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1919:, have wondered at the slow progress of Muslim invaders in India, as compared with their rapid advance in other parts of the world. The Arabs possibly only stationed small invasions independent of the Caliph. Arguments of doubtful validity have often been put forward to explain this unique phenomenon. Currently it is believed that it was the power of the Pratihara army that effectively barred the progress of the Muslims beyond the confines of Sindh, their first conquest for nearly three hundred years. In the light of later events this might be regarded as the "Chief contribution of the Pratiharas to the history of India".
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stated objective of supporting the claim of the latter. The raid was repulsed by Dhruva II. Amoghavarsha's army may also have taken up arms against the
Imperial Pratiharas at this point. Bhoia I was able to retain dominion over parts of Gujarat and Malwa , but further expansion in that direction was effectively checked. This may have led Bhoja to concentrate on the lands other than those under the Rashtrakutas for the time being.
42:
430:, although its precise origins remain unclear. Critics of the foreign origin theory argue that there is no conclusive evidence of their foreign origin: they were well-assimilated in the Indian culture. Moreover, if they invaded India through the north-west, it is inexplicable why would they choose to settle in the semi-arid area of present-day Rajasthan, rather than the fertile
626:
The Arab chronicler
Sulaiman describes the army of the Pratiharas as it stood in 851 CE, "The ruler of Gurjara maintains numerous forces and no other Indian prince has so fine a cavalry. He is unfriendly to the Arabs, still he acknowledges that the king of the Arabs is the greatest of rulers. Among
3022:
Perhaps after initially consolidating his inheritance, Bhoja I then turned towards
Central India, the Deccan and Gujarat. Stepping into a struggle for the throne of Gujarat between Dhruva Il of the Gujarat Rashtrakuta dynasty and his younger brother, Bhoja led a cavalry raid into Gujarat, with the
1404:
attacks from the west, the attacks from the
Rashtrakuta dynasty from the south and the Pala advances in the east. The Pratiharas lost control of Rajasthan to their feudatories, and the Chandelas captured the strategic fortress of Gwalior in central India around 950. By the end of the tenth century
417:
Among those who believe that the term
Gurjara was originally a tribal designation, there are disagreements over whether they were native Indians or foreigners. The proponents of the foreign origin theory point out that the Pratihars suddenly emerged as a political power in north India around sixth
350:
who, in about 916, sacked
Kannauj. Under a succession of rather obscure rulers, the dynasty never regained its former influence. Their feudatories became more and more powerful, one by one throwing off their allegiance until, by the end of the tenth century, the dynasty controlled little more than
405:
Multiple inscriptions of their neighbouring dynasties describe the
Pratiharas as "Gurjara". The term "Gurjara-Pratihara" occurs only in the Rajor inscription of a feudatory ruler named Mathanadeva, who describes himself as a "Gurjara-Pratihara". According to one school of thought, Gurjara was the
521:
The original centre of
Pratihara power is a matter of controversy. R. C. Majumdar, on the basis of a verse in the Harivamsha-Purana, 783 CE, the interpretation of which he conceded was not free from difficulty, held that Vatsaraja ruled at Ujjain. Dasharatha Sharma, interpreting it differently
389:
The origin of the dynasty and the meaning of the term "Gurjara" in its name is a topic of debate among historians. The rulers of this dynasty used the self-designation "Pratihara" for their clan, and never referred to themselves as
Gurjaras. They claimed descent from the legendary hero
610:
In the
Gwalior inscription, it is recorded that Pratihara emperor Nagabhata "crushed the large army of the powerful Mlechcha king." This large army consisted of cavalry, infantry, siege artillery, and probably a force of camels. Since Tamin was a new governor he had a force of
824:
and his younger brother. Bhoja led a cavalry raid into Gujarat against the Dhruva while supporting his Dhruva's younger brother. Although the raid was repulsed by Dhruva II, Bhoja was able to retain dominion over parts of Gujarat and Malwa.
1400:(c. 914–928) of the Rashtrakuta dynasty briefly captured Kannauj in 916, and although the Pratiharas regained the city, their position continued to weaken in the tenth century, partly as a result of the drain of simultaneously fighting off
1532:
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element. The Gurjara Pratiharas who were likely created from a fusion of White Hunnic and native Indian elements, ruled a vast Empire in northern India, and they also halted Arab Muslim expansion in India through Sind for
1446:
There are notable examples of architecture from the Pratihara era, including sculptures and carved panels. Their temples, constructed in an open pavilion style. One of the most notable Pratihara style of architecture was
925:
by Krishna II, the Rastrakuta king of Gujarat. However, retribution likely soon followed on the part of the Pratiharas, as by the end of his reign, Bhoja had successfully exterminated the Gujarat Rashtrakuta line.
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When we have to compare a khākhärä temple of Kalinga with anything outside its borders, the most logical analogue coming to our mind will be that of Teli ka Mandir at Gwalior of the time of Pratihara Mihira
3509:
Meister, M.W (1991). Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture, Vol. 2, pt.2, North India: Period of Early Maturity, c. AD 700–900 (first ed.). Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies. p. 153.
1496:
658:, Vatsaraja led an expedition against the Palas under Dharmapala of Bengal As such, the Palas came into conflict from time to time with the Imperial Pratiharas. According to the above inscription
3621:
Sharma, Shanta Rani (2017). Origin and Rise of the Imperial Pratihāras of Rajasthan: Transitions, Trajectories and Historical Change (First ed.). Jaipur: University of Rajasthan. p. 77–78.
843:“defeating the northern rulers with the help of the mighty elephant force”, and “loyally presenting to Bhoja the special ‘Shrivamsha’ breed of horses, which could easily cross seas of sand."
1516:
847:
Besides being a conqueror, Bhoja was a great diplomat. The kingdoms which were conquered and acknowledged his suzerainty includes Travani, Valla, Mada, Arya, Gujaratra, Lata Parvarta and
709:. When Muktapida undermined Yashovarman, a tri-partite struggle for control of the city developed, involving the Pratiharas, whose territory was at that time to the west and north, the
809:
Mihira Bhoja first consolidated his territories by crushing the rebellious feudatories in Rajasthan, before turning his attention against the old enemies the Palas and Rastrakutas.
522:
located the original capital in the Bhinmala Jalor area. M. W. Meister and Shanta Rani Sharma concur with his conclusion in view of the fact that the writer of the Jaina narrative
2577:
Although it is not certain, it also seems likely that the formidable Gurjara Pratihara regime (ruled from the seventh-eleventh centuries AD) of northern India,may had a powerful
4901:
3384:
670:. The Prithviraja Vijaya mentions Durlabhraj I as having "washed his sword at the confluence of the river Ganga and the ocean, and savouring the land of the Gaudas". The
1426:
invasions. These branches fought each other for territory and one of the branches ruled Mandore till the 14th century. This Pratihara branch had marital ties with
548:
of Bhillamala. He gained prominence after the downfall of the Chavda kingdom in the course of resisting the invading forces led by the Arabs who controlled Sindh.
3053:
He was undoubtedly one of the outstanding political figures of India in ninth century and ranks with Dhruva and Dharmapala as a great general and empire builder.
1548:
4906:
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Pratihara are known for their sculptures, carved panels and open pavilion style temples. The greatest development of their style of temple building was at
3868:
346:
The power of the Pratihara dynasty was weakened by dynastic strife. It was further diminished as a result of a great raid led by the Rashtrakuta ruler
568:. In this battle (738 CE), Nagabhata led a confederacy of Pratiharas to defeat the Muslim Arabs who had till then been pressing on victorious through
1419:. The Chandela ruler then placed Rajapala's son Trilochanpala on the throne as a proxy. Jasapala, the last Pratihara ruler of Kannauj, died in 1036.
