968: 4963: 4962: 4956: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4936: 4926: 4924: 4920: 4917:(1805–1874). 4916: 4912: 4907: 4905: 4901: 4891: 4888:(1861–66) by 4887: 4880: 4875: 4872: 4868: 4861: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4842: 4837: 4836: 4830: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4811: 4807: 4797: 4790: 4785: 4778: 4773: 4766: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4746: 4741: 4737: 4730: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4710: 4705: 4704: 4698: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4674: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4659: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4644:Rue de Rivoli 4641: 4632: 4625: 4620: 4616: 4609: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4585: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4565: 4560: 4559: 4558: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4543: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4495: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4480:Élysée Palace 4472: 4468: 4462: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4442: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4422: 4417: 4413: 4412:Hector Lefuel 4409: 4402: 4397: 4396: 4395: 4392: 4383: 4376: 4371: 4364: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4344: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4324: 4319: 4318: 4316: 4306: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4295:Gare de l'Est 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4271: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4255: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4229: 4224: 4215: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4192:Léon Vaudoyer 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4168: 4164: 4157: 4152: 4148: 4147:Léon Vaudoyer 4144: 4137: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4113: 4108: 4107: 4101: 4099: 4098:Paris Commune 4095: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4073: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4054: 4043: 4041: 4036: 4035:Élysée Palace 4031: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4020:Les Invalides 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3988: 3984: 3979: 3977: 3973: 3960: 3956: 3949: 3944: 3941: 3937: 3930: 3925: 3921: 3914: 3909: 3906: 3902: 3895: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3875: 3870: 3869: 3863: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3844: 3841: 3834: 3830: 3825: 3816: 3813: 3809: 3804: 3796: 3792: 3787: 3778: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3751:Jean Chalgrin 3746: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3714: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3694: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3670: 3666: 3660: 3655: 3652: 3648: 3641: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3621: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3601: 3596: 3595: 3589: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3574:Pont des Arts 3565: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3550:Luxor Obelisk 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3521:Musée Picasso 3518: 3509: 3502: 3497: 3490: 3485: 3481: 3480:Luxor Obelisk 3474: 3469: 3465: 3458: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3438: 3433: 3429: 3422: 3417: 3413: 