808:(Cusco regional Archive) which include records of purchase and sale of land, reports of inspections by the Spanish authorities, lawsuits, demarcation and land marking in the 16th and 17th century. They somehow contrast with the information from the Chroniclers of the same period in that the owners of the Hanan lands were male descendants of the Sapa Inca, while owners of the Hurin lands were female descendants. It appears from property litigations and the court rulings settling them, that there is a demarcation between the lands owned by the panacas and the lands owned by the ayllus in the Cusco valley: they are not mixed but clearly divided in two parts: the Hanan (higher) or north part of the lands are property of ayllus while the hurin (lower) or south are property of panacas. Moreover the owner of the Hanan lands were all men, while the owner of the Hurin lands were all women. The latter statement is also supported by a sentence by Inca Garcilaso de la Vega who wrote: « our imperial city began to be populated, it was divided into two halves … The King wanted those he summoned to populate Hanan Cozco, and for this they call it the high one, and those that the Queen summoned to populate Hurin Cozco, and for this reason they called it the low one. This division of the city was not so that such as the one half would gain an advantage over the other half in exemptions and pre-eminences, but that all were equal as brothers, children of a father and a mother». In practice, those who were part of the kinship of a male line lived in the hanan Cusco sector, while the family bond established by the coya, the Inca's wife, lived in the hurin Cusco sector.
793:", since they had kinship ties with some of the earlier Incas, then only those men and women who descended from a "pana" constituted the Inca nobility. The men of the group, including the Inca, also had children with women who were not part of the highest nobility of Cuzco. Thus, a man could be part of the "royal lineage" –the nobility– only if he was the son of a "pana", thus the "pana" granted noble status to their direct descendants since, as far as it is known, polygamy was a male prerogative. For their part, all the women of the elite, even daughters of noble parents, called themselves "panas" and constituted kinship groups associated with each of the sectors of power in Cuzco. The ayllus formed by these groups of women would be what historians have called "panacas". This interpretation of a panaca as a group of sisters of the Inca would mean that the panaca preceded the ruler and that the ruling Inca was chosen from among them.
812:
30:
445:
305:
270:
231:
1383:
865:(16th century Spanish Jesuit missionary and naturalist) and Juan PĂ©rez Bocanegra (author in 1631 of a booklet for the religious teaching to the Inca people). He states that they both of them translate the term panaca as "vicar", "governor", "lieutenant" and "pontiff". Thus meaning that the interpretation given by the early chroniclers was wrong: the word "panaca" did not mean a royal clan (royal
657:
72:. An ayllu is a group of families that descended from a common ancestor, united by culture and religion, in addition to the agricultural work, livestock and fishing of the same territory. The ayllu concept transcended into nobility, so that the royal kinship could establish a lineage, called panaca or
484:
in
Quechua), the solemn festival of health and purification that was celebrated by the Incas at the spring equinox, in September. During this festival the nobility of Cusco that gathered in the main square was divided into ten panakas only, instead of eleven, each associated with one of four suys (or
1209:
Amado Gonzáles, Donato (2015). Sistema de tenencia de tierras de ayllus y panacas incas en el valle del Cusco, siglos XVI-XVII. In TRIBUS Sonderband / Special edition I "Perspectives on the Inca I 2015 - Edited by Monica Barnes, Inés de Castro, Javier Flores
Espinoza, Doris Kurella, Karoline Noack -
338:
status, continued to hold significant influence over politics, meaning that in their names the panakas maintained an active interference in the political life of the Empire. The people could admire the mummies of the deceased Incas during the great festivals in Cusco, when they were exposed in the
196:
The members of a panaka made up the Sapa Inca's court which was also supported by their deceased ancestors who acted through their descendants, as if they were still alive. The panakas formed the aristocracy of Cusco, and represented factions and alliances capable of exerting influence in the
156:(a kinship group whose members were related to one another through descent from a real or fictional common ancestor). Land was owned inalienably by the ayllu and not by individuals, while the decisions on the use of the ayllu lands by its members were made by the community
93:
The panakas made up the Inca's court and formed the aristocracy of Cusco. They maintained multiple sacred shrines, performing ceremonies in the name of the ruler-founder emperor of the panaka, and maintaining the memory of the deceased emperor and his
827:–provinces– stemmed from it. As a result the study confirms that male children of the ruling Inca formed Hanan Cusco, whose lands extended over the Chinchaysuyu and Antisuyu parts, mostly north of Cusco) while the daughters together with the
831:(inca main wife) made up the panaca and were from Hurin Cusco, which is why they occupied the sector of Qullasuyu and Kuntisuyu, mostly south of Cusco. For these reasons, according to Amado, the kinships of Hanan Cusco were identified as
201:
In this sense the panacas, particularly female ones, since the Incas had a long matrilineal tradition, influenced, among other things, the appointment of successors to the Sapa Inka position, elected by the law of the "most capable".
