36:
95:
211:
510:
and
Central Asia, and are home to rich temperate coniferous, broadleaf, and mixed forests, which are now mostly limited to mountainous areas, as the densely populated lowlands and river basins have been converted to intensive agricultural and urban use. East Asia was not much affected by glaciation
428:
ecoregions. This scheme includes these desert ecoregions in the palearctic realm; other biogeographers identify the realm boundary as the transition zone between the desert ecoregions and the
Mediterranean basin ecoregions to the north, which places the deserts in the Afrotropic, while others place
373:, and conversion of lands for pasture, agriculture, and urbanization, have degraded much of the region. Formerly the region was mostly covered with forests and woodlands, but heavy human use has reduced much of the region to the
833:
519:
tree genera, while Europe retained only 27 percent. In the subtropical region of southern China and southern edge of the
Himalayas, the Palearctic temperate forests transition to the subtropical and tropical forests of
2301:
3458:
478:
basins, with montane forests, woodlands, and grasslands in the region's high mountains and plateaux. In southern Asia the boundary of the
Palearctic is largely altitudinal. The middle altitude foothills of the
322:
and bird fauna, with many
Eurasian species having moved into North America, and fewer North American species having moved into Eurasia. Many zoologists consider the Palearctic and Nearctic to be a single
1751:
826:
2294:
3551:
2833:
3451:
2665:
819:
365:
species. The
Mediterranean basin is also one of the world's most endangered biogeographic regions; only 4% of the region's original vegetation remains, and human activities, including
2287:
3655:
3836:
3444:
1744:
4840:
4618:
Eric
Dinerstein, David Olson, et al. (2017). An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm, BioScience, Volume 67, Issue 6, June 2017, Pages 534–545
3728:
3471:
2826:
1737:
2109:
4370:
3852:
3808:
3010:
2658:
2013:
306:. This vast Euro-Siberian region is characterized by many shared plant and animal species, and has many affinities with the temperate and boreal regions of the
273:
2819:
2651:
4458:
4522:
3639:
3591:
4688:
4830:
3359:
2934:
2001:
1984:
1870:
810:
3022:
2146:
4835:
4802:
2278:
2134:
3491:
3154:
2774:
2102:
3515:
1918:
858:
4856:
4825:
3435:
3295:
3225:
846:
358:
232:, published in 1876. This is the same scheme that persists today, with relatively minor revisions, and the addition of two more realms:
3335:
3166:
2986:
2882:
3796:
1670:
1586:
1086:
4398:
4062:
3503:
2758:
2095:
1646:
2998:
1960:
1598:
1414:
1178:
3676:
2594:
1806:
207:. The six indicated general groupings of fauna, based on shared biogeography and large-scale geographic barriers to migration.
4792:
2970:
2870:
299:
4546:
3784:
3134:
2053:
2033:
1506:
1294:
875:
4310:
3704:
3271:
1880:
1270:
1074:
5276:
5271:
4478:
4262:
3974:
3379:
3078:
2910:
2502:
1842:
1682:
1658:
1634:
1486:
1398:
1386:
1166:
882:
4766:
3748:
3391:
3323:
3106:
2810:
2314:
2065:
1950:
1908:
79:
57:
17:
50:
5266:
5261:
4715:
4090:
2566:
2378:
2023:
1928:
1610:
1194:
1150:
1134:
454:
1940:
357:
region of the world, with generally mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers. The
Mediterranean basin's mosaic of
5148:
4882:
4174:
4162:
3994:
3218:
3090:
2958:
2642:
2438:
2422:
1206:
1014:
5195:
3764:
3054:
2846:
2614:
2246:
2206:
1774:
1710:
1282:
1098:
922:
5256:
5251:
5246:
4130:
4110:
4074:
3118:
2043:
4644:
Buckland, P.C., et al. "Holt in
Eyjafjasveit, Iceland: a paleoecological study of the impact of Landnám" in
4861:
3890:
3883:
3539:
3403:
2582:
2334:
2230:
2182:
1518:
1326:
525:
4724:
5241:
5102:
4787:
4298:
4022:
3902:
3527:
1763:
1242:
303:
5107:
4797:
4146:
3607:
3211:
2718:
2158:
1896:
1622:
1374:
1314:
788:
764:
394:
5231:
5205:
5117:
4418:
4234:
3182:
2554:
1338:
483:
between about 2,000–2,500 m (6,600–8,200 ft) form the boundary between the
Palearctic and
5127:
4672:, ed. Edmund Burke III and Kenneth Pomeranz. Berkeley: University of California Press. 2009, 82–84.