3412:Musée Picasso 3406: 3401: 3400: 3394: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3383:Rue de Rivoli 3378: 3376: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3329: 3322: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3294: 3289: 3285: 3284:Pont des Arts 3278: 3273: 3269: 3268:Rue de Rivoli 3262: 3257: 3253: 3246: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3226: 3221: 3217: 3210: 3205: 3201: 3198:(1806–11) by 3197: 3190: 3185: 3181: 3175: 3170: 3166: 3159: 3154: 3153: 3147: 3144: 3139: 3135: 3123: 3118: 3111: 3106: 3099: 3094: 3087: 3082: 3081: 3074: 3072: 3068: 3061: 3059: 3054: 3050: 3045: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3022: 3019: 3014: 3011: 3007: 3002: 2999: 2990: 2983: 2978: 2975: 2971: 2964: 2959: 2955: 2954:Hubert Robert 2951: 2945: 2940: 2936: 2930: 2925: 2924: 2918: 2916: 2912: 2901: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2850: 2843: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2823: 2818: 2817: 2811: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2765: 2760: 2756: 2755:Élysée Palace 2749: 2744: 2737: 2732: 2731: 2725: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2706: 2704: 2700: 2695: 2694:Saint-Sulpice 2691: 2687: 2683: 2674: 2667: 2662: 2659: 2655: 2648: 2643: 2639: 2632: 2627: 2624: 2621:(1764–90) by 2620: 2613: 2608: 2605: 2598: 2593: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2575: 2570: 2569: 2563: 2561: 2557: 2556:Doric columns 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2536: 2534: 2530: 2525: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2502: 2498: 2491: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2468: 2463: 2456: 2451: 2447: 2444:(1751–80) by 2443: 2436: 2431: 2430: 2424: 2422: 2418: 2413: 2408: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2389: 2382: 2377: 2373: 2366: 2361: 2358: 2351: 2346: 2343: 2339: 2332: 2327: 2326: 2320: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2297: 2288: 2281: 2276: 2272: 2265: 2260: 2253: 2248: 2247: 2241: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2230:Les Invalides 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2170: 2168: 2164: 2157: 2153: 2152:Les Invalides 2148: 2141: 2137: 2134:(1662–68) by 2133: 2126: 2121: 2118: 2115:(1634–42) by 2114: 2107: 2102: 2099: 2095: 2092:(1624–69) by 2091: 2084: 2079: 2076: 2073:(1632–34) by 2072: 2065: 2060: 2059: 2053: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2030: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2006:Saint-Sulpice 2003: 1996: 1993:(1653–90) by 1992: 1985: 1980: 1973: 1968: 1965: 1961: 1958:(1627–41) by 1957: 1950: 1945: 1941: 1934: 1929: 1925: 1918: 1913: 1912: 1906: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1862: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1804: 1799: 1796: 1792: 1791:Louvre Palace 1785: 1780: 1773: 1768: 1761: 1756: 1755: 1749: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1734: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1715: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1700:Place Vendôme 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1669: 1665: 1664:Place Vendôme 1659: 1654: 1651: 1648:(1684–97) by 1647: 1641: 1636: 1632: 1625: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1606: 1601: 1600: 1586: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1553:Baroque music 