1257:
CerrĂłn
Palomino, Rodolfo (2019). La tesis del quechuismo primitivo y su efecto distorsionador en la interpretación del pasado prehispánico. In El estudio del mundo andino, edited by Marco Curatola - Lima - Fondo Editorial
854:. He states that research «carried out on the basis of the respective philological examination, shows that the word cannot be affiliated with either Quechua or Aymara, but rather with Puquina, a language in which the verb
339:
huge square of
Haucaypata. During the festivals, the mummies were surrounded by their panaka. This tradition implied that a large group of individuals living in Cusco based their lives on the maintenance of the mummies.
1267:
Itier, César (2011). Las panacas no existieron – in "Estudios sobre lenguas andinas y amazónicas
Homenaje a Rodolfo CerrĂłn-Palomino" Willem F. H . Adelaar, Pilar Valenzuela Bismarck and Roberto Zariquiey Biondi editors
169:
Panacas performed ceremonies in the name of the Inca and took care of the goods and alliances made during his reign. Each panaca owned holdings across the realm, including Inca royal estates and palaces in the
623:
In addition to the recorded panacas, the chronicles sporadically mention other panacas that possibly played an important role in earlier times and that were overwhelmed by groups with more importance. From
1142:
Bauer, Brian S.; Smith-Oka Vania; Cantarutti, Gabriel E. (editors) (2011) Account of the Fables and Rites of the Incas by CristĂłbal de Molina - With an introduction by Brian S. Bauer - University of Texas
1037:
Niles, Susan A. (2015). Considering Inka Royal
Estates Architecture, Economy, History. In "The Inka Empire. A Multidisciplinary Approach" edited by Izumi Shimada - University of Texas Press - Austin -
1106:
Christie, Jessica Joyce (2007) Did The Inka Copy Cusco? An Answer
Derived From an Architectural-Sculptural Model. Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology, Vol. 12, No.1, pp. 164–199 -
749:
by the sister). According to Reiner Tom
Zuidema, the original differences between ayllus and panakas was that the ayllus were patrilineal while the panacas maintained a matrilineal system.
1012:
Rostworowski, MarĂa (1988). Historia del
Tawantinsuyu (Historia Andina 13)- Instituto de Estudios Peruanos (IEP) - Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y TecnologĂa (CONCYTEC). Lima. - Lima.