4946:
1364:(912–944). Several feudatories of the empire took advantage of the temporary weakness of the Pratiharas to declare their independence, notably the
4921:
821:
817:
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ruler, the destroyer of virtue". Nagabhata I was followed by two weak successors, his nephews Devraj and Kakkuka, who were in turn succeeded by
455:
historians interpreted this myth to suggest a foreign origin for these dynasties. According to this theory, the foreigners were admitted in the
278:, the Pratihara dynasty reached its peak of prosperity and power. By the time of Mahendrapala, the extent of its territory rivalled that of the
2499:
Modern historians believed that the name was derived from one of the kings of the line holding the office of Pratihara in the Rashtrakuta court
1344:
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fought back repulsed them from fort of Sindan, pushing the Arabs out of Kutch between 833 and 842 AD. Later on, the Arabs lost a best part of
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Inscription (AD 843), confirms his rule in Dausa region. Another inscription states that,"Bhoja's territories extended to the east of the
528:
states that it was composed at Jalor in the time of Vatsaraja in 778 CE, which is five years before the composition of Harivamsha-Purana.
627:
the princes of India there is no greater foe of the Islamic faith than he. He has got riches, and his camels and horses are numerous."
780:. Kannauj became the center of the Pratihara state, which covered much of northern India during the peak of their power, c. 836–910.
3067:, Rajasthan Through the Ages "a comprehensive and authentic history of Rajasthan" Bikaner , Rajasthan State Archives 1966, pp.144–54
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410:) originally ruled by the Pratiharas; gradually, the term came to denote the people of this territory. An opposing theory is that
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under his control, Vatsaraja embarked to become "master of all the land lying between the two seas." Contemporary Jijasena's
3555:
Sharma, Sanjay (2006), "Negotiating Identity and Status Legitimation and Patronage under the Gurjara-Pratīhāras of Kanauj",
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1964:
1960:
1357:
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The early history of India : from 600 B.C. to the Muhammadan conquest, including the invasion of Alexander the Great
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geographic text, states that most of the kings of India acknowledged the supremacy of the powerful 'Rai of Qinnauj', (
623:. All together the invading army may have had anywhere between 10 and 15,000 cavalry, 5000 infantry, and 2000 camels.
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Much reduced territory of the Gurjara-Pratihara in 1000, and neighbouring South Asian polities, on the eve of the
491:
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was the capital of the Imperial Pratiharas) whose mighty army had 150,000 strong cavalry and 800 war elephants.
906:. Imran ibn-Musa, who governed Sindh, tried to expand Arab rule to nearby areas. When Bhoja became powerful the
4706:
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3015:
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2696:
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Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture, Vol. 2, pt.2, North India: Period of Early Maturity, c. AD 700–900
447:, the Pratiharas, Parmar, Chauhan and Chalukya dynasties originated from a sacrificial fire-pit (agnikunda) at
1415:
in 1018, and the Pratihara ruler Rajapala fled. He was subsequently captured and killed by the Chandela ruler
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662:, was deprived of his two white Royal Umbrellas, and fled, followed by the Pratihara forces under general
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Origin and Rise of the Imperial Pratihāras of Rajasthan: Transitions, Trajectories and Historical Chang
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after performing a fire ritual. However, this legend is not found in the earliest available copies of
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invasion of that region. According to them Gujara-Pratihara were "likely" formed from a fusion of the
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Sharma, Shanta Rani (2012), "Exploding the Myth of the Gūjara Identity of the Imperial Pratihāras",
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Hinduism. In: Joseph Kitagawa, "The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture"
4702:
1234:
414:
was the name of the tribe to which the dynasty belonged, and Pratihara was a clan of this tribe.
266:, the Pratiharas became the most powerful dynasty in northern India. He was succeeded by his son
1542:. The complex of eight temples, built by the Pratiharas, is situated within a walled enclosure.
3634:
3486:
Majumdar, R.C. (1955). The Age of Imperial Kanauj (First ed.). Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.
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temple was constructed in 783 CE, making it the oldest surviving Jain temple in western India.
584:"in response to the prayers of the oppressed people to crush the large armies of the powerful
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Majumdar, R. C. (1981), "The Gurjara-Pratiharas", in R. S. Sharma and K. K. Dasgupta (ed.),
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in dowry to Chunda. This was specifically done to form an alliance against the Turks of the
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8:
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Art of Osian Temples: Socio-economic and Religious Life in India, 8th–12th Centuries A.D.
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Sharma, Dasharatha (1966). Rajasthan through the Ages. Bikaner: Rajasthan State Archives
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Royal Umbrellas of Stone: Memory, Politics, and Public Identity in Rajput funerary arts
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by defeating ruling 'Thakkiyaka' dynasty . After Devapala's death, Bhoja defeated the
756:(793–814), but later recovered Malwa from the Rashtrakutas, conquered Kannauj and the
619:, local Arab contingents, converted Hindus of Sindh, and foreign mercenaries like the
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India: The Ancient Past. A History of the Indian-Subcontinent from 7000 BC to AD 1200
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in Malwa, and checked the expansion of the Arabs, who had established themselves in
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Ganguly, D. C. (1935), Narendra Nath Law (ed.), "Origin of the Pratihara Dynasty",
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914:. This was the major conflict between the forces of Mihirbhoja and Imran ibn-musa
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356:
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Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) – Part One
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Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) – Part One
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are eight temples, built by the Pratiharas, is situated within a walled enclosure.
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into Malwa, and from there tried to capture Kannauj. Vatsraja was defeated by the
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Negotiating Cultural Identity: Landscapes in Early Medieval South Asian History
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had extended his dominions to include a large part of northern India, from the
663:
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472:
426:("White Huns") and native Indian elements, and can probably be considered as a
320:
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225:
165:
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Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter
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The Pratiharas were instrumental in containing Arab armies moving east of the
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The metropolis of Kannauj had suffered a power vacuum following the death of
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378:
2691:(first ed.). Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies. p. 153.
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Al-Hind: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam, 7th–11th Centuries
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Jainism-related cave monuments and statues carved into the rock face inside
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around a century later but his position was dependent upon an alliance with
552:(730–756) later extended his control east and south from Mandor, conquering
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A New History of Rajasthan, Rima Hooja pg – 270–274 University of Rajasthan
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802:
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718:
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claim heroic descent of clans in order to foster Rajput unity against the
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The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century
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The Imperial Pratihara dynasty broke into several small states after the
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the Pratihara domains had dwindled to a small state centered on Kannauj.
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was constructed during the Pratihara Empire between 8th to 11th century.
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and expanded his boundaries eastward into Pala-held territories near
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Dhanapāla and His Times: A Socio-cultural Study Based Upon His Works
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2716:(First ed.). Jaipur: University of Rajasthan. pp. 77–78.
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355:. Their last important king, Rajyapala, was driven from Kannauj by
316:
3385:"ASI to resume restoration of Bateshwar temple complex in Chambal"
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of the Rashtrakuta dynasty around 800. Vatsaraja was succeeded by
740:
Around 786, the Rashtrakuta ruler Dhruva (c. 780–793) crossed the
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and the port of Bharuch in Gujarat. He established his capital at
487:
Pashupatinath, Uttar Pradesh, 9th -10th century, Pratihara dynasty
41:
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2661:(First ed.). Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. pp. 21–22.
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The Gurjara-Pratihara and contemporary Asian polities, circa 800.
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Nagabhata I (739–760), was originally perhaps a feudatory of the
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151:
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Open Boundaries: Jain Communities and Cultures in Indian History
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The Dynastic History of Northern India (early Mediaeval Period)
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752:(805–833), who was initially defeated by the Rashtrakuta ruler
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Partha Mitter, Indian art, Oxford University Press, 2001 pp.66
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without an heir, which resulted in the disintegration of the
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of the dynasty ruled other minor states in the subcontinent.
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in Gujarat, which had been demolished in an Arab raid from
573:
468:
399:
352:
314:. During this period, Imperial Pratihara took the title of
3490:
Mishra, V. B. (1954), "Who were the Gurjara-Pratīhāras?",
3190:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 32, 146.
243:
in 816 which secured its right to the throne of Kannauj.