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1528: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1517:Pierre Lescot 1514: 1510: 1509: 1503: 1495: 1488: 1483: 1480: 1476: 1469: 1464: 1457: 1452: 1451: 1445: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1414: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1391: 1384: 1379: 1376: 1369: 1364: 1360: 1354: 1349: 1345: 1338: 1333: 1332: 1326: 1325:in the east. 1324: 1323:Louvre Palace 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1295: 1293: 1287: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1268: 1266: 1262: 1261:Pierre Lescot 1258: 1254: 1253:Paris Commune 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1233: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1208:conducted by 1207: 1198: 1191: 1186: 1183: 1182:Pierre Lescot 1179: 1172: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1158:Pierre Lescot 1155: 1148: 1143: 1139: 1136:, rebuilt by 1135: 1128: 1123: 1119: 1112: 1107: 1103: 1096: 1091: 1090: 1084: 1082: 1081:Hôtel de Sens 1077: 1073: 1069: 1064: 1056: 1049: 1044: 1040: 1033: 1028: 1024: 1023:Hôtel de Sens 1017: 1012: 1005: 1000: 996: 989: 984: 977: 972: 971: 965: 963: 959: 955: 951: 946: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 919: 917: 913: 909: 905: 902:The style of 896: 889: 884: 880: 873: 868: 864: 857: 852: 848: 841: 836: 832: 825: 820: 819: 813: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 790: 788: 783: 779: 774: 765: 758: 753: 750: 749: 744: 737: 732: 728: 721: 716: 712: 708: 701: 696: 695: 689: 686: 682: 678: 673: 671: 670:Paris Commune 667: 663: 658: 654: 650: 646: 641: 639: 635: 631: 626: 625:Louis le Gros 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 589: 584: 580: 573: 568: 561: 556: 552: 545: 540: 536: 529: 524: 521: 520: 515: 508: 503: 502: 496: 494: 490: 486: 481: 479: 474: 470: 466: 462: 454: 447: 442: 438: 431: 426: 422: 415: 410: 407: 400: 395: 391: 384: 379: 378: 372: 370: 365: 361: 356: 354: 350: 346: 342: 337: 335: 331: 327: 322: 318: 310: 303: 298: 295: 288: 283: 279: 272: 267: 260: 255: 251: 247: 240: 235: 234: 224: 220: 213: 208: 205: 201: 194: 189: 186: 182: 176: 171: 168: 164: 157: 152: 149: 145: 138: 133: 130: 126: 125:Les Invalides 119: 114: 111: 110:Pierre Lescot 107: 100: 95: 91: 88:Cathedral of 84: 79: 75: 68: 63: 62: 61: 59: 55: 51: 47: 43: 39: 35: 31: 27: 23: 19: 8860:Architecture 8859: 8723:Paris Centre 8653: 8634: 8615: 8596: 8577: 8558: 8549: 8530: 8521: 8502: 8482: 8462: 8443: 8424: 8403: 8392:2-03505369-2 8385:. Larousse. 8382: 8363: 8341: 8329: 8317: 8310:Poisson 2009 8305: 8293: 8281: 8254: 8247:Bezbakh 2004 8242: 8220:Lemoine 2000 8215: 8203: 8196:Lemoine 2000 8191: 8179: 8163: 8158: 8146: 8119: 8112:Sarmant 2012 8092: 8080: 8068: 8056: 8044: 8032: 8020: 8009: 7997: 7985: 7978:Sarmant 2012 7973: 7961: 7954:Renault 2006 7949: 7937: 7925: 7913: 7906:Renault 2006 7901: 7874: 7851: 7846: 7839:Renault 2006 7834: 7807: 7795: 7788:Sarmant 2012 7783: 7771: 7759: 7747: 7735: 7723: 7714: 7702: 7693: 7682:. Retrieved 7673: 7666: 7659:Sarmant 2012 7654: 7643:. Retrieved 7633: 7625: 7613: 7606:Antoine 1989 7601: 7589: 7577: 7565: 7553: 7545: 7540: 7533:Renault 2006 7528: 7516: 7504: 7492: 7480: 7468: 7461:Renault 2006 7456: 7444: 7432: 7420: 7391: 7330: 7318: 7306: 7297: 7285: 7203: 7200: 7175: 7167:electricity. 