Paris massacre of 1961

1028:, Paul Thibaud discussed the controversy between Jean-Luc Einaudi, who spoke of 200 killed on 17 October, and 325 killed by the police during the autumn of 1961, and Jean-Paul Brunet, who gave an estimate of only 50 (and 160 dead, possible homicide victims, who passed through the IML medico-legal institute during the four months between September and December 1961). Although criticizing Einaudi on some points, Thibaud also underlined that Brunet had consulted only police archives and took the registers of the IML medico-legal institute at face value. Based on other sources, Thibaud pointed out (as did Brunet) that administrative dissimulation about the dead had taken place, and that the IML could not be relied upon as sole source. Thibaud concluded that Einaudi's work made it possible to give an estimate of 300 Algerian victims of murder (whether by police or others) between 1 September and 31 December 1961. 1487: 1421:“The image of the plaque resonates also in other cities around Paris as a corrective act of the great national narrative. Plaques and the renaming of streets, squares and public loci as ‘17 October 1961’ are memory initiatives that ensure the transition from state lie to the historical transformation of one of the traumatic situations embedded along the fractured lines between the colonial and the post-colonial. Plaques are akin to sites of memory, part of the process of healing traumas by keeping them alive in the present and represent the engagement of the post-colonial period towards correcting the distortions of silenced history.” 1135:"welcoming committee". On one end of the Neuilly bridge, groups of policemen on one side, CRS on the other, moved slowly towards each other. All the Algerians captured in this huge trap were knocked out and systematically thrown in the Seine. A good hundred people were subjected to this treatment (…) torturers threw their victims by tens in the Seine, which flows only a few meters from the courtyard, to keep them from being examined by forensic experts. Not without taking their watches and money. Mr Papon, the police prefect, and Mr. Legay, general director of the city police, were present during those dreadful scenes (…) 1349: 977:, the prime minister, and the head of government, Charles de Gaulle, was not included in the consulted records. In addition, the Mandelken report ignored the massacre that had taken place in the courtyard of the Police prefecture, and Papon's name itself appeared nowhere in the report. Einaudi concluded his op-ed stating that: "on the night of 17 October 1961 there had been a massacre perpetrated by the police forces acting on the orders of Maurice Papon." Papon subsequently filed a lawsuit against him in February 1999, because of this sentence, alleging 1608:, as the children of North African immigrants call themselves, had reached an age at which they could begin to demand information about their parents' fate. Professional or academic historians have lagged well behind amateurs in the attempt to discover what occurred on 17 October; investigative journalists, militants, and fiction writers like Smith, or the much more widely read detective novelist, Didier Daeninckx, kept a trace of the event alive during the thirty years when it had entered a "black hole" of memory. 60: 1338: 1317:). The right-wing representatives opposed the proposed plaque, viewing it as a way of blaming the political authorities in 1961 and not to recognise the reciprocal violence between the FLN and the police. Furthermore, concerns were raised regarding the potentially increasing threat of civil unrest and terrorism. Although it was the extreme right that first fiercely opposed the decision, many centrist and left-wing politicians, including former Interior Minister 4551: 487: 387: 1430:

and acknowledged the colonial past of France including the massacre that took place on the 17 October 1961. This address has been found to be very controversial due to how President Hollande framed French colonization and other content that was in the address. Some argue that despite President Hollande's acknowledgement of the event, it will hold little value in changing the view of France and their imperialistic history.

1321:, also did so, the latter because it could harm national cohesion. The opposition groups that ultimately rejected the draft resolution were the DL, RPR, Tibéristes and UDF. The tribute to the victims of 17 October 1961, was furthermore criticised by police unions (Alliance, SGP-FO) who saw the action as an affront to the force and feared that bringing up the events could lead to an alienation between the national police ( 1650: 4562: 1279:" by Jean-Luc Einaudi in which he approximated that the death toll was closer to 200. With the publication of this book, the massacre began to gain more acknowledgement which led to the reopening of the archives. However, Einaudi still was denied access for 30 months following the access that was granted to another historian Jean-Paul Brunet who estimated that the death toll was about 30. 1604:. It is a mark of the success surrounding the official blackout of information about 17 October that Smith's novel, written by a foreigner in France and published in the United States (it could not be published in France), would stand as one of the few representations of the event available all the way up until the early 1990s–until the moment, that is, when a generation of young 359:. How many demonstrators were killed is still unclear. In the absence of official estimates, the plaque commemorating the massacre reads, "In memory of the many Algerians killed during the bloody repression of the peaceful demonstration of 17 October 1961". On 18 February 2007 (the day after Papon's death) calls were made for a 843:

but also for increasing the desire for revenge and hate against the whole of the community. During the whole of September, the Algerian population was severely repressed. In practice, this massive repression was based on physical appearance", according to Einaudi. There were daily raids against Algerians—and frequently any

172: 341:). Official documentation and eyewitness accounts within the Paris police department suggest that Papon directed the massacre himself. Police records show that he called for officers in one station to be "subversive" in quelling the demonstrations, and assured them protection from prosecution if they participated. 805:, it was composed entirely of Algerian Muslims recruited in Algeria or France. In autumn 1960, the FPA had 600 members. It first operated in the 13th Arrondissement, where it requisitioned café-hotels. Torture is rumoured to have been used, most notably at 9, rue Harvey and 208, rue du Château des Rentiers. 877:). The French Federation of the FLN thus called upon the whole of the Algerian population in Paris, men, women and children, to demonstrate against the curfew, widely regarded as a racist administrative measure, on 17 October 1961. According to historian Jean-Luc Einaudi, Papon had 7,000 policemen, 1,400 1412:

Later that day, Jacques Floch, the Secretary of State for Defence with responsibility for veterans, justified Delanoë's gesture in front of the National Assembly and stated that the curfew in 1961 applied based on race, whereupon many RPR and Démocratie libérale deputies left the assembly, expressing

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After the ceremony, Bertrand Delanoë, stated that it was important to come to terms with what had happened and to move forward in unity. The mayor went on and said that the plaque was not directed against anyone but was rather intended to reassure the descendants of the victims that they were part of

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The inscription on the plaque reads “à la mémoire des nombreux Algériens tués lors de la sanglante répression de la manifestation pacifique du 17 octobre 1961” (Engl.: “in memory of the many Algerians killed during the bloody repression of the peaceful demonstration on 17 October 1961”) and therefore

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The FLN decided to resume bombings against the French police at the end of August 1961; from the end of August to the beginning of October 1961, 11 policemen were killed and 17 injured in Paris and its suburbs. "These bombings had the effect of spreading fear throughout the ranks of the Paris police,

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According to historian Jean-Luc Einaudi, a specialist on the massacre, some of the causes of the violent repression of the 17 October 1961 demonstration can best be understood in terms of the composition of the French police force itself, which still included many former members of the force in place

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acknowledged the 1961 massacre of Algerians in Paris. His acknowledgement of the event was the first time a French president had acknowledged the massacre. This acknowledgement came two months before his address to Algerian Parliament. In his address to the Algerian Parliament, he further renounced

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people (Moroccans or Tunisians), and even Spanish or Italian immigrants, who were taken for Algerians. Algerians were arrested at work or in the streets and thrown into the Seine with their hands tied in order to drown them, among other methods, as shown for example in a report by the priest Joseph

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and communist ministers had been expelled from the government in May 1947. Moreover, police officers who had been members of the Resistance might well have taken part in the various raids against Jews and other persecuted groups during the Vichy regime, as otherwise they would have been dismissed.