4668:
Edmund Burke III, "The Transformation of the middle Eastern Environment, 1500 B.C.E.–2000 C.E." in
4638:
4342:
3283:
2922:
2790:
2706:
2346:
2170:
1350:
1058:
998:
780:
157:. The Palaearctic realm also has numerous rivers and lakes, forming several freshwater ecoregions.
44:
5281:
5112:
3958:
3579:
3415:
2694:
1830:
1426:
413:
328:
298:, the boreal coniferous forests which run across the continent. South of the taiga are a belt of
4354:
4038:
3616:
1542:
1474:
1435:
1215:
1030:
939:
894:
756:
160:
The term 'Palearctic' was first used in the 19th century, and is still in use as the basis for
61:
5236:
5097:
4218:
3307:
2358:
2194:
450:
354:
215:
183:
first identified six terrestrial zoogeographic realms of the world: Palaearctic, Aethiopian/
5210:
5190:
5132:
5092:
5087:
4708:
4663:
4335:
3347:
3042:
2458:
974:
934:
573:
529:
449:, are a particularly rich mix of coniferous, broadleaf, and mixed forests, and include the
398:
8:
5163:
5004:
4820:
2730:
2258:
2122:
1063:
664:
663:). Several mammal species originated in the Palearctic and spread to the Nearctic during
350:
340:
188:
134:
111:
4633:
Amorosi, T. "Contributions to the zooarchaeology of Iceland: some preliminary notes" in
5031:
5021:
4646:
4605:
4206:
3943:
2678:
652:
315:
196:
327:. The Palearctic and Nearctic also share many plant species, which botanists call the
5200:
5122:
5051:
5041:
4964:
4510:
3983:
2391:
1303:
1043:
740:
362:
346:
253:
249:
4601:
4589:
581:
577:
386:
5036:
5026:
4929:
4701:
4693:
3777:
3480:
1531:
955:
464:
409:
324:
237:
175:
5077:
5056:
5046:
4585:
4451:
4291:
3967:
3918:
3664:
2751:
2490:
1847:
1835:
1691:
1443:
1407:
1287:
1111:
1067:
748:
692:
533:
421:
307:
233:
225:
180:
142:
5225:
4974:
4924:
4887:
4771:
3259:
3238:
2522:
2474:
2427:
370:
311:
4658:
5082:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4590:"On the general geographical distribution of the members of the class Aves"
4387:
4331:
4227:
4119:
4099:
4055:
4011:
3947:
2979:
549:
460:
353:
ecoregions, which together constitute the world's largest and most diverse
279:
161:
150:
146:
123:
278:
The boreal and temperate Euro-Siberian region is the Palearctic's largest
4939:
4403:
4303:
4135:
4067:
4027:
3999:
3895:
3123:
3059:
2939:
2927:
2915:
2406:
1885:
1799:
1703:
1615:
1367:
1359:
1159:
1143:
1139:
915:
720:
605:
597:
446:
374:
366:
291:
204:
4685:
1500 Bird species of the Western and Central Palaearctic in 46 languages
4619:
5168:
4944:
4559:
4495:
4279:
4211:
4123:
4115:
4103:
4095:
4083:
4079:
4047:
4015:
4007:
3979:
3963:
3880:
3147:
3143:
3071:
3067:
2855:
2743:
2627:
2623:
2527:
2495:
2479:
2463:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2415:
2387:
2339:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2071:
1815:
1227:
1039:
1019:
668:
656:
589:
557:
545:
521:
484:
471:
425:
261:
192:
184:
651:
orders in the region, but several families are endemic: Calomyscidae (
5158:
5153:
4969:
4190:
3438:
3205:
2813:
2645:
2281:
2089:
1766:
1567:
1119:
813:
772:
724:
660:
625:
609:
593:
537:
442:
378:
154:
130:
119:
94:
719:
Several large Palearctic animals became extinct from the end of the
4990:
4934:
4897:
4471:
4411:
4199:
4179:
4167:
4155:
4031:
3911:
3841:
3753:
3632:
3596:
3247:
3127:
3095:
3035:
2963:
2951:
2859:
2571:
2547:
2511:
2367:
2235:
1889:
1859:
1819:
1795:
1523:
1463:
1459:
1343:
1299:
1247:
1235:
1003:
943:
927:
700:
676:
621:
524:, creating a rich and diverse mix of plant and animal species. The
516:
480:
438:
390:
382:
349:
in southern Europe, north Africa, and western Asia are home to the
200:
4892:
4653:
4551:
4483:
4423:
4315:
4287:
4283:
4267:
3857:
3821:
3769:
3721:
3717:
3709:
3697:
3693:
3681:
3660:
3656:
Mediterranean acacia-argania dry woodlands and succulent thickets