7154: 7133: 7111: 6995: 6964: 6954: 6950: 6947: 6934: 6923:Eiffel Tower 6916: 6907: 6901: 6897: 6893:Beaugrenelle 6890: 6878:Eiffel Tower 6875: 6791:Eiffel Tower 6742:Grande Arche 6725: 6715: 6672: 6624:Grande Arche 6498: 6494:Prix de Rome 6479: 6471: 6372: 6348:Paul Tournon 6341: 6307:Paul Tournon 6281: 6277: 6273: 6270: 6251: 6228: 6190:Le Corbusier 6179: 6101:Le Corbusier 6036: 6024:Le Corbusier 6019: 6011: 6005: 5924: 5908: 5894: 5883: 5876: 5768:Victor Horta 5753: 5749:Petit Palais 5741: 5623:Gare de Lyon 5620: 5569:(1895–1902). 5563:Gare de Lyon 5532:of the bank 5530: 5514: 5493:Au Printemps 5471: 5371: 5359: 5337: 5228: 5216: 5212: 5201:Belle Époque 5200: 5194: 5165:Petit Palais 5161:Grand Palais 5147:Petit Palais 5115:Grand Palais 5086:Eiffel Tower 5032: 5010:Eiffel Tower 4941:Belle Époque 4940: 4938: 4908: 4900:Gare du Nord 4896: 4886:Gare du Nord 4802: 4675: 4660: 4637: 4544: 4496: 4477: 4391:Napoleon III 4388: 4303:Gare de Lyon 4291:Gare du Nord 4286: 4285:. The first 4272: 4267: 4256: 4239: 4235: 4233: 4173: 4074: 4070:Base Mérimée 4057: 4051: 4049: 4032: 4012:Saint Helena 3980: 3971: 3969: 3919: 3845: 3837: 3833:Edward Cresy 3803:Palais-Royal 3799: 3791:Palais-Royal 3775:Gare du Nord 3761:, who built 3747: 3737:designed by 3723:La Madeleine 3720: 3710:Éloi Labarre 3695: 3683:neoclassical 3679: 3571: 3554:Luxor Temple 3529:Parc Monceau 3514: 3428:Parc Monceau 3379: 3339: 3326:Dome of the 3308:Éloi Labarre 3306:(1808) then 3300:Paris Bourse 3165:La Madeleine 3131: 3063: 3046: 3042:Parc Monceau 3026:grain market 3023: 3015: 3013:barbarism." 3005: 3004:In 1749, in 3003: 2995: 2970:Parc Monceau 2949: 2934: 2914: 2907: 2885: 2877: 2855: 2794: 2784: 2771:avants-corps 2770: 2707: 2679: 2673:La Madeleine 2551: 2537: 2526: 2506: 2409: 2394: 2304: 2293: 2194:Val-de-Grâce 2171: 2160: 2136:Louis Le Vau 2090:Val-de-Grâce 2031: 2000: 1902: 1898: 1891:Louis Le Vau 1871:Louis Le Vau 1863: 1828: 1810:Louis Le Vau 1735: 1722: 1718: 1716: 1711: 1707: 1676: 1573: 1534: 1506: 1504: 1500: 1415: 1396: 1373:Interior of 1342:Interior of 1296: 1292:Mansard roof 1288: 1269: 1237:Fra Giocondo 1234: 1232:after 1539. 1210:Charles VIII 1206:Italian Wars 1203: 1065: 1061: 1057:(about 1500) 947: 920: 901: 881:(about 1490) 791: 781: 770: 746: 674: 642: 605:Hugues Capet 602: 517: 492: 482: 458: 435:Interior of 419:Interior of 357: 338: 329: 325: 314: 219:Grand Palais 50:Grand Palais 46:Eiffel Tower 34:Belle Époque 30:Napoleon III 18:Gothic style 15: 9010:Grand Paris 8855:Archdiocese 8346:Texier 2012 8334:Texier 2012 8322:Texier 2012 8298:Texier 2012 8286:Texier 2012 8259:Texier 2012 8235:Texier 2012 8208:Texier 2012 8184:Texier 2012 8151:Texier 2012 8139:Texier 2012 8124:Texier 2012 8085:Texier 2012 8073:Texier 2012 8002:Texier 2012 7966:Texier 2012 7942:Texier 2012 7930:Texier 2012 7918:Texier 2012 7894:Fierro 1996 7879:Texier 2012 7827:Texier 2012 7812:Texier 2012 7800:Fierro 2003 7776:Texier 2012 7752:Texier 2012 7740:Texier 2012 7728:Texier 2012 7707:Texier 2012 7618:Texier 2012 7594:Texier 2012 7582:Texier 2012 7570:Texier 2012 7558:Texier 2012 7521:Texier 2012 7509:Texier 2012 7497:Texier 2012 7485:Texier 2012 7473:Texier 2012 7449:Texier 2012 7437:Texier 2012 7425:Texier 2012 7413:Texier 2012 7396:Texier 2012 7384:Texier 2012 7367:Texier 2012 7350:Texier 2012 7311:Texier 2012 7290:Texier 2012 7278:Fierro 1997 7172:Conversions 7041:Frank Gehry 7025:Jean Nouvel 6998:Frank Gehry 6967:Jean Nouvel 6734:Jean Nouvel 6683:Renzo Piano 6572:Gae Aulenti 6548:Renzo Piano 6455:(1968–1971) 6419:(1953–1963) 6393:, Morocco. 