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The events in 2001 clearly took place at the local level. No government official attended the unveiling of the plaque and Bertrand Delanoë, as an elected official of the city of Paris, clearly referred to the Parisian community. The fact that the recognition was carried out at the local level was

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According to Einaudi, "It was in this climate that, on 2 October, during the funerals of a policeman killed by the FLN, the police prefect proclaimed, in the prefecture's courtyard: 'For one hit taken we shall give back ten!' This call was an encouragement to kill Algerians and was immediately

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condemned the massacre on the eve of its 60th anniversary, recognising officially that the French Republic had committed at this occasion "unforgivable crimes", without however issuing a formal apology for such "unforgivable crimes", in line with its stated policy consisting in recognising and

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The unveiling ceremony of the plaque took place without the presence of an official representative of the Socialist government and the Élysée Palace, as well as in the absence of any local right-wing politician. Furthermore, a short distance from the Pont Saint-Michel another demonstration was

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from 8.30 p.m. to 5.30 a.m. in Paris and its suburbs for "Algerian Muslim workers", "French Muslims" and "French Muslims of Algeria" (all three terms used by Papon, although the approximately 150,000 Algerians living at the time in Paris were officially considered French and possessed a French

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Among the thousands of Algerians brought to the Parc des Expositions of the Porte de Versailles, tens were killed by blows from rifle butts and pickaxe handles (…) Others had their fingers chopped off by members of law enforcement, policemen and gendarmes, who cynically had renamed themselves

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Responding to Papon's request, the court gave an ambiguous judgement. It stated that Einaudi had "defamed" Papon, but that Einaudi had acted on "good faith", and praised the "seriousness and quality" of Einaudi's research. Both Papon and Einaudi were thus vindicated by the court's judgement.

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condemning the massacre as a "bloody and murderous repression" that was made "under the authority of police prefect Maurice Papon". The measure, which passed with 67 affirmative votes and 11 others voting against, also called for the official commemoration of the massacre.

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presented declassified archive documents from the de Gaulle presidency attesting that de Gaulle was quickly aware of the extent of the massacre and the criminal acts of the French police on 17 October and the following weeks. Certain documents presented de Gaulle's

952:", detained Algerians, many by now already injured, systematic victims of a 'welcoming committee'. In these places, considerable violence took place and prisoners were tortured. Men would be dying there until the end of the week. Similar scenes took place in the 763:

In the past two days, a racist concentration camp has been opened in Paris. They have not even had the good sense to choose a site which would not remind French patriots who are currently celebrating the anniversary of the Liberation of Paris of what took place

928:, without incident. Blocked at Opéra by police forces, the demonstrators backtracked. Reaching the Rex cinema (the site of the present Le Rex Club on the "Grands Boulevards"), the police opened fire on the crowd and charged, leading to several deaths. On the 1417:

later increasingly scrutinized, and some suggest that the Paris initiative was intended to diminish the requests for national recognition. But even without an any official government involvement, the installation of the plaque had an impact beyond Paris.

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on 20 May 1998, contesting this official figure, criticizing both the methodology of the report and the consulted records. He called attention to the fact that many of the records had been destroyed. A report that Papon had prepared for Interior Minister

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acknowledging colonial crimes committed by the French Republic in the past, rather than formally apologising for them or asking for forgiveness. Macron later attended a memorial ceremony for the victims becoming the first French president to do so.

1011:(PS). He found a list of 70 persons killed, while the texts confirmed Einaudi's comments that the magistrates who had been called on by the victims' families to consider these incidents had systematically acquitted the policemen. According to 888:(riot police) to block this demonstration, to which the Prefecture of Police had not given its agreement (mandatory for legal demonstrations). The police forces thus blocked all access to the capital, metro stations, train stations, Paris' 1159:

resistance organization during the war, testified in favor of historian Jean-Luc Einaudi during the trial that Papon had launched against him (later won by Einaudi). On 1 January 1962, Papon declared to the police forces under his orders:

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bridge (separating Paris from the suburbs), the police detachments and FPA members also shot at the crowd, killing some. Algerians were thrown into and drowned in the Seine at points across the city and its suburbs, most notably at the

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The events surrounding the massacre and its death toll were largely unknown for decades. There was almost no media coverage at the time. These events remained unknown in part because they were overshadowed in the French media by the

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explores in detail the events of the massacre. It follows the lives of several people and also shows some of the divisions within the Paris police, with some openly arguing for more violence while others tried to uphold the rule of

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and other internment centers used under Vichy. Those detained included not only Algerians, but also Moroccan and Tunisian immigrants, who were then sent to the various police stations, to the courtyard of the police prefecture, the

892:, etc. Of a population of about 150,000 Algerians living in Paris, 30,000–40,000 of them managed to join the demonstration however. Police raids were carried out all over the city. 11,000 persons were arrested, and transported by 1396:

personally expressed himself last year by speaking of "tragic events", neither the police's responsibility in the crime nor that of those politically responsible at the time have been clearly established, much less officially

1001:, 1991) asserted that as many as 200 Algerians had been killed. The historian Jean-Paul Brunet found satisfactory evidence for the murder of 31 Algerians, while suggesting that a number of up to 50 actual victims was credible. 956:… The raids, violence and drownings would continue over the following days. For several weeks, unidentified corpses were discovered along the river banks. The victims of the massacre can be estimated to at least 200 fatalities. 100:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge. 782:) was then created under the authority of the prefecture of police in January 1959. Algerians detained during police raids in the Paris region could be brought there for identity verifications but could also be put under 1450:

the guilty and to refuse the establishment of impunity within the French police. According to historian Gilles Manceron, de Gaulle's desire for sanctions was prevented by his fears of fracturing his political majority.

