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852:. With a million francs and permission to build on the ruins of the old royal palace, he constructed one of the grandest observatories of its day, with a focus on astronomy and solar physics. After World War I, the observatory was integrated with the nearby Paris Observatory and became an important campus for that observatory. Even into the 21st century solar observations are conducted at the Meudon site, and the preserved Great Refractor (Grande lunette) and astronomical gardens overlooking the city of Paris have delighted visitors for decades. The site includes:
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visited the Paris
Observatory on 28 August 1677, which he recorded in his journal: "At the Observatory we saw the Moon in a twenty-two foot glass, and Jupiter, with his satellites, in the same. The most remote was on the east, and the other three on the west. We also saw Saturn and his ring, in a
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theory. It is a double telescope completed in 1891, with a secondary 62 cm (24 in) aperture lens for photography. It was of the largest refracting telescopes in Europe and was active for a century until 1991. In the 21st century, it was renovated and supports public education and
1297:"French legal time is generated and provided by Observatoire de Paris as part of its missions and in agreement with Decree No. 2017-292 of March 6, 2017 defining French legal time. Legal time is constructed from UTC(OP), which is the real-time realization of UTC at Observatoire de Paris."
1016:, was completed. This telescope was proposed by director François Arago in 1846. It was installed in the east tower and was made by Lerebours. This instrument is known to have conducted photometry measurements of Jupiter's moons (there were only four known at that time) in the late 1880s.
987:. This telescope was built by Dom Noel in the late 18th century, and was a reflecting telescope with a 61 cm aperture bronze mirror. In 1805 the mirror was re-polished, but it was tarnished again within two years; it remained at the Observatory until it was dismantled in 1841.
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The first site was the Paris headquarters established in 1667 by King Louis XIV of France. This facility had various work done on it over the centuries, and in 1927 the Meudon
Observatory was added, which included a new site and facilities. It was built in 1891.
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King Louis XIV purchased the land for his new observatory in March 1667. This provided a site for the activities of the
Academy of Sciences near to the city of Paris. The original buildings was designed by Claude Perrault. A dome and terrace was added in 1847.
1103:. It is one of three sites of the Paris Observatory; Meudon Observatory became part of the Paris Observatory in 1926. The Meudon Great refractor is the third largest astronomical refractor of its type in the world. The Meudon refractor is located in the
577:
The Paris
Observatory library preserves a great number of original works and letters of the Observatory and well known astronomers. The entire collection has been inventoried in an online archive called Calames. Some of the work is now digitized on the
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Early telescopes were supplied by the famed craftsman
Giuseppe Campani. Cassini, an astronomer who worked in the early days of the Observatory, had used Campani's telescopes in the 1660s, and continued to do so when he moved to the Paris Observatory.
369:) department. The Paris Observatory Library, which was founded in 1785, provides the researchers with documentation and preserves the ancient books, archives, and heritage collections of the institution. Many collections are available online.
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This 120 cm diameter aperture telescope was a silvered glass mirror polished by Martin. However, when it was mounted it was realized the gravity altered its shape because of the mirror's weight, thus causing an image quality issue.
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After the Second World War, French astronomers began designing and building instruments for radio astronomy. A field station was established in 1953, and by the late 1950s several radio instruments were established. In 1965 the
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Through the centuries the Paris
Observatory has continued in support of astronomical activities, and in the 21st century connects multiple sites and organizations, supporting astronomy and science, past and present.
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Widemann, T., Knobloch, E. (2022). "Aux origines d'une science et d'une sociabilité européennes: l'Observatoire de Paris à 350 ans", 'Archives
Internationales d'Histoire des sciences, Vol. 72, N°189, 2022
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by a Royal brevet dated
November 12, 1771. However, the important role played by his grandfather and father in this institution during its first century actually gave them somewhat the role of Director.
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456:. Construction of the Observatory was completed in 1671, though the buildings were extended in 1730, 1810, 1834, 1850, and 1951. The last extension incorporates the Meridian Room designed by
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1931:
New
Insights From Recent Studies in Historical Astronomy: Following in the Footsteps of F. Richard Stephenson: A Meeting to Honor F. Richard Stephenson on His 70th Birthday
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The Paris
Observatory was founded in 1667..Construction was completed by the early 1670s and coincided with a major push for increased science, and the founding of the
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twelve-foot glass, and one of his satellites. Monsieur Cassini told me, that the declination of the needle at Paris is about two and a half degrees to the west."