6175:(1927–1931) 6001:(1934–1948) 5886:Art Nouveau 5777:Paris Métro 5764:Art Nouveau 5517:Elisha Otis 5491:) in 1866, 5372:Art nouveau 5344:Paul Abadie 5255:Paul Abadie 5229:Art Nouveau 5205:Paris Métro 5197:Art Nouveau 5189:Jean Aubert 4949:Art Nouveau 4350:Paris Opera 4332:painted by 4287:embarcadère 4273:The banker 4240:embarcadère 4236:embarcadère 4184:Félix Duban 4127:Félix Duban 3905:Félix Duban 3852:George Sand 3691:Louis XVIII 3414:) (1656–59) 3314:(1813–1826) 3167:(1763–1842) 3132:During the 2562:(1767–75). 2552:Avant-corps 2214:Louis LeVau 1903:grand style 1708:Grand Style 1561:Reformation 1521:Jean Goujon 1479:Jean Goujon 1434:rood screen 1418:Saint-Merri 1344:Saint-Merri 1265:Jean Goujon 1162:Jean Goujon 685:Jean le Bon 655:, near the 493:contreforts 459:Unlike the 439:(1170–1220) 423:(1147–1200) 204:Paul Abadie 108:(1546), by 92:(1160–1230) 38:Art Nouveau 9040:Categories 8973:Transilien 8958:Topography 8366:. Fayard. 8097:Lahor 2007 7684:2016-02-10 7645:2016-02-10 7335:Delon 2000 7323:Delon 2000 7257:References 6927:Tour First 6912:La Défense 6869:La Défense 6853:La Défense 6849:Tour First 6758:Carlos Ott 6746:La Défense 6628:La Défense 6492:, won the 6216:Adolf Loos 6153:Adolf Loos 6051:Léon Azéma 6018:, and the 5824:style, by 5477:Bon Marché 5393:Bon Marché 5340:Sacré-Cœur 4945:Beaux-Arts 4911:Les Halles 4867:Les Halles 4847:Les Halles 4827:Les Halles 4313:See also: 3053:Bouchardon 2882:Rue Royale 2864:, and the 2858:Bouchardon 2827:Design of 2777:(1770) by 2581:Saint-Roch 2014:Saint-Roch 1991:Saint-Roch 1989:Church of 1899:cour Carée 1839:Louis XIII 1742:Pont Royal 1579:Versailles 1569:cartouches 1541:Louis XIII 1407:Les Halles 1399:Flamboyant 1138:François I 392:(990–1160) 76:(990–1160) 36:, and the 26:Flamboyant 8963:Transport 8931:Libraries 8926:Landmarks 8911:Education 8552:. Picard. 8061:Plum 2014 8049:Plum 2014 8037:Plum 2014 8025:Plum 2014 7146:building. 7102:(2013–16) 7074:(2002–07) 6738:I. M. Pei 6590:I. M. Pei 6131:Villa by 6119:(1931–32) 5966:from the 5877:Pacquebot 5828:(1911–12) 5495:in 1865; 5467:(1905–11) 5273:(1878–92) 5219:, in the 4798:(1863–68) 4738:(1854–59) 4722:(1841–57) 4617:(1855–60) 4473:(1859–62) 4454:(1860–65) 4434:(1862–68) 4283:Dunkerque 4169:(1844–50) 4149:(1838–67) 4129:(1832–70) 3727:Louis XVI 3564:(1988). 3562:I. M. Pei 3552:from the 3508:I. M. Pei 3336:Monuments 3182:(1806–10) 2894:Louis XVI 2835:(1766–75) 2701:and then 2296:Le Marais 2289:(1607–10) 2273:(1605–12) 1738:Pont Neuf 1692:Pont Neuf 1633:) in 1612 1615:Pont Neuf 1575:Louis XIV 1565:caryatids 1545:Richelieu 1392:(1510–86) 1346:(1520–52) 1241:Francis I 1214:Louis XII 1199:(1578–79) 939:triforium 802:Le Marais 798:Charles V 711:Le Marais 709:, in the 649:Charles V 553:(1242–48) 537:(1242–48) 330:decumanus 8995:Syndrome 8978:Tramways 8920:timeline 8838:Airports 8364:Louis XV 7210:See also 7135:Le Monde 6707:La Géode 6604:La Géode 6517:Brasília 6364:Périgord 5890:Art Deco 5822:Art Deco 5797:Art Deco 5358:, at 19 5167:and the 4953:Art Deco 4518:and the 4512:porphyry 4085:medieval 4040:Panthéon 3848:Palladio 3058:Voltaire 3010:Voltaire 2807:mascaron 2799:rocaille 2791:Louis XV 2619:Panthéon 2540:Panthéon 2533:Louis XV 2518:Palladio 2202:Sorbonne 2113:Sorbonne 1831:Henry IV 1688:Henry IV 1557:painting 1319:Henry IV 1230:Henry II 806:Bastille 727:Bastille 657:Bastille 630:Louis IX 364:Tiberius 123:Dome of 54:Art Deco 8990:Tourism 8953:Squares 8941:Museums 8916:History 8906:Economy 8894:Cycling 8882:Culture 8877:Bridges 6711:omnimax 6606:at the 5915:rotunda 5820:in the 4482:to the 4336:(1898). 