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On 17 October you won … victory against Algerian terrorism … Your moral interests have been successfully defended, since the aim of the police prefecture's opponents to put in place an investigation committee have been

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as President, who did all they could to "hide the scale of the 17 October crime" (Jean-Luc Einaudi). The funerals on 13 February 1962 of the nine persons killed (among them, Fanny Dewerpe, mother of French historian

318:(FLN) Algerians. After 37 years of denial and censorship of the press, in 1998 the government finally acknowledged 40 deaths, while some historians estimate that between 200 and 300 Algerians died. Death was due to 2811: 2788: 2676: 1388:"if a step forward had been taken with the decision of the city of Paris to put a commemorative plaque on the Pont Saint-Michel, deplored that the text which was chosen for it invokes neither the idea of a 860:'s police station, the prefect of police declared to the police officers present: 'You also must be subversive in the war that sets you against others. You will be covered, I give you my word on that'". 1275:

Following the massacre that occurred in 1961, the police archives were sealed to anyone looking to investigate until the 1990s when they were eventually reopened. This was following the publication of "

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On the occasion of the opening ceremony for the 2024 Olympic Games taking place in Paris, the members of the Algerian delegation tossed red roses into the Seine to honour the victims of the massacre.

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What happened on 17 October 1961 and in the following days against the peaceful demonstrators, on whom no weapons were found, morally forces us to bring our testimony and to alert public opinion (…)

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Forty years after the massacre, on 17 October 2001, the event was officially acknowledged by the city of Paris with the placement and unveiling of a memorial plaque to the victims of 1961 near the

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nor the responsibility of the author of the crime, the state. Thus, in no case does this Parisian initiative exempt the highest national authorities from taking responsibility. In addition, if

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All culprits must be punished. The punishment must be extended to all responsible people, those who give orders, those who pretend to just let it happen, whatever their high office may be (…)

701:), torture, executions without trial: this is the reality of the war he was supervising out there." According to Einaudi, in the following years he applied these methods in Paris and the 960:

In 1961, the police prefecture spoke only of "2 persons shot dead". Following historian Jean-Luc Einaudi's testimony during the Papon trial in the late-1990s, left-wing police Minister

548: 1313:, were however by no means uncontroversial. This was also evident in the debates on a draft resolution for the commemorative plaque on 24 September 2001 in the Paris City Council ( 4127: 740:. Papon retaliated with massive raids on Algerian people in Paris and its suburbs. More than 5,000 Algerians were detained in the former Beaujon hospital, in the Japy gymnasium ( 1137:

These indisputable facts are only a small part of what happened these last days and what continues to happen. They are known among the city police. The crimes committed by the

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ordered the opening of parts of the archives. The resulting Mandelken Report, based on the investigation of these partial records, counted 32 dead. Einaudi then published an

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is now recognized as the earliest known fictional treatment of the events. Although the death toll is listed in many places at 140 dead or missing, writer and social critic

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The authors remained anonymous until the late 1990s although Maurice Papon tried to discover them. In February 1999, its main author, Emile Portzer, former member of the

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The official death toll was initially three, before the French government acknowledged in 1998 that the massacre occurred and that "several dozen" people were killed.

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This contradicts David Assouline, who in 1997 was granted limited access to consult part of the police documents (which were supposed to be classified until 2012) by

1583:, which is also the first attempt to mine the archives of the massacre through the form of a fictional enquiry. However, expatriate American novelist and journalist 849: 718:(district companies), police forces that specialized in repression, where new police recruits were trained. These companies were formed mainly from veterans of the 3304: 3439: 4266: 2913: 1309:

The establishment of an official memorial and thus also the commemorative plaque proposed by the political left and supported by the Socialist mayor of Paris,

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The massacre was intentional, as substantiated by historian Jean-Luc Einaudi, who won a trial against Papon in 1999 (Papon had been convicted in 1998 of

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No one has been prosecuted for participation in the killings, because they fell under the general amnesty for crimes committed during the Algerian War.

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remains very vague, addressing neither the agency of the perpetrators nor any kind of responsibility. The chosen text was also criticised by historian

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During the night, a massacre took place in the courtyard of the police headquarters, killing tens of victims. In the Palais des Sports, then in the "

797:) was created in 1959. This special constabulary force, under the authority of the Algerian Affairs Coordination Center of the Prefecture of Police ( 1365:, elevated the plaque from 2001 and unveiled a steel artwork depicting the hollowed silhouettes of demonstrators cut out on the waters of the Seine. 1329:

organised to protest against the tribute, with political representatives, right-wing and far-right activists seeing the tribute as a "provocation".

813:, where three hotels were requisitioned in rue de la Goutte-d'Or. The FPA was also active in the suburbs, from the summer of 1961, in particular in 103:

Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.

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against the civilian population. On 13 March 1958, 7,000 policemen demonstrated in the courtyard of the police headquarters against delays in the "

1213: 3361: 2367:"Charonne, passé au scalpel de l'historien (interview with historian Alain Dewerpe, member of the Ecole des hautes études en sciences sociales)" 1637:

The massacre and the French government's alleged cover-up are the subjects of Robert Goddard's 2022 novel, "This Is the Night They Come for You"

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The local political controversies are also reflected in the fact that the commemorative plaque was eventually placed on the Île de la Cité (

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We won't sign this text and sincerely regret it. We observe, not without sadness, that current circumstances do not allow us to do so (…)

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Ici on noya les algériens: La bataille de Jean-Luc Einaudi pour la reconnaissance du massacre policier et raciste du 17 octobre 1961

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Ici on noya les algériens: La bataille de Jean-Luc Einaudi pour la reconnaissance du massacre policier et raciste du 17 octobre 1961

2289: 655:" accorded to them because of the war, although the FLN had not yet begun to target police officers. Encouraged by far-right deputy 1895: 1192: 3536: 4678: 4643: 3985: 3388:"17 OCTOBRE 1961 : UNE MÉMOIRE À VIF ENQUÊTE Massacre du 17 octobre 1961 : les preuves que le général de Gaulle savait" 508: 448: 404: 4303: 588:

and similar groups) were later reintegrated into the police forces. In contrast, some of the policemen who had been part of the

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in the French police until at least the 1960s. In fact, Papon was not charged and convicted until 1997–98 for his World War II

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A memorial plaque for Algerians killed on 17 October 1961 by Parisian police officers who were acting under orders of the

4638: 4437: 452: 315: 243: 2536: 1486: 4698: 4442: 2328: 1156: 1076: 111: 2812:"Archives du "Monde" (17 octobre 2001) – Le massacre du 17 octobre 1961 obtient un début de reconnaissance officielle" 2789:"Archives du "Monde" (17 octobre 2001) – Le massacre du 17 octobre 1961 obtient un début de reconnaissance officielle" 2677:"Archives du "Monde" (17 octobre 2001) – Le massacre du 17 octobre 1961 obtient un début de reconnaissance officielle" 4613: 4393: 4383: 4171: 4166: 4106: 3708: 3677: 3654: 3604: 3590: 3563: 3226: 2048: 953: 910: 534: 426: 3610: 3569: 1180:

On 8 February 1962, another demonstration against the OAS, which had been prohibited by the State, was repressed at

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Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.

