129:
140:
632:(PC) buildings (the LPS is originally unplastered, while the PC is plastered and painted). 7,423 (0.9%) flats were built before 1960, 115,471 (13.9%) in the 1960s, 396,158 (47.8%) in the 1970s, 262,004 (31.6%) in the 1980s, while 48,121 (5.8%) flats were built after 1990. These flats were home to 1,741,577 people (17.5% of the total population). There were 58,698 (7.1% of the total) one-bedroom, 421,274 (50.8%) two-bedroom, 271,422 (32.7%) three-bedroom flat, while 77,783 panel flats (9.4%) had four or more bedroom in 2011.
152:
664:
99:
114:
609:
17:
85:
According to the 2011 census, there were 829,177 panel apartments in
Hungary (18.9% of the dwellings) that were home to 1,741,577 people (17.5% of the total population). Panelház are not the only type of block of flats in Hungary; as of 2014, 31.6% of Hungarians lived in flats (according to data from
635:
Average floor space was 54 m for an LPS flat and 69 m for a PC flat in 2011, lower than the national average (78 m). The average floor space for a state-built flat (mostly panel flats) was 48 m in the 1960s, 53 m² in the 1970s and 55 m² in the 1980s, significantly smaller than a privately built one
246:
replaced what had been predominantly one-bedroom dwellings without modern conveniences. According to the 1960 census, one-bedroom flats made up 60% of the dwellings in
Budapest; this had decreased to 25% in 1990. During this period, the share of dwellings with three or more bedrooms rose from 9% to
234:
The structure of
Hungarian cities in the immediate post-war period consisted of a historic core surrounded by mostly single-story buildings and workers' houses, predominantly on unpaved streets. The nationwide public housing program of the 1960s changed this. The Communist government demolished the
250:
The
Hungarian government and local municipalities started renovation programs during the 2000s. These programs insulated the panel buildings, replaced the old doors and windows with multi-layer thermo glass, renovated the heating system, and gave the buildings more attractive exterior colours.
196:. By the late 1960s, Hungarian engineers developed the country's own large-panel system (mostly based on the Soviet LPS), adapted to the Hungarian situation. The large-panel system permitted rapid construction that was not constrained by Hungary's relatively cold winters. After the 1968
167:
in the late 1940s and the early 1950s was particularly important as a source of migration. Budapest and other cities became overcrowded, and the
Communist government eventually responded. After several study visits and conventions, in the early 1960s Hungary bought the
640:). Despite economic hardship, flats got even bigger in the late 1980s (before the fall of the Communism), the largest panel flats were built in the Káposztásmegyer housing estate of Budapest with 124 m².
624:
According to the 2011 census, there were 829,177 panel flats in
Hungary (777,263 inhabited, 51,914 tenantless, 18.9% of the dwellings overall), of whom there were 548,464 flats (66.1%) in
651:
characteristic. The residents of panel buildings predominantly have an above-average level of education, according to the 2011 census, 19.1% of the residents over 25 had
204:), Hungarian engineers modified the original system, made the structure more compact and the joints stronger. The Larsen-Nielsen system was retired in Hungary in 1970.
227:(LPS) housing factory (these works produced near all parts of these buildings, including the built-up kitchen units and the built-up wardrobes), was built in 1965 in
163:
a serious housing crisis developed in
Hungary due to rapid population growth and urbanization. The exodus of the rural population from rural areas after the
1184:
Ernő Heim: Új városrész születik - a zuglói új lakónegyed részletes rendezési terve, Budapest, a Főváros folyóirata, Year IV, Vol. 3, 1966, pp. 26-28
72:
1257:
1144:
1216:
1538:
1563:
238:
Panel apartments provided their inhabitants with a real improvement in living conditions. Two and three-bedroom sunny apartments with
1379:
235:
single-story buildings, replacing them with panel blocks. It also created new neighbourhoods on former farmland around the cities.
