Papiria gens - Knowledge

1392:. Some authorities consider him the same as Lucius Papirius Crassus, the consul of 436. However, the censor of 430 was also named Lucius Papirius. He does not seem to be one of the Mugillani, as the elder Lucius Mugillanus is supposed to have been one of the first censors in 443, and the younger in 418; there is no indication that either of them held the office twice (but some scholars doubt whether the censorship was instituted in 443; if this date is inaccurate, it remains possible that the elder Mugillanus was the censor of 430). If the censor was not the elder Lucius Mugillanus, then he would seem to be either one of the Crassi, or an otherwise unknown Lucius Papirius. The consul of 430 cannot be the same man as the censor, suggesting that Diodorus is correct, and that the consul of this year was Gaius, rather than Lucius. 1313:. Broughton thinks it more likely he was the Lucius Papirius Mugillanus who held the office for a second time in 380, as the date of his first tribunate would not otherwise be accounted for. However, he notes that there must have been a Lucius Papirius Crassus in this generation, even if he is not to be identified with the consular tribune of 382. 1335:

explicitly states that none were elected, but that the dictator and magister equitum continued in office. This was the second of four "dictator years" occurring during the late fourth century BC, the authenticity of which has often been doubted, but which cannot actually be disproved. The others

568:. He possessed little knowledge of his family, and did not realize that the Papirii were of patrician origin. In one letter, Cicero undertook to enlighten him, extolling the virtues of his patrician ancestors, whom he encouraged Paetus to emulate, while denigrating the follies of the plebeians. 1299:

Some authorities regard the consul of 427 as the same Lucius Papirius who had been consul in 444, and the consular tribune of 422 as his son. The strongest argument against this is that there is no indication in the Fasti that the consul of 427 had previously held the

348:

because of his speed. The Papirii Cursores appear in history from the early fourth century BC to the beginning of the third. The Cursores likely descended from the Mugillani, as Lucius Papirius Cursor, the dictator, is sometimes found with this cognomen.

947:, Carbo was elected consul for 120. He suddenly distanced himself from the policies of his former friends, and having alienated both sides, was left vulnerable to an accusation the following year. He took his own life rather than be condemned. 1626:, vol. I, pp. 437, 438; vol. II, p. 664; vol. IV, p. 578. Oakley initially stated that the problem of Cursor's cognomen was "insoluble", but in his subsequent volumes he accepts Münzer's theory that his initial cognomen was likely Mugillanus. 1102:

Papirius Justus, a jurist who lived during the latter part of the second century. He collected the various constitutions issued by the emperors, and a number of fragments relating to the constitutions of Marcus Aurelius are preserved in the

741:

Lucius Papirius L. f. Crassus, father of the consular tribune of 336 and 330 BC. Some authorities describe a Lucius Papirius Crassus of this generation as consular tribune in 382 and 376 BC, but that Papirius was probably one of the

1805: 382:, referring to a piece of coal or charcoal; metaphorically, something black, or of little value. The Papirii Carbones appear in the first half of the second century BC, and continued down to the time of Cicero. 1286:, which some scholars have accepted, equating him with a brother of the consul of the same year, on the grounds that Praetextatus, named in the Capitoline Fasti, had not yet been consul. Broughton, following 1774: 109:

described the history of the Papirii to his friend, Papirius Paetus, a plebeian member of the family, who was unaware of the patrician origin of the family. According to Cicero, the Papirii were one of the

371:, a "mass" or "lump". The Papirii Masones were the last of the distinct patrician families of this gens, although some of the other Papirii were also patricians, including Lucius Papirius Praetextatus, 489:, or collateral for his father's debt, in 326 BC. When his lustful advances toward the boy were rejected, Papirius caused the boy to be stripped and lashed; popular outrage led to the abolition of 152:, and all of the early Papirii would have been known by this name, although in later times they were always referred to as Papirii. A number of other ancient nomina experienced the same evolution; 1522: 3170: 877:

in 176 BC, was perhaps the same as the Lucius Papirius, who when praetor, established that a child born within thirteen months of its possible conception could be recognized among a man's heirs.