3995: 3814: 2424:"The Washington Report on the Middle East: The 1961 Massacre of Algerians in Paris: When the media failed the test" 623:

in being responsible for the deportation of 1,560 Jews, including children and the elderly, between 1942 and 1944.

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The massacre took place in the context of the Algerian War (1954–62), which had become increasingly violent. After

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In 2021, The massacre was the subject in the short animated film "Les larmes de la Seine" written by Yanis Belaid.

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The Washington Report on the Middle East: The 1961 Massacre of Algerians in Paris: When the media failed the test

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In 2017, French comedian Jhon Rachid created a short film about the massacre, entitled Jour de Pluie (Rainy Day).

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a meeting to "protest against police violence and the repression of the 17 October 1961 demonstration in Paris".

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wrote: "It is not possible to stay silent when, in our Paris, men are resurrecting the methods of the Gestapo".

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According to Einaudi, "Already at this time, policemen boasting about throwing Algerians in the Seine" river.

512: 408: 72: 46: 2507: 612: 4693: 4673: 4566: 4405: 1966: 1678: 1409:) rather than on the left bank of the Seine, since the 5th arrondissement had a Gaullist mayor at the time. 1243:

According to James J. Napoli, coverage of the massacre by major British and American media sources, such as

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are no secret any more. The little information given by news outlets is nothing compared to the truth (…)

3806: 3440:"JO 2024 : sur la Seine, l'Algérie rend hommage aux victimes du massacre du 17 octobre 1961 à Paris" 1673: 1406: 1060: 829: 133: 3782: 1934: 1600:

African-American novelist William Gardner Smith put the figure at "over two hundred" in his 1963 novel,

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On 25 August 1958, an FLN offensive in Paris killed three policemen on Boulevard de l'Hôpital in the

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The French government commission in 1998 claimed only 48 people died. Historian Jean-Luc Einaudi (

691:" (IGAME – General Inspector for the Administration on Extraordinary Mission). "Prohibited zones, 4156: 3940: 1459: 868:

On 5 October 1961, the Prefecture of Police announced in a press statement the introduction of a

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under 'Free France' leader Charles de Gaulle's leadership, Papon was kept on. He created the

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Police Violence in Paris, October 1961 : Historical Sources, Methods and Conclusions

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members, were killed by police forces, directed by Papon under the same government, with

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on 8 February 1962 whose victims were not only Algerians, but also French members of the

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Despite these raids, 4,000 to 5,000 people succeeded in demonstrating peacefully on the

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by the prefect. "These raids were frequently the occasion of violence," Einaudi wrote.

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official to be convicted for his role in the deportation of Jews during World War Two

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In the meanwhile, the state acknowledged in 1998 the massacre and spoke of 40 dead.

4251: 4244: 3214: 3178: 3101: 3012: 2973: 2846: 2736: 2574: 2450: 2098:, pp.73–74 for the 25 August 1958 FLN offensive; the detention of 5,000 Algerians; 1574: 1362: 1314: 1218: 322:, as well as mass drownings, as police officers threw demonstrators into the river 319: 4298: 2941: 2391: 2371: 2273: 2216: 754: 4150: 4002: 3688: 3198: 2914:"Paris inaugure une stèle en hommage aux victimes algériennes du 17 octobre 1961" 1818: 1726: 1711: 1463: 1434: 1250: 637:

Before his appointment as chief of the Paris police, Papon had been, since 1956,

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Flame: 35 Years ago the "Battle of Paris": When the Seine was full of bodies

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in 1944 for extreme forms of collaborationism (including assistance to the

564: 555: 376: 338: 334: 299: 189:" ("Here we drown Algerians"). Dozens of bodies were later pulled from the 163: 35: 27:

1961 police killing of Algerian independence demonstrators in Paris, France

1898:[17 October 1961, the reality of a massacre against a state lie]. 1754:

Absent the Archive Cultural Traces of a Massacre in Paris, 17 October 1961

799:

Centre de coordination des Affaires algériennes de la préfecture de police

4459: 4015: 3990: 3787: 3472:. Chicago, IL & London: The University of Chicago Press. p. 44. 3414:"France's parliament condemns 1961 police massacre of Algerians in Paris" 1499:

The massacre was referenced in “Bruno, Chief of Police,” a 2008 novel by

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France and the Algerian War, 1954–62: Strategy, Operations and Diplomacy

3339: 3323: 3113: 3024: 2985: 2858: 2748: 2586: 2462: 2438: 2303: 1896:"Le 17 octobre 1961, la réalité d'un massacre face à un mensonge d'Etat" 937:

in the centre of Paris and near the Prefecture of Police, very close to

3824:

Charonne, 8 février 1962. Anthropologie historique d'un massacre d'Etat

3662:

Charonne, 8 février 1962. Anthropologie historique d'un massacre d'Etat

3183: 3089: 3000: 2961: 2834: 2724: 2562: 2407:

Charonne, 8 février 1962, anthropologie historique d'un massacre d'Etat

2269:"17 octobre 1961 : la longue liste de morts des archives de Paris" 2212:"17 octobre 1961 : la longue liste de morts des archives de Paris" 2186: 1555:

The massacre is described in the opening verse of Irish punk rock band

1200: 978: 974: 411: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 122:

to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is

31: 2268: 769: 4049: 3290: 2410: 1245: 857: 775: 287: 30:"17 October 1961" redirects here. For other events on this date, see 645:

in Algeria, where he actively participated in the repression of and

486: 386: 41:"Paris massacre" redirects here. For other incidents, including the 4075: 3792: 1939: 1900: 1116:

A few days later, some anonymous policemen published a text called

844: 814: 675:

Dirty Jews! Into the Seine (river)! Death to the (Algerian) rebels!

593: 283: 176: 3773:

Flame: Papon and the killing of 200 Algerians in Paris during 1961

3752:, November 2001 (concerning the debate between Einaudi and Brunet) 688:

Inspecteur général pour l'administration en mission extraordinaire

547: 3746:

Paul Thibaud, "17 Octobre 1961: un moment de notre histoire," in

3308: 1595:

points out otherwise while invoking Smith's and Daeninckx's work:

1413:

their disapproval of the political recovery of the tragic event.

568: 1989:"Une station de métro près de Paris baptisée "17-Octobre-1961"?" 1019:, the register listed 90 persons by the second half of October. 367:

to be named "17 Octobre 1961" in commemoration of the massacre.

97: 2102:

quote and the "boasting about throwing Algerians in the Seine".

