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1366:. These were called Bulukse'e or Buruksam Wurukce, names meaning "large meat-eater" but commonly translated as "giant lizard or alligator". In more recent times, the term has been used for giant snapping turtles. The crow use the word Ba-sha-re for normal turtles, but Daa-ko is used for giant turtles. This latter term may refer to the common large fossil shells of
693:. No dinosaur fossils are known to have been preserved in the Colorado group in Montana, but outside the state occasional discoveries have been made. Southwestern Montana was dry land, but none of those deposits have yielded dinosaur fossils yet. 85 million years ago the Western Interior Seaway withdrew slightly leaving western Montana as a coastal plain.
519:. The sea returned twice to cover significant areas of Montana during the ensuing Triassic period. The state's only known contemporary fossils are the remains of this sea's inhabitants. On land Montana was hot and dry. At the time, the far southwesternmost corner of Montana was covered by a small extension of the shallow
837:
became an expanding desert. Eastern
Montana was hot and humid, by contrast, as the coastal plain was also expanding as a result of the marine regression. By the late Maastrichtian stage large rivers flowed across the eastern part of the state, depositing the sediments that would one day become the
1433:
and mosasaurs of the region's
Mesozoic rock. Unktehi was described as a snakelike monster equipped with feet, like the elongate sinuous mosasaurs who had four short limbs. Its back was described as ridged and saw-like, a configuration similar to the appearance of a fossil vertebral column eroding
1590:. These deposits from the southwestern part of the state are one of the best sources of plant and insect fossils in North America. In 1959 Becker's Ruby Valley excavations uncovered about 5,000 specimens of more than two hundred species of plants, insects, and fishes. Invertebrate finds included
1428:
eroding out of the banks of local lakes and rivers. As some groups of Sioux began moving west into the regions that includes
Montana their depictions of Unktehi tended to converge on the characteristics of local fossils. Although Unktehi continued to be described as horned, it gradually became
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herds. When used this way the fossils are called "buffalo-calling stones", known as
Iniskim to the Blackfeet of northern Montana and Alberta. This practice derives from the complex shapes of the fossil's internal structure, which can sometimes bear shapes resembling buffalo. Iniskim have been
1252:. It's likely that the local indigenous people have been familiar with the remains of these animals for "generations". Ancient indigenous people used to camp in the area and gather pine nuts to be roasted. The roasting process itself was actually accomplished with the aid of the armored
1719:. While in town the owner of a local rock shop, Marion Brandvold, showed him some tiny bones. Horner identified them as baby duck-bill bones. Horner also knew that this was an important find and convinced Brandvold to donate her fossils to a museum. She obliged and gave them to
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era, the sea began to retreat from
Montana for the last time. Extreme tectonic activity helped form local mountains and raised much of the state's elevation. Local levels of precipitation rose and fell. Montana was home to creatures like dogs and titanotheres. The
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are surprisingly rare in
Montana compared to other western states with contemporary deposits. This might be due to the local ancient environments not being well suited for track preservation or merely because scientists have not yet looked in the right places.
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such as burrow fillings and trails through the sediment. During the ensuing
Cambrian period the state was still largely covered by sea water. Montana's Cambrian sea was home to algae, invertebrates, and even some of the first known vertebrates. Later,
303:
explanations for fossils and also repurposing them for practical uses for thousands of years. The first scientific collection of local fossils began in the mid 19th century. Other important discoveries include the plant and insect fossils of
1646:. Vertebrate remains included feathers, and, once in a while, a bird. In 1961 a new flora was found nearby in a badger burrow. The flora is called the Badger Flora. Among the different kinds of plants were water lilies and lotuses.
628:
For thirty million years following the deposition of the
Morrison Formation sediments in Montana were being eroded rather than deposited. Seawater was still present in Montana, now extending as an embayment down from the
543:
rather than deposited. During the
Jurassic, the sea returned to cover the state. The sea was gradually filled in by sediments eroded away from areas of higher elevation in the western region of the state. During the
1498:. Leidy had made the first scientific identification of dinosaur fossils from Montana. As the remains were distinct from any previously described dinosaur taxa, Leidy erected three new genera and species for them;
1158:. Later into the Cenozoic Montana became colder and wetter. Glacial activity scoured the state. At this time mammoths, musk oxen, and dire wolves lived in the areas of the state not covered by glaciers.