300:. King Louis XIV's minister of finance organized a "scientific powerhouse" to increase understanding of astronomy, maritime navigation, and science in general.
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A Lerebours telescope of 24.4 cm aperture was installed in 1823, at a cost of 14,500 Francs. In 1835 Arago used this telescope to observe the return of
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618:(1712â1756) are listed as "Directors" retrospectively. The same goes for François Arago, who also was not actually a Director although he did have a
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of Meudon Observatory (France), is a double refractor with both an 83 cm and 62 cm aperture objective lenses on one shaft. It was installed in 1891.
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Aubin, D. (2003). "The fading star of the Paris Observatory in the nineteenth century: astronomers' urban culture of circulation and observation".
1573:"Fabienne Casoli Ă©lue PrĂ©sidente de l'Observatoire de Paris â PSL â Observatoire de Paris â PSL Centre de recherche en astronomie et astrophysique"
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exactly bisecting the site northâsouth. The meridian line was used as a basis for navigation and would be used by French cartographers as their
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The Marly tower, moved to the observatory in 1685 for mounting telescopes, was demolished in 1705. The Marly tower was originally made for the
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In 1875 a 120 cm aperture silver-on-glass reflecting telescope was built, for 400,000 francs (the French unit of currency at that time).
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Nowadays, the AstroQueyras amateur astronomy association operates the facility, using a 60 cm (24 in) telescope on loan from the
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The Paris Observatory at the beginning of the eighteenth century, with the wooden "Marly Tower" on the right, a remnant of the
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The observatory did not have a recognised Director until 1771, before that each member could do as they pleased. Sometimes
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was in operation there for ten years; the dome was moved there from the Perrault building of the Observatoire de Paris.
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In 1804 a telescope of 8.4 cm aperture, made by Bellet, was established on the roof of the observatory. In 1807 a
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became a branch of the Paris Observatory in 1863. In 1873, Marseilles Observatory detached from Paris Observatory.
452:, was secretary to Jean-Baptiste Colbert and superintendent of public works. Optical instruments were supplied by
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1087:(Meudon 83-cm) is an 83 cm (33 in) aperture refractor, which, with September 20, 1909 observations by
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was installed, and in 1878 a meridian instrument. The transit circle of 1863 was made by Secretan and Eichens.
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1307:
M. Abgrall; et al. (June 2015). "Atomic fountains and optical clocks at SYRTE: status and perspectives".
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1667, members of the Academy of Sciences traced the future building's outline on a plot outside town near the
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Astronomical and Meteorological Observations Made at the United States Naval Observatory During the Year ...
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was built in 1974 on top of the Pic de ChĂąteau Renard (2,900 m or 9,500 ft), in the commune of
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1208:"Paris Observatory â Observatoire de Paris â PSL Centre de recherche en astronomie et astrophysique"
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One of the special telescopes in the collection of the observatory, was the Passy telescope of King
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telescope was acquired, and there were several instruments available including a 9 cm aperture
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1850:
Planetary Astronomy from the Renaissance to the Rise of Astrophysics, Part A, Tycho Brahe to Newton
962:), but was moved to the southern gardens area near the Paris Observatory. The tower could hold the
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was constructed, an instrument that catalysed what proved to be the over-ambitious international
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1148:"Aux origines d'une science et d'une sociabilité européennes: l'Observatoire de Paris à 350 ans"
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Lequeux, James; Steinberg, Jean-Louis; Orchiston, Wayne (2010). "2010JAHH...13...29L Page 29".
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until its dissolution in 1987. It remains the source of legal time in France, using multiple
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277:, and one of the largest astronomical centers in the world. Its historic building is on the
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1729:"Completion and delivery of equipment bay and camera to CNES mark major project milestone"
8:
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Prévot, Marie-Louise; Caplan, James (1998). "History of the Marseille Observatory".
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The title of Director of the Observatory was officially given for the first time to
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In 1732 a quadrant instrument made by Langlois was established at the Observatory.
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The telescopes were mobile and were placed on the terrace for the observations.
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In 1676 the staff concluded that light itself was travelling at a finite speed.