94:

branches of the family. Although the most illustrious Papirii flourished in the time of the Republic, a number of the family continued to hold high office during the first two centuries of the

407:

Cicero describes the Papirii Turdi as a plebeian family, although only one of them is mentioned in history: Gaius Papirius Turdus, tribune of the plebs in 177 BC. Their surname signified a

1484: 1290:, favours Praetextatus, noting that the censors of 318, 312, 209, and perhaps of 265 had not previously held the consulship. He suggests that Frontinus confused the censor with the consul. 3238: 666:, won several important victories and celebrated a triumph. The two were elected again in 272, during an insurrection in southern Italy, and obtained a second triumph over the Samnites, 659:. Consul again in 320 and 319, he earned a second triumph. He was consul twice more, in 315 and 313, and dictator for a second time in 310, following which he received a third triumph. 122:. The precise distinction between the two divisions is not known, nor have any lists of the families belonging to each survived from antiquity. However, it has been suggested that the 1538: 388:, the surname of Cicero's plebeian friend, referred to a mild defect of vision, variously described as "blink-eyed", or "squinty". This common cognomen implied a lesser deficit than 1761: 1597: 1723: 1664: 1000:, tribune of the plebs in 90 BC, described by Cicero as a distinguished and persuasive orator, and the only Papirius Carbo to be a good citizen. He was murdered at the 3683: 3624: 1563: 534:. Cicero considered Papirius among the finest orators of his age, and mentions a speech that Papirius gave in the senate on behalf of the people of 1371:, which seems more probable given the frequency with which less common praenomina were changed into more common ones as a result of scribal error. 655:, in 340 BC. He was consul in 326, the first year of the Second Samnite War, and was nominated dictator the following year, in which he earned a 884:

in 58 BC, who opposed Cicero's recall from exile. According to Cicero, Maso disinherited his brother for his stance. He may be the same as the

1030:

Gnaeus Papirius (M. f.?) C. n. Carbo, brother of Gaius, the tribune in 89 BC, was an acquaintance of Cicero, who described him as a scoundrel.

353:

writes that he was the first named Cursor, and his grandfather—the first with this name in the sources—actually bore the cognomen Mugillanus.

705:. As the enemy refused to engage, Papirius and his colleague laid waste to the countryside around those cities. Papirius was censor in 430. 939:, a friend and ally of the Gracchi. As tribune of the plebs in 131 BC, he passed two important reforms. He was accused of having murdered 619: 527: 1436:

to have been a brother of the consul Gnaeus Carbo, but implied by Cicero to have been a cousin instead. Cicero's evidence was accepted by

1037:

Gaius Papirius Carbo, described by Cicero as the son of Rubria, and one of his friends, although he appears to have said this ironically.

601: 252:; this last was a common name not found among the ancient patrician stirpes, but which was still used by the Papirii of imperial times. 3222: 3196: 3187: 3007: 607: 578: 63: 344:, the surname of the third branch of the Papirii to achieve prominence, means "a runner", and was probably bestowed upon the dictator 1019:

providing for grants of citizenship to certain allies. Despite his family connection to the consul Gnaeus, Gaius joined the party of

287:

The Papirii Mugillani were the first of these families to obtain the consulship. Their surname was derived from an ancient city of

561:. Potamo became one of those through whom Verres worked his depredations upon the people, and was derided by Cicero for his role. 70:

in 444 BC. The patrician members of the family regularly occupied the highest offices of the Roman state down to the time of the

3655: 1336:

were 333, 309 (when Cursor is again said to have continued as dictator), and 301. See Broughton, vol. I, pp. 141, 148, 163, 171.

1187: 751: 694: 652: 950: 176:. Cicero writes that the first of the Papirii to adopt the "modern" spelling was Lucius Papirius Crassus, consul in BC 336. 979: 611: 589: 516: 515:

Gaius Papirius Turdus, tribune of the plebs in 177 BC, he and his colleague, Aulus Licinius Nerva, charged the proconsul

3620:(Fragments of Roman Orators from Appius Claudius Caecus to Quintus Aurelius Symmachus), L. Bourgeois-Mazé, Paris (1837). 3754: 456: 1453:, he was probably not a direct descendant of the Papirii Masones, who were patricians, since he was plebeian aedile. 1190:, an early Christian physician, said to have been put to death together with his sister, Agathonice, and others at 3730: 1176:. His victory was short-lived, as he was one of the prominent men whom Commodus had murdered shortly thereafter. 1005: 662:

Lucius Papirius L. f. S. n. Cursor, consul in 293 BC, during the Third Samnite War, together with his colleague,

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The Papirii Crassi appear almost simultaneously with the Mugillani, and remained a distinct family down to the

3718: 3660: 3629: 3422: 1169:. In AD 190, he intentionally worsened a grain shortage at Rome in order to bring about the downfall of the 936: 426: 502: 1095:

Papirius Fronto, a jurist who probably lived during the early second century. He is frequently cited by

997: 825:, he became the first victorious general to celebrate one outside the city of Rome, which he did on the 3381: 3358: 958: 629: 450: 296: 118:

were the greatest or most noble patrician houses, while the rest of the patrician families made up the

724:

Spurius Papirius C. f. Crassus, consular tribune in 382 BC, fought successfully against the armies of

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It is not entirely clear what Carbo was accused of. Valerius Maximus states that he went into exile.

