1404:
123:
1415:
1410:
634:
Gerald Mayr (2016). "Osteology and phylogenetic affinities of the middle Eocene North
American Bathornis grallator—one of the best represented, albeit least known Paleogene cariamiform birds (seriemas and allies)".
567:
in particular is a very large bird, reaching estimated heights of over 2 m (6 ft 7 in), making it among the largest of bathornithids and among the tallest animals in its environment.
591:
to subdue and kill its prey. It is a prime example of a large flightless predatory bird co-existing with large predatory mammals, such as the conspecific
625:
Mayr, G., & Noriega, J. I. A well-preserved partial skeleton of the poorly known early
Miocene seriema Noriegavis santacrucensis (Aves, Cariamidae).
1363:
1048:
1125:
1055:
898:
1147:
1115:
1069:
908:
876:
1191:
1041:
1027:
1540:
1136:
1078:
514:
that is less distinctively raised in relation to the external condyle. Overall, it can be assumed that it had similar proportions to
1466:
553:
were clearly flightless, being large birds with far too short forelimbs and keels, the former in particular having highly reduced
780:
1550:
579:
was likely a terrestrial carnivore. In terms of ecology, it would probably have been similar to its more famous relatives, the
667:
717:(1968). "A review of the Bathornithidae (Aves, Gruiformes), with remarks on the relationships of the suborder Cariamae".
1403:
1530:
773:
1545:
531:
337:(though some analysis recover it as closer to the living seriemas instead, or possibly entirely out of
719:
122:
1535:
1520:
1497:
1434:
766:
758:
748:(Class Aves). 2, Additional comments on the Bathornithidae, with descriptions of new species.
1492:
1484:
373:
1525:
1414:
538:
388:, before its identity as a bathornithid came to light. Material previously identified as a
8:
493:
451:-like environment. Several large sized mammal groups are known from this region, such as
1409:
1333:
995:
280:
117:
1479:
933:
663:
1199:
724:
322:
1457:
1266:
1162:
657:
432:
385:
213:
522:
1222:
1174:
956:
605:
357:
334:
190:
345:
much like their South
American cousins, some species attaining massive sizes.
1514:
1379:
1349:
1303:
1275:
1105:
1018:
1004:
866:
842:
827:
790:
741:
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393:
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338:
174:
69:
1282:
1245:
1207:
972:
580:
515:
436:
330:
222:
1342:
1319:
1231:
918:
821:
656:
Benton, R. C.; Terry, D. O.; Evanoff, E.; McDonald, H. G. (25 May 2015).
554:
460:
365:
44:
609:
with which it probably shared an apex-predator role in its environment.
1471:
1312:
1289:
1183:
1089:
942:
887:
745:
447:, it is composed of river deposits that showcase the remains of a rich
342:
89:
54:
532:
1372:
965:
728:
593:
506:
465:
452:
444:
389:
134:
94:
38:
1428:
1451:
1238:
1034:
809:
599:
583:
terror birds, being a large, flightless killer and using its large
497:
456:
440:
381:
369:
326:
314:
154:
84:
79:
64:
59:
49:
30:
1252:
1098:
542:
511:
501:
448:
318:
99:
74:
803:
788:
526:
489:
144:
815:
341:), it is a specialised member of this group, being cursorial
588:
164:
655:
518:, with proportionally short wings and a large, deep bill.
584:
463:, all co-existing with several flightless bathornithids.
575:
419:. These were more closely related to each other than to
1360:
1330:
1300:
1263:
1219:
1171:
1159:
1143:
1132:
1121:
1111:
1066:
1015:
992:
953:
930:
914:
904:
894:
883:
872:
862:
473:, appears to have favoured wetter ecosystems, while
268:
260:
252:
229:
529:'s. It has unique characteristics quite unlike the
411:Since then, two more species have been identified:
659:The White River Badlands: Geology and Paleontology
561:might have still been capable of limited flight.