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3067:Ăcole nationale supĂ©rieure des sciences de l'information et des bibliothĂšques
1714:
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Histoire de l'Observatoire de Paris, de sa fondation Ă 1793 / par C. Wolf,...
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to determine the exact difference of longitude between the two institutions.
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81:
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Project for a dome in the heart of the ChĂąteau-Neuf, never built. Circa 1880
322:, with a status close to that of a public university. Its missions include:
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905:
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327:
2385:Ătablissements publics Ă caractĂšre scientifique, culturel et professionnel
2054:
François Arago: A 19th Century French Humanist and Pioneer in Astrophysics
1992:
François Arago: A 19th Century French Humanist and Pioneer in Astrophysics
1902:"A short Story of Paris Observatory â Histoire de l'Observatoire de Paris"
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29:
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1693:
Lequeux, James (January 2017). "The Paris Observatory has 350 years".
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216:
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Guinot, B. (2000). "History of the Bureau International de l'Heure".
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441:
389:, for the mounting of long-tubed telescopes and even longer tubeless
270:
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923:
1531:
Archives nationales, O1 117, fol. 991â993. See also Charles Wolf,
888:
was established, a design equivalent to an almost 100-metre dish.
510:
The Meridian Room (or Cassini Room) at the Paris Observatory. The
2342:
1040:, some of the telescopes used at the Paris Observatory included:
526:
1928:
Orchiston, Wayne; Green, David A.; Strom, Richard (2014-11-24).
1234:
Women in Early British and Irish Astronomy: Stars and Satellites
1033:
In 1886 a Henry astrograph with 13-inch objective was acquired.
866:
LESIA space and astrophysics instrumentation research laboratory
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1654:
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in England, which was founded in 1675. The English philosopher
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1877:
From Earth-Bound to Satellite: Telescopes, Skills and Networks
1047:
Foucault-Eichens reflector (20 cm (7.9 in) aperture)
1001:
was installed, and also a transit instrument, also by Gambey.
3086:
3081:
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1044:
Foucault-Eichens reflector (40 cm (16 in) aperture)
896:
Also known as the Observatoire du Pic de ChĂąteau Renard, the
401:, which had recently been founded by the Minister of Finance
286:
282:
3447:
Buildings and structures in the 14th arrondissement of Paris
2328:
1651:
1535:, Paris : Gauthier-Villars, 1902, p. 194 and following.
844:
The Meudon site was constructed in the late 19th century by
525:
was published by the Observatory in 1679, using eclipses in
2333:
1736:
1545:
Friedjung, M. (1971). "Cassini and the Paris Observatory".
1050:
Martin-Eichens reflector (40 cm (16 in) aperture)
3350:
1533:
Histoire de l'Observatoire de Paris de sa fondation Ă 1793
579:
3122:
Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales
2346:
1763:
938:
The Arago equatorial telescope (38 cm/ 15 inch aperture)
397:
The Paris Observatory was proposed in 1665-1666 by the
2216:"UNESCO Astronomy and World Heritage Webportal â Home"
2192:"UNESCO Astronomy and World Heritage Webportal â Home"
1661:
Friedjung, M. (1971). "1971JBAA...81..479F Page 479".
622:
position of leadership and is often credited as such.
533:. In 1863, the observatory published the first modern
289:, but most of the staff work on a satellite campus in
3315:
2890:Ăcole nationale d'ingĂ©nieurs de Saint-Etienne (ENISE)
1847:
Taton, R.; Wilson, C.; Hoskin, Michael (2003-09-18).
1825:(in French). l'Observatoire de Paris. Archived from
3127:
Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace
1927:
1183:
History of Indian Astronomy: The Siamese Manuscript
966:for extremely long focal length aerial telescopes.
500:were also discovered from the observatory in 1684.
467:
The ChĂąteau-Neuf at Meudon in 1871, after the fire.
238:
A 1682 map shows adjustments to the coast of France
3157:School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences
1819:"L'Observatoire du Pic de ChĂąteau Renard (2900 m)"
1346:Wolf, Charles (1827â1918) Auteur du texte (1902).
1107:building, which was renovated in the early 2000s.