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in 509 BC, in order to carry out the religious duties that had previously been performed by the king.

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From at least the time of the early Republic, the Papirii are divided into a number of branches, or

1173: 1132: 1009: 973: 962: 558: 300: 35: 17: 3742: 3448: 3441: 3301: 3145:, 15. tit. 1. s. 40. pr., 14. tit. 2. s. 3. § 2. fin., 50. tit. 16. s. 220. § 1, 30. s. 114. § 7. 1437: 1253:; Pomponius describes the king as "the son of Demaratus", which would refer to the elder Tarquin. 1092:, in AD 70. Piso was warned in time to intercept Papirius, whom he questioned, and put to death. 1089: 1085: 893: 688: 375:

in 272 BC. The Masones occur from the end of the fourth century BC down to the time of Cicero.

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Gaius Papirius (Cn. or M. f.) C. n. Carbo, tribune of the plebs in 89 BC, succeeded in passing

983: 708: 644: 506: 345: 75: 1419:

Broughton mentions an account in which he was tried and acquitted in suspicious circumstances.

3809: 3548: 3428: 3374: 3351: 546: 220:

were much more distinctive. The only other praenomina found among the patrician Papirii are

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in fact refer to Gaius Papirius, the Pontifex Maximus, who would then be the author of the

1204: 1081: 930: 881: 814: 712: 497: 242:

is known from the other members of the gens. The plebeian Papirii Carbones used primarily

222: 330:, which means "thick" or "fat", was common to a number of prominent gentes, including the 42:. According to tradition, the Papirii had already achieved prominence in the time of the 8: 3482: 3313: 1016: 234: 208: 3674: 1262: 1118:. He was married twice; his first wife was Ofania Quarta, and his second Statia Quinta. 350: 3572: 3529: 3506: 3417: 1429: 1170: 1161: 1122: 1066: 564:

Lucius Papirius Paetus, a friend of Cicero, who describes him as a learned man, and an

323: 248: 228: 202: 194: 190: 1309:

Some authorities consider the consular tribune of 382 BC to have been Lucius Papirius

933:, but the senate asked him to remain at Rome, and oversee a number of judicial claims. 378:

Among the plebeian branches of the Papiria gens, the most important was that surnamed

3750: 1058: 940: 916: 897: 783:

Marcus Papirius L. f. L. n. Crassus, appointed dictator in 332 BC, amid panic over a

401: 198: 142: 3108:

Pliny the Elder, i, ii, vii, ix, xi, xii, xiii, xiv, xv, xvii, xxiii, xxviii, xxxvi.

638:

Lucius Papirius (Mugillanus), censor in 393 BC, and consular tribune in 387 and 385.

3804: 3402: 3391: 3346: 3319: 3271: 1433: 1287: 1180: 1096: 1062: 1041: 711:, consul in 430 BC. He and his colleague anticipated a popular law planned by the 648: 641:

Spurius Papirius L. f. (Mugillanus), father of the dictator Lucius Papirius Cursor.

460: 51: 674:. During his first consulship, Papirius is said to have erected the first public 523:, but their attempt to recall him was thwarted by Quintus Aelius, another tribune. 3705: 3635: 3613:, Julius Charles Hare and Connop Thirlwall, trans., John Smith, Cambridge (1828). 3596: 3578: 3536: 3436: 3259: 1070: 776: 539: 316: 3687:(Scientific Encyclopedia of the Knowledge of Classical Antiquities, abbreviated 3510: 134:

consisted of the patrician families that were enrolled after the destruction of

3770: 3713: 3618:

Oratorum Romanorum Fragmenta ab Appio inde Caeco usque ad Q. Aurelium Symmachum

3470: 2171:

Broughton, vol. I, pp. 136, 137 (note 3), 146–148, 152, 153, 156–158, 162, 163.

1136: 1001: 944: 857: 755: 718:

Lucius Papirius Crassus, grandfather of the consular tribune of 336 and 330 BC.