1553:
1543:
980:
128:
1194:
1108:
1018:
Dr. Jenő Gilyén: Panelos épületek szerkezetei, Tervezés méretezés, Műszaki Könyvkiadó. Budapest, 1982, pp. 21-25, 158-170,
1206:
1990. évi népszámlálás (1990 census), 26. A lakások adatai, Hungarian
Central Statistical Office, Budapest, 1993, pp. 260
647:
in the early 1990s (after the fall of the
Communism), when the poor and the rich fled from these buildings, making them
1548:
1326:
1281:
1265:
1173:
1060:
1023:
1558:
1533:
1137:
1097:
56:
1055:
Gábor
Preisich: Budapest városépítésének története 1945-1990, Műszaki Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1998, pp. 77-116,
1372:
1159:
Imre Perényi: A korszerű város ("The modern city"), Műszaki Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1967, p. 183, pp. 157-165
1407:
1256:
Zsuzsa Körner - Márta Nagy: Az európai és a magyar telepszerű lakásépítés története 1945-től napjainkig,
625:
164:
1471:
1463:
912:
616:(built in 1987). These late-1980s buildings were built with metal reinforced plastic (non-flammable
1365:
1568:
1220:
1497:
254:
These buildings still dominate the Hungarian cityscape. The share of panel dwellings is 31% in
279:
941:
864:
1412:
940:
tells a doomed love story set in a housing project in Hungary. Special Mention at the 1982
652:
637:
139:
1168:
László Berza: Budapest lexikon, Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, 1993, pp. 560-561, pp.668-669,
8:
1417:
1502:
1096:
see section Source data for tables and figures, Housing statistics: tables and figures
975:
968:
224:
169:
44:
1484:
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András Ferkai: Lakótelepek, Budapest Főváros Önkormányzata, Budapest, 2005, pp. 74,
1507:
761:
629:
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283:
239:
220:
208:
144:
117:
1427:
1141:
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1313:
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1388:
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185:
151:
52:
1084:
1527:
1451:
1357:
1217:"General information on various student flats and building types in Budapest"
918:
890:
644:
121:
79:
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648:
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326:
243:
173:
160:
60:
931:
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463:
113:
98:
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1960. évi népszámlálás (1960 census), 8. Lakások és lakóépületek adatai,
197:
1134:
936:
900:
711:
668:
636:(panel blocks also were built by non-governmental organizations, mostly
586:
447:
906:
64:
21:
1401:
896:
82:
in the Socialist era, which still dominates the Hungarian cityscapes.
68:
1437:
608:
193:
48:
16:
1244:
explosion) and the BHK II. also adopted the Soviet-Hungarian system.
692:
231:, Budapest. The first LPS building also was built in Óbuda in 1965.
106:
698:
415:
315:
259:
255:
216:
87:
25:
744:
228:
1512:
829:
815:
792:
643:
The society of panel housing estates was heterogeneous until the
538:
399:
343:
263:
200:
explosion (a Larsen-Nielsen-type tower block partial collapse in
177:
29:
727:
522:
379:
275:
271:
223:
panel work was finished in 1962 in Dunaújváros, while the first
212:
207:
The first, experimental panel residential building was built in
155:
3-storey panel block in Budapest (built in 1989) with tiled roof
1432:
1240:
The Larsen-Nielsen system was retired in 1970 (due to the 1968
431:
267:
201:
189:
133:
1087:
tables 2.1.13, 2.1.22, 2.1.26, 2.2.3, 2.2.6, 2.2.7 (Hungarian)
1422:
620:) windows, including 2-layer thermo glass (built by the GyHK)
613:
809:
211:(new industrial city) in 1961, followed by other blocks in
617:
1327:"Largest housing estates in Hungary (Hungarian), p. 274"
247:35%. The last panel building was finished in 1993.
1343:
1316:(2011 census - 12. Housing conditions, Hungarian)
1135:Tímea Dénes: Házgyári panelos épületek felújítása
884:
778:Füredi utcai lakótelep ("Füredi housing estate")
655:or higher, while the national average was 17.3%.