3620:
3612:
3564:
3364:
3003:
2891:
2747:
2735:
2543:
2535:
2531:
2431:
2383:
2211:
2139:
1977:
1969:
1965:
1863:
1855:
1787:
1779:
1699:
1687:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1491:
1467:
1451:
1447:
1439:
1431:
1403:
1263:
1255:
1251:
1219:
1211:
1187:
1123:
1115:
1107:
1103:
1035:
983:
979:
959:
911:
903:
899:
732:
708:
641:
608:, the oldest and deepest lake on the planet, and Japan's ancient
601:
553:
512:
507:
257:
115:
3837:
Southwest Iberian Mediterranean sclerophyllous and mixed forests
4866:
4756:
4379:
4319:
4251:
4247:
4183:
4051:
3939:
3935:
3927:
3861:
3829:
3817:
3813:
3773:
3737:
3733:
3644:
3624:
3572:
3560:
3556:
3544:
3532:
3520:
3496:
3484:
3476:
3420:
3408:
3396:
3384:
3372:
3368:
3352:
3340:
3328:
3316:
3312:
3300:
3288:
3276:
3264:
3251:
3243:
3202:
3099:
2887:
2863:
2783:
2687:
2603:
2587:
2575:
2559:
2539:
2515:
2483:
2467:
2399:
2371:
2351:
2263:
2251:
2239:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2199:
2187:
2175:
2163:
2151:
2127:
2058:
2006:
1994:
1851:
1823:
1783:
1723:
1695:
1675:
1663:
1603:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1563:
1535:
1527:
1495:
1455:
1363:
1307:
1275:
1259:
1231:
1183:
1127:
1079:
1051:
1047:
991:
987:
967:
963:
951:
947:
907:
648:
633:
585:
561:
475:
468:
417:
319:
287:
283:
138:
3552:
Eastern Mediterranean conifer–sclerophyllous–broadleaf forests
4761:
4732:
4563:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4515:
4503:
4499:
4447:
4443:
4435:
4431:
4391:
4375:
4363:
4359:
4347:
4327:
4275:
4271:
4255:
4195:
4151:
3951:
3923:
3907:
3869:
3865:
3845:
3825:
3801:
3789:
3757:
3741:
3713:
3689:
3685:
3668:
3648:
3628:
3600:
3584:
3568:
3508:
3187:
3175:
3171:
3159:
3139:
3111:
3083:
3063:
3047:
3031:
3027:
3015:
2947:
2943:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2875:
2851:
2795:
2779:
2739:
2723:
2711:
2699:
2683:
2619:
2607:
2507:
2411:
2363:
2086:
1990:
1973:
1933:
1811:
1791:
1651:
1639:
1627:
1591:
1511:
1499:
1479:
1419:
1391:
1379:
1355:
1331:
1319:
1223:
1199:
1171:
1155:
1091:
1007:
887:
863:
851:
541:
503:
499:
495:
397:
has designated the Mediterranean basin as one of the world's
295:
3729:
Northeastern Spain and Southern France Mediterranean forests
210:
4919:
4682:
4555:
4527:
4491:
4487:
4467:
4463:
4439:
4427:
4407:
4383:
4323:
4243:
4239:
4223:
4139:
4043:
4003:
3987:
3931:
2991:
2975:
2767:
2763:
2599:
2395:
1901:
1719:
1715:
1023:
629:
3472:
Aegean and Western Turkey sclerophyllous and mixed forests
560:, 3,140 m; 10,300 ft) and the high mountains of
684:
637:
3809:
Southern Anatolian montane conifer and deciduous forests
624:(Prunellidae), is endemic to the Palearctic region. The
314:. Eurasia and North America were often connected by the
4664:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/ecozones/Palearctic_ecozone
2014:
Nujiang Langcang Gorge alpine conifer and mixed forests
536:
form tongues of Palearctic flora and fauna in northern
4637:(eds. E.P. Durrenberger & G. Pálsson). Iowa City:
4371:
Red Sea Nubo–Sindian tropical desert and semi-desert
3853:
Tyrrhenian–Adriatic sclerophyllous and mixed forests
3011:
North Tibetan Plateau–Kunlun Mountains alpine desert
798:
628:
has four other endemic bird families: the divers or
4723:
3640:Italian sclerophyllous and semi-deciduous forests
3592:Iberian sclerophyllous and semi-deciduous forests
5223:
3360:Scandinavian montane birch forest and grasslands
2002:Northern Anatolian conifer and deciduous forests
1985:Northeastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests
811:tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
3023:Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows
429:the boundary through the middle of the desert.
4459:South Iran Nubo–Sindian desert and semi-desert
2279:temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
2135:Iceland boreal birch forests and alpine tundra
552:, 3,050 m; 10,010 ft), northernmost
4709:
4523:Tibesti–Jebel Uweinat montane xeric woodlands
3492:Anatolian conifer and deciduous mixed forests
3452:
3219:
3155:Tibetan Plateau alpine shrublands and meadows
2827:
2659:
2295:
2103:
1745:
827:
404:
3516:Corsican montane broadleaf and mixed forests
2935:Karakoram–West Tibetan Plateau alpine steppe
1919:Hengduan Mountains subalpine conifer forests
1871:Da Hinggan–Dzhagdy Mountains conifer forests
859:Yunnan Plateau subtropical evergreen forests
548:) occur as far south as central Myanmar (on
27:Biogeographic realm covering most of Eurasia
4857:Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub
3436:Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub
3296:Kamchatka Mountain tundra and forest tundra
2147:Kamchatka–Kurile meadows and sparse forests
847:Guizhou Plateau broadleaf and mixed forests
506:are more humid and temperate than adjacent
432:
359:Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub
243:
4716:
4702:
3459:
3445:
3226:
3212:
3167:Western Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows
2987:Kuh Rud and Eastern Iran montane woodlands
2883:Eastern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows
2834:
2820:
2666:
2652:
2302:
2288:
2110:
2096:
1752:
1738:
834:
820:
675:, known in North America as the grizzly),
4659:http://www.Canadianbiodiversity.mcgill.ca
4594:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
3797:Southeastern Iberian shrubs and woodlands
1671:West Siberian broadleaf and mixed forests
1587:Sichuan Basin evergreen broadleaf forests
1087:Central China loess plateau mixed forests
714:
576:as well, including the heavily developed
114:of the Earth. It stretches across all of
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
4063:Central Afghan Mountains xeric woodlands
3504:Canary Islands dry woodlands and forests
1647:Tarim Basin deciduous forests and steppe
230:The Geographical Distribution of Animals
220:The Geographical Distribution of Animals
209:
93:
43:This article includes a list of general
4584:
2999:Mediterranean High Atlas juniper steppe
1961:Mediterranean conifer and mixed forests
1415:Northeast China Plain deciduous forests
1179:Crimean Submediterranean forest complex
267:
14:
5224:
3677:Mediterranean dry woodlands and steppe
3336:Northwest Russian–Novaya Zemlya tundra
2775:Ussuri-Wusuli meadow and forest meadow
2595:Syrian xeric grasslands and shrublands
1807:Altai montane forest and forest steppe
334:
228:adopted Sclater's scheme for his book
4697:
4627:
2971:Kopet Dag woodlands and forest steppe
2871:Central Tibetan Plateau alpine steppe
876:temperate broadleaf and mixed forests
572:The realm contains several important
300:temperate broadleaf and mixed forests
248:The Palearctic realm includes mostly
4841:Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
4803:Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
4547:West Saharan montane xeric woodlands
4399:Registan–North Pakistan sandy desert
3785:South Apennine mixed montane forests
3135:Tian Shan montane steppe and meadows
2759:Tigris–Euphrates alluvial salt marsh
2054:Scandinavian coastal conifer forests
1507:Qin Ling Mountains deciduous forests
683:) in Europe and the closely related
29:
4311:Persian Gulf desert and semi-desert
3705:Mediterranean woodlands and forests
1881:East Afghan montane conifer forests
1599:South Sakhalin–Kurile mixed forests
1271:Eastern Anatolian deciduous forests
1075:Central Anatolian deciduous forests
24:
4606:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1858.tb02549.x
4479:South Saharan steppe and woodlands
