737:. The Vijayanagara Emperors restored the Pandya Kings and vassalized them as one of the Rajyams under their rule. This situation continued until the rise of the Chola Prince Virasekhara Chola who managed to defeat Chandrasekhara Pandya from Madurai. The lost Pandya King sought the Vijayanagara Emperor's help, who sent Nagama Nayak, a general with a huge army to liberate Madurai. Nagama Nayak succeeded in defeating the Chola Prince, but instead of restoring the Pandya King, he declared independence from the Vijayanagara rule with himself as the new King of Pandya Nadu. This rebellion was then put down by the Vijayanagara Emperor under
50:
66:
684:, a famed European traveler visited the Pandya Empire during this period and celebrated the region as being one of the wealthiest and noblest in the whole world. Unfortunately, the Second Pandyan Empire met a crashing downfall owing to the civil war between the two sons of Maravarman Kulasekhara Pandyan.
704:
along with other important cities of northern Tamil Nadu, revealing the weakened state of the Pandya rule. Despite the Pandya rule continuing after the
Turkish raid, many regions under the empire declared independence. The final blow to the Pandyan Empire came under multiple direct invasions by the
427:
The exact borders to the region of Pandya Nadu is not well-defined and was probably different during different historical period. But rough approximations to the boundary can be found in the poem
Pandimandala Sathakam. Mandala Sathakams are collections of poems written about specific geographical
650:
region. By the 10th century, various Chola kings and princes have claimed to have subdued and annexed the Pandya Nadu in their stone inscriptions, ending the First
Pandyan Empire. The region was then renamed Rajaraja Pandimandalam and incorporated into the Chola administration as a
614:. During this period, the Tamil country was divided up between the Pandyas and Pallavas, with the Pandyas even managing to vassalize the Tulu, Chera, Ay and Venad Kingdoms of the West Coast. Despite a huge Buddhist and Jain presence, the region was one of the epicenters of the
667:
in the 12th century CE, the Pandya princes managed to establish themselves as an independent entity. The early years of the Second
Pandyan Empire saw numerous civil wars with two factions being supported each by the Chola and the
545:
which provides a clear window to the life of Tamil people of the age. Under the Sangam
Pandyan rule, the region served as one of richest locations in India with its extensive involvement in maritime trades with
692:
The frequent brotherly civil wars between the sons of the
Emperor Maravarman Kulasekhara Pandyan made the region prone to external attacks and invasions. One such attack came from the Delhi
465:
From this poem, which was written by
Madurai Ayyamperumal Asiriyar, it can be inferred that at the time of his authorship, the Pandimandalam or Pandya Nadu extended South of River Vellar (
582:
activities. Under the patronage of the
Kalabhras, the Jains formed a literary academy in Madurai producing some of the most wonderful literatures in Tamil language. The famous Jain poet
570:
The region entered a dark period (with reference to absence of records) in history with the end of the 3rd century BCE. The three crowned Kings of
Tamilakam were displaced by the
626:
with beautiful devotional Tamil compositions. This period also saw significant evolution in material culture with the building of one of the oldest rock cut temples at
789:
regions. The
Kingdom, unfortunately met a crashing fall after multiple internal squabbles which resulted in the kingdom's fracturing and the later annexation by the
351:
conquered the region from the Pandyas in the 10th century and renamed it the Rajaraja Pandimandalam. The region became independent once again with the rise of the
709:. Northern parts of the Pandya Nadu were annexed into the Delhi Sultanate and a separate governorship was established which later got independent and became the
1097:
355:
which continued to be the dominant power in Tamil Nadu until the invasions of the Delhi Sultanates. The result of which was the formation of the independent
324:
who ruled it intermittently and with differing capacities at least from the 4th century BCE to 1759 CE. The political capital of the region is the city of
725:
As a result of multiple Delhi invasions into the Southern India, a new political power was emerging in the Kannada and Telugu countries, called the
749:
and continued to rule the southern portions of Pandya Nadu, nominally. The period also saw the annexation of Kanniyakumari region by the Kings of
257:
is a geographical region comprising the southern part of the present day state of Tamil Nadu. The region is bounded on its West by the
845:
The region was part of the Madras State under the newly independent India, which was subsequently renamed Tamil Nadu. The region of
822:
714:
741:
who was Nagama's son. The Emperor then gifted the Pandya and Chola rajyams to Viswanatha Nayak's direct rule as a reward. The
1141:
1041:
49:
466:
677:
558:. Literacy was also widespread in this region during this time owing to the found presence of the most number of
1170:
713:. The descendants of the Second Pandyan Emperors were pushed further south, into the Thenpandi Nadu regions of
411:, scholars have not a consensual answer but the exact meaning of the word may refer to the Old Tamil words for
1119:
The Roman Empire and the Indian Ocean: The Ancient World Economy and the Kingdoms of Africa, Arabia and India
529:
have been dated to 6th century BCE by the ongoing excavations by the Tamil Nadu Archaeological Department.
729:. The empire successfully managed to repel the Turkic presence in Southern India after they destroyed the
673:
655:
with the title of Chola-Pandya having been introduced and given to the Chola Governors of the region.
917:
786:
777:
towards securing the legitimacy for their rule. The Madurai Nayaks had under them during their peak,
750:
258:
367:, and the region was reinstated to the later Pandyas as vassals and as one of the rajyams under the
627:
554:
and the Pearl Coast, were found to be of the highest quality and were adorned by the people of the
172:
672:
Monarchs. The Second Pandyan Kingdom entered its peak during the 13th century under the reigns of
862:
830:
478:
286:
99:
882:
646:
rose from their obscurity in the late 9th century and established their hold in the historical
306:
866:
770:
538:
372:
332:
serving as a secondary capital and the principal port city during the early historic period.
290:
107:
878:
870:
846:
834:
486:
470:
302:
294:
242:
127:
123:
119:
115:
8:
1134:
A political and general History of the District of Tinnevelly In the Presidency of Madras
766:
726:
583:
368:
230:
176:
858:
806:
802:
790:
669:
522:
376:
282:
226:
103:
1147:
1137:
1047:
1037:
890:
810:
730:
710:
542:
482:
384:
356:
131:
957:
Stein, Burton (1977). "Circulation and the Historical Geography of Tamil Country".
874:
850:
826:
818:
773:. The various kings of the dynasty had marital alliances with the Later Pandyas of
762:
738:
571:
541:
with Madurai and Korkai as their capitals. The period produced the beautiful Tamil
340:
298:
274:
222:
208:
111:
91:
706:
643:
615:
611:
348:
218:
16:
This article is about the region in South India. For movie in the same name, see
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603:
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547:
396:
364:
352:
321:
278:
204:
95:
1151:
1164:
1098:"Keezhadi excavations: Sangam era older than previously thought, finds study"
1051:
380:
336:
17:
610:
who managed to push off the Kalabhra presence from Tamilakam along with the
525:
assigning the locations to the 9th century BCE. Other historical sites like
363:
belt. The Madurai Sultanate was then overthrown by the Vijayanagara Prince,
664:
559:
555:
514:
474:
360:
907:
886:
849:
was transferred to Tamil Nadu. The region now comprises the districts of
814:
697:
631:
587:
537:
Between the 3rd century BCE and 3rd century CE, the region was ruled the
497:
Pandya Nadu was one of the earliest territorial divisions of the ancient
339:
in the third century BCE, the region came under of the occupation of the
310:
371:. After the decline of the Vijayanagara Empire in the 16th century, the
1034:
India: a History of the Indian Subcontinent from c. 7000 BCE to CE 1200
912:
902:
782:
778:
681:
647:
270:
266:
262:
81:
1065:
1102:
506:
498:
400:
375:
declared independence and ruled the region until the conquest of the
237:
652:
607:
575:
526:
510:
344:
314:
774:
746:
701:
591:
579:
325:
143:
837:
and continued to be so till the independence of India in 1947.
623:
518:
502:
343:
who continued to possess it till the Pandyan reconquest led by
329:
521:
are one of the oldest Iron Age settlements in Tamil Nadu with
505:
at least from the 6th century BCE. The region is home to many
619:
71:
700:
as a raiding campaign. This campaign plundered the city of
574:
during this time and the region experienced a huge boom of
550:
and the Western world. The Pandyan pearls, fished from the
428:
regions in Tamil, dating variously from 1000s to 1700s CE.
805:
managed to invade and annex the former territories of the
817:, the Pandya Nadu was divided into two districts, namely
438:மண்புறு திண்டுக்கல் லுக்குங்கா ரைக்காட்டிற் குங்கிழக்கா
987:. Tiruchirapalli: The Epigraphical Society of India.
481:
district) and East of Dindigul (City in present-day
435:"தென்கும ரிக்கும் வடக்குவெள் ளாற்றுக்குந் தெற்குவரு
658:
485:district) & Karaikadu (Village in present-day
359:with the Pandya rulers pushed southwards from the
320:The region was the principal historic seat of the
597:
1162:
720:
441:யன்புறு சேதுவின் மேற்கான வெல்லைக்கு ளானதெல்லாம்
399:which was one of the three crowned dynasties of
618:which brought into limelight the cults of Gods
1036:(2nd ed.). New York: Taylor and Francis.
840:
687:
431:Passage 98 from Pandimandala Sathakam states:
1131:
273:. It comprises the present-day districts of
756:
444:வன்பெரு மாறன் புரக்கின்ற பாண்டியன் மண்டலமே"
1116:
606:was restored in the 6th century CE by the
562:rock inscriptions and pot sherd markings.
347:who founded the First Pandyan Empire. The
1084:பாண்டிமண்டல சதகம் (Pandimandala Sathakam)
796:
637:
513:settlements. The archaeological sites of
1086:. Seerkali: Sri Ambal Press. p. 19.
1081:
630:. Many temples like the rock temples of
532:
383:annexation in the 18th century into the
769:after its decline and continued as the
452:"North of Kumari Sea, South of Vellar,
379:which was then followed shortly by the
1163:
1016:
565:
422:
1082:ஆசிரியர், மதுரை ஐயம்பெருமாள் (1932).
1031:
956:
1077:
1075:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
978:
976:
974:
972:
634:were also built during this period.
461:Pandiyan, ruled by the Great Maran!"
54:Pandya Nadu region within Tamil Nadu
13:
985:The Later Pandyas (1371 - 1759 AD)
982:
825:. These later got subdivided into
403:. As to the etymology of the word
14:
1182:
1072:
1066:"History of Pudukkottai District"
991:
969:
663:After the steady decline of the
473:district), North of Kumari Sea (
458:West of Sethu, lies the land of
455:East of Dindigul and Karaikadu,
64:
48:
1125:
889:(South of Vellar) and parts of
765:declared independence from the
733:under the leadership of Prince
659:Under the Second Pandyan Empire
395:Pandya Nadu is named after the
1110:
1090:
1058:
1025:
950:
929:
678:Maravarman Kulasekhara Pandyan
598:Under the First Pandyan Empire
477:), West of Sethu (present-day
1:
923:
721:Under the Vijayanagara Empire
696:Sultanate under the infamous
959:The Journal of Asian Studies
896:
590:is thought to have lived in
390:
23:Geographical region in India
7:
1121:. Pen & Sword Military.
841:Under the Republic of India
688:Under the Madurai Sultanate
10:
1187:
1117:McLaughlin, Raoul (2014).
803:English East India Company
674:Maravarman Sundara Pandyan
492:
15:
745:moved their capital into
236:
214:
200:
195:
187:
182:
168:
163:
151:
137:
87:
77:
59:
47:
42:
35:
28:
757:Under the Madurai Nayaks
173:Government of Tamil Nadu
983:N., Sethuraman (1993).
1032:Avari, Burjor (2016).
1017:Sastri, K. N. (1972).
797:Under the British Rule
638:Under the Chola Empire
463:
446:
1171:Regions of Tamil Nadu
771:Madurai Nayak dynasty
533:During the Sangam Age
450:
433:
353:Second Pandyan Empire
335:After the end of the
269:and Northwest by the
243:Indian Standard Time
1019:The Pandyan Kingdom
767:Vijayanagara Empire
761:The descendants of
727:Vijayanagara Empire
566:Under the Kalabhras
423:Geographical Extent
369:Vijayanagara Empire
265:, Northeast by the
215: • Others
177:Government of India
37:Geographical region
1132:Caldwell, Robert.
543:Sangam literatures
523:radiocarbon dating
501:, the home of the
467:River South Vellar
201: • Major
188: • Total
88:Covering districts
1143:978-3-337-13334-4
1043:978-1-317-23673-3
811:Madras Presidency
807:Nawab of Carnatic
791:Nawab of Carnatic
731:Madurai Sultanate
711:Madurai Sultanate
594:during this age.
584:Sithalai Sathanar
413:Ploughing or Bull
401:ancient Tamilakam
385:Madras Presidency
377:Nawab of Carnatic
373:Nayaks of Madurai
357:Madurai Sultanate
248:
247:
169: • Body
43:Pandya/Pandi Nadu
1178:
1156:
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1123:
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763:Viswanatha Nayak
739:Viswanatha Nayak
707:Tuglaq Sultanate
70:
68:
67:
52:
26:
25:
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899:
843:
799:
759:
723:
690:
665:Chalukya Cholas
661:
644:Medieval Cholas
640:
616:Bhakti movement
604:Pandyan Kingdom
600:
568:
535:
495:
425:
393:
349:Medieval Cholas
65:
63:
55:
38:
31:
24:
21:
12:
11:
5:
1184:
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1109:
1089:
1071:
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1024:
990:
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949:
937:"Pandiya Nadu"
927:
925:
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921:
920:
915:
910:
905:
898:
895:
863:Ramanathapuram
842:
839:
798:
795:
758:
755:
735:Kumara Kampana
722:
719:
689:
686:
660:
657:
639:
636:
599:
596:
567:
564:
552:Gulf of Mannar
548:Southeast Asia
539:Sangam Pandyas
534:
531:
494:
491:
479:Ramanathapuram
469:, present-day
424:
421:
397:Pandya dynasty
392:
389:
365:Kumara Kampana
322:Pandya dynasty
287:Ramanathapuram
246:
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216:
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157:30,108.13 sqkm
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100:Ramanathapuram
89:
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3:
2:
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919:
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883:Kanniyakumari
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847:Kanniyakumari
838:
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628:Pillayarpatti
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608:King Kadungon
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487:Kanniyakumari
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18:Pandiya Naadu
1133:
1127:
1118:
1112:
1101:
1092:
1083:
1060:
1033:
1027:
1018:
984:
962:
958:
952:
940:. Retrieved
931:
867:Virudhunagar
844:
815:British rule
813:. Under the
800:
760:
724:
691:
662:
641:
632:Kazhugumalai
601:
569:
560:Tamil Brahmi
556:Roman Empire
536:
515:Adichanallur
503:Tamil people
496:
475:Indian Ocean
464:
460:
457:
454:
451:
447:
443:
440:
437:
434:
430:
426:
416:
412:
408:
404:
394:
334:
319:
291:Virudhunagar
254:
250:
249:
138:Largest City
108:Virudhunagar
942:26 December
908:Tondai Nadu
887:Pudukkottai
879:Thoothukudi
871:Tirunelveli
809:into their
698:Malik Kafur
588:Manimegalai
489:district).
448:In English:
417:Old/Ancient
311:Pudukkottai
309:, parts of
303:Thoothukudi
295:Tirunelveli
251:Pandya Nadu
130:, Parts of
128:Pudukkottai
126:, Parts of
124:Kanyakumari
120:Thoothukudi
116:Tirunelveli
30:Pandya Nadu
1152:1189923370
924:References
913:Chola Nadu
903:Kongu Nadu
835:Tinnevelly
823:Tinnevelly
783:Chola Nadu
779:Kongu Nadu
715:Tinnevelly
682:Marco Polo
648:Chola Nadu
511:megalithic
471:Pudukottai
337:Sangam age
271:Kongu Nadu
267:Chola Nadu
255:Pandi Nadu
231:Saurashtra
191:15,616,770
183:Population
164:Government
82:Tamil Nadu
1103:The Hindu
1052:953659820
897:Read Also
859:Sivaganga
670:Sinhalese
572:Kalabhras
507:neolithic
499:Tamilakam
391:Etymology
341:Kalabhras
283:Sivaganga
238:Time zone
227:Malayalam
196:Languages
104:Sivaganga
1165:Category
891:Dindigul
653:Mandalam
612:Pallavas
576:Buddhist
527:Keezhadi
483:Dindigul
345:Kadungon
315:Dindigul
132:Dindigul
875:Tenkasi
851:Madurai
775:Tenkasi
747:Tenkasi
743:Pandyas
702:Madurai
624:Perumal
592:Madurai
493:History
381:British
326:Madurai
299:Tenkasi
275:Madurai
263:Ay Nadu
223:Kannada
209:English
144:Madurai
112:Tenkasi
92:Madurai
60:Country
1150:
1140:
1050:
1040:
831:Ramnad
827:Madura
819:Madura
787:Venadu
694:Khilji
519:Korkai
405:Pandya
361:Vaigai
330:Korkai
219:Telugu
69:
918:Venad
855:Theni
751:Venad
620:Shiva
409:Pandi
328:with
279:Theni
259:Venad
205:Tamil
96:Theni
78:State
72:India
1148:OCLC
1138:ISBN
1048:OCLC
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