1138: 869: 279: 3826:, available on the website of the French intellectual review . 447:

and his sudden change of policy on Algerian independence, the

4529: 3090:"17 octobre 1961 – 17 octobre 2001 Une commémoration ambiguë" 3001:"17 octobre 1961 – 17 octobre 2001 Une commémoration ambiguë" 2962:"17 octobre 1961 – 17 octobre 2001 Une commémoration ambiguë" 2835:"17 octobre 1961 – 17 octobre 2001 Une commémoration ambiguë" 2725:"17 octobre 1961 – 17 octobre 2001 Une commémoration ambiguë" 965: 702: 323: 291: 190: 3867: 3305:"France's Hollande acknowledges 1961 massacre of Algerians" 4371: 1270: 3838:

A 14' video about the 1961 massacre, by French historian

1779:

Decolonizing Memory Algeria and the Politics of Testimony

1377: 1293: 578:

The vast majority of police officers suspended after the

2298:(in French). Vol. 279, no. 11. pp. 6–19. 722:(1947–54) and young Frenchmen coming back from Algeria. 3287:"Le 17 octobre 1961, 'ce jour qui n'ébranla pas Paris'" 2327:, pp.309-311. See a transcript of the original text on 2290:"Le 17 octobre 1961 : un moment de notre histoire" 3858:. A 27' documentary by Juliette Garcia. Video series “ 3737:

Le fantasme du secret d'État autour du 17 octobre 1961

1302:, in the immediate vicinity of the police prefecture ( 708:

After the May 1958 crisis and the installation of the

627:

Papon appointed head of Police Prefecture (March 1958)

4294:

1961 French referendum on Algerian self-determination

2702:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 317–318. 2654:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 317–318. 2629:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 317–318. 2066:"The French army and torture during the Algerian war" 1819:"How a massacre of Algerians in Paris was covered up" 3544:

University of Sussex Journal of Contemporary History

2187:“Chrono-cartographie du massacre du 17 octobre 1961” 1645: 1227:, a square near the metro station, was dedicated by 1169: 809:

took place. The FPA then extended its action to the

355:, put up a plaque in remembrance of the massacre on 344:

Forty years after the massacre, on 17 October 2001,

93: 3822:Interview with historian Alain Dewerpe on his book 2899:

La guerre d'Algérie dans la mémoire et l'imaginaire

2604:. Paris: Le Passager Clandestin. pp. 230–232. 1265: 770:

Creation of the CIV and the FPA militia (1959–1960)