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nearly the entire state was again inundated by the sea. Montana's Late
Devonian sea was home to brachiopods, conodonts, crinoids, fish, molluscs, and sponges. Seas continued to cover the state into the
487:
epoch, the sea began to retreat. Geological uplift was raising the elevation of the northern and northwestern regions of the state. Montana was covered by the sea again for a short interval of the
833:
region and the Western Interior Seaway began to withdraw. This regression would end up resulting in both halves of North America reuniting. As the seaway withdrew the area closest to the
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where they found very large an unusual eggs that were found to be the eggs of a water serpent. The Crows attributed "spiritual power" to the fossilized dinosaur eggs of eastern Montana.
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can be distinguished from eagles in that they only had two claws on their feet. This may be derived from observations of the isolated remains of the two-fingered forelimbs left by
588:. South of Montana's sea was a coastal plain split by streams flowing west from areas of higher elevation to the east. This coastal plain was home to dinosaurs including the
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1723:. Horner's team prospected in the area where Brandvold found the baby hadrosaur fossils. Their effort paid off with the discovery of the first scientifically documented
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Montana was again covered in a sea whose inhabitants are the state's only known fossils from this time. Much of Montana remained covered by seawater into the
1413:, they imagined their mythical Water Monster Unktehi as a large aquatic buffalo-like mammal. This image was likely derived from early observations of large
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1230:, which is exposed in Montana. While looking for minerals they would have encountered fossils such as dinosaur bones. The Crow Indians sought red mineral
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1551:. In 1933, another fossil site called the Scarritt site opened in the Fort Union beds. By the publication of a 1937 paper on the Fort Union beds by
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fossils in North America. More than two hundred species of plants, insects, and fishes are known from these deposits. The flora included
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and to bottom-dwelling marine life whose tracks on the benthic sediment would later fossilize. Montanan life of the time included
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1260:. The scutes were used as hearths on which to roast the nuts as they provided an effective flat surface, but unlike the local
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archeological sites. Archeological evidence exists for the buffalo-calling stone tradition that is at least 1,000 years old.
552:. Ironically, at this point in time the southwestern area of the state contained an island. This sea would have been home to
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1555:, 57 different fossil sites were known from the beds and 25 were of significant quality. Among the finds were arctocyonids,
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were still flowing into the local sea, but the local dinosaur fauna was very different. Carnivores living here included
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829:, gastropods, mosasaurs, and plesiosaurs. Later in the Maastrichtian stage, volcanic activity was still ongoing in the
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were present but rarely left fossilized remains. The sea was home to animals such as cephalopods, gastropods,
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imagined as reptilian rather than the mammalian portrayals of the Sioux in the Great Lakes region, like the
548:, most of Montana was covered in seawater, similar to that which covered the southwestern corner during the
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1678:. Among their finds were the first documented remains of a small carnivorous dinosaur that would be named
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1490:. Leidy could tell that these teeth were different than those of any known animal, yet were recognizably
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the coastal plain bordering the Western Interior Seaway was lined with rivers and dotted with a few
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Mayor (2005); "Water Monsters and Thunder Birds on the Prairie and in the Badlands", pages 275-276.
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Mayor (2005); "Water Monsters and Thunder Birds on the Prairie and in the Badlands", pages 272-273.
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out of the river banks. The Crow also believe there were similar alligator-like monsters in the
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Mayor (2005); "Water Monsters and Thunder Birds on the Prairie and in the Badlands", page 237.
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Mayor (2005); "Water Monsters and Thunder Birds on the Prairie and in the Badlands", page 235.
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Mayor (2005); "Water Monsters and Thunder Birds on the Prairie and in the Badlands", page 275.
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Mayor (2005); "Water Monsters and Thunder Birds on the Prairie and in the Badlands", page 276.
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Mayor (2005); "Water Monsters and Thunder Birds on the Prairie and in the Badlands", page 273.
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Mayor (2005); "Water Monsters and Thunder Birds on the Prairie and in the Badlands", page 272.
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958:. Contemporary vertebrate fossils included feathers and, once in a while, a bird. Among the
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fauna. Later in the Paleozoic the sea began to withdraw, but with a brief return during the
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842:. At the time, Montana was home to some of the most famous dinosaurs; creatures including
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the Western Interior Seaway expanded its boundaries somewhat. It was home to cephalopods,
8:
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occurred in Montana during the time of the Western Interior Seaway. This sea was home to
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1195:. In the distant past the local indigenous people also collected fossils from Montana's
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on the sediment that would later fossilize. This sea remained in place during the early
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2017:
Lockley and Hunt (1999); "Overview of the Late Cretaceous Environment", pages 214-215.