1525:
658:
1258:Budapest University of Technology and Economics
1145:Budapest University of Technology and Economics
1387:
1373:
143:Panel building under renovation in Budapest-
1051:
289:
1380:
1366:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1314:2011-es népszámlálás - 12. Lakásviszonyok
1252:
1250:
1155:
1153:
764:lakótelep ("Békásmegyer housing estate")
180:. The Danish technology was known as the
132:Renovated large-panel system building in
1291:
1289:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
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1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
662:
607:
150:
138:
127:
112:
97:
15:
1028:
1526:
1247:
1150:
1361:
1286:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1111:. Concrete Construction. 1 March 1969
1065:
993:
981:Urban planning in communist countries
925:
795:lakótelep ("Kispest housing estate")
695:-Városközpont ("Újpest City Center")
480:
354:Budapesti III.sz. Házgyár (BHK III.)
1195:Hungarian Central Statistical Office
747:-Városközpont ("Óbuda City Center")
368:Budapesti IV.sz. Házgyár (BHK IV.)
337:Budapesti II.sz. Házgyár (BHK II.)
184:and was a common housing method in
13:
1123:
812:lakótelep ("Avas housing estate")
63:countries. They are also known as
14:
1580:
1564:Concrete buildings and structures
1219:. Budapest Corner. Archived from
320:Budapesti I.sz. Házgyár (BHK I.)
849:-Újváros ("Tatabánya New City")
730:-Kertváros ("Pécs Garden City")
1336:
1319:
1307:
1270:
1260:, Budapest, 2006, pp. 323-324,
1234:
1209:
1200:
1187:
1109:"Failure of a High-Rise System"
1539:Hungary–Soviet Union relations
1297:"Egedy Tamás írása 2005/03-04"
1178:
1162:
1101:
1090:
885:Equivalents in other countries
1:
986:
921:(Mongolian People's Republic)
903:(Czech Republic and Slovakia)
659:Largest panel housing estates
628:(LPS) and 280,713 (33.9%) in
603:
863:Széchenyi város lakótelep ("
626:large-panel system buildings
57:People's Republic of Hungary
47:term for a type of concrete
7:
1554:Hungarian People's Republic
1408:Large panel system building
1197:, Budapest, 1963, pp. 26-32
948:
678:Lakótelep (housing estate)
22:large-panel system building
10:
1585:
93:
1549:Urban planning in Hungary
1544:Denmark–Hungary relations
1493:
1396:
546:1969 (shut down in 1978)
514:1962 (shut down in 1982)
468:Kecskeméti Házgyár (KHK)
612:5-storey panel block in
452:Veszprémi Házgyár (VHK)
420:Debreceni Házgyár (DHK)
290:Former housing factories
1559:Prefabricated buildings
1534:Architecture in Hungary
671:(built by the BHK III.)
511:Dunaújvárosi Panelüzem
436:Szegedi Házgyár (SzHK)
404:Miskolci Házgyár (MHK)
242:, piped hot water, and
32:(built by the BHK III.)
1498:Prefabricated building
1400:Czechia and Slovakia:
828:Pécs-Uránváros ("Pécs
672:
621:
559:Békéscsabai Panelüzem
156:
148:
136:
125:
110:
109:(built by the BHK II.)
78:It was the main urban
33:
1085:Hungarian census 2011
942:Locarno Film Festival
893:(former Soviet Union)
687:Inhabitants (person)
666:
611:
575:Szekszárdi Panelüzem
384:Győri Házgyár (GyHK)
182:Larsen-Nielsen system
154:
147:(built by the BHK I.)
142:
131:
116:
105:building in Budapest-
101:
71:in Czech and Slovak,
19:
638:housing cooperatives
591:Kaposvári Panelüzem
39:(often shortened to
543:Szolnoki Panelüzem
219:in 1963. The first
103:Larsen-Nielsen-type
1503:Prefabricated home
1140:2010-08-07 at the
976:Subsidized housing
969:Affordable housing
926:In popular culture
673:
622:
481:Former panel works
225:large-panel system
170:large-panel system
157:
149:
137:
126:
111:
34:
20:Typical 10-storey
1521:
1520:
882:
881:
867:housing estate")
653:Bachelor's degree
601:
600:
478:
477:
474:Soviet-Hungarian
458:Soviet-Hungarian
442:Soviet-Hungarian
426:Soviet-Hungarian
410:Soviet-Hungarian
374:Soviet-Hungarian
360:Soviet-Hungarian
346:(Larsen-Nielsen)
1576:
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1485:Miljonprogramhus
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485:
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118:Precast concrete
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18:
1477:Khrushchevka
1445:
1347:
1338:
1321:
1309:
1300:
1272:
1236:
1225:. Retrieved
1221:the original
1211:
1202:
1189:
1180:
1164:
1113:. Retrieved
1103:
1092:
935:
762:Békásmegyeri
649:middle class
642:
634:
623:
253:
249:
237:
233:
206:
181:
174:Soviet Union
161:World War II
158:
102:
84:
80:housing type
77:
61:Eastern Bloc
40:
36:
35:
1472:Panelny dom
1242:Ronan Point
507:Dunaújváros
329:-Hungarian
284:Dunaújváros
282:and 60% in
209:Dunaújváros
198:Ronan Point
145:Békásmegyer
75:in Polish.