615:'s presidency in the 1970s suggests that there was 3611:Time to move on : a reply to Jean-Paul Brunet 1357:On 17 October 2019, the Socialist Mayor of Paris, 3130:Le devoir de mémoire. Une formule et son histoire 2486:"From the Archive. Paris 1961: a hidden massacre" 2041:La Torture et l'Armée pendant la guerre d'Algérie 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 1963:"Une station de métro " 17 Octobre 1961 " ?" 4580: 3534: 3175:Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée 3148:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 319. 3042:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 319. 2876:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 319. 2766:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 318. 2496: 1123:Un groupe de policiers républicains déclarent... 592:had their career advancement blocked because of 3597:Paris 1961: Algerians, State Terror, and Memory 3495:"DOROTHÉE MUNYANEZA, UNE DANSEUSE DE HAUT VOLT" 3324:"The politics of apology: Hollande and Algeria" 3146:Paris 1961: Algerians, state terror, and memory 3040:Paris 1961: Algerians, state terror, and memory 2896: 2874:Paris 1961: Algerians, state terror, and memory 2764:Paris 1961: Algerians, state terror, and memory 2700:Paris 1961: Algerians, state terror, and memory 2652:Paris 1961: Algerians, state terror, and memory 2627:Paris 1961: Algerians, state terror, and memory 1864:"A massacre of Algerians in the heart of Paris" 1804:Paris 1961: Algerians, State Terror, and Memory 748:under the Vichy regime. A former member of the 3143: 3067:. Paris: Le Passager Clandestin. p. 232. 3037: 2901:. Saint-Denis: Éditions Bouchène. p. 219. 2871: 2761: 2697: 2649: 2624: 2009: 1801: 1628:read out the names of victims of the massacre. 1566:dedicates a song to the massacre on his album 856:understood as such. On the same day, visiting 118:accompanying your translation by providing an 84:Click for important translation instructions. 71:expand this article with text translated from 3963: 3889: 3802:"1961 – Algerians massacred on Paris streets" 3799: 2537:"1961 - Algerians massacred on Paris streets" 1520:The 2005 French television drama-documentary 470: 298:. It occurred on 17 October 1961, during the 130:{{Translated|fr|Massacre du 17 octobre 1961}} 3903: 3730:Le 17 octobre 1961 – Un crime d'État à Paris 2809: 2786: 2674: 1806:. Oxford University Press. pp. 203–205. 1121: 735: 713: 696: 686: 670:Sales Juifs! A la Seine! Mort aux fellaghas! 668: 650: 184: 3583:Immigrant Narratives in Contemporary France 2911: 2528: 1776: 1756:. Liverpool University Press. p. 115. 1751: 611:in the 1960s and Minister of Finance under 515:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3896: 3882: 3633:Police Contre FLN: Le drame d'octobre 1961 3581:Patrice J Proulx / Susan Ireland (Hrsg.): 3537:"World Reactions to the 1961 Paris Pogrom" 3492: 3486: 3321: 2810:Bernard, P.; Garin, C. (17 October 2011). 2787:Bernard, P.; Garin, C. (17 October 2011). 2675:Bernard, P.; Garin, C. (17 October 2011). 2247:Police Contre FLN: Le drame d'octobre 1961 1843: 1841: 1839: 1810: 1770: 1745: 1531:, a television documentary in the British 1118:A group of republican policemen declare... 1015:in 1997, which quoted the director of the 45:attack and the November 2015 attacks, see 4525:Defectors from the French army to the ALN 3182: 2483: 2233:, dissertation by Stephanie Hare-Cuming, 1935:"Paris marks Algerian protest 'massacre'" 1550:La Seine était rouge (Paris, octobre 1961 535:Learn how and when to remove this message 427:Learn how and when to remove this message 3741:Matériaux pour l'histoire de notre temps 3463: 3461: 3219:10.3828/liverpool/9781789620665.003.0010 3062: 2912:Ouariane, M. A.; AFP (17 October 2019). 2599: 2387:"Charonne et le 17 octobre enfin réunis" 1559:song 'When The Stars Fall From The Sky'. 1485: 546: 3856:“17 octobre 1961, un massacre colonial” 3836:“17 octobre 1961: Retour sur les lieux” 3778:Pont Saint Michel (Saint Michel Bridge) 3743:, n°58, April–June 2000, p. 70–76. 3732:, collectif, Éditions La Dispute, 2001. 3554:Martin S. Alexander / J. F. V. Keiger: 3241: 3197: 2502: 2287: 2258:Concerning David Assouline's access to 2064:Branche, Raphaëlle (18 November 2004). 2063: 2035: 1893: 1856: 1836: 1271:Access to archives and number of deaths 659:, 2,000 of them attempted to enter the 14: 4581: 3209:; Forsdick, C.; Moudileno, L. (eds.). 3126: 3094:French Politics, Culture & Society 3005:French Politics, Culture & Society 2966:French Politics, Culture & Society 2839:French Politics, Culture & Society 2729:French Politics, Culture & Society 2567:French Politics, Culture & Society 2534: 2443:French Politics, Culture & Society 1929: 1927: 1925: 1923: 1816: 1546:The Seine was Red: Paris, October 1961 1294:Commemoration and official recognition 571:to detain Jews, as for example in the 451:used all possible means to oppose the 4684:Racially motivated violence in Europe 4411:Memorial to the Liberation of Algeria 3877: 3670:La bataille de Paris: 17 octobre 1961 3458: 3432: 3168: 3087: 2998: 2959: 2934: 2897:Rosenman, A. D.; Valensi, L. (2004). 2832: 2722: 1894:Bernard, Phillipe (16 October 2001). 1889: 1887: 1781:. Duke University Press. p. 32. 1481: 1147:Brigades des aggressions et violences 752:, reporter Madeleine Rifaud wrote in 599:, since the Resistance was partially 4561: 3815:Guardian article on 50th anniversary 3788:Un criminel s'en va dans l'impunité? 3599:, Oxford: O. University Press, 2006 3467: 3284: 2560: 2436: 1802:House, Jim; MacMaster, Neil (2006). 1537:series, first shown on 13 July 1992. 780:Centre d'identification de Vincennes 725: 513:adding citations to reliable sources 480: 409:adding citations to reliable sources 380: 53: 4664:Murders by law enforcement officers 3686: 3640:Charonne. Lumières sur une tragédie 3493:Beauvallet, Ève (19 January 2015). 3133:. Paris: CNRS Éditions. p. 23. 2484:Whittaker, Tom (10 December 2020). 2123: 2111: 2095: 2023: 1920: 1458:approved a resolution presented by 24: 4704:20th-century mass murder in France 3609:Jim House, Neil MacMaster, « 3595:Jim House, Neil MacMaster (2006). 2535:Morrow, Amanda (2 December 2010). 1884: 320:heavy-handed beating by the police 25: 4720: 4649:Massacres of protesters in Europe 4107:Massacre of 14 July 1953 in Paris 3800:Amanda Morrow (2 December 2010). 3756: 3693:Les silences de la police : 3642:, Paris: Flammarion, 2003, 336 p. 3635:, Paris: Flammarion, 1999, 354 p. 3144:House, J.; MacMaster, N. (2006). 3038:House, J.; MacMaster, N. (2006). 2935:Degoy, Lucien (17 October 2001). 2872:House, J.; MacMaster, N. (2006). 2762:House, J.; MacMaster, N. (2006). 2698:House, J.; MacMaster, N. (2006). 2650:House, J.; MacMaster, N. (2006). 2625:House, J.; MacMaster, N. (2006). 1817:Rouaba, Ahmed (16 October 2021). 1170:8 February 1962 Charonne massacre 554:, who died in 2007, was the only 310:, the National Police attacked a 302:(1954–62). Under orders from the 4560: 4550: 4549: 3617:, 51, 1 (2008), p. 205–214. 3578:, 51, 1 (2008), p. 195–204. 2508:"The massacre that Paris denied" 2231:Maurice Papon, Vichy and Algeria 1648: 1347: 1336: 1266:Historiography and recent events 1143:Brigades spéciales des districts 778:'s "identification center" (CIV— 485: 461:repression by French authorities 385: 170: 58: 3406: 3380: 3354: 3315: 3297: 3285:Hani, Tahar (18 October 2012). 