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in the same Cloverly Formation strata that have produced dinosaur remains including
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1972:
Horner (2001); "The Fossils Known from the Morrison Formation in Montana", page 63.
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that helped scientists shed antiquated ideas interpreting dinosaurs as "overgrown
1470:, but which is located what is now central Montana. Not far from the mouth of the
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into the south-central part of the state. The rocks they prospected were of the
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deposits from the southwestern part of the state are one of the best sources of
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2365:
Hunting for Fossils: A Guide to Finding and Collecting Fossils in All 50 States
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1324:. The Pawnee told a story about two warriors who traveled far to the north of
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are known to have formed nesting colonies in the area. Late Cretaceous fossil
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would make their first appearance in the state. During the middle part of the
353:. During the Late Precambrian, western Montana was covered by a warm, shallow
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568:. At the time, Montana was located at about 40 degrees Latitude. The state's
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that covered the western coast of North America and stretched into northern
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2011:
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Lockley and Hunt (1999); "Rare Tracks of the Laramie Formation", page 236.
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of Montana have been familiar with fossils since at least the time of the
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based on their similarities to previously discovered dinosaur fossils in
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748:. A diverse array of dinosaurs lived in Montana at this time. Duckbilled
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Montana was home to some of the most famous dinosaurs; creatures such as
202:
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88:
84:
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Horner (2001); "History of Dinosaur Collecting in Montana", pages 53-54.
1482:, and teeth. After returning from his expedition he gave the fossils to
2755:
1715:. Horner visited the town and recognized the remains as belonging to a
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The Crow people also believed in water monsters. These were said to be
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Horner (2001); "Latest Cretaceous Time: Maastrichtian Stage", page 77.
716:. These bodies of water deposited the sediments that later became the
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storyteller James LaPointe has explicitly called Unktehi a dinosaur.
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prospected for minerals to use in making pigments in Unit VII of the
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689:. The sediments deposited by this sea compose what is now called the
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292:
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210:
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69:
2299:
Horner (2001); "History of Dinosaur Collecting in Montana", page 56.
2278:
Horner (2001); "History of Dinosaur Collecting in Montana", page 53.
2257:
Horner (2001); "History of Dinosaur Collecting in Montana", page 44.
2056:
Horner (2001); "Late Cretaceous Time: Maastrichtian Stage", page 76.
1896:
Varricchio, Springer, Scotchmoor (2006); "Paleontology and geology".
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skeleton found in Montana being prepared for an exhibition in 1921.
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1264:, would not crumble under the intense heat used to open the limber
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period. At that time, the state was home to a bewildering array of
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429:. The sea eventually withdrew from the state and most of Montana's
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171:
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131:
123:
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73:
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19:
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Varricchio, David; Dale Springer, Judy Scotchmoor. July 21, 2006.
1384:, which could be mistaken for the limb of a large unknown kind of
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532:
516:
488:
284:
268:
116:
42:
2313:
Oceans of Kansas – A Natural History of the Western Interior Sea
2029:
Horner (2001); "Late Cretaceous Time: Campanian Stage", page 70.
2008:
Horner (2001); "Late Cretaceous Time: Santonian Stage", page 69.
1126:. The Miocene mammals preserved in the Fort Union beds included
758:
is one example. Montana has an especially good fossil record of
2038:
Jacobs (1995); "Chapter 4: The Land of Texas Giants", page 104.
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1599:
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1417:
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were common inhabitants of Montana's Campanian coastal plains.
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lived in the areas of the state not covered by glaciers. Local
244:
135:
46:
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2322:. Mountain Press Publishing Company. Missoula, Montana. 2001.
251:
are preserved from this time. Later inhabitants would include
1990:
Everhart (2005); "One Day in the Life of a Mosasaur", page 7.
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may have influenced Cheyenne beliefs in monsters called ahk.
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bones. These fossil-lined fire pits were probably used for
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until its return. This sea was home to creatures including
1993:
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37:
research occurring within or conducted by people from the
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520:
354:
275:. As the Cenozoic proceeded the climate cooled until the
146:. This coastal plain was home to dinosaurs including the
53:
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381:. Their fossils were preserved in what are now known as
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of the Western Hemisphere and a new kind of duck-bill,
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turtles found in the area. The Crows also believe that
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2023:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1863:
1861:
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621:. These sediments deposited what is now known as the
16:
Paleontological research in the U.S. state of Montana
2295:
2293:
2281:
2230:
Mayor (2005); "Cheyenne Fossil Knowledge", page 212.
2191:
Mayor (2005); "Spirit Animal Mounds", pages 190-191.
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2155:
Mayor (2005); "Cheyenne Fossil Knowledge", page 216.
2111:
2087:
2068:
1975:
1959:
1957:
1945:
1918:
1813:
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to the presence of unidentified dinosaur fossils in
1688:. It exhibited important anatomical similarities to
1347:. These myths may have been based on discoveries of
1309:
eggs found in Montana may have been an influence on
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2020:
2002:
1899:
1858:
535:. Outside of these regions little is known because
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2215:
2176:
2158:
2149:
243:the sea began to withdraw from the state. Plants,
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2199:
2197:
2173:Mayor (2005); "Buffalo-Calling Stones", page 227.
2167:
2142:
2140:
1999:Horner (2001); "Middle Cretaceous Time", page 68.
1966:
1954:
1936:
1927:
3407:
475:left behind fossils in the Bridger Range and at
214:formed vast nesting colonies. By the end of the
1984:
1466:was exploring a region of what was then called
130:, but exposed areas were greened by a flora of
2206:
2194:
2137:
2128:
1150:. During the Miocene Montana was also home to
511:, Montana was located about thirty degrees of
2740:
2425:
1166:
349:in Montana stretches all the way back to the
1951:Horner (2001); "Jurassic Time", pages 61-62.
1924:Horner (2001); "Triassic Time", pages 60-61.
1666:led an expedition that included his student
902:behind. The invertebrate fauna consisted of
527:. South central Montana, by contrast, was a
1110:plants and mollusks left behind remains at
440:sediments were lost to erosion. During the
3421:Paleontology in the United States by state
2747:
2733:
2432:
2418:
1981:Horner (2001); "Cretaceous Time", page 63.
1769:
894:. During the Tertiary Montana was home to
762:dinosaurs. Examples of contemporary local
483:. Later in the Carboniferous, during the
2342:Dinosaur Tracks of Western North America
1963:Horner (2001); "Jurassic Time", page 62.
1942:Horner (2001); "Jurassic Time", page 61.
1933:Horner (2001); "Triassic Time", page 61.
1648:
1582:basin were first studied in 1947 by Dr.
1445:
1170:
799:
493:
205:, came to cover the state. On land, the
52:in Montana stretches all the way out to
18:
2182:Mayor (2005); "The Monsters", page 129.
1199:exposures. Archaeological sites on the
3408:
1441:
2728:
2413:
2349:Fossil Legends of the First Americans
1211:include fire pits lined with sizable
669:Montana was partially covered by the
64:and bottom-dwelling marine life left
2754:
2351:. Princeton University Press. 2005.
1094:. Similar floras are known from the
2315:. Indiana University Press, 320 pp.
1684:. This discovery helped ignite the
13:
2344:. Columbia University Press. 1999.
2340:Lockley, Martin and Hunt, Adrian.
1578:Montanan Tertiary deposits in the
1320:, may have been influenced by the
1316:mythology. Another myth, this one
14:
3442:
3431:Science and technology in Montana
2441:Paleontology in the United States
2393:
2337:. Texas A&M University Press.
111:the state was home to an unusual
3389:
2956:Regional designations of Montana
2362:
2266:
2122:
2105:
2093:
2081:
1912:
1867:
1816:
1434:from rock. In more recent times
283:entered the state. At this time
183:the state was home to its first
1460:United States Geological Survey
1187:has provided evidence that the
701:, pelecypods, and plesiosaurs.
72:, although withdrew during the
2389:. Accessed September 21, 2012.
2367:. Collier Books. p. 348.
1335:-like creatures living in the
1:
2305:
1802:The Montana Dinosaur Center,
337:
187:as well as predators such as
83:, leaving a gap in the local
1852:
1842:Paleontology in South Dakota
1837:Paleontology in North Dakota
197:, home to creatures such as
7:
2320:Dinosaurs Under the Big Sky
2269:; "Montana", pages 182-183.
2108:; "Montana", pages 181-182.
1809:
1781:Makoshika Dinosaur Museum,
10:
3447:
3426:Natural history of Montana
2333:Jacobs, L. L., III. 1995.