464: 87: 55: 1265:

hypothesizes that the references to Sextus or Publius Papirius collecting the

114:, the lesser of two divisions made amongst the patrician gentes at Rome. The 3798: 3670: 3453: 3283: 1140: 1048:

in the early Augustan period, was a senator by 31 BC. His wife was Antullia.

912: 838: 656: 468: 408: 126:

consisted, at least in part, of the families who came to Rome in the time of

79: 43: 3709: 3666: 1773:

Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, p. 1191 ("

867:, who died in 213 BC. He might perhaps be the same as the triumvir of 218. 822: 597: 582: 565: 512:

Lucius Papirius L. f. M. n. Praetextatus, censor in 272 BC, died in office.

479: 442: 437: 372: 335: 331: 95: 83: 67: 47: 39: 770:. Consul for the second time in 330 BC, he defeated Vitruvius Flaccus of 3518: 1760:

Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, p. 83 ("

1126: 1110:

Gaius Papirius C. f. Masso, served as military tribune, plebeian aedile,

826: 472: 400:, "blind", and could even be regarded as endearing; it was an epithet of 965:. Like his brother, he took his own life rather than face condemnation. 3333: 3277: 3265: 1024: 901: 729: 135: 71: 3651:), Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften (1853–present). 3307: 1077: 1034:

and Shackleton Bailey rejected his identity with the consul of 85 BC.

667: 635:

Lucius Papirius Mugillanus, consular tribune in 382, 380, and 376 BC.

535: 485:

Lucius Papirius, a creditor, who accepted a boy, Gaius Publilius, as

422: 185: 3775:

A Commentary on Livy: Books VI–X, Volume I, Introduction and Book VI

2974: 2972: 2101:

Livy, viii. 12, 23, 29, 30–36, 47, ix. 7, 12, 13–16, 22, 28, 38, 40.

848:, one of the triumviri appointed in 218 BC to establish colonies at 3465: 1191: 1179:

Marcus Papirius Candidus, a senator, and patronus of the colony at

1166: 1031: 991: 889: 849: 830: 771: 725: 623: 615: 550: 308: 265: 91: 3040: 929:

Gaius Papirius Carbo, praetor in 168 BC, received the province of

212:. The first three were the most common of all Roman names, while 3558: 3477: 2969: 885: 871: 853: 763: 702: 675: 671: 622:

in 420 BC, he authored a law permitting the election of plebeian

531: 312: 127: 986:, was consul in 85, 84 and 82 BC, fought unsuccessfully against 813:

Gaius Papirius C. f. L. n. Maso, consul in 231 BC, defeated the

745:

Lucius Papirius S. f. C. n. Crassus, consular tribune in 368 BC.

632:, consular tribune in 418 and 416 BC, and perhaps consul in 411. 3496: 3254: 1331:

In the Capitoline Fasti, no consuls are given for 324, and the

954: 834: 818: 801: 593: 554: 520: 319:

does not mention it among his list of former cities in Latium.

304: 288: 264:, distinguished by their surnames. Cicero lists the patrician 106: 880:

Marcus Papirius Maso, the brother of Aelius Ligur, one of the

307:. It must have been in the vicinity of the Volscian towns of 2984: 2466:

Broughton, vol. I, pp. 136, 137 (note 2), 139, 143, 144, 148.

1020: 987: 784: 767: 759: 748:

Lucus Papirius M. f. Crassus, father of the censor of 318 BC.

738:

Marcus Papirius Crassus, grandfather of the consul of 318 BC.

491: 365: 78:, five times consul between 326 and 313 BC, who earned three 1088:

to assassinate Calpurnius Piso Galerianus, the proconsul of

3369: 845: 698: 59: 3782:

A Commentary on Livy: Books VI–X, Volume II, Books VI-VIII

1797: 1795: 810:

Gaius Papirius L. f. Maso, father of the consul of 231 BC.

3698:

George Davis Chase, "The Origin of Roman Praenomina", in

315:, but it was evidently deserted at a very early date, as 1792: 787:

invasion; but the rumoured invasion never materialized.

86:. Most of the Papirii who held office under the later 3684:

Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft

1513: 1354:

Lucius Papirius Mugillanus Cursor according to Münzer.

735:

Tiberius Papirius Crassus, consular tribune in 380 BC.

3747:

Cicero: Epistulae Ad Familiares, Volume II, 47–43 B.C

3625: