44:
624:, these similarities can be plausibly linked to the existence of a common ancestor with common genes. This allows DNA sequences to be compared between species. Comparing an ancient genetic sequence to later or modern ones can be used to determine ancestral relations, while comparing two modern genetic sequences can determine, within error, the time since their
595:
Paleogeneticists do not recreate actual organisms, but piece together ancient DNA sequences using various analytical methods. Fossils are "the only direct witnesses of extinct species and of evolutionary events" and finding DNA within those fossils exposes tremendously more information about these
754:
and the archaeological record from their wild counterparts; the effect of domestication can be studied, which could tell us a lot about the behaviors of the cultures that domesticated them. The genetics of these animals also reveals traits not shown in the paleontological remains, such as certain
776:
or caves, where remains may persist in cold, low oxygen conditions for several hundred thousand years. In addition, DNA degrades much more quickly following excavation of materials, and freshly excavated bone has a much higher chance of containing viable genetic material. After
771:
in dead tissue by biotic and abiotic decay. DNA preservation depends on a number of environmental characteristics, including temperature, humidity, oxygen and sunlight. Remains from regions with high heat and humidity typically contain less intact DNA than those from
652:
was shown to be within the range of variation of those of anatomically modern humans, although at the far periphery of that range of variation. Paleogenetic analysis also suggests that
Neanderthals shared slightly more DNA with chimpanzees than
696:
Looking at DNA can give insight into lifestyles of people of the past. Neandertal DNA shows that they lived in small temporary communities. DNA analysis can also show dietary restrictions and mutations, such as the fact that
734:. Ă–tzi died around 3,300 B.C., and his remains were discovered frozen in the Eastern Alps in the early 1990s, and his genetic material was analyzed in the 2010s. Genetic remains of the bacterium that causes Lyme disease,
755:
clues as to the behavior, development, and maturation of these animals. The diversity in genes can also tell where the species were domesticated, and how these domesticates migrated from these locations elsewhere.
718:
Studying DNA of the deceased also allows us to look at the medical history of the human species. By looking back we can discover when certain diseases first appeared and began to afflict humans.
746:
Not only can past humans be investigated through paleogenetics, but the organisms they had an effect on can also be examined. Through examination of the divergence found in
1092:
Geigl EM (2008). "Palaeogenetics of cattle domestication: Methodological challenges for the study of fossil bones preserved in the domestication centre in
Southwest Asia".
1063:
616:
Similar sequences are often found along DNA (and the derived protein polypeptide chains) in different species. This similarity is directly linked to the sequence of the
620:(the genetic material of the organism). Due to the improbability of this being random chance, and its consistency too long to be attributed to convergence by
1431:
1371:
781:, bone may also become contaminated with modern DNA (i.e. from contact with skin or unsterilized tools), which can create false-positive results.
971:
Higuchi R, Bowman B, Freiberger M, Ryder OA, Wilson AC (1984). "DNA sequences from the quagga, an extinct member of the horse family".
214:
540:
1071:
672:
Paleogenetics opens up many new possibilities for the study of hominid evolution and dispersion. By analyzing the genomes of
1128:
795:
676:
remains, their lineage can be traced back to from where they came, or from where they share a common ancestor. The
229:
684:
from which DNA was able to be extracted, may show signs of having genes that are not found in any
Neanderthal nor
103:
1272:
Saey TH (2009). "Story one: Team decodes neanderthal DNA: Genome draft may reveal secrets of human evolution".
17:
640:
female, 63% of the
Neanderthal genome was recovered and 3.7 billion bases of DNA were decoded. It showed that
657:. It was also found that Neanderthals were less genetically diverse than modern humans, which indicates that
194:
224:
146:
98:
1379:
625:
533:
1329:"New insights into the Tyrolean Iceman's origin and phenotype as inferred by whole-genome sequencing"
805:
411:
360:
340:
790:
778:
589:
383:
257:
1396:
599:
The most ancient DNA sequence to date was reported in
February 2021, from the tooth of a Siberian
501:
378:
1456:
849:
Brown TA, Brown KA (October 1994). "Ancient DNA: using molecular biology to explore the past".
421:
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Keller A, Graefen A, Ball M, Matzas M, Boisguerin V, Maixner F, et al. (February 2012).
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8:
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Pääbo S, Poinar H, Serre D, Jaenicke-Despres V, Hebler J, Rohland N, et al. (2004).
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512:
302:
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136:
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1204:
Green RE, Krause J, Briggs AW, Maricic T, Stenzel U, Kircher M, et al. (May 2010).
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984:
1412:
1300:
1238:
1205:
1004:
874:
565:
277:
247:
189:
73:
1129:"World's oldest DNA sequenced from a mammoth that lived more than a million years ago"
1416:
1358:
1243:
1186:
1053:
996:
956:
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915:
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820:
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grew from a group composed of relatively few individuals. DNA sequences suggest that
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209:
878:
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1281:
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951:
905:
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677:
491:
219:
156:
126:
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1023:
940:"Chemical Paleogenetics: Molecular "Restoration Studies" of Extinct Forms of Life"
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401:
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83:
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68:
1157:"Million-year-old mammoth genomes shatter record for oldest ancient DNA"
1353:
1328:
773:
486:
355:
763:
Ancient remains usually contain only a small fraction of the original
992:
496:
406:
648:
until the former lineage died out 30,000 years ago. The
Neanderthal
688:
genome, possibly representing a new lineage or species of hominid.
576:, in reference to the possible reconstruction of the corresponding
937:
681:
673:
600:
891:
768:
731:
751:
666:
665:
first appeared between about 130,000 and 250,000 years ago in
649:
585:
557:
58:
556:
is the study of the past through the examination of preserved
970:
1064:"Paleogenetics: Unlocking the secrets from DNA of long ago"
596:
species, potentially their entire physiology and anatomy.
1133:
938:
Pauling L, Zuckerkandl E, Henriksen T, Lövstad R (1963).
764:
617:
573:
1203:
1326:
1372:"Iceman May Hold Earliest Evidence of Lyme Disease"
580:sequences of past organisms. The first sequence of
584:, isolated from a museum specimen of the extinct
1448:
1322:
1320:
1318:
568:introduced the term in 1963, long before the
534:
1315:
1206:"A draft sequence of the Neandertal genome"
1197:
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1120:
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885:
741:
964:
848:
842:
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527:
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1311:(4). Archaeological Institute of America.
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1180:
1047:
1024:"Tiny time machines revisit ancient life"
955:
933:
931:
929:
909:
588:, was published in 1984 by a team led by
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1429:
1267:
1265:
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1021:
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560:from the remains of ancient organisms.
14:
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911:10.1146/annurev.genet.37.110801.143214
1369:
1091:
1271:
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1126:
1078:
894:"Genetic analyses from ancient DNA"
767:of an organism. This is due to the
644:was the closest living relative of
24:
713:
631:
25:
1468:
796:Ancestral sequence reconstruction
603:frozen for over a million years.
957:10.3891/acta.chem.scand.17s-0009
730:was discovered in the genome on
680:, a species of hominid found in
42:
1432:"What's the Shelf-Life of DNA?"
1423:
1388:
1070:. March 6, 2011. Archived from
738:, were discovered in the body.
606:
104:List of human evolution fossils
1397:"DNA has a 521-year half-life"
708:
13:
1:
1430:Wickman F (5 February 2013).
1370:Parry W (February 28, 2012).
1049:10.1126/science.330.6011.1616
836:
758:
1395:Kaplan M (10 October 2012).
1301:"Neanderthal Genome Decoded"
1286:10.1002/scin.2009.5591750604
1155:Callaway E (February 2021).
611:
99:List of transitional fossils
7:
1127:Hunt K (17 February 2021).
1022:Gibbons A (December 2010).
784:
215:Mammalian auditory ossicles
10:
1473:
1182:10.1038/d41586-021-00436-x
1114:10.1016/j.crpv.2008.02.001
636:Using the thigh bone of a
1409:10.1038/nature.2012.11555
944:Acta Chemica Scandinavica
898:Annual Review of Genetics
806:Ancient pathogen genomics
412:Invertebrate paleontology
361:Biological classification
341:Introduction to evolution
242:Evolution of various taxa
791:Ancestral reconstruction
742:Domestication of animals
396:Branches of paleontology
384:Timeline of paleontology
1230:10.1126/science.1188021
721:
502:Vertebrate paleontology
379:History of paleontology
373:History of paleontology
94:Lagerstätte fossil beds
1094:Comptes Rendus Palevol
863:10.1002/bies.950161006
422:Molecular paleontology
1333:Nature Communications
699:Homo neanderthalensis
659:Homo neanderthalensis
642:Homo neanderthalensis
162:Timeline of evolution
736:Borrelia burgdorferi
692:Evolution of culture
626:last common ancestor
179:Organs and processes
89:List of fossil sites
1345:2012NatCo...3..698K
1222:2010Sci...328..710G
1173:2021Natur.590..537C
1106:2008CRPal...7...99G
1040:2010Sci...330.1616G
985:1984Natur.312..282H
726:The oldest case of
513:Paleontology Portal
167:Transitional fossil
137:Geologic time scale
30:Part of a series on
1354:10.1038/ncomms1701
769:degradation of DNA
703:lactose-intolerant
74:Fossil preparation
1299:Zorich Z (2010).
1216:(5979): 710–722.
1167:(7847): 537–538.
979:(5991): 282–284.
821:Paleobiochemistry
622:natural selection
562:Emile Zuckerkandl
551:
550:
477:Paleotempestology
462:Paleoneurobiology
417:Micropaleontology
16:(Redirected from
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1378:. Archived from
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750:species such as
678:Denisova hominid
558:genetic material
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220:Mosaic evolution
157:Paleoclimatology
127:Extinction event
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857:(10): 719–726.
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811:Archaeogenetics
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732:Ă–tzi the Iceman
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714:Ancient disease
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632:Human evolution
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402:Biostratigraphy
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225:Nervous systems
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147:History of life
142:Geologic record
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116:Natural history
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84:List of fossils
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1382:on 2012-03-01.
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1274:Science News
1273:
1213:
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1199:
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1138:. Retrieved
1132:
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1072:the original
1068:SciTechStory
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748:domesticated
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728:Lyme disease
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686:Homo sapiens
671:
663:Homo sapiens
662:
658:
655:homo sapiens
654:
645:
641:
635:
615:
607:Applications
598:
594:
590:Allan Wilson
553:
552:
482:Paleozoology
446:
442:Paleoecology
432:Paleobiology
185:Avian flight
122:Biogeography
79:Index fossil
64:Trace fossil
36:Paleontology
1401:Nature News
1305:Archaeology
1140:17 February
904:: 645–679.
801:Ancient DNA
709:Archaeology
638:Neanderthal
582:ancient DNA
578:polypeptide
437:Paleobotany
258:Cephalopods
253:Butterflies
69:Microfossil
1339:(2): 698.
1280:(6): 5–7.
837:References
779:excavation
774:permafrost
759:Challenges
570:sequencing
487:Palynology
356:Cladistics
195:Multicells
1417:138901719
851:BioEssays
612:Evolution
497:Taphonomy
407:Ichnology
351:Phylogeny
335:Evolution
323:Tetrapods
268:Dinosaurs
263:Cetaceans
1451:Category
1363:22426219
1248:20448178
1191:33597786
1134:CNN News
1058:21163988
920:15568989
879:27567988
785:See also
517:Category
313:Sea cows
308:Reptiles
298:Molluscs
205:Flagella
1341:Bibcode
1239:5100745
1218:Bibcode
1210:Science
1169:Bibcode
1102:Bibcode
1036:Bibcode
1028:Science
1009:4313241
1001:6504142
981:Bibcode
871:7980476
682:Siberia
674:hominid
601:mammoth
318:Spiders
293:Mammals
288:Insects
53:Fossils
1415:
1361:
1246:
1236:
1189:
1161:Nature
1056:
1007:
999:
973:Nature
918:
877:
869:
752:cattle
667:Africa
650:genome
586:quagga
303:Plants
283:Humans
273:Fishes
1437:Slate
1413:S2CID
1005:S2CID
875:S2CID
278:Fungi
248:Birds
190:Cells
1359:PMID
1244:PMID
1187:PMID
1142:2021
1054:PMID
997:PMID
916:PMID
867:PMID
722:Ă–tzi
701:was
564:and
210:Hair
200:Eyes
1405:doi
1349:doi
1282:doi
1278:175
1234:PMC
1226:doi
1214:328
1177:doi
1165:590
1110:doi
1044:doi
1032:330
989:doi
977:312
952:doi
906:doi
859:doi
765:DNA
618:DNA
574:DNA
572:of
230:Sex
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