1464:Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden
1282:have a tradition of using
1167:Indigenous interpretations
1161:
740:included conifer forests,
724:were erupting, depositing
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2798:Congressional delegations
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2400:Geologic units in Montana
1736:
1588:New York Botanical Garden
1474:he discovered fossils of
1796:Phillips County Museum,
1699:In 1978, paleontologist
784:were also present. Both
728:that would later become
3416:Paleontology in Montana
2387:The Paleontology Portal
2363:Murray, Marian (1974).
1847:Paleontology in Wyoming
1770:Natural history museums
1681:Deinonychus antirrhopus
898:that would later leave
671:Western Interior Seaway
397:left behind remains in
357:. This sea was home to
195:Western Interior Seaway
31:Paleontology in Montana
2311:Everhart, M. J. 2005.
2125:; "Montana", page 182.
2096:; "Montana", page 186.
2084:; "Montana", page 181.
1915:; "Montana", page 183.
1870:; "Montana", page 184.
1775:Carter County Museum,
1659:
1553:George Gaylord Simpson
1455:
1181:
962:flora of Montana were
810:
718:Two Medicine Formation
649:. Herbivores included
504:
314:, which triggered the
27:
2951:Glacier National Park
1832:Paleontology in Idaho
1788:Museum of the Rockies
1742:Gloria Jean Siebrecht
1730:Maiasaura peeblesorum
1674:, dating back to the
1652:
1449:
1398:fossils of Montana's
1174:
803:
497:
383:Glacier National Park
327:Maiasaura peeblesorum
22:
2405:Paleoportal: Montana
1721:Princeton University
1717:duck-billed dinosaur
1686:Dinosaur Renaissance
1400:Hell Creek Formation
1268:and roast the nuts.
840:Hell Creek Formation
454:cartilaginous fishes
323:Duck-billed dinosaur
316:Dinosaur Renaissance
23:The location of the
2862:Tourist attractions
2850:The Last Best Place
2335:Lone Star Dinosaurs
1824:Paleontology portal
1507:Trachodon mirabilis
1442:Scientific research
794:dinosaur footprints
736:. The flora of the
661:. Around this time
456:. Further into the
299:have been devising
3396:Montana portal
1672:Cloverly Formation
1660:
1545:Sweet Grass County
1523:discovered fossil
1468:Nebraska Territory
1456:
1288:fossils to summon
1228:Cloverly Formation
1197:Morrison Formation
1189:indigenous peoples
1182:
1120:Sweet Grass County
851:Pachycephalosaurus
811:
732:. The climate was
675:volcanic eruptions
623:Morrison Formation
505:
113:cartilaginous fish
28:
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3402:
2722:
2721:
2374:978-0-02-093550-6
2347:Mayor, Adrienne.
1586:on behalf of the
1561:multituberculates
1501:Deinodon horridus
1409:lived around the
1381:Tyrannosaurus rex
1136:multituberculates
1036:mountain mahogany
869:During the early
385:. The worms left
261:multituberculates
239:During the early
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1676:Early Cretaceous
1668:Robert T. Bakker
1584:Herman F. Becker
1513:Troodon formosus
1420:fossils such as
1351:fossils such as
1201:Crow Reservation
1088:false strawberry
1000:milfoil fernbush
772:. The theropods
663:flowering plants
367:blue-green algae
297:Native Americans
185:flowering plants
181:early Cretaceous
25:state of Montana
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1539:, northwest of
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1114:, northwest of
1008:climbing grapes
835:Rocky Mountains
742:deciduous trees
710:Late Cretaceous
417:ranges west of
415:Lewis and Clark
403:Horseshoe Hills
340:
330:is the Montana
35:paleontological
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1376:tyrannosaurids
1364:Missouri River
1349:marine reptile
1337:Little Bighorn
1322:Maiasaura eggs
1293:discovered in
1274:including the
1272:Plains Indians
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775:Daspletosaurus
691:Colorado Group
673:. Significant
509:Early Triassic
477:Shell Mountain
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893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
872:
867:
865:
864:
863:Tyrannosaurus
859:
858:
853:
852:
847:
846:
845:Edmontosaurus
841:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
815:Maastrichtian
813:Early in the
808:
807:
806:Tyrannosaurus
802:
798:
795:
791:
787:
783:
782:
777:
776:
771:
770:
765:
761:
757:
756:
751:
747:
743:
739:
738:coastal plain
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
708:Stage of the
707:
702:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
659:
658:Tenontosaurus
654:
653:
648:
647:
642:
641:
636:
632:
631:Arctic Circle
626:
624:
620:
619:
615:
611:
610:
605:
604:
600:
596:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
572:consisted of
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
546:Late Jurassic
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
515:north of the
514:
510:
502:
501:
496:
492:
490:
486:
485:Pennsylvanian
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
463:
462:Mississippian
459:
455:
451:
450:Carboniferous
446:
443:
439:
436:
432:
428:
424:
423:Bridger Range
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
393:
388:
387:trace fossils
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
359:stromatolites
356:
352:
348:
345:
335:
333:
329:
328:
324:
321:
317:
313:
312:
307:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
237:
235:
234:
233:Tyrannosaurus
229:
228:
223:
222:
221:Edmontosaurus
217:
213:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
191:
186:
182:
179:. During the
178:
177:
173:
169:
168:
163:
162:
158:
154:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
128:Late Jurassic
125:
120:
118:
114:
110:
109:Carboniferous
107:. During the
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
62:stromatolites
59:
55:
51:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
26:
21:
3387:
3287:Powder River
3212:Judith Basin
2946:The Flathead
2898:Demographics
2823:bibliography
2768:
2655:South Dakota
2645:Rhode Island
2640:Pennsylvania
2620:North Dakota
2579:
2364:
2348:
2341:
2334:
2319:
2312:
2283:
2274:
2262:
2253:
2244:
2235:
2226:
2217:
2208:
2187:
2178:
2169:
2160:
2151:
2130:
2101:
2089:
2061:
2052:
2043:
2034:
2013:
2004:
1995:
1986:
1977:
1968:
1947:
1938:
1929:
1920:
1762:on June 15,
1758:was born in
1754:
1744:was born in
1740:
1728:
1701:Bill Clemens
1698:
1679:
1661:
1653:
1632:leaf hoppers
1628:grasshoppers
1616:damsel flies
1608:caddis flies
1577:
1557:insectivores
1518:
1511:
1505:
1499:
1488:Philadelphia
1484:Joseph Leidy
1472:Judith River
1457:
1404:
1395:
1389:
1379:
1353:crocodilians
1330:
1321:
1304:
1303:such as the
1299:
1295:South Dakota
1283:
1270:
1257:
1247:
1241:
1235:
1221:
1183:
1175:
1132:insectivores
1128:arctocyonids
1106:. Montana's
1064:dawn redwood
1028:katsura tree
940:grasshoppers
888:water lilies
868:
861:
855:
849:
843:
812:
804:
789:
785:
779:
773:
767:
764:ceratopsians
753:
703:
656:
650:
646:Microvenator
644:
638:
627:
616:
607:
601:
594:Camptosaurus
592:
562:ichthyosaurs
506:
498:
341:
332:state fossil
325:
309:
279:started and
257:insectivores
253:arctocyonids
249:titanotheres
238:
231:
225:
219:
209:
193:. Later the
188:
174:
165:
159:
152:Camptosaurus
150:
121:
56:where local
30:
29:
3377:Yellowstone
3342:Sweet Grass
3262:Musselshell
3024:Great Falls
2966:Yellowstone
2923:LGBT rights
2570:Mississippi
2485:Connecticut
1705:Jack Horner
1664:John Ostrom
1655:Deinonychus
1612:crane flies
1580:Ruby Valley
1573:taeniodonts
1492:dinosaurian
1415:Pleistocene
1411:Great Lakes
1391:Triceratops
1301:Fossil eggs
1237:Deinonychus
1224:Crow people
1185:Archaeology
1148:taeniodonts
1016:greenbriers
944:leafhoppers
928:damselflies
924:crane flies
920:caddisflies
857:Triceratops
823:crustaceans
769:Einiosaurus
704:During the
687:plesiosaurs
679:cephalopods
640:Deinonychus
603:Apatosaurus
554:cephalopods
539:were being
531:divided by
507:During the
465:brachiopods
399:Nixon Gulch
371:conularians
351:Precambrian
311:Deinonychus
306:Ruby Valley
293:dire wolves
273:taeniodonts
227:Triceratops
203:plesiosaurs
190:Deinonychus
161:Apatosaurus
122:During the
89:brachiopods
85:rock record
3410:Categories
3337:Stillwater
3332:Silver Bow
3157:Deer Lodge
3117:Broadwater
3102:Beaverhead
3064:Miles City
3059:Livingston
2808:Government
2685:Washington
2605:New Mexico
2600:New Jersey
2475:California
2306:References
1709:Bob Makela
1636:mosquitoes
1565:pantodonts
1537:Bear Butte
1462:geologist
1368:Cretaceous
1266:pine cones
1258:Sauropelta
1243:Sauropelta
1209:St. Xavier
1177:Sauropelta
1140:pantodonts
1112:Bear Butte
1096:Florissant
1076:smoke tree
1056:pennycress
1020:horsetails
1004:gooseberry
984:cinquefoil
948:mosquitoes
760:ceratopsid
750:hadrosaurs
667:Cretaceous
652:Sauropelta
618:Allosaurus
612:, and the
609:Diplodocus
590:ornithopod
566:pelecypods
500:Allosaurus
481:Big Timber
421:, and the
395:trilobites
363:arthropods
338:Prehistory
320:Cretaceous
265:pantodonts
216:Cretaceous
207:duckbilled
176:Allosaurus
170:, and the
167:Diplodocus
148:ornithopod
105:trilobites
33:refers to
3367:Wheatland
3312:Roosevelt
3272:Petroleum
3207:Jefferson
3084:Whitefish
3054:Lewistown
3044:Kalispell
2908:Education
2813:Governors
2803:Geography
2773:(capital)
2695:Wisconsin
2660:Tennessee
2565:Minnesota
2540:Louisiana
1853:Footnotes
1746:Kalispell
1662:In 1964,
1624:may flies
1533:vertebrae
1458:In 1855,
1431:dinosaurs
1426:mastodons
1405:When the
1357:mosasaurs
1333:alligator
1306:Maiasaura
1285:Baculites
1276:Blackfeet
1262:sandstone
1080:snowberry
1032:liverwort
964:ailanthus
960:Oligocene
786:Maiasaura
755:Maiasaura
730:bentonite
722:volcanoes
720:. Nearby
706:Campanian
699:mosasaurs
695:Dinosaurs
599:sauropods
537:sediments
479:south of
469:bryozoans
458:Paleozoic
425:north of
407:Manhattan
405:north of
289:musk oxen
211:Maiasaura
199:mosasaurs
157:sauropods
93:conodonts
70:Paleozoic
41:state of
3357:Treasure
3327:Sheridan
3307:Richland
3277:Phillips
3257:Missoula
3182:Garfield
3177:Gallatin
3172:Flathead
3137:Chouteau
3107:Big Horn
3094:Counties
3069:Missoula
3029:Hamilton
3019:Glendive
2994:Billings
2989:Belgrade
2984:Anaconda
2918:Politics
2913:Gun laws
2883:Cannabis
2878:Abortion
2680:Virginia
2630:Oklahoma
2610:New York
2585:Nebraska
2575:Missouri
2560:Michigan
2550:Maryland
2535:Kentucky
2515:Illinois
2490:Delaware
2480:Colorado
2470:Arkansas
1810:See also
1783:Glendive
1703:alerted
1569:primates
1541:Melville
1529:mollusks
1422:mammoths
1378:such as
1326:Nebraska
1314:creation
1280:Cheyenne
1232:pigments
1213:dinosaur
1203:between
1144:primates
1116:Melville
1100:Colorado
1060:pondweed
1024:ironwood
976:cattails
936:mayflies
876:Tertiary
871:Cenozoic
766:include
734:semiarid
614:theropod
586:ginkgoes
574:conifers
558:crinoids
550:Triassic
513:latitude
491:period.