3278: 3235: 3191: 3162: 3137: 3120: 3081: 3056: 3031: 2992: 2953: 2928: 2905: 2890: 2865: 2826: 2803: 2780: 2755: 2716: 2691: 2668: 2643: 2618: 2593: 2554: 2477: 2430: 2416: 2399: 2379: 2359: 2347: 2334: 2317: 2288:Thibaud, Paul (November 2001). 2281: 2262:of the Paris' Archives and the 2252: 2239: 2224: 2204: 2192: 2179: 2167: 2154: 2142: 2129: 2117: 2105: 2088: 2076: 2057: 2029: 1981: 1955: 1540:The massacre is the subject of 1506:The massacre was referenced in 1285: 1077:Emmanuel d'Astier de la Vigerie 1034:Charonne Metro Station massacre 396:needs additional citations for 4679:Anti-Muslim violence in Europe 4644:Political repression in France 4145:Declaration of 1 November 1954 1795: 1720: 1705: 1433:On 16 October 2021, President 1425:On 17 October 2012, President 685:, he had assumed the role of " 443:'s return to power during the 363:station under construction in 128:You may also add the template 47:Paris attacks (disambiguation) 13: 1: 4659:October 1961 events in Europe 4629:Massacres committed by France 4609:Massacres in the Algerian War 4267:Proposed partition of Algeria 3830:A list of the dead or missing 3211:Postcolonial Realms of Memory 2220:(in French). 23 October 1997. 1997:(in French). 18 February 2007 1738: 1679:Maghrebian community of Paris 1624:produced a work during which 1203:as Minister of the Interior, 677:). With Minister of Interior 370: 335:Vichy collaborationist regime 4709:Deaths by drowning in France 4358:Effects in Algerian politics 3667: 3322:Pecastaing, Camille (2013). 2353: 2341: 2324: 2198: 2173: 2161: 2148: 2136: 2082: 1848: 1441:In June 2022, the newspaper 1276: 1238: 1043: 997: 734:and another in front of the 609:Head of Paris's police force 7: 4689:People executed by drowning 4619:Deaths by firearm in France 3973:Algerian popular resistance 3860:Quand l'histoire fait dates 3807:Radio France Internationale 1965:(in French). Archived from 1904:(in French). Archived from 1731:Massacre du 17 octobre 1961 1674:List of massacres in France 1641: 1522:Nuit noire, 17 octobre 1961 1378:17 October 1961 Association 567:that collaborated with the 304:head of the Parisian police 255:Head of the Parisian police 10: 4725: 4639:Police brutality in France 4509:Organisation armée secrète 4450:Algerian National Movement 4172:Hijacking of the FLN plane 3931:French conquest of Algeria 3726:Olivier LeCour Grandmaison 3668:Einaudi, Jean-Luc (1991). 3519: 3470:May '68 And Its Afterlives 3127:Ledoux, Sébastien (2016). 3106:10.3167/153763702782369966 3017:10.3167/153763702782369966 2978:10.3167/153763702782369966 2851:10.3167/153763702782369966 2741:10.3167/153763702782369966 2579:10.3167/153763703782370251 2455:10.3167/153763703782370251 2266:quoting the director, see 2235:London School of Economics 2124:Einaudi & Rajsfus 2001 2112:Einaudi & Rajsfus 2001 2096:Einaudi & Rajsfus 2001 2024:Einaudi & Rajsfus 2001 1669:14 July 1953 demonstration 1374:Olivier LeCour Grandmaison 1173: 1126:) on 31 October, stating: 795:Force de police auxiliaire 630: 474: 471:The French National Police 374: 92:Machine translation, like 40: 29: 4699:Paris in the Algerian War 4547: 4517: 4468: 4438:National Liberation Front 4430: 4423: 4380:1 November 1954 Stadiums 4319: 4286: 4237: 4219:Killing of Saadia Mebarek 4202: 4126: 4119: 4068: 4056:Sétif and Guelma massacre 3919: 3912: 3862:”, produced by historian 3568:Jean-Paul Brunet, « 3535:Daniel A. Gordon (2000). 3446:(in French). 27 July 2024 2249:, Paris: Flammarion, 1999 1716:Massacre de Paris en 1961 1689:Sétif and Guelma massacre 1325:) and the French people. 1091:, parish priest Lochard, 911:Stade Pierre de Coubertin 863: 737:cartoucherie de Vincennes 463:, both in Algeria and in 453:National Liberation Front 316:National Liberation Front 250: 244:National Liberation Front 234: 226: 208: 198: 186:Ici on noie les Algériens 169: 161: 156: 73:the corresponding article 4614:1961 in the Algerian War 4455:Algerian Communist Party 4443:National Liberation Army 4224:Charonne subway massacre 4081:Decolonisation of Africa 3664:, Gallimard, 2006, 870p. 3394:(in French). 6 June 2022 2043:(in French). Gallimard. 1699: 1456:French National Assembly 1402:the Parisian community. 1189:Charonne subway massacre 1176:Charonne subway massacre 947:Parc des Expositions of 905:of Porte de Versailles ( 679:Maurice Bourgès-Maunoury 613:Valéry Giscard d'Estaing 585:Parti Populaire Français 276:17 October 1961 massacre 4504:Front Algérie Française 4157:Battle of Philippeville 3870:, France. October 2020. 1319:Jean-Pierre Chevènement 1225:Place du 8 Février 1962 1191:). Nine members of the 962:Jean-Pierre Chevènement 837: 621:crimes against humanity 333:for his role under the 331:crimes against humanity 139:For more guidance, see 4669:Islamophobia in France 4604:1961 murders in France 4599:1960s murders in Paris 4089:Brazzaville Conference 3615:The Historical Journal 3576:The Historical Journal 3468:Ross, Kristin (2002). 3266:Cite journal requires 1730: 1715: 1610: 1495: 1454:On 28 March 2024, the 1423: 1399: 1390:crime against humanity 1207:as Prime Minister and 1197:French Communist Party 1167: 1153: 1122: 1110:Maison de la Mutualité 1038:French Communist Party 958: 791:Auxiliary Police Force 767: 736: 715:compagnies de district 714: 698:camps de regroupements 697: 687: 669: 651: 643:Constantine department 559: 477:French National Police 296:French National Police 272:Paris massacre of 1961 263:French National Police 214:; 62 years ago 185: 157:Paris massacre of 1961 18:Paris Massacre of 1961 4624:French Fifth Republic 4334:French Fifth Republic 4311:Algerian independence 3850:(created 17 Oct 2017) 3647:Meurtres pour mémoire 3063:Riceputi, F. (2021). 2949:on 27 September 2003. 2600:Riceputi, F. (2021). 2437:Cole, Joshua (2003). 1684:Oran massacre of 1962 1598: 1585:William Gardner Smith 1580:Meurtres pour mémoire 1573:It forms the core of 1489: 1419: 1386: 1162: 1128: 1022:In a 2001 article in 943: 807:Forced disappearances 760: 710:French Fifth Republic 631:Further information: 550: 475:Further information: 375:Further information: 141:Knowledge:Translation 112:copyright attribution 4694:Mass murder in Paris 4674:Massacres of Muslims 4351:1962 Algerian crisis 4346:Aftermath in Algeria 4262:Manifesto of the 121 4246:Communauté française 3978:Algerian nationalism 3242:Laronde, M. (2020). 3213:. pp. 113–114. 3177:(119–120): 233–248. 1850:La Bataille de Paris 1847:See Einaudi (1991), 1777:Jill Jarvis (2021). 1752:Lia Brozgal (2020). 1557:Stiff Little Fingers 1304:préfecture de police 1277:La Bataille de Paris 1048:On 26 October 1961, 998:La Bataille de Paris 898:Parc des Expositions 683:Constantine, Algeria 617:institutional racism 575:of 16–17 July 1942. 509:improve this section 405:improve this article 212:17 October 1961 4634:Massacres in France 4487:Commandos de Chasse 4481:French Armed Forces 4095:First Indochina War 3936:Invasion of Algiers 3735:Sylvie Thénault, " 3687:Einaudi, Jean-Luc; 2506:(16 October 2011). 2395:. 11 February 2006. 2072:on 20 October 2007. 