1186:
Hernández Astete, Francisco (2010). La élite incaica y la articulación del
Tahuantinsuyo Tesis doctoral - Universidad Complutense de Madrid - Facultad de geografĂa e historia -
725:(sister) so that each person (male and female) would belong to their sister's or mother's group. In Quechua there are two terms that correspond to the meaning of "sister":
349:
and the irrigation of Cusco, and there existed a particular relationship between the panakas and the Cusco lands through the identification of each panaca with a system of
861:
On the contrary the philologist and linguist CĂ©sar Itier suggests a new etymology for the word "panaca" basing on some early colonial writings, particularly those by
160:(chiefs) that managed the property for the general benefit of the community. The panacas, as royal ayllus, followed the same rules: the ruling Inca, called
212:
were the most important: due to the early expansion of the empire they were owners of great extensions of land with innumerable laborers and servants (
1168:
Comisión de la Academia Mayor de la lengua quechua (2005). Diccionario quechua - español - quechua - Gobierno Regional Cusco - Cusco – Second edition
786:
would correspond to the descendants of the nobles of non-Inca women who, in order to access power in Cusco, established kinship ties with the Incas.
1244:
90:), the crown prince, who would succeed him. When the designated successor became emperor, he would leave his original panaca and form his own one.
1097:
Hernández Astete, Francisco (2012). La sucesiĂłn entre los Incas - Chungará, Revista de AntropologĂa Chilena - Vol. 44 - (4) pages 655-667 -Arica
850:
who contributed to the investigations on the Quechua languages proposes a new interpretation of the word panaca, suggesting its origin from the
721:«the one who is sister». Subsequent scholars investigated the matrilineal nature of the panakas, given the feminine characteristics of the term
367:(divinities, ancestors, and constellations personified in the landscape) Each panaka was in charge of one or more ceque and several shrines.
1302:
454:
815:
Plaque in Cusco indicating the directions of the 4 regions (suyus) of the Inca Empire. Note that north is towards the top of this image
796:
A study carried out by Donato Amado, historian from the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, refers to documents issued by the
1177:
Rostworowski, Maria (1983). Estructuras andinas del poder. IdeologĂa religiosa y polĂtica. Instituto de Estudios Peruanos - Lima
767:
to designate the kinship group of the Sapa Inca, would be a post-Conquest introduction induced by the early Spanish historians.
1273:
1191:
1157:
1131:
1042:
1028:
Zuidema, R. Tom (1964). The Ceque system of Cuzco, The social organization of the capital of the Inca - E.J. Brill - Leiden
68:. The panacas were formed by the descendants of a Sapa Inca or his wife. The basic social institution of the Incas is the
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22:
1210:
International Symposium from March 3rd to March 5th, 2014 - Linden-Museum Stuttgart, Staatliches Museum für Völkerkunde
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Hernández Astete puts writes that the word panaka is associated only with noble women with whom they are "
1469:
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353:(agricultural spaces). This distribution was related to the existence of an Andean socio-territorial and
811:
29:
847:
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189:, imaginary paths irradiating form Cusco towards the four Suyus (provinces) of the Tawantinsuyu (
1352:
354:
921:
462:
280:
241:
1055:
185:
Moreover each panaca had the task of maintaining one or more of the sacred shrines along the
1126:- Volume I, 2001 - series Historia Andina, 23 - IEP Instituto de Estudios Peruanos - Lima -
752:
1319:
198:
80:
710:
485:
provinces) of the Inca empire. Molina does not mention the Tumipampa Ayllu, the panaca of
8:
1347:
667:
1224:
1238:
923:
Journey of the Lost Princess: Adventure and Romance in the Mysterious Land of the Incas
605:
209:
84:
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1187:
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869:) but was used by the quechua speaking locals to let the chroniclers know that some
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1399:
1372:
1357:
1152:
D’Altroy, Terence N. (2015). The Incas - Second Edition - Blackwell Publishing
1111:
583:
21:
Panaka leads here. For Captain Panaka, a fictional character in Star Wars, see
1497:
534:
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may have never existed as established panakas. According to this historian,
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was in charge of representing the royal clan. According to Itier the royal
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343:
186:
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37:
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1311:
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190:
179:
178:: the city core was composed principally of palatial enclosures known as
73:
65:
843:. This supports the assumption that ayllu and panaca were not synonyms.