2428:
2426:
1506:. This Hindu temple was built by the Pratihara emperor
678:
defeated the Dharmapala. Through vigorous campaigning,
270:, who ruled briefly before being succeeded by his son,
3436:
Studies in the Geography of Ancient and Medieval India
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History of Ancient India: Earliest Times to 1000 A. D.
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States and territories established in the 8th century
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Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. p. 207.
2676:. Bikaner: Rajasthan State Archives. pp. 124–30.
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2441:
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defeated the Arab army under Junaid and Tamin in the
3492:
Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute
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2504:
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successfully challenged and defeated the Pala ruler
4856:, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press
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2963:
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3100:. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. pp. 12–13.
2438:
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2326:. Oxford : Clarendon Press. p. Plate 2.
875:states that the territories of Bhoja extended to
4888:
812:After consolidating his rule, he stepped into a
737:, the Rashtrakuta king, for control of Kannauj.
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2830:
540:Trivikrama, Pratihara, 11th c. CE, Kashipur- UP
3133:. Rajasthan: Rupa & Company. p. 187.
3010:. Rajasthan: Rupa & Company. p. 187.
2901:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. pp. 429–430.
1557:in Madhya Pradesh was built by the Pratiharas.
651:describes him as "master of western quarter".
595:
27:Mid-8th to 11th century northern India dynasty
4907:States and territories disestablished in 1036
3862:
3726:
3554:
2949:. Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. p. 531.
2863:
2861:
2597:Al-hind: The Making of the Indo-islamic World
2456:
2315:
580:ascribes Nagabhata with having appeared like
3876:
3183:
2867:
2744:
2742:
2271:No records found after Parmeshver Manthandev
1462:
510:Extent of the Pratihara Empire at its peak (
502:bronze, 10th-11th century, Pratihara dynasty
4837:
3869:
3855:
3733:
3719:
3231:. Har-Anand Publications. pp. 19–20.
3163:. Har-Anand Publications. pp. 19–20.
3083:. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. pp. xi–xii.
2858:
2370:. Princeton University Press. p. 40.
1928:List of Imperial Pratihara dynasty rulers
3636:History of Kanauj: To the Moslem Conquest
2810:. Sterling Publishers. pp. 194–195.
2748:
2739:
2492:
631:Conquest of Kannauj and further expansion
441:legend given in the later manuscripts of
4851:
3632:
3466:
3076:
2895:Jain, Kailash Chand (31 December 1972).
2844:(4th ed.). Routledge. p. 114.
2807:A Comprehensive History of Ancient India
2656:
2522:
2468:
793:
634:
535:
505:
490:
482:
372:
298:in the south. The expansion triggered a
4947:11th-century disestablishments in India
3453:
3285:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 72–73.
3251:
3221:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3153:
3028:
2686:
1915:Historians of India, since the days of
1481:Bateshwar Hindu temples, Madhya Pradesh
1470:was developed during Pratihara Empire.
362:
14:
4922:Medieval empires and kingdoms of India
4889:
4860:
4426:Co-existence of Hinduism and Buddhism
3653:
3489:
3432:
2942:
2803:
2711:
2671:
2632:
2432:
2159:
1773:
1762:
1753:
1654:
1643:
1632:
1621:
1610:
1583:
1574:
1304:
1293:
1282:
1245:
1232:
1210:
1056:
879:in the north, and Bhoja had conquered
764:from the Palas, and again checked the
701:. This space was eventually filled by
4828:
4623:
4440:
4369:
4342:
4293:
4288:
3850:
3740:
3714:
3667:
3610:
3543:The History of the Gurjara-Pratiharas
3527:The history of the Gurjara-Pratihāras
3408:
3359:
3305:
3278:
3126:
3113:early-Hindu-islamic-conflict-richards
3003:
2976:
2921:
2778:
2644:
2417:
2363:
2343:. Taylor & Francis. p. 164.
2330:
2268:Parmeshver Manthandev, (885 – 915 CE)
1890:
1837:
1826:
1815:
1782:
1742:
1729:
1718:
1707:
1696:
1687:
1676:
1665:
1601:
1592:
1221:
1158:
1147:
1138:
1030:
965:
721:, whose base lay at the south in the
654:According to the Radhanpur Plate and
3687:
3537:
3520:
3371:
3332:
3204:
2894:
2620:
2593:
2546:
2534:
2510:
2480:
2390:
2228:
2174:
1879:
1857:
1848:
1793:
1186:
952:
192:
4937:8th-century establishments in India
3339:. Abhinav Publications. p. 5.
3093:
2558:
2364:Flood, Finbarr B. (20 March 2018).
2336:
2297:List of Hindu empires and dynasties
2292:List of Rajput dynasties and states
1868:
1804:
686:in the west up to the frontiers of
385:, 9th-10 century, Pratihara dynasty
187:
24:
3299:
2925:Early Kalinga Art and Architecture
2874:. Bharatiya Jnanpith. p. 31.
2559:Kim, Hyun Jin (19 November 2015).
2264:Badegujar were rulers of Rajogarh
2224:
974:
816:for the throne of Gujarat between
768:in the west. He rebuilt the great
25:
4958:
3336:Epic scenes in Indian plastic art
3077:Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra (1955).
2170:
1922:
1502:One of the four entrances of the
921:were defeated in large battle in
394:, who is said to have acted as a
4736:References and sources for table
3187:A Historical atlas of South Asia
3184:Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978).
2749:Chaurasia, Radhey Shyam (2002).
2232:
2178:
1576:
1569:
1547:
1531:
1515:
1495:
1441:
967:
947:
467:legend; the 16th century Rajput
398:("door-keeper") for his brother
369:Origin of the Gurjara-Pratiharas
274:. Under Bhoja and his successor
40:
4809:
4800:
4791:
4782:
4773:
4764:
4755:
4746:
3633:Tripathi, Rama Shankar (1959).
3456:The Indian Historical Quarterly
3401:
3377:
3326:
3272:
3245:
3177:
3147:
3120:
3104:
3087:
3070:
3058:
3035:Radhey Shyam Chaurasia (2002).
2997:
2936:
2915:
2888:
2824:
2797:
2730:
2705:
2680:
2665:
2650:
2587:
2552:
2486:
1538:Ghateshwara Mahadeva temple at
929:Hudud-ul-Alam, a tenth-century
902:fought on and off to take over
783:
531:
294:in the north to areas past the
75:"The fortunate primaeval boar".
4942:1036 disestablishments in Asia
2922:Rajan, K. V. Soundara (1984).
2397:. Leiden: BRILL. p. 284.
2384:
2357:
2309:
1451:, built by their vassals, the
1352:invasions of the subcontinent.
517:CE) and neighbouring polities.
418:century CE, shortly after the
282:stretching from the border of
13:
1:
3654:Yadava, Ganga Prasad (1982),
3545:, Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal
3433:Sircar, Dineschandra (1971).
3282:The Early Rulers of Khajurāho
3255:The Candellas of Jejākabhukti
2565:. Routledge. pp. 62–64.
2337:Ray, Himanshu Prabha (2019).
2302:
1430:of the Rathore clan and gave
511:
4865:, Cambridge University Press
4833:, Cambridge University Press
4563:Decline of Buddhism in India
4000:Northern Black Polished Ware
2712:Sharma, Shanta Rani (2017).
2497:. Vol. 26. p. B8.
2287:List of battles of Rajasthan
1360:(910–912) was overthrown by
674:Inscription (AD 812) states
602:Caliphate campaigns in India
260:Caliphate campaigns in India
7:
4831:An Introduction to Hinduism
2672:Sharma, Dasharatha (1966).
2275:
1475:Mahavira Jain temple, Osian
1396:. The south Indian Emperor
822:Gujarat Rashtrakuta dynasty
801:is a Hindu Temple built by
596:Resistance to the Caliphate
406:name of the territory (see
310:empires for control of the
10:
4963:
4854:Hinduism. Past and present
4724:Chera Perumals of Makkotai
4682:Chera Perumals of Makkotai
4074:Rise of Shramana movements
3831:Trilochanapala (1018–1027)
3569:10.1177/025764300602200202
3279:Mitra, Sisirkumar (1977).