4026:on the 3996:obelisk 2911:cornice 2787:Régence 2773:of the 2421:bossage 1887:Bernini 1712:mansart 1617:in 1615 1549:Mazarin 603:In 987 473:Vikings 321:Parisii 317:Lutetia 9025:France 8936:Mayors 8660: 8641: 8622: 8603: 8584: 8565: 8537: 8509: 8490: 8469: 8450: 8431: 8412: 8389: 8370: 8170: 7043:(2014) 7027:(2006) 6740:; the 6554:(1977) 6433:UNESCO 6358:. The 6155:(1927) 6103:(1923) 6083:(1926) 5844:(1913) 5694:(1899) 5674:(1906) 5447:(1907) 5305:(1894) 5163:, the 5084:. The 4951:, and 4577:(1864) 4492:Louvre 4414:(1857) 4408:Louvre 4279:Calais 4230:(1837) 4024:column 3887:(1840) 3613:(1826) 3510:(1988) 3450:(1807) 3430:(1778) 3362:Venice 2956:(1786) 2886:hôtels 2878:hôtels 2803:rococo 2675:(1777) 1222:Serlio 1178:Louvre 1134:Louvre 960:; the 931:ogives 782:donjon 778:Louvre 743:Louvre 250:Lutece 106:Louvre 32:, the 8968:Métro 8887:Music 8707:Paris 8483:Paris 7142:mesh. 6955:barre 6935:barre 5950:style 5342:, by 5301:, by 4902:, by 4410:, by 4010:from 4004:Egypt 4000:Luxor 3998:from 3234:, by 2972:, by 2952:, by 2915:pieds 2397:salon 2232:, by 1723:pieds 1719:pieds 326:cardo 8946:list 8848:Orly 8825:20th 8820:19th 8815:18th 8810:17th 8805:16th 8800:15th 8795:14th 8790:13th 8785:12th 8780:11th 8775:10th 8658:ISBN 8639:ISBN 8620:ISBN 8601:ISBN 8582:ISBN 8563:ISBN 8535:ISBN 8507:ISBN 8488:ISBN 8467:ISBN 8448:ISBN 8429:ISBN 8410:ISBN 8387:ISBN 8368:ISBN 8168:ISBN 6805:The 6789:The 6685:and 6622:The 6566:The 6550:and 6542:The 6507:and 6373:The 6333:The 6167:The 6095:The 6037:The 5981:The 5962:The 5899:and 5884:The 5816:The 5686:The 5581:The 5354:was 5249:The 5195:The 5155:The 5113:The 5076:The 5057:The 5008:The 4750:The 4714:The 4688:and 4446:The 4426:The 4328:The 4281:and 4206:and 4190:and 4161:The 4141:The 4117:The 3854:and 3729:and 3696:The 3605:The 3527:and 3478:The 3442:The 3310:and 3298:The 3282:The 3266:The 3230:The 3194:The 2987:The 2896:and 2785:The 2769:The 2684:and 2587:and 2558:and 2520:and 2479:and 2440:The 2336:The 2216:and 2188:and 2163:dome 2138:and 2130:The 2096:and 2044:and 2024:and 2012:and 1962:and 1893:and 1881:and 1853:and 1820:and 1555:and 1547:and 1492:The 1212:and 1204:The 1160:and 1152:The 1100:The 1021:The 993:The 893:The 762:The 741:The 725:The 512:The 276:The 244:The 217:The 198:The 161:The 142:The 72:The 48:and 8983:RER 8770:9th 8765:8th 8760:7th 8755:6th 8750:5th 8743:4th 8738:3rd 8733:2nd 8728:1st 7023:by 6989:at 6851:in 6744:of 6626:of 6546:by 6391:Fez 6151:by 6022:by 6014:by 5721:by 5690:by 5187:by 4976:by 4849:by 4593:by 4573:by 4549:by 4538:by 4530:by 4522:by 4469:by 4450:by 4430:by 4165:by 4145:by 4121:by 3883:by 3609:by 3360:in 2801:or 9042:: 8266:^ 8227:^ 8131:^ 8104:^ 7886:^ 7859:^ 7819:^ 7679:21 7640:10 7403:^ 7374:^ 7357:^ 7342:^ 7270:^ 7117:. 7008:. 6993:. 6914:. 6884:, 6503:, 5512:. 4684:, 4680:, 4650:, 4186:, 4182:, 4100:. 4072:. 3008:, 2900:. 2524:. 2423:. 2407:. 2240:. 2008:, 1877:, 1873:, 1816:, 1812:, 1567:, 8922:) 8918:( 8699:e 8692:t 8685:v 8666:. 8647:. 8628:. 8609:. 8590:. 8571:. 8543:. 8515:. 8496:. 8475:. 8456:. 8437:. 8418:. 8395:. 8376:. 7687:. 7648:. 7192:. 7129:. 5073:. 4056:( 3633:; 1164:.

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Architecture of Paris

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