428:The Paris Observatory predates by a few years the
1846:
488:was discovered from the observatory, followed by
3423:
2283:Polar Motion: Historical and Scientific problems
2024:Le VerrierâMagnificent and Detestable Astronomer
1599:Le VerrierâMagnificent and Detestable Astronomer
1152:Archives Internationales d'Histoire des Sciences
1145:
529:'s satellites to aid sea-farers in establishing
1663:Journal of the British Astronomical Association
1547:Journal of the British Astronomical Association
1060:
929:
409:authorized the building of the Observatory. On
2368:
1146:Widemann, Thomas; Knobloch, Eberhard (2022).
1127:List of largest optical refracting telescopes
561:, exchanged sustained radio signals with the
3267:Federal University of Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées
1873:
1790:
1766:Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage
1622:
1443:Cosmic Discoveries: The Wonders of Astronomy
625:The current President of the Observatory is
364:
2140:
1721:
1362:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1008:of 38 centimetres (14.96 in) aperture
553:In November 1913, the observatory used the
16:Foremost astronomical observatory of France
3047:Conservatoire national des arts et métiers
2375:
2361:
2280:
2090:British University Observatories 1772â1939
1306:
140:
63:
50:
37:
28:
3285:Polytechnic University of Hauts-de-France
3227:Leonardo da Vinci consolidated University
2975:Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale
2339:Publications of the Observatoire de Paris
2241:
2141:Observatory, United States Naval (1891).
2027:. Springer Science & Business Media.
1660:
1602:. Springer Science & Business Media.
1544:
1484:
1469:"Hidden treasures: the Paris Observatory"
1322:
1264:. l'Observatoire de Paris. Archived from
1237:. Springer Science & Business Media.
1179:
980:telescope, and a telescope by Lerebours.
182:
2113:
2086:
1791:Davis, R. J.; Jackson, N. (1997-01-28).
1139:
1070:
946:A meridian instrument of the Observatory
941:
933:
874:
835:
796:
518:The world's first national almanac, the
505:
470:
462:
376:
233:
225:
2160:
2050:
2020:
1988:
1692:
1595:
1352:Paris: Gauthier-Villars. pp. 1â12.
3424:
3197:University of Burgundy - Franche-Comté
3092:Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris
2334:Digital library for astronomy archives
2016:
2014:
2012:
1874:Morrison-Low, Alison D. (2011-11-11).
1466:
1256:
1254:
597:
3117:Institut national d'histoire de l'art
2934:Ăcole normale supĂ©rieure Paris-Saclay
2356:
2186:
2184:
2156:
2154:
2117:History of Astronomy: An Encyclopedia
2082:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2046:
2044:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1923:
1921:
1759:
1757:
1731:(Press release). Released jointly by
1688:
1686:
1684:
1435:
1433:
1230:
537:. In 1882, a 33 cm (13 in)
347:and a radio astronomy observatory at
260:
3442:Astronomical observatories in France
3257:Université Paris Sciences et Lettres
1954:
1439:
1376:
1345:
1175:
1173:
805:overlooking the facilities' gardens.
632:
343:It maintains a solar observatory at
339:Diffusion of knowledge to the public
267:Paris Sciences et Lettres University
3072:Ăcole nationale supĂ©rieure maritime
2009:
1589:
1251:
651:Joseph JérÎme Lefrançais de Lalande
332:Education (four graduate programs,
191:Location of Paris Observatory - PSL
13:
3232:University of Lille Nord de France
3137:National Museum of Natural History
2944:Ăcole normale supĂ©rieure de Rennes
2181:
2151:
2071:
2041:
1975:
1918:
1754:
1681:
1430:
1400:
1379:The Life and Letters of John Locke
1122:List of astronomical observatories
1099:The Meudon refractor was built at
479:
14:
3463:
3222:Languedoc-Roussillon Universities
2311:
1381:. London: Henry Bohn. p. 73.
1170:
366:SytÚmes de Référence Temps Espace
265:), a research institution of the
3409:
3397:
3385:
3373:
3361:
3349:
3337:
3325:
3077:Ăcole pratique des hautes Ă©tudes
2965:Ăcole française d'ExtrĂȘme-Orient
2939:Ăcole normale supĂ©rieure de Lyon
2147:U.S. Government Printing Office.