1512:
651:
649:
647:
645:
1170:
504:material is distinct from the closely related
488:is known from a variety of materials, such as
774:
642:
781:
767:
709:
707:
705:
703:
701:
699:
697:
639:90 (2): 357–374. doi:10.1017/jpa.2016.45.
713:
694:
545:), making it easily identifiable. Both
1513:
431:Most specimens have been found on the
426:
1433:
1432:
840:
762:
744:, Systematics and evolution of the
376:, which identified it as a sort of
13:
537:of any other bird (though vaguely
521:The keel is rather proportionally
14:
1562:
841:
380:. It was posteriorly referred to
1541:Paleogene birds of North America
1413:
1408:
1402:
404:, was posteriorly identified as
121:
42:
469:, a possible close relative of
735:
685:
676:
628:
619:
477:occurs in drier environments.
1:
1551:Fossil taxa described in 1964
612:
500:elements and coracoids. The
480:
325:, possibly related to modern
662:. Indiana University Press.
570:
360:species. The type specimen,
348:
7:
10:
1567:
299:Oligocrocorax mediterranus
1441:
1399:
1359:
1329:
1299:
1262:
1218:
1158:
1088:
1065:
1014:
991:
952:
929:
853:
849:
836:
798:
750:American Museum Novitates
720:American Museum Novitates
286:
279:
249:
244:
228:
221:
118:Scientific classification
116:
23:
1531:Extinct flightless birds
793:and their extinct allies
637:Journal of Paleontology
541:to that of the modern
16:Extinct genus of birds
1493:Paleobiology Database
374:Othniel Charles Marsh
530:
427:Age and environment
364:, was collected in
1334:Mesembriornithinae
996:Eleutherornithidae
290:Meleagris antiquus
1546:White River Fauna
1508:
1507:
1480:Open Tree of Life
1435:Taxon identifiers
1426:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1388:
934:Ameghinornithidae
669:978-0-253-01608-9
565:Paracrax gigantea
317:") is a genus of
306:
305:
272:Paracrax wetmorei
264:Paracrax gigantea
217:
1558:
1501:
1500:
1488:
1487:
1475:
1474:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1430:
1429:
1417:
1412:
1406:
1362:
1332:
1302:
1265:
1221:
1216:
1215:
1200:Paleopsilopterus
1173:
1168:
1167:
1161:
1145:
1134:
1123:
1113:
1068:
1017:
994:
955:
932:
916:
906:
896:
885:
874:
864:
851:
850:
838:
837:
783:
776:
769:
760:
759:
753:
739:
733:
732:
711:
692:
689:
683:
680:
674:
673:
653:
640:
632:
626:
623:
534:
439:. Dating to the
354:Paracrax antiqua
329:and the extinct
323:flightless birds
270:
262:
256:Paracrax antiqua
254:
234:Paracrax antiqua
231:
212:
205:
194:
189:
178:
126:
125:
111:
41:
29:Temporal range:
21:
20:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1536:Oligocene birds
1511:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1496:
1491:
1483:
1478:
1470:
1465:
1456:
1455:
1450:
1437:
1427:
1418:
1407:
1385:
1355:
1325:
1295:
1267:Patagornithinae
1258:
1214:
1163:Phorusrhacoidea
1154:
1084:
1061:
1010:
987:
948:
925:
845:
832:
794:
787:
757:
756:
740:
736:
712:
695:
690:
686:
681:
677:
670:
654:
643:
633:
629:
624:
620:
615:
573:
536:
510:by an internal
483:
433:Brule Formation
429:
386:Pierce Brodkorb
351:
321:North American
240:
237:
214:Pierce Brodkorb
211:
203:
192:
187:
176:
120:
112:
110:
109:
108:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
36:
35:
33:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1564:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1502:
1489:
1476:
1463:
1447:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1424:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1383:
1376:
1368:
1366:
1364:Physornithinae
1357:
1356:
1354:
1353:
1346:
1338:
1336:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1323:
1316:
1308:
1306:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1293:
1286:
1279:
1271:
1269:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1256:
1249:
1242:
1235:
1227:
1225:
1223:Phorusrhacinae
1213:
1212:
1204:
1196:
1188:
1179:
1177:
1175:Phorusrhacidae
1165:
1156:
1155:
1153:
1152:
1141:
1130:
1119:
1109:
1102:
1094:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1082:
1074:
1072:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1059:
1052:
1045:
1038:
1031:
1023:
1021:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1008:
1000:
998:
989:
988:
986:
985:
977:
969:
961:
959:
957:Bathornithidae
950:
949:
947:
946:
938:
936:
927:
926:
924:
923:
912:
902:
892:
881:
870:
859:
857:
855:incertae sedis
847:
846:
834:
833:
831:
830:
824:
818:
812:
806:
799:
796:
795:
786:
785:
778:
771:
763:
755:
754:
734:
723:(2326): 1–46.