67:in German,
1528:Categories
1450:Mongolia:
1391:by country
1227:2010-12-11
987:References
907:Plattenbau
852:Tatabánya
604:Statistics
597:Hungarian
581:Hungarian
565:Hungarian
555:Békéscsaba
549:Hungarian
533:Hungarian
517:Hungarian
501:equipment
310:equipment
65:Plattenbau
59:and other
1456:Romania:
1444:Hungary:
1438:WHH GT 18
1406:Germany:
1115:16 August
932:Béla Tarr
915:(Romania)
909:(Germany)
871:Kecskemét
847:Tatabánya
798:Budapest
781:Budapest
767:Budapest
750:Budapest
716:Budapest
667:Budapest-
571:Szekszárd
464:Kecskemét
365:Budapest
351:Budapest
334:Budapest
278:, 50% in
274:, 41% in
270:, 42% in
266:, 38% in
262:, 52% in
258:, 39% in
194:Hong Kong
45:Hungarian
1483:Sweden:
1470:Russia:
1446:Panelház
1344:"NOL.hu"
1138:Archived
949:See also
934:'s film
901:Sídlisko
793:Kispesti
712:Újpalota
699:Budapest
669:Újpalota
587:Kaposvár
496:working
494:Start of
448:Veszprém
416:Debrecen
390:Soviet,
316:Budapest
305:working
303:Start of
260:Debrecen
256:Budapest
217:Debrecen
122:Gyöngyös
88:Eurostat
37:Panelház
26:Budapest
1513:Tilt up
1462:during
1402:Panelák
897:Panelák
878:20,000
858:20,000
841:22,000
832:City")
830:Uranium
823:40,000
820:11,498
816:Miskolc
804:27,000
801:12,000
787:21,000
784:12,233
773:27,000
770:13,394
756:27,000
753:13,736
739:35,000
736:15,856
722:33,000
719:15,886
706:36,000
703:16,832
539:Szolnok
400:Miskolc
264:Miskolc
178:Denmark
94:History
69:Panelák
43:) is a
30:Kispest
1433:WBS 70
1348:NOL.hu
1280:
1264:
1172:
1147:, 2000
1059:
1022:
875:8,673
855:8,862
838:9,651
693:Újpest
684:Flats
491:Plant
432:Szeged
344:Danish
327:Soviet
300:Plant
268:Szeged
202:London
192:, and
190:Turkey
159:After
134:Szeged
124:(1974)
107:Újpest
1423:PH 16
1330:(PDF)
835:Pécs
810:Avasi
745:Óbuda
733:Pécs
681:City
614:Dorog
594:1973
578:1972
562:1970
530:1963
488:City
471:1976
455:1975
439:1972
423:1971
407:1969
387:1968
371:1974
357:1970
340:1968
323:1965
297:City
229:Óbuda
41:panel
1458:Bloc
1278:ISBN
1262:ISBN
1170:ISBN
1117:2014
1057:ISBN
1020:ISBN
899:and
728:Pécs
523:Pécs
380:Győr
276:Győr
272:Pécs
215:and
213:Pécs
176:and
73:Blok
1428:Q3A
1413:M10
618:PVC
392:GDR
90:).
24:in
1530::
1418:P2
1346:.
1299:.
1288:^
1249:^
1152:^
1125:^
1067:^
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286:.
188:,
1381:e
1374:t
1367:v
1350:.
1332:.
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1119:.
944:.
51:(
28:-
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