1794:High-Sensitivity Radio Astronomy
813:In addition to these sites, the
202:
181:
174:
3290:Institut polytechnique de Paris
2329:Inventory of astronomy heritage
2226:
2208:
2134:
2107:
1948:
1894:
1867:
1840:
1811:
1784:
1616:
1565:
1538:
1525:
1514:
1501:
1467:Abbott, Alison (January 2009).
1460:
1415:
1385:
1370:
639:César-François Cassini de Thury
604:César-François Cassini de Thury
563:United States Naval Observatory
307:
293:, a suburb southwest of Paris.
3262:Sorbonne Paris Cité University
2167:. Cambridge University Press.
2087:Hutchins, Roger (2017-03-02).
1853:. Cambridge University Press.
1797:. Cambridge University Press.
1339:
1300:
1288:
1279:
1224:
1200:
1180:Narayanan, Anil (2019-03-08).
920:Observatoire de Haute Provence
891:
857:Solar Observatory Tower Meudon
351:. It was also the home to the
320:Ministry of National Education
1:
3452:1671 establishments in France
2345:, the digital library of the
2196:www3.astronomicalheritage.net
2161:Newcomb, Simon (2011-10-24).
2114:Lankford, John (2013-03-07).
2051:Lequeux, James (2015-09-08).
2021:Lequeux, James (2013-03-15).
1989:Lequeux, James (2015-09-08).
1955:King, Henry C. (2003-01-01).
1596:Lequeux, James (2013-03-15).
1440:Levy, David H. (2010-09-09).
1132:
792:
663:Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre
444:of the Paris Observatory was
2232:(2001) "Paris Observatory",
1958:The History of the Telescope
1406:(2001) "Paris Observatory",
1061:Meudon 83-cm Great Refractor
930:Instruments past and present
926:have been discovered there.
848:, one of the discoverers of
768:Pierre Couturier (1999â2003)
7:
3107:Institut Agro Rennes-Angers
3062:Ăcole Nationale des Chartes
2980:Roman Historical Institutes
2782:Ăcole centrale de Marseille
2320:(official site, in English)
1391:(2001) "Perrault, Claude",
1110:
898:Observatoire de Saint-VĂ©ran
756:Raymond Michard (1971â1976)
645:Dominique, comte de Cassini
572:
430:Royal Greenwich Observatory
262:[ÉbsÉÊvatwaÊdÉpaÊi]
10:
3468:
3295:University of Paris-Saclay
1625:Acta Historica Astronomiae
1507:"Paris Time By Wireless,"
1333:10.1016/j.crhy.2015.03.010
1231:BrĂŒck, Mary (2009-07-25).
1064:
1014:Arago equatorial telescope
762:Pierre Charvin (1981â1991)
759:Jacques Boulon (1976â1981)
727:Henri-Alexandre Deslandres
399:French Academy of Sciences
372:
326:Research in astronomy and
312:Administratively, it is a
3305:Gustave Eiffel University
3300:CY Cergy Paris University
3275:
3252:Université Paris LumiÚres
3180:
3172:Grenoble Alpes University
3147:Paris Dauphine University
3102:Institut agro Montpellier
3057:Ăcole des ponts ParisTech
3037:Arts et MĂ©tiers ParisTech
2988:
2952:
2917:
2885:
2857:
2800:
2762:
2751:
2392:
958:water supply system (see
870:
831:
774:Claude Catala (2011â2020)
765:Michel Combes (1991â1999)
425:for more than 200 years.
359:clocks maintained by its
353:International Time Bureau
298:Royal Academy of Sciences
213:
200:
169:
157:
153:
148:
125:
110:
71:
58:
45:
36:
27:
3000:Instituts polytechniques
2953:French institutes abroad
2929:Ăcole normale supĂ©rieure
2920:Ăcole normale supĂ©rieure
2859:Institutes of technology
2787:Ăcole centrale de Nantes
2764:Centrale Graduate School
1053:Several small refractors
820:
771:Daniel Egret (2003-2011)
385:moved to the grounds by
208:Related media on Commons
158:East Tower 38 cm (15 in)
3277:Institute of technology
3247:University of Paris-Est
2970:French School at Athens
2805:des sciences appliquées
2772:Ăcole centrale de Lille
2235:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
1961:. Courier Corporation.
1424:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
1421:(2001) "Prouvé, Jean",
1409:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
1394:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
1310:Comptes Rendus Physique
1262:"The Paris Observatory"
840:Solar Observatory Tower
801:The great refractor of
687:Charles-EugĂšne Delaunay
514:is traced on the floor.
23:Paris Observatory - PSL
3182:Groups of universities
3167:University of Lorraine
3112:Institut Mines-Télécom
2777:Ăcole centrale de Lyon
2238:, Deluxe CDROM edition
1427:, Deluxe CDROM edition
1412:, Deluxe CDROM edition
1397:, Deluxe CDROM edition
1091:, helped disprove the
1080:
1067:Meudon Great Refractor
947:
939:
886:Nançay radio telescope
880:
841:
815:Marseilles Observatory
806:
592:Joseph-Nicolas Delisle
521:Connaissance des temps
515:
484:In 1671 Saturn's moon
476:
468:
394:
365:
251:
239:
231:
49:Observatoire de Paris
46:Alternative names
3437:Grands Ă©tablissements
2991:Grands Ă©tablissements
1733:Observatoire de Paris
1117:Bureau des Longitudes
1074:
945:
937:
904:in the Haut Queyras (
878:
839:
800:
745:Jean-François Denisse
509:
474:
466:
403:Jean-Baptiste Colbert
380:
258:French pronunciation:
253:Observatoire de Paris
237:
229:
3052:Ăcole Centrale Paris
2792:Ăcole Centrale Paris
2624:Sorbonne Paris North
2285:. pp. 175â184.
1446:. Prometheus Books.
1377:King, Peter (1858).
1006:refracting telescope
879:Nançay radar antenna
161:Equatorial refractor
133:.observatoiredeparis
3242:Normandy University
3207:Centre-Val de Loire
3097:Institut Agro Dijon
2867:Belfort-Montbéliard
2656:Polynésie française
2291:2000ASPC..208..175G
2256:2003Osir...18...79A
1778:2010JAHH...13...29L
1707:2017LAstr.131a..28L
1675:1971JBAA...81..479F
1637:1998AcHA....3...78P
1559:1971JBAA...81..479F
1511:Nov 22, 1913, pg 1.
997:In 1837 the Gambey
598:Directors and staff
492:in 1672. The moons
315:grand Ă©tablissement
95:48.8051°N 2.23337°E
91: /
24:
3237:University of Lyon
2634:Paris-East Créteil
2579:Nouvelle-Calédonie
2442:Bordeaux Montaigne
1101:Meudon Observatory
1081:
1038:Transit of Mercury
948:
940:
881:
842:
807:
516:
477:
469:
395:
269:, is the foremost
240:
232:
22:
3432:Paris Observatory
3313:
3312:
3152:Paris Observatory
3042:CollĂšge de France
3025:Clermont-Auvergne
2960:Casa de VelĂĄzquez
2913:
2912:
2819:Euro-Méditerranée
2803:Institut national
2619:Sorbonne Nouvelle
2609:Panthéon-Sorbonne
2472:Clermont Auvergne
2324:Location in Paris
2318:Paris Observatory
2304:978-2-503-59736-2
2174:978-1-108-03773-0
2164:Popular Astronomy
2064:978-3-319-20723-0
2034:978-1-4614-5565-3
2002:978-3-319-20723-0
1968:978-0-486-43265-6
1941:978-3-319-07614-0
1887:978-90-04-21150-6
1860:978-0-521-54205-0
1804:978-0-521-57350-4
1295:French legal time
862:Chateau de Meudon
789:
788:
717:Benjamin Baillaud
693:Urbain Le Verrier
681:Urbain Le Verrier
614:(1671â1712) and
584:Johannes Hevelius
582:such as those of
391:aerial telescopes
244:Paris Observatory
230:Paris Observatory
224:
223:
165:
164:
3459:
3414:
3413:
3402:
3401:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3378:
3377:
3376:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3354:
3353:
3342:
3341:
3340:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3321:
3184:and institutions
2760:
2759:
2377:
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2354:
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2294:
2275:
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2111:
2105:
2104:
2084:
2069:
2068:
2048:
2039:
2038:
2018:
2007:
2006:
1986:
1973:
1972:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1925:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1912:
1906:sites.google.com
1898:
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1219:
1218:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1177:
1168:
1167:
1143:
1019:In 1863 a large
960:Machine de Marly
733:Ernest Esclangon
633:
612:Giovanni Cassini
567:Washington, D.C.