269:
230:
1492:
1487:
1439:
974:
741:(as the counterpart of sister in Andean dualism, the brother is called
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which is often considered as the official list of the panacas. In fact
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Apu Mayta Panaca Ayllu (Qhapaq Yupankip panacan), the royal house of
538:
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Uska Mayta Panaca Ayllu (Mayta Qhapaqpa panacan), the royal house of
527:
516:
505:
474:(Account of the fables and rites of the Incas) of 1575 describes the
400:
206:
162:
133:
129:
57:
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Hawaynin Panaca Ayllu (Lluq'i Yupankip panacan), the royal house of
587:
576:
392:
384:
214:
117:
102:
and paintings that were transmitted from generation to generation.
1429:
140:, symbolic lines or pathways, the panakas were represented by the
1527:
1419:
582:
Suqsu Panaca Ayllu (Wiraqucha Inkap panacan), the royal house of
1382:
560:
Wikakiraw Panaca Ayllu (Inka Ruqap panacan), the royal house of
500:
Chima Panaca Ayllu (Manku Qhapaqpa panacan), the royal house of
441:
is a plural suffix, therefore indicating the nobility of Cusco.
1560:
1409:
1087:(in Spanish). Casa de la Cultura Ecuatoriana, NĂşcleo del Azuay.
511:
Rawra Panaca Ayllu (Sinchi Ruq'ap panacan), the royal house of
363:
361:, imaginary lines starting from Cuzco and linking together 328
157:
153:
61:
1280:
593:
Hatun Ayllu (Pachakutiq Yupankip panacan), the royal house of
1555:
1507:
1424:
1414:
1404:
891:
886:
615:
Tumipampa Ayllu (Wayna Qhapaqpa panacan), the royal house of
475:
334:
175:
99:
69:
1226:"Comentarios Reales de los Incas", web version available as
571:
Awqaylli Panaca (Yawar Waqaqpa panacan), the royal house of
383:(upper) Cusco, two complementary parts in Andean duality or
1502:
628:
two panacas were excluded from the official list and from
604:
Qhapaq Ayllu (Tupaq Yupankip panacan), the royal house of
1230:
ed. by James Bardin, Professor of Romance Languages, U.VA
152:
During the Inca Empire, most of the land was held by the
1122:
Rostworowski, MarĂa (1953). Pachacutec Inca Yupanqui --
1057:
The Sacred Landscape of the Inca: The Cusco Ceque System
218:) in charge of their care and of their social status.
1084:
Diccionario, kichua-castellano, yurakshimi-runashimi
375:
Eleven imperial panakas existed in Cuzco, five from
640:did not found a panaka during their short reigns.
316:Preserved and honored by the panaka, the mummies (
782:was the generic name of the high nobility, while
1573:
962:Bulletin de l'Institut français d'études andines
955:
763:were synonyms. The characterization of the term
819:Cusco was the center point of the empire (the
1296:
803:
797:
479:
469:
1243:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1081:Córdova, Glauco Torres Fernández de (1982).
958:"Las panacas y el poder en el Tahuantinsuyo"
678:. There might be a discussion about this on
643:
471:Relación de las fábulas y ritos de los Incas
197:decisions in the politics and conflicts of
182:, some of which were owned by the panakas.
1303:
1289:
1222:
342:The panakas were associated with both the
23:List of Star Wars characters#Quarsh Panaka
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835:, while those of Hurin Cusco were called
698:Learn how and when to remove this message
407:, which were then separated into various
308:Cusco center at Inca time. Note that the
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455:El primer nueva corĂłnica y buen gobierno
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755:writes that, before the 16th century,
556:Panacas from the Hanan Qusco moiety:
260:
1284:
1213:
1198:
1124:Obras Completas de MarĂa Rostworowski
1116:
1053:
989:
1261:
1223:de la Vega, Garcilaso, Inca (1918).