1969:on 11 December 2007 1908:on 25 November 2004 1664:Drownings at Nantes 1529:Drowning by Bullets 1376:, president of the 1093:Jean-Marie Domenach 1085:, Avril, editor of 1055:Témoignage chrétien 1009:Catherine Trautmann 1006:Minister of Culture 949:Porte de Versailles 939:Notre Dame de Paris 907:15th Arrondissement 824:Témoignage chrétien 811:18th Arrondissement 742:11th Arrondissement 732:13th Arrondissement 720:First Indochina War 580:Liberation of Paris 465:metropolitan France 290:who were living in 242:of some 30,000 pro- 4182:Week of barricades 4162:Soummam conference 3982:Attempted reforms 3796:, 19 February 2007 3645:Didier Daeninckx: 3638:Jean-Paul Brunet, 3631:Jean-Paul Brunet, 3585:. S. 47–55, 2001, 3311:. 17 October 2012. 3184:10.4000/remmm.4293 3169:Lebas, C. (2007). 3088:Jelen, B. (2002). 2999:Jelen, B. (2002). 2960:Jelen, B. (2002). 2833:Jelen, B. (2002). 2723:Jelen, B. (2002). 2375:. 6 February 2006. 2277:. 23 October 1997. 2245:Jean-Paul Brunet, 2037:Branche, Raphaëlle 1626:Dorothée Munyaneza 1496: 1482:In popular culture 1407:4th arrondissement 1259:The New York Times 1072:France Observateur 667:, with shouts of " 607:Papon's career as 573:Vel' d'Hiv Roundup 560: 467:, was very harsh. 120:interlanguage link 4594:Massacres in 1961 4574: 4573: 4543: 4542: 4469:Anti-independence 4419: 4418: 4406:Martyrs' Memorial 4282: 4281: 4257:FLN football team 4177:Operation Corsica 4167:Battle of Algiers 4115: 4114: 4101:Malagasy Uprising 4064: 4063: 3864:Patrick Boucheron 3851: 3701:L'Esprit frappeur 3479:978-0-226-72799-8 3368:. 16 October 2021 3244:"17 October 1961" 3203:"17 October 1961" 3155:978-0-19-924725-7 3074:978-2-36935-424-6 3049:978-0-19-924725-7 2883:978-0-19-924725-7 2773:978-0-19-924725-7 2709:978-0-19-924725-7 2661:978-0-19-924725-7 2636:978-0-19-924725-7 2611:978-2-36935-424-6 2561:Cole, J. (2003). 2185:Léopold Lambert, 1994:Liberté (Algeria) 1943:. 17 October 2001 1872:. 17 October 1961 1788:978-1-4780-2141-4 1763:978-1-78962-262-1 1492:Prefect of Police 1427:François Hollande 1300:Pont Saint-Michel 1209:Charles de Gaulle 1107:organized in the 954:Coubertin stadium 935:Pont Saint-Michel 918:Grands Boulevards 903:Palais des Sports 850:Mission de France 746:detention centers 726:August 1958 raids 693:detention centers 665:National Assembly 657:Jean-Marie Le Pen 590:French Resistance 545: 544: 537: 441:Charles de Gaulle 437: 436: 429: 357:Pont Saint-Michel 274:(also called the 268: 267: 230:30–300 (estimate) 203:Pont Saint-Michel 181:Pont Saint-Michel 152: 151: 85: 81: 16:(Redirected from 4716: 4654:Racism in France 4564: 4563: 4553: 4552: 4431:Pro-independence 4428: 4427: 4369: 4368: 4275: 4252:Constantine Plan 4190: 4136: 4124: 4123: 4043: 3961: 3960: 3917: 3916: 3898: 3891: 3884: 3875: 3874: 3849: 3848:media platform) 3845:Arrêt sur images 3840:Mathilde Larrère 3811: 3722: 3697:—17 octobre 1961 3689:Rajsfus, Maurice 3683: 3551: 3541: 3513: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3490: 3484: 3483: 3465: 3456: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3436: 3430: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3410: 3404: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3384: 3378: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3358: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3319: 3313: 3312: 3301: 3295: 3294: 3282: 3276: 3275: 3269: 3264: 3262: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3239: 3233: 3232: 3195: 3189: 3188: 3186: 3166: 3160: 3159: 3141: 3135: 3134: 3124: 3118: 3117: 3085: 3079: 3078: 3060: 3054: 3053: 3035: 3029: 3028: 2996: 2990: 2989: 2957: 2951: 2950: 2945:. 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October 2017. 2184: 2180: 2172: 2168: 2159: 2155: 2147: 2143: 2134: 2130: 2122: 2118: 2110: 2106: 2093: 2089: 2081: 2077: 2062: 2058: 2051: 2034: 2030: 2021: 2010: 2000: 1998: 1987: 1986: 1982: 1972: 1970: 1961: 1960: 1956: 1946: 1944: 1933: 1932: 1921: 1911: 1909: 1892: 1885: 1875: 1873: 1862: 1861: 1857: 1846: 1837: 1827: 1825: 1815: 1811: 1800: 1796: 1789: 1775: 1771: 1764: 1750: 1746: 1741: 1736: 1725: 1721: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1654: 1649: 1647: 1644: 1617: 1513:a 2005 film by 1484: 1464:Sabrina Sebaihi 1435:Emmanuel Macron 1369: 1368: 1367: 1366: 1354: 1353: 1352: 1343: 1342: 1341: 1296: 1288: 1273: 1268: 1241: 1216: 1195:, most of them 1193:CGT trade union 1178: 1172: 1150: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1105:André Souquière 1101:Jean Schaeffert 1058: 1046: 866: 840: 827: 772: 728: 635: 629: 541: 530: 524: 521: 506: 490: 479: 473: 457:Jeanson network 445:May 1958 crisis 433: 422: 416: 413: 402: 390: 379: 373: 246:(FLN) Algerians 218: 216: 213: 194: 148: 147: 146: 129: 123: 86: 63: 59: 50: 39: 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1561: 1558: 1554: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1536: 1535: 1530: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1516: 1512: 1510: 1505: 1502: 1501:Martin Walker 1498: 1497: 1493: 1488: 1479: 1476: 1473: 1472:Julie Delpech 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1452: 1449: 1444: 1439: 1436: 1431: 1428: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1408: 1403: 1398: 1395: 1394:Lionel Jospin 1391: 1385: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1364: 1360: 1350: 1339: 1330: 1326: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1307: 1305: 1301: 1291: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1263: 1261: 1260: 1255: 1253: 1248: 1247: 1236: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1220: 1215: 1214:Alain Dewerpe 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1183: 1177: 1166: 1161: 1158: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1127: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1112: 1111: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1089: 1084: 1083: 1078: 1074: 1073: 1068: 1062: 1057: 1056: 1051: 1041: 1039: 1035: 1029: 1027: 1026: 1020: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1007: 1002: 1000: 999: 993: 989: 986: 984: 980: 976: 971: 967: 963: 957: 955: 951: 950: 942: 940: 936: 931: 927: 923: 919: 914: 912: 908: 904: 899: 895: 891: 887: 885: 880: 876: 875:identity card 871: 861: 859: 853: 851: 846: 835: 831: 826: 825: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 787: 785: 781: 777: 766: 765: 759: 757: 756: 751: 747: 743: 738: 733: 723: 721: 716: 711: 706: 704: 699: 694: 689: 684: 680: 676: 671: 666: 662: 658: 653: 648: 644: 640: 634: 633:Maurice Papon 624: 622: 618: 614: 610: 605: 602: 598: 595: 591: 587: 586: 581: 576: 574: 570: 566: 557: 553: 552:Maurice Papon 549: 539: 536: 528: 518: 514: 510: 504: 503: 499: 494:This section 492: 488: 483: 482: 478: 468: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 431: 428: 420: 410: 406: 400: 399: 394:This section 392: 388: 383: 382: 378: 368: 366: 365:Gennevilliers 362: 358: 354: 351: 347: 342: 340: 336: 332: 327: 325: 321: 317: 313: 312:demonstration 309: 308:Maurice Papon 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 264: 260: 259:Maurice Papon 256: 253: 249: 245: 241: 240:demonstration 237: 233: 229: 225: 211: 207: 204: 201: 197: 192: 187: 182: 178: 173: 168: 165: 160: 155: 142: 138: 135: 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