3080:The Age of Imperial Kanauj
2804:Chopra, Pran Nath (2003).
2674:Rajasthan through the Ages
2659:The Age of Imperial Kanauj
2318:Edwardes, Stephen Meredyth
2210:Known Baddoch rulers are-
2166:Pratiharas of Mandavyapura
2163:
940:
898:In the early 8th century,
787:
599:
478:
366:
341:UNESCO World Heritage Site
183:Pratiharas of Mandavyapura
170:Maharajadhiraja of Kannauj
4861:Samuel, Geoffrey (2010),
4733:
4630:
4609:Pandyan kingdom (revival)
4594:
4573:
4548:
4520:
4480:
4475:
4416:
4302:
4237:
4195:
4174:
4158:
4147:
4140:
4123:
4107:
4093:
4064:
4057:
4003:
3985:
3982:Painted Grey Ware culture
3967:
3959:
3943:
3919:
3916:
3911:
3898:
3893:
3884:
3748:
3614:History of the Chāhamānas
3094:Ray, Hem Chandra (1973).
2493:Agnihotri, V. K. (2010).
2217:Dhaddha II (627 – 655 CE)
1562:
1468:Māru-Gurjara architecture
1463:Māru-Gurjara architecture
1394:Chahamanas of Shakambhari
839:, is described as :
606:Caliphal province of Sind
300:tripartite power struggle
290:in the east and from the
239:until its victory in the
235:. It initially ruled the
175:
157:
141:
131:
121:
113:
103:
80:
39:
34:
4829:Flood, Gavin D. (1996),
4418:"Golden Age of Hinduism"
4383:Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom
4299:Maha-Meghavahana Dynasty
4060:Persian-Greek influences
3878:Middle kingdoms of India
3674:, Abhinav Publications,
3597:10.1177/0376983612449525
3585:Indian Historical Review
3333:Kala, Jayantika (1988).
2943:Sharma, Dr Shiv (2008).
2928:. Sundeep. p. 103.
2220:Jaibhatta (655 – 700 CE)
2214:Dhaddha I (600 – 627 CE)
828:Bhoja's feudatory, the
4852:Michaels, Axel (2004),
4550:Late-Classical Hinduism
3825:Vijayapala II (956–960)
3639:. Motilal Banarsidass.
3439:. Motilal Banarsidass.
3418:. New York: Routledge.
3258:. Abhinav. p. 72.
3252:Dikshit, R. K. (1976).
2657:Majumdar, R.C. (1955).
2316:Smith, Vincent Arthur;
1555:Bateshwar Hindu temples
643:After bringing much of
326:Great King of Kings of
3936:Middle Gangetic Plain
3819:Vinayakapala (954–955)
3312:. Brill. p. 142.
3130:A History of Rajasthan
3007:A History of Rajasthan
2980:A History of Rajasthan
2946:India – A Travel Guide
2898:Malwa Through The Ages
2781:A History of Rajasthan
2600:. BRILL. p. 279.
1540:Baroli Temples complex
1487:Baroli temples complex
845:
806:
640:
541:
518:
503:
488:
386:
377:A panel depicting the
193:Pratiharas of Rajogarh
4465:Western Ganga Dynasty
4332: 1st century BCE
4320:Early Pandyan kingdom
4285: 2nd century BCE
4245:(ca. 200 BC - 300 CE)
4239:Preclassical Hinduism
4220:Early Pandyan kingdom
4192: 3rd century BCE
4137: 4th century BCE
4104: 5th century BCE
4014: 6th century BCE
3939:Lower Gangetic Plain
3927:Upper Gangetic Plain
3822:Mahipala II (955–956)
3611:Singh, R. B. (1964),
3306:Belli, Melia (2005).
2868:K. D. Bajpai (2006).
2687:Meister, M.W (1991).
841:
797:
707:Lalitaditya Muktapida
638:
550:Nagabhata Pratihara I
539:
509:
494:
486:
376:
231:which ruled over the
218:Pratiharas of Kannauj
188:Pratiharas of Baddoch
58:Boar, incarnation of
46:Pratihara coinage of
4912:History of Rajasthan
4815:Michaels (2004) p.41
4806:Michaels (2004) p.40
4788:Michaels (2004) p.39
4770:Michaels (2004) p.39
4707:Kamboja-Pala dynasty
4339: 1st century CE
3789:or Bhoja I (836–885)
3668:Kalia, Asha (1982),
3532:Munshiram Manoharlal
3127:Hooja, Rima (2006).
3004:Hooja, Rima (2006).
2977:Hooja, Rima (2006).
2871:History of Gopāchala
2779:Hooja, Rima (2006).
2594:Wink, André (1991).
2391:Wink, André (2002).
2282:History of Rajasthan
1905:class=notpageimage|
1345:class=notpageimage|
717:in the east and the
664:Durlabharaja Chauhan
639:The Kanauj triangle.
576:. An inscription by
363:Etymology and origin
4666:Rashtrakuta dynasty
4118:Shaishunaga dynasty
4068:Second Urbanisation
3913:Indo-Gangetic Plain
3828:Rajapala (960–1018)
2836:Rothermund, Dietmar
2525:, pp. 612–613.
2160:Mandavyapura branch
1929:
758:Indo-Gangetic Plain
463:. It is based on a
432:Indo-Gangetic Plain
312:Indian subcontinent
241:Tripartite Struggle
222:Imperial Pratiharas
198:Pratiharas of Nagod
62:, and solar symbol.
4917:History of Gujarat
4797:Hiltebeitel (2002)
4779:Hiltebeitel (2002)
4477:Hephthalite Empire
4313:(300 BCE – 200 CE)
4304:Satavahana dynasty
4290:Indo-Greek Kingdom
4213:(300 BCE – 200 CE)
4204:Satavahana dynasty
4177:Spread of Buddhism
3899:Northwestern India
3816:Devapala (948–954)
3557:Studies in History
2841:A History of India
2457:Sanjay Sharma 2006
2244:. You can help by
2190:. You can help by
1927:
919:Gurjara-Pratiharas
807:
746:Dhruva Dharavarsha
656:Prithviraja Vijaya
641:
542:
519:
504:
489:
457:Hindu caste system
387:
233:Kingdom of Kannauj
224:, was a prominent
214:Gurjara-Pratiharas
212:, also called the
89:Kingdom of Kannauj
85:Kingdom of Gurjara
4884:
4883:
4879:
4878:
4875:
4874:
4716:Eastern Chalukyas
4712:Kalyani Chalukyas
4670:Eastern Chalukyas
4659:Gurjara-Pratihara
4652: 9th century
4637:Eastern Chalukyas
4620: 8th century
4605:Eastern Chalukyas
4591:Mlechchha dynasty
4570: 7th century
4552:(ca. CE 650-1100)
4499: 6th century
4472: 5th century
4432: 4th century
4378: 3rd century
4366: 2nd century
4276:Mahayana Buddhism
4243:"Hindu Synthesis"
4110:Persian conquests
3995:Shramanic culture
3931:Ganga-Yamuna doab
3844:
3843:
3742:Pratihara dynasty
3646:978-81-208-0478-4
3627:978-93-85593-18-5
3480:978-81-7007-121-1
3462:, Caxton: 167–168
3425:978-0-203-08850-0
3346:978-81-7017-228-4
3238:978-81-241-1064-5
3170:978-81-241-1064-5
3065:Dasharatha Sharma
3048:978-81-269-0027-5
2956:978-81-284-0067-4
2908:978-81-208-0824-9
2881:978-81-263-1155-2
2851:978-0-415-32920-0
2817:978-81-207-2503-4
2762:978-81-269-0027-5
2723:978-93-85593-18-5
2647:, pp. 17–18.
2607:978-90-04-09249-5
2572:978-1-317-34091-1
2404:978-0-391-04173-8
2377:978-0-691-18074-8
2262:
2261:
2208:
2207:
2157:
2156:
1852:ABBASID CALIPHATE
814:war of succession
649:Harivamsha Purana
437:According to the
210:Pratihara dynasty
206:
205:
73:Srímad Ādi Varāha
16:(Redirected from
4954:
4927:History of Malwa
4897:Pratihara Empire
4866:
4857:
4848:
4839:Hiltebeitel, Alf
4834:
4816:
4813:
4807:
4804:
4798:
4795:
4789:
4786:
4780:
4777:
4771:
4768:
4762:
4759:
4753:
4750:
4601:Badami Chalukyas
4596:Adivasi (tribes)
4586:Empire of Harsha
4582:Vakataka dynasty
4535:Kalabhra dynasty
4531:Badami Chalukyas
4522:Adivasi (tribes)
4491:Kalabhra dynasty
4457:Kalabhra dynasty
4453:Andhra Ikshvakus
4420:(ca. CE 320-650)
4404:Adivasi (tribes)
4272:Smarta Tradition
4125:Adivasi (tribes)
4040:Adivasi (tribes)
3896:cultural period
3891:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3871:
3864:
3857:
3848:
3847:
3735:
3728:
3721:
3712:
3711:
3707:
3684:
3661:
3650:
3618:
3607:
3579:
3546:
3534:
3506:
3483:
3463:
3450:
3429:
3395:
3394:
3381:
3375:
3369:
3363:
3357:
3351:
3350:
3330:
3324:
3323:
3303:
3297:
3296:
3276:
3270:
3269:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3219:
3202:
3201:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3124:
3118:
3117:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3074:
3068:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3032:
3026:
3025:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2974:
2961:
2960:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2865:
2856:
2855:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2776:
2767:
2766:
2746:
2737:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2654:
2648:
2642:
2636:
2630:
2624:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2556:
2550:
2544:
2538:
2532:
2526:
2520:
2514:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2490:
2484:
2478:
2472:
2466:
2460:
2454:
2448:
2445:
2436:
2430:
2421:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2313:
2257:
2254:
2236:
2229:
2203:
2200:
2182:
2175:
1930:
1926:
1899:
1897:
1888:
1886:
1877:
1875:
1866:
1864:
1855:
1853:
1846:
1844:
1835:
1833:
1824:
1822:
1813:
1811:
1802:
1800:
1791:
1789:
1780:
1778:
1771:
1769:
1760:
1758:
1751:
1749:
1740:
1738:
1727:
1725:
1716:
1714:
1705:
1703:
1694:
1692:
1685:
1683:
1674:
1672:
1663:
1661:
1652:
1650:
1641:
1639:
1630:
1628:
1619:
1617:
1608:
1606:
1605:UYGHUR KHAGANATE
1599:
1597:
1590:
1588:
1581:
1580:
1573:
1551:
1535:
1524:Siddhachal Caves
1519:
1499:
1409:Mahmud of Ghazni
1336:
1323:
1313:
1311:
1302:
1300:
1291:
1289:
1277:
1266:
1256:
1254:
1243:
1241:
1230:
1228:
1219:
1217:
1205:
1195:
1193:
1181:
1169:
1167:
1156:
1154:
1145:
1143:
1133:
1118:
1105:
1092:
1076:
1065:
1063:
1050:
1039:
1037:
1025:
1010:
995:
985:
983:
972:
971:
963:
961:
951:
917:Around 880, the
835:named Harsha of
699:Empire of Harsha
516:
513:
357:Mahmud of Ghazni
44:
32:
31:
21:
4962:
4961:
4957:
4956:
4955:
4953:
4952:
4951:
4887:
4886:
4885:
4880:
4871:
4870:
4869:
4819:
4814:
4810:
4805:
4801:
4796:
4792:
4787:
4783:
4778:
4774:
4769:
4765:
4760:
4756:
4751:
4747:
4737:
4726:
4722:
4720:Medieval Cholas
4718:
4714:
4705:
4680:
4678:Medieval Cholas
4676:
4674:Pandyan kingdom
4672:
4668:
4643:
4641:Pandyan kingdom
4639:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4584:
4561:
4555:Advaita Vedanta
4553:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4506:
4493:
4489:
4463:
4461:Kadamba Dynasty
4459:
4455:
4446:
4425:
4421:
4393:Western Satraps
4355:Kuninda Kingdom
4347:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4312:
4306:
4297:
4274:
4246:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4212:
4206:
4143:Greek conquests
4076:
4072:
3998:
3992:
3980:
3974:
3928:
3900:
3895:
3880:
3875:
3845:
3840:
3811:Mahendrapala II
3744:
3739:
3705:
3682:
3664:
3647:
3563:(22): 181–220,
3539:Puri, Baij Nath
3522:Puri, Baij Nath
3481:
3447:
3426:
3404:
3399:
3398:
3390:Hindustan Times
3383:
3382:
3378:
3370:
3366:
3358:
3354:
3347:
3331:
3327:
3320:
3304:
3300:
3293:
3277:
3273:
3266:
3250:
3246:
3239:
3223:Chandra, Satish
3220:
3205:
3198:
3182:
3178:
3171:
3155:Chandra, Satish
3152:
3148:
3141:
3125:
3121:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3092:
3088:
3075:
3071:
3063:
3059:
3049:
3033:
3029:
3018:
3002:
2998:
2991:
2975:
2964:
2957:
2941:
2937:
2920:
2916:
2909:
2893:
2889:
2882:
2866:
2859:
2852:
2829:
2825:
2818:
2802:
2798:
2791:
2777:
2770:
2763:
2747:
2740:
2735:
2731:
2724:
2710:
2706:
2699:
2685:
2681:
2670:
2666:
2655:
2651:
2643:
2639:
2631:
2627:
2623:, pp. 4–6.
2619:
2615:
2608:
2592:
2588:
2573:
2557:
2553:
2545:
2541:
2533:
2529:
2521:
2517:
2513:, p. 9-13.
2509:
2505:
2491:
2487:
2479:
2475:
2467:
2463:
2455:
2451:
2446:
2439:
2431:
2424:
2416:
2412:
2405:
2389:
2385:
2378:
2362:
2358:
2351:
2335:
2331:
2314:
2310:
2305:
2278:
2258:
2252:
2249:
2242:needs expansion
2227:
2225:Rajogarh branch
2204:
2198:
2195:
2188:needs expansion
2173:
2168:
2162:
2137:Trilochanapala
2070:Mahendrapala II
1925:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1798:Paleo-Siberians
1796:
1794:
1792:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1575:
1565:
1558:
1552:
1543:
1536:
1527:
1526:, Gwalior Fort.
1520:
1511:
1500:
1465:
1444:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1332:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1319:
1314:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1262:
1257:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1201:
1196:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1175:
1170:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1130:
1127:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1114:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1101:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1086:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1072:
1066:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1046:
1040:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1019:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1007:
1004:
999:
998:
997:
991:
986:
980:
977:
975:
973:
966:
964:
958:
955:
953:
943:
792:
786:
633:
608:
600:Main articles:
598:
534:
514:
481:
461:Prithviraj Raso
444:Prithviraj Raso
371:
365:
317:Maharajadhiraja
286:in the west to
226:medieval Indian
202:
168:
162:Maharajadhiraja
150:
104:Place of origin
96:
91:
87:
76:
63:
52:King of Kannauj
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4960:
4950:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4882:
4881:
4877:
4876:
4873:
4872:
4868:
4867:
4858:
4849:
4835:
4825:
4818:
4817:
4808:
4799:
4790:
4781:
4772:
4763:
4754:
4744:
4738:
4735:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4709:
4700:
4698:
4696:
4691:
4685:
4684:
4663:
4661:
4656:
4654:
4648:
4647:
4634:
4629:
4627:
4622:
4616:
4615:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4579:
4577:
4575:Indo-Sassanids
4572:
4566:
4565:
4547:
4539:
4538:
4524:
4519:
4517:
4512:
4510:
4501:
4495:
4494:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4468:
4467:
4450:
4448:Varman dynasty
4439:
4434:
4428:
4427:
4415:
4407:
4406:
4401:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4374:
4373:
4368:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4357:
4352:
4349:Indo-Parthians
4345:Indo-Scythians
4341:
4335:
4334:
4328:
4327:
4301:
4292:
4287:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4236:
4228:
4227:
4201:
4194:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4180:
4173:
4165:
4164:
4161:HISTORICAL AGE
4156:
4155:
4153:
4146:
4139:
4133:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4120:
4115:
4113:
4106:
4100:
4099:
4092:
4063:
4056:
4048:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4035:
4030:
4021:
4016:
4010:
4009:
4002:
3984:
3966:
3958:
3950:
3949:
3941:
3940:
3937:
3934:
3924:
3923:
3921:Southern India
3918:
3917:Central India
3915:
3910:
3897:
3885:
3882:
3881:
3874:
3873:
3866:
3859:
3851:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3838:
3832:
3829:
3826:
3823:
3820:
3817:
3814:
3808:
3802:
3796:
3793:Mahendrapala I
3790:
3784:
3778:
3772:
3766:
3756:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3738:
3737:
3730:
3723:
3715:
3709:
3708:
3703:
3697:, SUNY Press,
3685:
3680:
3663:
3662:
3651:
3645:
3630:
3619:
3608:
3580:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3518:
3507:
3487:
3484:
3479:
3464:
3451:
3445:
3430:
3424:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3393:. 21 May 2018.
3376:
3374:, p. 112.
3364:
3352:
3345:
3325:
3318:
3298:
3291:
3271:
3264:
3244:
3237:
3203:
3196:
3176:
3169:
3146:
3139:
3119:
3103:
3086:
3069:
3057:
3047:
3027:
3016:
2996:
2989:
2962:
2955:
2935:
2914:
2907:
2887:
2880:
2857:
2850:
2832:Kulke, Hermann
2823:
2816:
2796:
2789:
2768:
2761:
2738:
2729:
2722:
2704:
2697:
2679:
2664:
2649:
2637:
2625:
2613:
2606:
2586:
2571:
2551:
2539:
2537:, p. 1-2.
2527:
2515:
2503:
2495:Indian History
2485:
2473:
2471:, p. 223.
2461:
2459:, p. 188.
2449:
2437:
2435:, p. 146.
2422:
2420:, p. 303.
2410:
2403:
2383:
2376:
2356:
2349:
2329:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2269:
2260:
2259:
2239:
2237:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2206:
2205:
2185:
2183:
2172:
2171:Baddoch branch
2169:
2164:Main article:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2131:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2115:Vijayapala II
2113:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2072:
2067:
2063:
2062:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2049:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2031:Mahendrapala I
2028:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1988:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1967:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1924:
1923:List of rulers
1921:
1908:
1903:
1902:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1553:
1546:
1544:
1537:
1530:
1528:
1521:
1514:
1512:
1504:Teli ka Mandir
1501:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1484:
1478:
1464:
1461:
1443:
1440:
1436:Tughlaq Empire
1368:of Malwa, the
1343:
1342:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1071:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1045:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1002:
1001:
1000:
989:
988:
987:
946:
945:
944:
942:
939:
799:Teli ka Mandir
788:Main article:
785:
782:
632:
629:
597:
594:
533:
530:
515: 800—950
480:
477:
367:Main article:
364:
361:
276:Mahendrapala I
245:Cadet branches
204:
203:
201:
200:
195:
190:
185:
179:
177:
173:
172:
159:
155:
154:
145:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
123:
119:
118:
115:
111:
110:
105:
101:
100:
82:
78:
77:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4959:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4894:
4892:
4864:
4859:
4855:
4850:
4846:
4845:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4827:
4826:
4824:
4823:
4812:
4803:
4794:
4785:
4776:
4767:
4758:
4749:
4745:
4743:
4742:
4732:
4729:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4686:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4649:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4628:
4626:
4621:
4618:
4617:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4576:
4571:
4568:
4567:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4545:
4541:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4527:Vishnukundina
4525:
4523:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4509:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4487:Vishnukundina
4485:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4470:
4469:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4445:
4444:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4413:
4409:
4408:
4405:
4402:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4388:Kushan Empire
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4372:
4371:Kushan Empire
4367:
4364:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4350:
4346:
4340:
4337:
4336:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4311:
4310:
4309:Sangam period
4305:
4300:
4296:
4295:Shunga Empire
4291:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4268:Brahma Sutras
4265:
4264:Bhagavad Gita
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4244:
4240:
4235:
4234:
4230:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4211:
4210:
4209:Sangam period
4205:
4202:
4200:
4199:
4198:Maurya Empire
4193:
4190:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4178:
4172:
4171:
4167:
4166:
4163:
4162:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4151:
4144:
4138:
4135:
4134:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4105:
4102:
4101:
4098:
4097:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4069:
4062:
4061:
4055:
4054:
4050:
4049:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4011:
4008:
4007:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3990:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3972:
3965:
3964:
3957:
3956:
3952:
3951:
3948:
3947:
3942:
3938:
3935:
3932:
3926:
3925:
3922:
3914:
3908:
3904:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3883:
3879:
3872:
3867:
3865:
3860:
3858:
3853:
3852:
3849:
3836:
3833:
3830:
3827:
3824:
3821:
3818:
3815:
3812:
3809:
3806:
3803:
3800:
3797:
3794:
3791:
3788:
3785:
3782:
3779:
3776:
3773:
3770:
3767:
3764:
3760:
3757:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3747:
3743:
3736:
3731:
3729:
3724:
3722:
3717:
3716:
3713:
3706:
3704:9780791437865
3700:
3696:
3695:
3690:
3689:Cort, John E.
3686:
3683:
3681:9780391025585
3677:
3673:
3672:
3666:
3665:
3659:
3658:
3652:
3648:
3642:
3638:
3637:
3631:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3615:
3609:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3581:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3553:
3550:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3529:
3528:
3523:
3519:
3517:
3513:
3508:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3488:
3485:
3482:
3476:
3472:
3471:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3452:
3448:
3446:9788120806900
3442:
3438:
3437:
3431:
3427:
3421:
3417:
3416:
3411:
3410:Avari, Burjor
3407:
3406:
3392:
3391:
3386:
3380:
3373:
3368:
3361:
3356:
3348:
3342:
3338:
3337:
3329:
3321:
3319:9789004300569
3315:
3311:
3310:
3302:
3294:
3292:9788120819979
3288:
3284:
3283:
3275:
3267:
3265:9788170170464
3261:
3257:
3256:
3248:
3240:
3234:
3230:
3229:
3224:
3218:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3199:
3193:
3189:
3188:
3180:
3172:
3166:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3150:
3142:
3136:
3132:
3131:
3123:
3116:. p. 96.
3115:
3114:
3107:
3099:
3098:
3090:
3082:
3081:
3073:
3066:
3061:
3054:
3050:
3044:
3040:
3039:
3031:
3024:
3019:
3013:
3009:
3008:
3000:
2992:
2986:
2982:
2981:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2958:
2952:
2948:
2947:
2939:
2932:
2927:
2926:
2918:
2910:
2904:
2900:
2899:
2891:
2883:
2877:
2873:
2872:
2864:
2862:
2853:
2847:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2833:
2827:
2819:
2813:
2809:
2808:
2800:
2792:
2786:
2782:
2775:
2773:
2764:
2758:
2754:
2753:
2745:
2743:
2733:
2725:
2719:
2715:
2708:
2700:
2694:
2690:
2683:
2675:
2668:
2660:
2653:
2646:
2641:
2635:, p. 35.