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956:Hernández Astete, Francisco (2008),
940:
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225:
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299:
221:
13:
399:, and into Qulla Suyu (south) and
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14:
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858:meant 'to come down, descend'».
802:(Royal Court), preserved in the
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268:
229:
36:(Genealogy of the Incas) of the
1310:
1251:
1228:El Reino de los Incas del Peru,
1171:
1146:
770:According to Hernández Astete,
737:, while the woman calls hers a
1100:
1074:
1054:Bauer, Brian S. (2010-07-22).
1047:
846:Finally the Peruvian linguist
425:is a plural name: in Quechua,
357:geographic division, based on
147:
1:
1060:. University of Texas Press.
907:
733:: the man calls his sister a
492:Panacas from the Hurin Qusco
413:. Altogether they formed the
112:, in which each region, both
7:
880:
877:were never called panacas.
450:Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala
379:(lower) Cusco and six from
10:
1603:
1112:10.1525/jlaca.2007.12.1.16
926:. iUniverse. p. 132.
920:Huff, Roger (2010-10-26).
461:The priest and chronicler
448:Inca mummy as depicted by
312:was much larger than today
1546:
1468:
1390:
1379:
1318:
805:Archivo Regional de Cusco
745:by the other brother and
619:(not mentioned by Molina)
435:the person of royal blood
332:, royal wife), conferred
56:was a family clan of the
419:relationship among lords
174:and the capital city of
98:(mummy), through songs,
79:The panaca excluded the
848:Rodolfo CerrĂłn Palomino
105:In the spatio-temporal
34:GenealogĂa de los Incas
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798:
480:
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277:This section is empty.
238:This section is empty.
136:, had groups of three
41:
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447:
307:
32:
668:confusing or unclear
676:clarify the article
644:Origin of the word
463:CristĂłbal de Molina
261:Structuralist model
16:Inca royal lineages
1233:. Allyn and Bacon.
975:10.4000/bifea.3282
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64:or emperor of the
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1353:Invasion of Chile
1274:978-9972-42-972-9
1192:978-84-693-1105-9
1158:978-1-4443-3115-8
1132:978-9972-51-060-1
1043:978-0-292-76079-0
717:could be read as
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371:List of panacas
355:spatio-temporal
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205:The panakas of
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328:(also spelled
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481:situwa raymi
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1368:Ransom Room
1338:Inca Empire
1312:Inca Empire
784:Hatun Ayllu
776:Hatun Ayllu
630:Hurin Cusco
626:Hanan Cusco
573:Yawar Waqaq
513:Sinchi Ruqa
191:Inca empire
148:Description
74:royal house
66:Inca Empire
1576:Categories
1493:Mama Killa
1488:Coricancha
1440:Warachikuy
908:References
839:or better
670:to readers
467:manuscript
429:means the
401:Kunti Suyu
134:Colla Suyu
130:Cunti Suyu
1533:Viracocha
1518:Pariacaca
1445:Inca army
1328:Sapa Inca
1239:cite book
984:0303-7495
719:pana ka-q
638:Atahualpa
562:Inka Ruqa
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539:Qullasuyu
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465:, in his
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415:capaccuna
393:Anti Suyu
322:Sapa Inca
320:) of the
207:Pachacuti
163:Sapa Inca
118:Anti Suyu
58:Sapa Inca
881:See also
715:pana-kak
688:May 2024
588:Antisuyu
577:Antisuyu
385:yanantin
324:and his
288:May 2024
249:May 2024
215:yanakuna
116:(high),
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1435:Panakas
1420:Chasqui
1320:History
666:may be
634:Huascar
632:three.
452:in his
417:or the
180:kanchas
158:kurakas
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128:(low),
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50:panaqa
46:panaca
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377:Hurin
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176:Cusco
142:Payan
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114:Hanan
108:ceque
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70:ayllu
52:, or
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1503:Inti
1270:ISBN
1258:PUCP
1245:link
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829:qoya
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