445:Devonian
438:Devonian
431:Silurian
411:Sawtooth
392:Cambrian
301:mythical
285:mammoths
281:glaciers
269:primates
241:Cenozoic
172:theropod
144:ginkgoes
132:conifers
124:Triassic
97:crinoids
81:Devonian
74:Silurian
58:bacteria
3322:Sanders
3317:Rosebud
3302:Ravalli
3297:Prairie
3282:Pondera
3252:Mineral
3247:Meagher
3237:Madison
3232:Lincoln
3227:Liberty
3197:Granite
3187:Glacier
3147:Daniels
3132:Cascade
2999:Bozeman
2933:Regions
2903:Economy
2893:Culture
2871:Society
2818:History
2760:Montana
2700:Wyoming
2675:Vermont
2580:Montana
2520:Indiana
2500:Georgia
2495:Florida
2465:Arizona
2455:Alabama
1792:Bozeman
1777:Ekalaka
1694:lizards
1604:earwigs
1600:beetles
1496:England
1360:eroding
1341:Rosebud
1290:buffalo
1217:cooking
1162:History
1108:Miocene
1092:vetches
1084:spiraea
1012:grasses
988:dogwood
916:earwigs
912:beetles
892:lotuses
831:Elkhorn
790:Troodon
781:Troodon
533:streams
517:equator
489:Permian
427:Bozeman
419:Augusta
277:Ice Age
245:insects
117:Permian
60:formed
43:Montana
3372:Wibaux
3362:Valley
3292:Powell
3242:McCone
3167:Fergus
3162:Fallon
3152:Dawson
3142:Custer
3127:Carter
3122:Carbon
3112:Blaine
3079:Sidney
3074:Polson
3049:Laurel
3039:Helena
3014:Dillon
2840:Sports
2830:People
2780:Topics
2770:Helena
2635:Oregon
2590:Nevada
2530:Kansas
2505:Hawaii
2460:Alaska
2448:States
2371:
2355:
2326:
1760:Shelby
1737:People
1642:, and
1640:snails
1571:, and
1531:, and
1525:plants
1510:, and
1480:shells
1436:Lakota
1418:mammal
1388:. The
1343:, and
1318:Pawnee
1311:Navajo
1254:scutes
1246:, and
1156:horses
1152:camels
1104:Oregon
1090:, and
1072:sedges
1048:mosses
954:, and
952:snails
896:swamps
884:insect
860:, and
827:fishes
744:, and
685:, and
635:Rivers
597:, the
584:, and
578:cycads
564:, and
541:eroded
529:desert
525:Canada
473:corals
471:, and
377:, and
347:record
344:fossil
318:. The
291:, and
271:, and
247:, and
230:, and
155:, the
142:, and
136:cycads
103:, and
66:tracks
50:record
47:fossil
45:. The
3352:Toole
3347:Teton
3034:Havre
3004:Butte
2888:Crime
2788:Index
2756:State
2665:Texas
2545:Maine
2510:Idaho
1804:Bynum
1798:Malta
1713:Bynum
1690:birds
1644:wasps
1476:bones
1407:Sioux
1205:Pryor
1068:roses
1040:maple
996:ferns
980:cedar
972:beech
956:wasps
880:plant
819:clams
746:ferns
714:lakes
683:clams
582:ferns
570:flora
435:Early
379:worms
375:fungi
140:ferns
78:Early
3267:Park
3217:Lake
3202:Hill
2670:Utah
2625:Ohio
2525:Iowa
2369:ISBN
2353:ISBN
2324:ISBN
1764:1946
1750:1940
1707:and
1596:bees
1592:ants
1424:and
1394:and
1386:bird
1355:and
1278:and
1222:The
1207:and
1154:and
1102:and
908:bees
904:ants
900:coal
890:and
882:and
788:and
778:and
655:and
643:and
606:and
442:Late
433:and
342:The
308:and
201:and
164:and
101:fish
76:and
39:U.S.
2758:of
1748:in
1696:".
1547:'s
1543:in
1535:at
1486:in
1256:of
1122:'s
1118:in
1098:of
1052:oak
992:elm
968:ash
726:ash
521:sea
355:sea
54:sea
3412::
2385:.
2292:^
2196:^
2139:^
2113:^
2070:^
2022:^
1956:^
1901:^
1875:^
1860:^
1790:,
1766:.
1752:.
1733:.
1638:,
1634:,
1630:,
1626:,
1622:,
1618:,
1614:,
1610:,
1606:,
1602:,
1598:,
1594:,
1575:.
1567:,
1563:,
1559:,
1527:,
1516:.
1504:,
1478:,
1450:A
1339:,
1240:,
1219:.
1146:,
1142:,
1138:,
1134:,
1130:,
1086:,
1082:,
1078:,
1074:,
1070:,
1066:,
1062:,
1058:,
1054:,
1050:,
1046:,
1042:,
1038:,
1034:,
1030:,
1026:,
1022:,
1018:,
1014:,
1010:,
1006:,
1002:,
998:,
994:,
990:,
986:,
982:,
978:,
974:,
970:,
966:,
950:,
946:,
942:,
938:,
934:,
930:,
926:,
922:,
918:,
914:,
910:,
906:,
866:.
854:,
848:,
825:,
821:,
681:,
633:.
625:.
580:,
576:,
560:,
556:,
467:,
460:,
409:,
401:,
373:,
369:,
365:,
334:.
287:,
267:,
263:,
259:,
255:,
236:.
224:,
138:,
134:,
119:.
99:,
95:,
91:,
2748:e
2741:t
2734:v
2433:e
2426:t
2419:v
2377:.
2359:.
2330:.
1658:.
1180:.
809:.
503:.
413:-
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
