713:
957:-like paper plane called the Paperang in 1977, based on hang glider aerodynamics. Uniquely, it has properly controlled airfoil sections, high-aspect-ratio wings, and a construction method designed to allow the builder to vary every aspect of its shape. It was the subject of a book, "Amazing Paper Airplanes" in 1987, and a number of newspaper articles in 1992. It is ineligible for most paper plane competitions due to the use of a staple, but it has extremely high gliding performance exceeding glide ratios of 12 to 1 with good stability.
176:
1671:
32:
982:
184:
467:
134:
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general design of a paper model helicopter, and does possess a rotational flight element producing lift during forward flight. Papercopters, as
Professor Mathews labeled them, are unique among paper model rotorcraft in having a range and velocity far in excess of all other classes, able to fly quite quickly, and with a range of between 10 and 15 m. The longest flight time is 27.9 seconds.
733:". As of March 2023, Takuo Toda (Japan) holds the world record for the longest time in air (29.2 seconds) in Fukuyama City, Hiroshima, Japan, on 19 December 2010. The current distance record, as of February 2023, is 88.318 m (289 ft 9 in) achieved by Dillon Ruble (USA), with the support of Nathaniel Erickson and Garrett Jensen (both USA) in Crown Point, Indiana, USA, on 2 December 2022.
973:
acting as airbrakes. Typically the center of mass is at 1/81 and the center of area is at 1/2 of the plane lengths. Two methods exist to shift the center of mass to the front. One rolls up the leading edge which then stays unswept. The other uses a swept wing or axial folding to produce something like a fuselage extending out of leading edge of the wing.
1056:
India, South Africa and
Australia. A spokesman for the project said he was "bit suspicious" of reports from the southern hemisphere, but said that planes reaching America was possible given the "substantial" winds encountered by the planes, and the fact that a well-built paper plane "travels 12 feet across the ground for every foot it drops".
964:
Although it is a common view that light paper planes go farther than heavy ones, this is considered to be untrue by
Blackburn. Blackburn's record-breaking 20-year-old paper plane was based on his belief that the best planes had short wings and are "heavy" at the point of the launch phase in which the
671:
The world's first known published forward-gliding paper autogyro with forward-pointing body lifted by spinning blades was built by James
Zongker. It appears on page 53 of "The Paper Airplane Book: The Official Book of the Second Great International Paper Airplane Contest" published in 1985 by Science
667:
The world's first known published paper autogyro (engineless helicopter) by
Richard K Neu appeared in "The Great International Paper Airplane Book" published in 1967. Its wings fly in a circle around a central ballast shaft as it descends vertically. This basic design has been published several times
1055:
23 miles (37 km) above
Germany. The planes were designed to maintain stable flight even in gusts up to 100 mph (160 km/h). The planes were equipped with memory chips from which data could be uploaded, and were reported as having been found in other places in Europe, as well as Canada,
972:
After the folding there are still gaps between different layers of folded paper (tearoff edge). These and the kinks transversal to the airflow may have a detrimental effect on aerodynamics, especially on the upper side of the wing. In some models the surfaces are not aligned to the direction of flow
527:
fuselage profile bonded to the paper components. The paper used is quite heavy, approximately twice the weight of standard drawing cartridge paper, but lighter than lightweight cardboard. Original White Wings were entirely paper, requiring patience and skill. Later however, balsa-wood fuselages were
914:
In the case of scale performance and scale models, the modellers intent will define the type of aerofoil section chosen. WWI biplanes, if designed for flight performance, will often have curved-plate aerofoils, as these produce a highly cambered surfaces and
Coefficient of Lift (Cl) for low gliding
878:
More marginal performance and scale types generally do not benefit from heavier, shinier surfaces. Performance profile-fuselage types do experience somewhat improved performance if shiny, slippery paper is used in construction, but although there is a velocity improvement, this is offset very often
445:
In the field of scale model design, there are at present many possibilities for advanced design. Profile gliders encounter a limitation for improvement of flight performance based on their wing types, which are typically curved-plate aerofoils. In addition, fuselages are either balsa-paper or paper
437:
Professors
Ninomiya and Mathews (see sections below) developed more directed design strategies in the late 1960s and the 1980s. Previously, paper model aircraft had been designed without an emphasis on performance in flight. By using aerodynamic design, and fluid dynamics, both professors were able
675:
As noted above (see entry, Paper Pilot), E.H. Mathews developed a flight-stable paper model helicopter. This has a ring wing, and flaps for adjusting for flight for stability, positioned on the inboard edge of the ring. While not an autogyro per se, this paper model aircraft class falls within the
634:
The Bungee system publish parallels, at a smaller scale, the practice used in radio controlled and full-size sailplane launches, at a fraction of the cost and complexity. To date, this is the only known example of such a launch system applied to a paper model aeroplane type published in book form.
910:
of profiles varies, too. In general, the lower the Re, the greater the camber. Origami types will have 'ludicrous' or very high cambers in comparison with more marginally performing scale types, whose escalating masses demand higher flying speeds and so lower induced drag from high camber, though
960:
In 1975, origami artist
Michael LaFosse designed a pure origami (one sheet; no cutting, glue or staples...) flying wing, which he named the "Art Deco Wing".Though its aerodynamic form mimics some hang glider and supersonic airfoils, its invention evolved from exploring the beauty of folded paper
874:
Experiments in different material finishes in recent years have revealed some interesting relationships in Re and paper models. Performance of origami and compound origami structures improves markedly with the introduction of smooth paper, though this is also aided by the paper's higher mass and
870:
High performance profile and scale models do approach their wing section's critical Re in flight, which is a noteworthy achievement in terms of paper model design. Performance is derived of the fact that wings of these gliders are in fact performing as well as it is possible for them to perform,
590:
Public interest in the gliders, and their publishing success, allowed some of the development to be broadcast on South
African television during 1988 on the first book's release, and again 1993, to coincide with a national paper aeroplane competition tied to Paper Pilot 3's release.
965:
thrower throws the paper plane into the air, and at the same time longer wings and a "lighter" weight would allow the paper plane to have better flight times but this cannot be thrown hard with much pressure into the air as a "heavy" weighted launch phase. According to Blackburn,
430:, often not better than 7.5:1 depending on construction and materials. Modification of origami paper gliders can lead to marked improvements in flight performance, at the cost of weight and often with the inclusion of aerodynamic and/or structural compromises. Often, increases in
1048:, postponed the attempt after acknowledging it would be all but impossible to track them during the planes' week-long journey to Earth, assuming any of them survived the searing descent. The developers were hoping that China or Russia will back further efforts on the project.
441:
At present, the work of the two professors remains the last serious research work on improving the flight performance of paper model gliders. Collaborative work by enthusiasts through online forums and personal websites are mostly developments of these original glider types.
446:
laminates, prone to warping or breakage over a very short time. Improvement in performance is possible through modelling three-dimensional fuselages which encourage laminar flow, and in internally braced wings which can then have high-lift aerofoil profiles, such as the
750:
of model plane, and so do not experience aerodynamic forces differently from other types of flying model. However, their construction material produces a number of dissimilar effects on flight performance in comparison with aircraft built from different materials.
274:
In recent times, paper model aircraft have gained great sophistication, and very high flight performance far removed from their origami origins, yet even origami aircraft have gained many new designs over the years, and gained much in terms of flight performance.
850:
These ranges are indicative. As noted above the mass: density ratio of paper prevents performance from reaching those of balsa models in terms of expressions of power to weight, but for models with wingspans of between 250 mm and 1,200 mm, the critical
728:
for 13 years (1983–1996) and had regained the record in October 1998 by keeping his paper plane aloft for 27.6 seconds (indoors). This was confirmed by Guinness officials and a CNN report. The paper plane that Blackburn used in this record breaking attempt was a
655:
which, using rotational aerodynamics to provide good forward flight performance without need for a tail rotor. A model helicopter 'body' is suspended beneath the ring, and uses airflow to stabilise itself in the direction of flight, much like a weather vane.
866:
Most origami paper darts tend to be flying within turbulent air in any case, and as such, are important to research into turbulent flow as are low-Re lifting surfaces found in nature such as leaves of trees and plants as well as the wings of insects.
616:
Paper pilot gliders make use a curved-plate aerofoil shape for best performance. Their design, like the White Wings gliders, is very sensitive to trim, and in fact have the capacity to make indoor flights in confined spaces under average conditions.
997:
It is possible to create freestyle versions of paper aircraft, which often exhibit an unusual flight path compared to more traditional paper darts, jets and gliders. Another propulsion technique, creating high launch velocities, involves the use of
941:
bomber as an example, stating that the weights along the wing should be put forward in order to stabilize the plane. (Note: paper planes do not need a tail primarily because they typically have a large, thin fuselage, which acts to prevent
594:
Aerodynamic design of the gliders was achieved making use of an optimised small wind tunnel - the flat-glider Britten Norman Trislander was filmed in this facility, with weight balances being used to demonstrate the optimisation of flight.
961:
first. Its glide ratio and stability are on a par with many of the best paper wing constructions that use glue, tape or staples. This design was first published in 1984 in the book "Wings and Things", by Stephen Weiss, St. Martin's Press.
858:
Paper models typically have a wing aspect ratio that is very high (model sailplanes) or very low (the classic paper dart), and therefore are in almost all cases flying at velocities far below their wing planform and aerofoil critical
791:
that amplifies small changes in the surface of the paper aircraft. Modifications can be made to most paper airplanes by bending, curving or making small cuts in the trailing edges of wings and in the airplane's tail, if it has one.
497:
and wings are paper templates cut and glued together. They were designed with the aid of low-speed aerodynamic engineering design principles. Construction of the models is of Kent paper, a grade of cartridge paper sold in Japan.
598:
The design of parts of the gliders was achieved using Autodesk AutoCAD R12, then the most advanced version of this CAD software, and one of the first publicly available paper model aeroplanes designed using this technology.
438:
to design models that exceeded previous flight performance criteria by a very wide margin. Ranges of flight increased from the typical 10+ meters to 85+ meters, depending on energy input into the gliders on launch.
1059:
On 24 June 2015, a club from Kesgrave High School in Suffolk, United Kingdom, achieved the world record for the highest altitude paper plane launch, reaching an altitude of 35,043 metres (114,970 ft).
638:
Flight performance on bungee is very good - one glider in particular, a scale model U-2 (in the last book of the series) had demonstrated flight performance in excess of 120 meters, on bungee hook launch.
270:
and fashioned a small model airplane, without thinking where he was. It landed on the shirtfront of the French Minister of Education, much to the embarrassment of my sister and others at the banquet.
474:(1966). The glider fuselage is constructed from several laminations of paper glued together. The wings are of two laminations, and the tailplane and tailfin of a single lamination.
918:
Similarly, size, airspeed and mass will have very big impacts on choice of aerofoil, though this is a universal consideration in model plane design, no matter the material.
915:
airspeeds. WWII monoplanes will often have very scale-like sections, though with increased trailing edge droop to improve camber in comparison with scale counterparts.
317:
Ongoing development of folded/origami gliders over the same period has seen similar sophistication, including the addition of the following construction refinements
251:
1504:
508:
Ninomiya's designs also included, for the first time in any paper model, working propellers driven by airflow, in particular for his profile scale models of the
243:
Paper airplanes are known to have been made as far back as the mid 19th century, based on an American children's book describing their construction from 1864.
155:
582:
The books featured patterns of parts printed on lightweight cardstock, to give the aircraft good flight penetration performance for long-distance flight.
1032:
There may one day be a paper plane launched from space. A prototype passed a durability test in a wind tunnel in March 2008, and Japan's space agency
1274:
266:, who sat next to him at the table, asked him a question on the mechanics of flight. He started to explain; in the course of it he picked up a paper
620:
Most in initial editions are equipped with catapult hook patterns, and demonstrate an ability to fly the length of a Rugby pitch when so launched.
262:
Prandtl was also somewhat impulsive. I recall that on one occasion at a rather dignified dinner meeting following a conference in Delft, Holland,
969:— which shows that a speed of at least 60 miles per hour (97 kilometres per hour) is the amount needed to throw the paper plane successfully.
879:
by a poorer life-to-drag ratio. Scale types have experience negative performance at the addition of heavy shiny papers in their construction.
1123:
490:(1967). Designs from these books were later sold as the 'White Wings' Series of paper glider packs from the 1970s to the present day.
142:
930:
world record holder Tim Richardson disagrees with the decision to put a 'tail' on the paper plane. His explanation of paper plane
608:
Innovations include functional wheeled undercarriage which does not contribute to the drag budget while permitting good landings.
1411:
602:
Construction of the gliders closely parallels that used in the White Wings series of gliders of Dr. Ninomiya for flat gliders.
1154:
721:
1342:
96:
1539:
1366:
720:
There have been many attempts over the years to break the barriers of throwing a paper plane for the longest time aloft.
68:
1518:
1472:
1445:
1224:
1095:
115:
1027:
75:
967:"For maximum height and for a good transition to gliding flight, the throw must be within 10 degrees of vertical"
546:
1487:
605:
Later gliders with three-dimensional fuselages use a lightweight construction optimised for flight performance.
434:
can encourage breakdown of laminar flow over a wing with a hybrid of origami and glued and taped construction.
53:
1242:
82:
501:
The early models were explicitly hand drawn, but by the 1980s these had their parts drafted with the use of
516:
of 1967. Noteworthy as well was the careful design of gliders so that they could fly without ballast – his
49:
20:
1090:
1037:
672:
Magazine. Its twin contra-rotating blades automatically spin on paper axles upon launch to provide lift.
64:
623:
Later editions and gliders were equipped with a Bungee hook, the construction of which was included in
1693:
1202:
1718:
1194:
927:
417:, while card stock approximates the properties of steel at the scale of paper model aircraft.
397:
paper gliders (see above) suffer from higher drag, as well as imperfectly aerodynamic wing chords.
255:
1708:
894:
Compound Origami: Identical with origami, though often with sealed edges – 45% improvement in Cd.
147:
42:
1171:
549:, South Africa published his first compendium of high-performance model aircraft. This book was
532:
used is a Göttingen 801 (curved plate), and a pattern is supplied as a cutout part of each kit.
1080:
1713:
1255:
907:
725:
400:
However, unlike balsa gliders, paper gliders have a far higher strength-to-thickness ratio:
1108:
796:
8:
1703:
1100:
806:
263:
89:
1675:
1321:
730:
692:
575:
Unpublished models include an Airbus A320 scale model much like the Ju 52, seen on the
1587:, by Campbell Morris; Angus & Robertson (Harper Collins), Sydney, Australia, 1983.
1044:
above) and fellow enthusiast Shinji Suzuki, an aeronautical engineer and professor at
1468:
1441:
1247:
1220:
1150:
990:
712:
1415:
993:
shape, before descending in a rapid counter-clockwise spiral, as viewed from behind.
455:
354:
Inexpensive ink and laser computer printers, for accurate aircraft part reproduction
340:
Technology responsible for the proliferation of advanced paper plane construction:
1698:
1118:
1045:
1003:
897:
Profile Performance: Göttingen curved-plate, with profile similar to Göttingen 801.
837:
4,000–16,900 for Compound Origami (involving adhesives and aerodynamic refinements)
768:
509:
479:
303:
Paper gliders have experienced three forms of development in the period 1930–1988:
204:
493:
White Wings are a stark departure from conventional paper aircraft, in that their
347:
Widespread manufacture, and inexpensive nature of acetal air-annealed glues, e.g.
1259:
1144:
1052:
826:
659:
The papercopter design permits flights of approximately 10–14 meters on average.
220:
212:
523:
The high performance gliders have fuselages that are kept rigid by the use of a
482:
designed an advanced type of paper aircraft, which were published in two books,
175:
1085:
1015:
954:
947:
891:
Origami : Göttingen flat-plate, or Jedelsky-form for folded leading edges.
517:
247:
232:
1505:"Paper Airplanes Launched From Space, Soar Back to Germany, Australia, Canada"
1687:
1251:
1069:
513:
407:
19:
This article is about toy aircraft fashioned from paper. For other uses, see
231:. It typically takes the form of a simple nose-heavy triangle thrown like a
999:
934:
on his website mentions that the tail is not needed. He uses the real-life
931:
528:
used, and White Wings were sold "pre-cut", making construction easier. The
502:
431:
283:
216:
989:
due to unbalanced forces on the wings. The flight path assumes a somewhat
985:
An example of an asymmetrical custom paper airplane, which exhibits large
520:
model is able to be flown immediately without recourse to paperclips etc.
938:
755:
652:
427:
414:
403:
1670:
1322:"Engineer's record-breaking hopes sail on paper wings – October 8, 1998"
691:
Time (javelin throwing straight up with subsequent metamorphosis into a
410:
paper, for example, has approximate in-scale strength of aircraft-grade
1113:
1011:
1007:
935:
840:
9,000–39,000 for Profile Performance (White Wings, Paper Pilot, et al.)
788:
287:
228:
843:
19,200–56,000 for Scale Performance (White Wings, Paper Pilot, et al.)
709:
For every goal there is a typical plane and sometimes a world record.
1172:"Did people fly paper airplanes before real airplanes were invented?"
943:
411:
466:
31:
1514:
1509:
1051:
In February 2011, 200 planes were launched from a net underneath a
981:
780:
545:
In 1984, Professor E.H. Mathews, lecturer in Thermodynamics at the
529:
494:
325:
279:
1462:
1391:"Paper Airplane: The World's Best Paper Airplane is the Paperang"
802:
801:
The most common adjustments, modelled after glider aircraft, are
783:, which counteracts thrust and reduces the plane's forward speed.
774:
771:, acting on horizontal surface areas that lifts the plane upward;
447:
394:
183:
331:
Requirements for additional ballast to ensure flight performance
133:
986:
810:
762:
702:
421:
348:
1569:, by Jerry Mander, George Dippel and Howard Gossage; 1967,1988
855:
is very similar to balsa model gliders of similar dimensions.
556:
This book was very successful, leading to additional volumes,
357:
The advent of the Internet, and widespread information sharing
1074:
758:
forces that act on the paper aircraft while it is in flight:
524:
367:
224:
1300:
1033:
900:
Scale Performance: Göttingen 801 or any other wing aerofoil
830:(Re) range of the paper model aircraft is reasonably wide:
451:
267:
777:, which counteracts lift and pulls the plane downward; and
1581:, by Dr. Yasuaki Ninomiya; AGCO Ltd., Osako, Japan, 1980.
1412:"The Paper Airplane Flight Simulator: Workman Publishing"
887:
Wing profile sections in models vary, depending on type:
863:, where flow would break down from laminar to turbulent.
787:
Altogether, the aerodynamic forces co-interact, creating
252:
International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics
1390:
321:
Increased fold-count, sometimes of an intricate nature
946:, and wings along the entire length, which prevents
278:
There have been many design improvements, including
1494:, 27 December 2009 16.03 GMT. Retrieved 2009-12-31.
1240:Owen, Thomas (September 23, 1988). "LIGHT FLIGHT".
903:
Scale Models: This varies on model type (see below)
846:
22,000–93,000 for Scale Models (complex structures)
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1593:, by Richard Kline; Fireside Book, New York, 1985.
1275:"Japanese man sets record for paper plane flight"
1040:. However, the plane developers, Takuo Toda (see
911:this will vary depending on type being modelled.
651:, a model helicopter whose 'wing' is a trimmable
426:Unmodified origami paper aircraft have very poor
393:density is higher; consequentially, conventional
187:Folding instructions for a traditional paper dart
1685:
662:
1623:, by Richard Slade, 1972 (Scale Model Aircraft)
1435:
1214:
705:to understand flight mechanics of a good plane.
1629:, Know How Series, Usborne Books, London, 1979
1460:
572:, a stand-alone book featuring a scale model.
335:
1617:, by E.H. Mathews, Struik, Johannesburg, 1995
1611:, by E.H. Mathews, Struik, Johannesburg, 1992
1605:, by E.H. Mathews, Struik, Johannesburg, 1990
1599:, by E.H. Mathews, Struik, Johannesburg, 1987
1298:
1124:Sypaq Corvo Precision Payload Delivery System
647:A unique development of Prof. Mathews is the
1014:, follow foil and paper airplane surfer) by
422:Directions in advanced paper aircraft design
290:, style and fashion, over subsequent years.
1641:, by John M. Collins, Ten Speed Press, 2004
1635:, by John M. Collins, Ten Speed Press, 1989
1567:The Great International Paper Airplane Book
1488:"Paper plane enthusiast sets flight record"
344:Inexpensive CAD software for 2D part design
328:(cutting of paper) as a component of design
1464:Build and Pilot Your Own Walkalong Gliders
381:material commonly used to fabricate model
361:
254:, was dismissed as an artless exercise by
1343:"Longest flying paper aircraft- duration"
585:
293:
246:The construction of a paper airplane, by
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
1146:Paper Airplanes: Models to Build and Fly
980:
711:
465:
182:
174:
158:of all important aspects of the article.
1169:
1010:of paper airplane designs (such as the
921:
765:, which keeps the plane moving forward;
741:
684:There are multiple goals for a flight:
1686:
478:In Japan in the late 1960s, Professor
402:a sheet of office-quality 80 g/m
154:Please consider expanding the lead to
1651:The Biggest Ever Book of Paper Planes
1627:The Know How Book of Paper Aeroplanes
1579:Whitewings: Excellent Paper Airplanes
1540:"Highest altitude paper plane launch"
1367:"Farthest flight by a paper aircraft"
1272:
1142:
1018:on the edge of a sheet of cardboard.
953:Independently, Edmond Hui invented a
223:, made out of single folded sheet of
1481:
1440:. 10 Speed Press. pp. 136–144.
1239:
1219:. 10 Speed Press. pp. 122–126.
127:
54:adding citations to reliable sources
25:
1659:, by Kyong Hwa Lee, UNM Press, 2016
1653:, by Nick Robinson, Ivy Press, 2009
1266:
1149:. Lerner Publications. p. 16.
13:
1647:, by Nick Robinson, Sterling, 2005
1517:. February 3, 2011. Archived from
1096:Paper Aircraft Released Into Space
1077:glider made from a styrofoam plate
1041:
871:given their material limitations.
14:
1730:
1663:
875:consequently better penetration.
834:2,000–12,000 for Origami aircraft
16:Toy aircraft made of folded paper
1669:
1554:
1028:Paper planes launched from space
976:
679:
132:
30:
1532:
1497:
1467:. McGraw-Hill. pp. 27–73.
1454:
1429:
1404:
1383:
1359:
1143:Kelly, Emery J. (August 2011).
1021:
736:
716:A contest-winning paper glider.
547:University of the Witwatersrand
470:Ninomiya's "N-424" design from
298:
146:may be too short to adequately
41:needs additional citations for
1335:
1314:
1292:
1233:
1208:
1188:
1163:
1136:
816:
642:
611:
535:
461:
156:provide an accessible overview
1:
1674:The dictionary definition of
1615:12 Planes for the Paper Pilot
1575:, Dr. Yasuaki Ninomiya, 1967.
1563:, Dr. Yasuaki Ninomiya, 1966.
1414:. Workman.com. Archived from
1273:Ryall, Julian (18 May 2009).
1243:The Christian Science Monitor
1129:
1036:considered a launch from the
663:Paper helicopters (autogyros)
629:12 Planes for the Paper Pilot
566:12 Planes for the Paper Pilot
1645:Super Simple Paper Airplanes
1490:by Justin McCurry in Tokyo,
1299:Ken Blackburn (2005-03-19).
1170:Edwards, Phil (2015-04-28).
882:
688:Distance (javelin throwing).
540:
21:Paper plane (disambiguation)
7:
1591:The Ultimate Paper Airplane
1091:National Paper Airplane Day
1063:
1038:International Space Station
754:In general, there are four
336:Technological introductions
250:at the 1924 banquet of the
179:A simple folded paper plane
10:
1735:
1393:. Paperang.com. 2008-06-04
1025:
794:
238:
18:
1203:Little, Brown and Company
1436:John M. Collins (2012).
1215:John M. Collins (2012).
1006:involves the continuous
1657:Amazing Paper Airplanes
1585:Advanced Paper Aircraft
1461:Philip Rossoni (2012).
579:youth program in 1996.
362:Material considerations
307:High flight performance
1544:Guinness World Records
1371:Guinness World Records
1347:Guinness World Records
1197:with Lee Edson (1967)
1081:Kline Fogleman airfoil
994:
717:
586:Design and development
475:
294:Advanced paper gliders
272:
188:
180:
984:
746:Paper aircraft are a
726:Guinness World Record
715:
668:and is widely known.
469:
260:
186:
178:
1109:Red Bull Paper Wings
922:Origami Flying Wings
797:Roll, pitch, and yaw
742:General aerodynamics
698:Aerobatic (looping).
50:improve this article
1199:The Wind and Beyond
1195:Theodore von Kármán
313:Use of CAD software
256:Theodore von Kármán
1633:The Gliding Flight
1573:Airborne All-Stars
995:
718:
488:Airborne All-Stars
476:
189:
181:
1324:. CNN. 1998-10-08
1301:"Paper Airplanes"
1156:978-0-7613-8280-5
1004:Walkalong gliding
1002:for "catapults".
458:, for high lift.
195:(also known as a
173:
172:
126:
125:
118:
100:
1726:
1694:Traditional toys
1673:
1639:Fantastic Flight
1561:Jet Age Jamboree
1548:
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1529:
1527:
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1438:Fantastic flight
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1119:Walkalong glider
1046:Tokyo University
769:Aerodynamic lift
553:(Struik, 1984).
510:Cessna Skymaster
484:Jet Age Jamboree
480:Yasuaki Ninomiya
472:Jet Age Jamboree
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205:American English
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209:paper aeroplane
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1016:soaring flight
978:
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65:"Paper plane"
62:
61:Find sources:
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39:This article
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1714:Paper planes
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1523:. Retrieved
1519:the original
1508:
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1437:
1431:
1420:. Retrieved
1416:the original
1406:
1395:. Retrieved
1385:
1374:. Retrieved
1370:
1361:
1350:. Retrieved
1346:
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1326:. Retrieved
1316:
1305:. Retrieved
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1282:. Retrieved
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1190:
1179:. Retrieved
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1102:Paper Planes
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428:glide ratios
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366:Compared to
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299:Developments
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219:, usually a
217:toy aircraft
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143:lead section
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48:Please help
43:verification
40:
1677:paper plane
1597:Paper Pilot
1105:(2015 film)
939:flying wing
926:The former
756:aerodynamic
649:Papercopter
643:Papercopter
612:Performance
568:(1993) and
551:Paper Pilot
536:Paper Pilot
486:(1966) and
462:White Wings
415:sheet metal
404:photocopier
351:Clear-bond.
193:paper plane
1704:Paper toys
1688:Categories
1525:2012-02-29
1422:2009-06-22
1397:2009-06-22
1376:2023-02-27
1352:2023-03-03
1328:2009-06-22
1307:2009-06-22
1284:15 October
1260:1034592633
1181:2024-01-06
1130:References
1114:Tumblewing
1012:tumblewing
1008:propulsion
936:B-2 Spirit
789:turbulence
724:held this
288:propulsion
229:paperboard
201:paper dart
76:newspapers
1252:0882-7729
991:parabolic
883:Aerofoils
817:Critical
807:elevators
693:sailplane
495:fuselages
412:aluminium
324:Explicit
264:my sister
164:July 2023
148:summarize
1515:Newscore
1510:Fox News
1256:ProQuest
1205:, p. 38.
1064:See also
928:Guinness
803:ailerons
781:Air drag
564:(1991),
560:(1988),
530:aerofoil
456:6 series
326:kirigami
280:velocity
1699:Origami
811:rudders
775:Gravity
701:Stable
577:Tekkies
541:History
448:Clark Y
406:/
395:origami
391:paper's
389:
385:
379:another
377:
373:
239:History
215:) is a
90:scholar
1471:
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987:torque
908:Camber
809:, and
763:Thrust
731:glider
703:flight
383:planes
349:Bostik
221:glider
92:
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78:
71:
63:
1075:FPG-9
948:pitch
748:class
570:Ju 52
525:balsa
454:4 or
368:balsa
225:paper
207:, or
97:JSTOR
83:books
1469:ISBN
1442:ISBN
1286:2012
1248:ISSN
1221:ISBN
1151:ISBN
1034:JAXA
824:The
627:and
512:and
452:NACA
371:wood
284:lift
268:menu
233:dart
69:news
1176:Vox
950:.)
944:yaw
450:or
227:or
211:in
203:in
199:or
52:by
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94:·
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23:.
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