693:
684:
675:
668:
641:
627:
617:
616:
614:
611:
606:Archaeotherium
572:
569:
482:
479:
428:
425:
350:
347:
335:Bathornithidae
304:
303:
302:
301:
292:
284:
283:
277:
276:
275:
274:
266:
258:
247:
246:
242:
241:
238:
226:
225:
219:
218:
201:
197:
196:
191:Bathornithidae
185:
181:
180:
172:
168:
167:
162:
158:
157:
152:
148:
147:
142:
138:
137:
132:
128:
127:
114:
113:
105:
104:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
28:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1563:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1521:Bathornitidae
1519:
1518:
1516:
1499:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1453:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1416:
1411:
1405:
1382:
1381:
1380:Paraphysornis
1377:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1350:Mesembriornis
1347:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1304:Psilopterinae
1298:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1278:
1277:
1276:Andalgalornis
1273:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1217:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1157:
1150:
1149:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1120:
1118:
1117:
1110:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1019:Idiornithidae
1013:
1007:
1006:
1005:Eleutherornis
1002:
1001:
999:
997:
990:
983:
982:
978:
975:
974:
970:
968:
967:
963:
962:
960:
958:
951:
945:
944:
940:
939:
937:
935:
928:
921:
920:
913:
911:
910:
903:
901:
900:
893:
890:
889:
882:
879:
878:
871:
869:
868:
867:Elaphrocnemus
861:
860:
858:
856:
852:
848:
844:
843:Cariamiformes
839:
835:
829:
828:Cariamiformes
825:
823:
819:
817:
813:
811:
807:
805:
801:
800:
797:
792:
784:
779:
777:
772:
770:
765:
764:
761:
751:
747:
743:
742:Joel Cracraft
738:
730:
726:
722:
721:
716:
710:
708:
706:
704:
702:
700:
698:
691:Brodkorb 1964
688:
679:
671:
665:
661:
660:
652:
650:
648:
646:
638:
631:
622:
618:
610:
608:
607:
602:
601:
596:
595:
590:
586:
582:
578:
568:
566:
562:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
535:
528:
524:
519:
517:
516:phorusrhacids
513:
509:
508:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
478:
476:
472:
468:
467:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
443:stage of the
442:
438:
434:
424:
422:
418:
414:
409:
407:
403:
402:mediterraneus
399:
398:Oligocrocorax
395:
394:Phalacrocorax
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
372:, in 1871 by
371:
367:
363:
359:
356:is the genus
355:
346:
344:
340:
339:Cariamiformes
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
311:
300:
296:
295:Phalacrocorax
293:
291:
288:
287:
285:
282:
278:
273:
267:
265:
259:
257:
251:
250:
248:
243:
239:Brodkorb 1964
236:
235:
227:
224:
220:
215:
210:
209:
202:
199:
198:
195:
186:
183:
182:
179:
175:Cariamiformes
173:
170:
169:
166:
163:
160:
159:
156:
153:
150:
149:
146:
143:
140:
139:
136:
133:
130:
129:
124:
119:
115:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
40:
32:
26:
22:
19:
1442:
1378:
1371:
1348:
1341:
1318:
1311:
1288:
1283:Andrewsornis
1281:
1274:
1251:
1246:Phorusrhacos
1244:
1237:
1230:
1208:Patagorhacos
1206:
1198:
1190:
1182:
1146:
1135:
1124:
1114:
1104:
1097:
1077:
1054:
1049:Occitaniavis
1047:
1040:
1033:
1026:
1003:
980:
979:
973:Eutreptornis
971:
964:
941:
917:
907:
897:
886:
875:
865:
854:
820:Superorder:
749:
737:
718:
715:Cracraft, J.
687:
678:
658:
636:
630:
621:
604:
598:
592:
581:phorusrhacid
576:
574:
564:
563:
558:
550:
546:
520:
505:
485:
484:
474:
470:
464:
437:North Dakota
430:
420:
416:
412:
410:
405:
401:
397:
361:
353:
352:
331:terror birds
309:
308:
307:
298:
294:
289:
271:
263:
255:
233:
232:
223:Type species
207:
206:
24:
18:
1526:Bird genera
1343:Llallawavis
1320:Psilopterus
1232:Devincenzia
1126:Pseudolarus
1056:Propelargus
919:Lavocatavis
899:Similiornis
822:Australaves
559:P. wetmorei
555:metacarpals
551:P. gigantea
461:hyaenodonts
417:P. gigantea
413:P. wetmorei
366:Weld County
37:33–30
1515:Categories
1313:Procariama
1290:Patagornis
1184:Brontornis
1148:Smiliornis
1116:Miocariama
1090:Cariamidae
1070:Salmilidae
943:Strigogyps
909:Talantatos
888:Itaboravis
877:Gradiornis
789:Genera of
752:; no. 2449
746:Gruiformes
682:Marsh 1871
613:References
547:P. antiqua
539:convergent
481:Appearance
421:P. antiqua
406:P. antiqua
343:carnivores
333:. Part of
1458:Q24259259
1373:Physornis
1192:Macrornis
1042:Oblitavis
1028:Gypsornis
966:Bathornis
802:Kingdom:
729:2246/2536
594:Hyaenodon
571:Lifestyle
557:, though
525:, like a
507:Bathornis
466:Bathornis
457:oreodonts
453:rhinoceri
445:Oligocene
408:remains.
390:cormorant
349:Discovery
193: (?)
177: (?)
141:Kingdom:
135:Eukaryota
1452:Wikidata
1443:Paracrax
1239:Kelenken
1035:Idiornis
981:Paracrax
810:Chordata
808:Phylum:
804:Animalia
791:Seriemas
600:Dinictis
577:Paracrax
498:forelimb
490:pelvises
486:Paracrax
475:Paracrax
471:Paracrax
441:Rupelian
382:Cracidae
370:Colorado
327:seriemas
315:curassow
310:Paracrax
281:Synonyms
245:Species
208:Paracrax
184:Family:
155:Chordata
151:Phylum:
145:Animalia
131:Domain:
31:Rupelian
25:Paracrax
1485:3600044
1472:4966566
1253:Titanis
1137:Riacama
1099:Cariama
1079:Salmila
826:Clade:
814:Class:
543:hoatzin
533:sternum
523:shallow
512:condyle
502:humerus
449:savanna
362:YPM 537
319:extinct
313:("near
200:Genus:
171:Order:
161:Class:
106:↓
1106:Chunga
666:
603:, and
587:-like
527:ratite
378:turkey
1498:39476
494:keels
1467:GBIF
816:Aves
664:ISBN
589:beak
549:and
459:and
415:and
358:type
216:1964
165:Aves
45:PreꞒ
725:hdl
585:axe
435:of
392:, "
384:by
1517::
1495::
1482::
1469::
1454::
696:^
644:^
597:,
496:,
492:,
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100:N
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60:S
55:O
50:Ꞓ
34:~
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