2634:
2629:
2622:
2617:
2609:
2603:
2599:
2598:
2590:
2583:
2580:
2574:
2568:
2564:
2563:
2555:
2548:
2543:
2536:
2531:
2524:
2523:Majumdar 1981
2519:
2512:
2507:
2500:
2496:
2489:
2482:
2477:
2470:
2469:Tripathi 1959
2465:
2458:
2453:
2444:
2442:
2434:
2429:
2427:
2419:
2414:
2406:
2400:
2396:
2395:
2387:
2379:
2373:
2369:
2368:
2360:
2352:
2350:9781000227932
2346:
2342:
2341:
2333:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2312:
2308:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2265:
2256:
2247:
2243:
2240:This section
2238:
2235:
2231:
2230:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2202:
2193:
2189:
2186:This section
2184:
2181:
2177:
2176:
2167:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2093:Vinayakapala
2092:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2007:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1920:
1918:
1906:
1898:
1887:
1876:
1865:
1854:
1845:
1843:
1834:
1832:
1823:
1821:
1812:
1810:
1801:
1799:
1790:
1788:
1779:
1770:
1759:
1750:
1748:
1739:
1737:
1726:
1724:
1715:
1713:
1704:
1702:
1693:
1684:
1673:
1662:
1651:
1640:
1629:
1618:
1607:
1598:
1589:
1579:
1572:
1556:
1550:
1545:
1541:
1534:
1529:
1525:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1498:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1442:Pratihara art
1439:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1351:
1346:
1337:
1335:
1324:
1322:
1312:
1310:
1301:
1299:
1290:
1288:
1278:
1267:
1265:
1255:
1253:
1242:
1240:
1229:
1218:
1216:
1206:
1204:
1194:
1192:
1182:
1180:
1168:
1166:
1155:
1153:
1144:
1134:
1132:
1119:
1117:
1106:
1104:
1093:
1091:
1078:
1075:
1064:
1062:
1052:
1049:
1038:
1036:
1026:
1024:
1011:
1009:
996:
994:
984:
982:
970:
962:
960:
950:
938:
936:
932:
927:
924:
920:
915:
913:
909:
905:
901:
896:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
873:Rajatarangini
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
844:
840:
838:
834:
831:
826:
823:
819:
815:
810:
804:
800:
796:
791:
781:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
742:Narmada River
738:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
691:
690:in the east.
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
652:
650:
646:
637:
628:
624:
622:
618:
615:cavalry from
614:
607:
603:
593:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
538:
529:
527:
526:
508:
501:
497:
493:
485:
476:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
445:
440:
435:
433:
429:
425:
421:
415:
413:
409:
408:Gurjara-desha
403:
401:
397:
393:
384:
380:
379:Saptamatrikas
375:
370:
360:
358:
354:
351:the Gangetic
349:
344:
342:
338:
333:
331:
329:
323:
322:
318:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
248:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
180:
178:
174:
171:
167:
163:
160:
156:
153:
149:
146:
144:
140:
137:
134:
130:
127:
124:
120:
116:
112:
109:
106:
102:
99:
94:
90:
86:
83:
79:
74:
70:
69:Sasanian type
66:
61:
57:
53:
49:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
4862:
4853:
4843:
4830:
4821:
4820:
4811:
4802:
4793:
4784:
4775:
4766:
4757:
4748:
4740:
4739:
4703:Pala dynasty
4689:10th century
4688:
4651:
4619:
4569:
4549:
4543:
4542:
4498:
4471:
4443:Gupta Empire
4441:
4431:
4417:
4411:
4410:
4377:
4365:
4343:
4338:
4331:
4316:Early Cholas
4307:
4284:
4242:
4238:
4232:
4231:
4216:Early Cholas
4207:
4196:
4191:
4182:
4175:
4169:
4168:
4159:
4150:Nanda empire
4148:
4136:
4103:
4094:
4065:
4058:
4052:
4051:
4013:
4004:
3989:Vedic Period
3986:
3971:Vedic Period
3968:
3963:Vedic Period
3960:
3954:
3953:
3944:
3907:Sapta Sindhu
3894:Timeline and
3787:Mihira Bhoja
3775:Nagabhata II
3741:
3693:
3670:
3656:
3635:
3617:, N. Kishore
3613:
3588:
3584:
3560:
3556:
3542:
3526:
3498:(¼): 42–53,
3495:
3491:
3469:
3459:
3455:
3435:
3414:
3402:Bibliography
3388:
3379:
3367:
3362:, p. 2.
3355:
3335:
3328:
3308:
3301:
3281:
3274:
3254:
3247:
3227:
3186:
3179:
3159:
3149:
3129:
3122:
3112:
3106:
3096:
3089:
3079:
3072:
3060:
3052:
3037:
3030:
3021:
3006:
2999:
2979:
2945:
2938:
2929:
2924:
2917:
2897:
2890:
2870:
2840:
2826:
2806:
2799:
2780:
2751:
2732:
2713:
2707:
2688:
2682:
2673:
2667:
2658:
2652:
2640:
2628:
2616:
2596:
2589:
2582:centuries...
2579:White Hunnic
2576:
2561:
2554:
2549:, p. 2.
2542:
2530:
2518:
2506:
2498:
2494:
2488:
2483:, p. 7.
2476:
2464:
2452:
2413:
2393:
2386:
2366:
2359:
2339:
2332:
2322:
2311:
2263:
2250:
2246:adding to it
2241:
2209:
2196:
2192:adding to it
2187:
2104:Mahipala II
2017:Mihira Bhoja
1991:Nagabhata II
1914:
1841:
1830:
1819:
1808:
1797:
1786:
1746:
1733:
1722:
1711:
1700:
1508:Mihira Bhoja
1466:
1445:
1421:
1407:
1356:
1333:
1320:
1308:
1297:
1286:
1263:
1249:
1236:
1214:
1202:
1190:
1176:
1162:
1151:
1128:
1115:
1102:
1087:
1073:
1060:
1047:
1034:
1020:
1005:
992:
978:
956:
928:
916:
897:
889:Narayanapala
846:
842:
827:
811:
808:
803:Mihira Bhoja
790:Mihira Bhoja
784:Mihira Bhoja
750:Nagabhata II
739:
719:Rashtrakutas
692:
653:
648:
642:
625:
609:
578:Mihira Bhoja
543:
532:Early rulers
525:Kuvalayamala
523:
520:
460:
453:colonial-era
442:
436:
428:Hunnic state
416:
404:
395:
388:
345:
334:
325:
315:
280:Gupta Empire
272:Mihira Bhoja
264:Nagabhata II
249:
221:
217:
213:
209:
207:
92:
72:
67:: Traces of
64:
55:
48:Mihira Bhoja
29:
4847:, Routledge
4728:Rashtrakuta
4632:Pala Empire
4625:Kabul Shahi
4508:Kabul Shahi
4482:Alchon Huns
4260:Mahabharata
4183:Pre-history
4096:Pre-history
4006:Pre-history
3837:(1024–1036)
3753:Nagabhata I
3591:(1): 1–10,
2633:Yadava 1982
2433:Sircar 1971
2253:August 2024
2199:August 2024
2019:or Bhoja I
1948:Nagabhata I
1939:Reign (CE)
1933:Serial No.
1917:Elphinstone
1457:Bundelkhand
1374:Bundelkhand
1309:SOMAVAMSHIS
1287:BUNDELKHAND
1048:PALA EMPIRE
853:Bundelkhand
754:Govinda III
703:Yashovarman
684:Thar Desert
668:Shakambhari
592:(775–805).
424:Alchon Huns
304:Rashtrakuta
256:Nagabhata I
252:Indus River
237:Gurjaradesa
132:Final ruler
126:Nagabhata I
108:Gurjaradesa
98:Nagod State
4932:Agnivansha
4891:Categories
4741:References
4694:Ghaznavids
4504:Nezak Huns
3805:Mahipala I
3781:Ramabhadra
3516:0195629213
3360:Kalia 1982
3197:0226742210
3140:8129108909
3017:8129108909
2990:8129108909
2790:8129108909
2698:0195629213
2645:Singh 1964
2418:Avari 2007
2303:References
2153:1024–1036
2140:1018–1027
2057:Mahipala I
2004:Ramabhadra
1616:PRATIHARAS
1428:Rao Chunda
1417:Vidyadhara
1392:, and the
1382:Mahakoshal
1378:Kalachuris
1362:Mahipala I
1191:CHAHAMANAS
1061:NAGVANSHIS
979:KARAKHANID
957:South Asia
908:Pratiharas
857:Daulatpura
855:. Bhoja's
772:temple at
760:as far as
735:Dantidurga
731:Dharmapala
660:Dharmapala
556:as far as
439:Agnivansha
268:Ramabhadra
71:. Legend:
35:Pratihāras
4645:Kalachuri
4437:Kidarites
3835:Yasahpala
3813:(944–948)
3807:(913–944)
3801:(910–913)
3795:(885–910)
3783:(833–836)
3777:(800–833)
3771:(780–800)
3769:Vatsaraja
3765:(760–780)
3755:(730–760)
3660:, Concept
3605:145175448
3577:144128358
3541:(1986) ,
3372:Cort 1998
2838:(2004) .
2621:Puri 1957
2547:Puri 1957
2535:Puri 1957
2511:Puri 1957
2481:Puri 1957
2149:Yasahpala
2129:960–1018
2126:Rajapala
2082:Devapala
1978:Vatsaraja
1872:BYZANTINE
1863:KHAGANATE
1777:SRIVIJAYA
1453:Chandelas
1449:Khajuraho
1424:Ghaznavid
1411:captured
1398:Indra III
1370:Chandelas
1366:Paramaras
1350:Ghaznavid
1252:CHALUKYAS
1239:CHALUKYAS
1006:GHAZNAVID
893:Gorakhpur
849:Chandelas
818:Dhruva II
727:Vatsaraja
676:Nagabhata
645:Rajasthan
570:West Asia
449:Mount Abu
396:pratihara
392:Lakshmana
359:in 1018.
348:Indra III
337:Khajuraho
321:Āryāvarta
302:with the
292:Himalayas
166:Āryāvarta
136:Yasahpala
4841:(2002),
4515:Maitraka
4400:kingdom
4398:Kamarupa
4256:Ramayana
4082:Buddhism
4028:Panchala
4019:Gandhara
3979:culture)
3946:IRON AGE
3799:Bhoja II
3763:Devaraja
3759:Kakustha
3691:(1998),
3524:(1957),
3504:41784918
3412:(2007).
3225:(2004).
3157:(2004).
2562:The Huns
2320:(1924).
2276:See also
2118:956–960
2107:955–956
2096:954–955
2085:948–954
2074:944–948
2061:913–944
2048:910–913
2044:Bhoja II
2035:885–910
2022:836–885
2008:833–836
1995:800–833
1982:780–800
1969:760–780
1965:Devaraja
1961:Kakustha
1952:730–760
1809:Samoyeds
1712:Jurchens
1625:RASHTRA-
1614:GURJARA-
1358:Bhoja II
1321:KALINGAS
1276:KADAMBAS
1177:HABBARID
1074:KAMARUPA
887:emperor
867:river."
617:Damascus
590:Vatsraja
465:Paramara
339:, now a
262:. Under
176:Branches
93:Branches
56:Obverse:
18:Parihaar
4822:Sources
4613:Pallava
4544:Culture
4423:Puranas
4412:Culture
4252:Puranas
4233:Culture
4170:Culture
4086:Ājīvika
4078:Jainism
4053:Culture
4033:Magadha
3955:Culture
1894:TIBETAN
1842:Shatuos
1831:Tanguts
1787:Kyrgyzs
1701:Khitans
1682:DYNASTY
1432:Mandore
1413:Kannauj
1390:Haryana
1386:Tomaras
1250:EASTERN
1237:WESTERN
1203:TOMARAS
1179:EMIRATE
1152:GUJARAT
1142:GUHILAS
1035:KANNAUJ
1023:EMIRATE
981:KHANATE
959:1000 CE
941:Decline
935:Kannauj
931:Persian
877:Kashmir
869:Kalhana
833:Samanta
830:Guhilas
820:of the
774:Somnath
766:Muslims
680:Vatsraj
621:Turkics
586:Mleccha
558:Gwalior
546:Chavdas
500:Lakshmi
479:History
473:Mughals
451:. Some
412:Gurjara
383:Kannauj
296:Narmada
229:dynasty
220:or the
152:Kannauj
122:Founder
114:Founded
81:Country
65:Reverse
4761:Samuel
4752:Samuel
4559:Tantra
4324:Cheras
4224:Cheras
4130:Assaka
4045:Assaka
3977:Srauta
3903:Punjab
3701:
3678:
3643:
3625:
3603:
3575:
3514:
3502:
3477:
3443:
3422:
3343:
3316:
3289:
3262:
3235:
3194:
3167:
3137:
3045:
3014:
2987:
2953:
2931:Bhoja.
2905:
2878:
2848:
2814:
2787:
2759:
2720:
2695:
2604:
2569:
2401:
2374:
2347:
1936:Ruler
1896:EMPIRE
1885:YABGUS
1883:OGHUZ-
1874:EMPIRE
1861:KHAZAR
1820:Kimeks
1766:DVARA-
1757:CHENLA
1747:Tatars
1736:YABGHU
1734:KARLUK
1723:Tungus
1671:SHAHIS
1638:EMPIRE
1563:Legacy
1402:Turkic
1384:, the
1376:, the
1298:DAHALA
1264:CHOLAS
1225:SHILA-
1163:CHUDA-
1116:MARYUL
1103:KUMAON
1090:SHAHIS
1021:MULTAN
1008:EMPIRE
993:KHOTAN
923:Ujjain
881:Punjab
865:Sutlej
837:Chatsu
723:Deccan
715:Bengal
695:Harsha
688:Bengal
672:Baroda
613:Syrian
582:Vishnu
562:Avanti
496:Vishnu
288:Bengal
216:, the
158:Titles
148:Ujjain
60:Vishnu
4248:Epics
3987:Late
3969:Late
3961:Late
3601:S2CID
3573:S2CID
3500:JSTOR
1691:SILLA
1647:CHAM-
1627:KUTAS
1227:HARAS
1215:MALWA
1165:SAMAS
1129:UTPA-
1088:HINDU
912:Sindh
904:Sindh
900:Arabs
861:Dausa
778:Sindh
770:Shiva
762:Bihar
711:Palas
554:Malwa
469:bards
420:Hunas
330:Lands
328:Aryan
284:Sindh
4090:Yoga
4024:Kuru
3761:and
3699:ISBN
3676:ISBN
3641:ISBN
3623:ISBN
3512:ISBN
3475:ISBN
3441:ISBN
3420:ISBN
3341:ISBN
3314:ISBN
3287:ISBN
3260:ISBN
3233:ISBN
3192:ISBN
3165:ISBN
3135:ISBN
3043:ISBN
3012:ISBN
2985:ISBN
2951:ISBN
2903:ISBN
2876:ISBN
2846:ISBN
2812:ISBN
2785:ISBN
2757:ISBN
2718:ISBN
2693:ISBN
2602:ISBN
2567:ISBN
2399:ISBN
2372:ISBN
2345:ISBN
1963:and
1768:VATI
1680:TANG
1669:TURK
1660:ZHAO
1658:NAN-
1636:PALA
1587:SIND
1334:GUGE
885:Pala
733:and
604:and
574:Iran
572:and
566:Sind
498:and
400:Rama
353:Doab
308:Pala
306:and
208:The
143:Seat
3593:doi
3565:doi
2248:.
2194:.
2145:17
2134:16
2123:15
2112:14
2101:13
2090:12
2079:11
2066:10
1596:800
1455:of
1388:of
1380:of
1372:of
1131:LAS
871:'s
851:of
713:of
666:of
402:.
332:).
319:of
164:of
117:730
4893::
4557:-
4270:-
4266:-
4262:-
4258:-
4254:-
4250:-
4241:-
4145:)
4112:)
4088:-
4084:-
4080:-
3933:)
3909:)
3599:,
3589:39
3587:,
3571:,
3561:22
3559:,
3530:,
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