454:Giuseppe Campani
415:Port Royal abbey
405:. In 1666, King
387:Giovanni Cassini
383:Machine de Marly
368:
264:
259:
217:edit on Wikidata
206:
185:
184:
178:
155:
154:
144:
139:
136:
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132:
121:
119:
106:
105:
103:
102:
101:
100:48.8051; 2.23337
96:
92:
89:
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87:
84:
67:
54:
41:
32:
25:
21:
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3314:
3309:
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2984:
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2909:
2881:
2853:
2824:Hauts-de-France
2804:
2796:
2747:
2544:Marne-la-Vallée
2388:
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2314:
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2223:
2214:
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2010:
2003:
1987:
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1953:
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1571:
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1566:
1543:
1539:
1530:
1526:
1519:
1515:
1509:New York Times,
1506:
1502:
1486:10.1038/457033a
1465:
1461:
1454:
1438:
1431:
1420:
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1405:
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1205:
1201:
1194:
1178:
1171:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1113:
1089:E. M. Antoniadi
1085:great refractor
1069:
1063:
974:Short reflector
932:
894:
873:
834:
823:
795:
790:
778:Fabienne Casoli
705:FĂ©lix Tisserand
627:Fabienne Casoli
616:Jacques Cassini
600:
580:digital library
575:
482:
480:Accomplishments
448:whose brother,
446:Claude Perrault
411:Midsummer's Day
375:
357:atomic fountain
310:
273:observatory of
257:
220:
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3308:
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3259:
3254:
3249:
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3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3202:Bretagne-Loire
3199:
3194:
3188:
3186:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
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3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3032:Agro ParisTech
3029:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
2996:
2994:
2986:
2985:
2983:
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2808:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
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2768:
2766:
2757:
2754:Grandes Ă©coles
2749:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2740:
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2713:
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2462:Cergy-Pontoise
2459:
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2312:External links
2310:
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2264:10.1086/649378
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1338:
1317:(5): 461â470.
1299:
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1109:
1105:Grande Coupole
1077:Grande Lunette
1065:Main article:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1021:transit circle
992:Halley's Comet
964:objective lens
931:
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699:Amédée Mouchez
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675:François Arago
672:
669:Alexis Bouvard
666:
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657:Pierre MĂ©chain
654:
648:
642:
631:
599:
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588:JĂ©rĂŽme Lalande
574:
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512:Paris Meridian
481:
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423:prime meridian
419:Paris meridian
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3142:Oniris Nantes
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2721:Paul Sabatier
2719:
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2689:
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2199:. Retrieved
2195:
2163:
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2057:. Springer.
2053:
2023:
1995:. Springer.
1991:
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1930:
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1905:
1896:
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1842:
1831:. Retrieved
1827:the original
1822:
1813:
1793:
1786:
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1745:. Retrieved
1743:. 2005-06-30
1723:
1698:
1695:L'Astronomie
1694:
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1233:
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1211:
1202:
1186:. Lulu.com.
1182:
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739:André Danjon
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552:
545:
539:astrographic
535:weather maps
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517:
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360:
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243:
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3162:Sciences Po
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2716:Jean JaurĂšs
2681:La Rochelle
2549:Montpellier
2349:(in French)
1093:Mars canals
1083:The Meudon
994:that year.
922:. Numerous
913:coronograph
909:département
902:Saint-VĂ©ran
892:Saint-VĂ©ran
753:(1967â1971)
747:(1963â1967)
741:(1945â1963)
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729:(1926â1929)
719:(1908â1926)
713:(1896â1907)
707:(1892â1896)
701:(1878â1892)
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689:(1870â1873)
683:(1854â1870)
677:(1843â1853)
671:(1822â1843)
665:(1804â1822)
659:(1800â1804)
653:(1795â1800)
647:(1784â1793)
641:(1756â1784)
458:Jean Prouvé
417:, with the
285:in central
111:Established
98: /
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3426:Categories
2844:Strasbourg
2743:Versailles
2696:Strasbourg
2676:La RĂ©union
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2201:2019-10-21
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1272:2007-08-27
1217:2019-11-19
1133:References
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956:Versailles
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149:Telescopes
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1358:cite book
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