4263:North Saharan steppe and woodlands
3975:Azerbaijan shrub desert and steppe
3348:New Siberian Islands arctic desert
3079:Qilian Mountains subalpine meadows
1843:Carpathian montane conifer forests
1683:Western European broadleaf forests
1659:Ussuri broadleaf and mixed forests
1635:Taiheiyo montane deciduous forests
1487:Pyrenees conifer and mixed forests
1399:North Atlantic moist mixed forests
1387:Nihonkai montane deciduous forests
1167:Changjiang Plain evergreen forests
883:Apennine deciduous montane forests
615:
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
5293:
4767:Montane grasslands and shrublands
4676:
4670:The Environment and World History
3749:Northwest Iberian montane forests
3392:Trans-Baikal Bald Mountain tundra
3324:Northeast Siberian coastal tundra
3107:Southeast Tibet shrub and meadows
2811:montane grasslands and shrublands
2066:Tian Shan montane conifer forests
1951:Khangai Mountains conifer forests
1909:Helanshan montane conifer forests
799:Palearctic terrestrial ecoregions
441:mountains, which run between the
4091:Central Asian riparian woodlands
2379:Eastern Anatolian montane steppe
2034:Qionglai–Minshan conifer forests
2024:Qilian Mountains conifer forests
1929:Hokkaido montane conifer forests
1611:Southern Korea evergreen forests
1295:Euxine–Colchic deciduous forests
1195:Daba Mountains evergreen forests
1151:Changbai Mountains mixed forests
1135:Central Korean deciduous forests
707:, known in North America as the
455:Euxine-Colchic deciduous forests
133:: the Euro-Siberian region; the
34:
4883:Flooded grasslands and savannas
4175:Great Lakes Basin desert steppe
4163:Gobi Lakes Valley desert steppe
3995:Badghyz and Karabil semi-desert
3272:Cherskii–Kolyma mountain tundra
3091:Sayan alpine meadows and tundra
2959:Khangai Mountains alpine meadow
2643:flooded grasslands and savannas
2423:Faroe Islands boreal grasslands
1207:Dinaric Mountains mixed forests
1015:Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests
723:into historic times, including
424:, separates the Palearctic and
282:region, which transitions from
5196:Ecological land classification
4725:Biogeographic regionalisations
4654:http://www.Merriam-Webster.com
4612:
4578:
3765:Pindus Mountains mixed forests
3380:Taimyr–Central Siberian tundra
3055:Pamir alpine desert and tundra
2911:Ghorat–Hazarajat alpine meadow
2847:Altai alpine meadow and tundra
2615:Tian Shan foothill arid steppe
2503:Mongolian–Manchurian grassland
2247:Urals montane tundra and taiga
2207:Scandinavian and Russian taiga
1775:Alps conifer and mixed forests
1711:Zagros Mountains forest steppe
1283:English Lowlands beech forests
1099:Central European mixed forests
923:Azores temperate mixed forests
761:Loxodonta africana pharaoensis
129:The realm consists of several
118:north of the foothills of the
13:
1:
4571:
4131:Central Persian desert basins
4111:Central Asian southern desert
4075:Central Asian northern desert
3119:Sulaiman Range alpine meadows
2315:Alai–Western Tian Shan steppe
2044:Sayan montane conifer forests
1941:Honshū alpine conifer forests
567:
532:. In Southeastern Asia, high
515:, and retained 96 percent of
256:ecoregions, which run across
4862:Deserts and xeric shrublands
3891:Afghan Mountains semi-desert
3884:deserts and xeric shrublands
3540:Cyprus Mediterranean forests
3404:Wrangel Island arctic desert
2583:South Siberian forest steppe
2567:Selenge–Orkhon forest steppe
2335:Altai steppe and semi-desert
2231:Trans-Baikal conifer forests
1764:temperate coniferous forests
1519:Rodope montane mixed forests
1327:Huang He Plain mixed forests
526:mountains of southwest China
490:
304:temperate coniferous forests
110:is the largest of the eight
7:
5103:Temperate Northern Atlantic
4793:Broadleaf and mixed forests
4650:61: pp. 252–271. 1991.
4635:The Anthropology of Iceland
4299:Paropamisus xeric woodlands
4023:Baluchistan xeric woodlands
3903:Alashan Plateau semi-desert
3528:Crete Mediterranean forests
2439:Gissaro–Alai open woodlands
1243:East European forest steppe
544:. Isolated small outposts (
286:in the northern reaches of
260:from western Europe to the
10:
5298:
5206:Vegetation classifications
5108:Temperate Northern Pacific
4147:Eastern Gobi desert steppe
3608:Illyrian deciduous forests
2719:Nile Delta flooded savanna
1897:Elburz Range forest steppe
1623:Taiheiyo evergreen forests
1375:Nihonkai evergreen forests
1315:Hokkaido deciduous forests
691:) in far eastern Siberia,
405:Sahara and Arabian deserts
395:Conservation International
338:
271:
167:
5277:Natural history of Africa
5272:Natural history of Europe
5183:
5141:
5118:Temperate Southern Africa
5070:
5014:
5003:
4983:
4910:
4875:
4849:
4811:
4780:
4749:
4740:
4731:
4641:, pp. 203–227, 1989.
4235:Mesopotamian shrub desert
4191:Junggar Basin semi-desert
3879:
3430:
3197:
3183:Yarlung Zambo arid steppe
2805:
2637:
2555:Sayan Intermontane steppe
2273:
2081:
1733:
1339:Madeira evergreen forests
873:
805:
769:Elephas maximus rubridens
528:are also designated as a
172:In an 1858 paper for the
5128:Tropical Eastern Pacific
5078:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
4639:University of Iowa Press
4343:Qaidam Basin semi-desert
3284:Chukchi Peninsula tundra
2923:Hindu Kush alpine meadow
2791:Yellow Sea saline meadow
2707:Nenjiang River grassland
2347:Central Anatolian steppe
2183:Okhotsk–Manchurian taiga
2171:Northeast Siberian taiga
1351:Manchurian mixed forests
1059:Celtic broadleaf forests
999:Cantabrian mixed forests
781:Straight tusked elephant
433:Western and Central Asia
345:The lands bordering the
318:, and have very similar
250:boreal/subarctic-climate
244:Major ecological regions
5267:Natural history of Asia
5262:Flora of temperate Asia
5149:Biogeographic provinces
5113:Temperate South America
4831:Moist broadleaf forests
3959:Atlantic coastal desert
3580:Iberian conifer forests
3416:Yamalagydanskaja tundra
2695:Bohai Sea saline meadow
1831:Caledon conifer forests
1427:Pannonian mixed forests
745:Coelodonta antiquitatis
414:Atlantic coastal desert
410:A great belt of deserts
329:Arcto-Tertiary Geoflora
64:more precise citations.
4586:Sclater, Philip Lutley
4355:Red Sea coastal desert
4039:Caspian lowland desert
3617:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2159:Kamchatka–Kurile taiga
1543:Sarmatic mixed forests
1475:Po Basin mixed forests
1436:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1216:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1031:Caucasus mixed forests
940:Bosnia and Herzegovina
895:Atlantic mixed forests
785:Palaeoloxodon antiquus
757:North African elephant
715:Megafaunal extinctions
584:, which flow into the
451:temperate rain forests
222:
99:
5211:Zoogeographic regions
5169:Global 200 ecoregions
5098:Temperate Australasia
4836:Dry broadleaf forests
4219:Kopet Dag semi-desert
3308:Kola Peninsula tundra
2359:Daurian forest steppe
2195:Sakhalin Island taiga
793:Panthera leo europaea
753:Mammuthus primigenius
729:Megaloceros giganteus
647:There are no endemic
620:One bird family, the
574:freshwater ecoregions
399:biodiversity hotspots
355:mediterranean climate
216:Alfred Russel Wallace
213:
97:
5257:Biogeographic realms
5252:Ecoregions of Africa
5247:Ecoregions of Europe
5191:Altitudinal zonation
5133:Western Indo-Pacific
5093:Eastern Indo-Pacific
5088:Central Indo-Pacific
4336:United Arab Emirates
3043:Ordos Plateau steppe
2459:Kazakh forest steppe
2087:boreal forests/taiga
975:Baltic mixed forests
935:Balkan mixed forests
530:biodiversity hotspot
377:shrublands known as
274:Euro-Siberian region
268:Euro-Siberian region
179:, British zoologist
112:biogeographic realms
98:The Palearctic realm
5164:Lists of ecoregions
4821:Tropical rainforest
4689:Map of the ecozones
2731:Saharan halophytics
2259:West Siberian taiga
2123:East Siberian taiga
2070:China, Kazakhstan,
653:mouse-like hamsters
361:are home to 13,000
351:Mediterranean Basin
341:Mediterranean Basin
335:Mediterranean Basin
174:Proceedings of the
135:Mediterranean Basin
5242:Ecoregions of Asia
5201:Floristic kingdoms
4965:Hydrothermal vents
4826:Coniferous forests
4788:Coniferous forests
4647:Acta Archaeologica
4628:General references
4207:Kazakh semi-desert
2679:Amur meadow steppe
2407:Emin Valley steppe
316:Bering land bridge
223:
100:
5219:
5218:
5179:
5178:
5123:Tropical Atlantic
4999:
4998:
4906:
4905:
4798:Deciduous forests
4569:
4568:
4511:Taklimakan desert
3875:
3874:
3426:
3425:
3193:
3192:
2801:
2800:
2633:
2632:
2269:
2268:
2077:
2076:
2048:Mongolia, Russia
1729:
1728:
869:
868:
741:woolly rhinoceros
705:Rangifer tarandus
689:Cervus canadensis
659:, and Ailuridae (
644:(Bombycillidae).
347:Mediterranean Sea
254:temperate-climate
90:
89:
82:
18:Palaearctic realm
16:(Redirected from
5289:
5232:Palearctic realm
5012:
5011:
4747:
4746:
4738:
4737:
4718:
4711:
4704:
4695:
4694:
4621:
4616:
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4582:
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765:Chinese elephant
667:, including the
582:rivers of Russia
578:rivers of Europe
467:are home to dry
412:, including the
214:Frontispiece to
164:classification.
85:
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60:this article by
51:inline citations
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737:Bos primigenius
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640:(Alcidae), and
636:(Tetraoninae),
618:
616:Flora and fauna
570:
534:mountain ranges
493:
465:Iranian plateau
435:
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343:
337:
325:Holarctic realm
276:
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238:Antarctic realm
176:Linnean Society
170:
143:Arabian Deserts
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56:Please help to
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5282:Phytogeography
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339:Main article:
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5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5069:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5019:
5017:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5002:
4992:
4989:
4988:
4986:
4982:
4976:
4975:Demersal zone
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4917:
4915:
4909:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4880:
4878:
4874:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4848:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4818:
4816:
4810:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4785:
4783:
4779:
4773:
4772:Alpine tundra
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4754:
4752:
4750:Polar/montane
4748:
4745:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4719:
4714:
4712:
4707:
4705:
4700:
4699:
4696:
4690:
4687:
4684:
4681:
4680:
4671:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4649:
4648:
4643:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4631:
4620:
4615:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4581:
4577:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4544:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4520:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4456:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4419:Sahara desert
4417:
4416:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4365:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4352:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4340:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4308:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4296:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4260:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4229:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4204:
4201:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4188:
4185:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4172:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4160:
4157:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4144:
4141:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4128:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4088:
4085:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4060:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4036:
4033:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3969:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3916:
3913:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3885:
3882:
3878:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3850:
3847:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3794:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3759:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3650:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3602:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3462:
3457:
3455:
3450:
3448:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3434:
3429:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3318:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3260:Bering tundra
3258:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3239:Arctic desert
3237:
3236:
3229:
3224:
3222:
3217:
3215:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3196:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3129:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3101:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2981:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2837:
2832:
2830:
2825:
2823:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2804:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2785:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2769:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2669:
2664:
2662:
2657:
2655:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2636:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2577:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2523:Pontic steppe
2521:
2520:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2485:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2475:Kazakh steppe
2473:
2472:
2469:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2433:
2429:
2428:Faroe Islands
2426:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2417:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2305:
2300:
2298:
2293:
2291:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2272:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2113:
2108:
2106:
2101:
2099:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2080:
2073:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1755:
1750:
1748:
1743:
1741:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
996:
993:
989:
985:
981:
978:
976:
973:
972:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
938:
936:
933:
932:
929:
926:
924:
921:
920:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
898:
896:
893:
892:
889:
886:
884:
881:
880:
877:
872:
865:
862:
860:
857:
856:
853:
850:
848:
845:
844:
837:
832:
830:
825:
823:
818:
817:
815:
812:
809:
804:
796:
794:
790:
789:European lion
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
712:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
645:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
613:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
565:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
540:and southern
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
518:
514:
509:
505:
501:
497:
488:
486:
482:
477:
473:
470:
466:
462:
458:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
430:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
402:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
371:deforestation
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
342:
332:
330:
326:
321:
317:
313:
312:North America
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
280:biogeographic
275:
265:
263:
259:
255:
251:
241:
239:
235:
231:
227:
221:
217:
212:
208:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
177:
165:
163:
162:zoogeographic
158:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
127:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
96:
92:
84:
81:
73:
63:
59:
53:
52:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
5237:Biogeography
5142:Subdivisions
5061:
5032:Australasian
5022:Afrotropical
4984:Other biomes
4960:Benthic zone
4955:Pelagic zone
4950:Neritic zone
4940:Kelp forests
4812:Tropical and
4669:
4645:
4634:
4614:
4597:
4593:
4580:
4388:Saudi Arabia
4332:Saudi Arabia
4228:Turkmenistan
4120:Turkmenistan
4100:Turkmenistan
4056:Turkmenistan
4012:Turkmenistan
3948:Saudi Arabia
3432:
3199:
2980:Turkmenistan
2807:
2639:
2275:
2083:
1760:
807:
792:
784:
776:
768:
760:
752:
744:
736:
728:
718:
704:
696:
688:
680:
673:Ursus arctos
672:
646:
632:(Gaviidae),
619:
571:
550:Nat Ma Taung
494:
487:ecoregions.
461:Central Asia
459:
436:
420:desert, and
408:
344:
294:to the vast
277:
247:
229:
224:
219:
197:Australasian
173:
171:
159:
128:
124:North Africa
107:
103:
101:
91:
76:
67:
48:
5052:Neotropical
5042:Indomalayan
5015:Terrestrial
4945:Coral reefs
4814:subtropical
4741:Terrestrial
4404:Afghanistan
4304:Afghanistan
4136:Afghanistan
4068:Afghanistan
4028:Afghanistan
4000:Afghanistan
3896:Afghanistan
3124:Afghanistan
3060:Afghanistan
2940:Afghanistan
2928:Afghanistan
2916:Afghanistan
1886:Afghanistan
1800:Switzerland
1704:Switzerland
1616:South Korea
1368:South Korea
1360:North Korea
1160:North Korea
1144:South Korea
1140:North Korea
916:Netherlands
874:Palearctic
721:Pleistocene
697:Bison bison
665:the Ice Age
606:Lake Baikal
546:sky islands
457:ecoregion.
447:Caspian Sea
375:sclerophyll
367:overgrazing
292:Scandinavia
205:Neotropical
193:Indomalayan
108:Palaearctic
62:introducing
5226:Categories
5159:Ecoregions
5154:Bioregions
5062:Palearctic
4970:Cold seeps
4930:Intertidal
4572:References
4560:Mauritania
4496:Mauritania
4280:Mauritania
4212:Kazakhstan
4124:Uzbekistan
4116:Kazakhstan
4104:Uzbekistan
4096:Kazakhstan
4084:Uzbekistan
4080:Kazakhstan
4048:Kazakhstan
4016:Uzbekistan
4008:Tajikistan
3980:Azerbaijan
3964:Mauritania
3881:Palearctic
3439:ecoregions
3433:Palearctic
3206:ecoregions
3200:Palearctic
3148:Kyrgyzstan
3144:Kazakhstan
3072:Tajikistan
3068:Kyrgyzstan
2856:Kazakhstan
2814:ecoregions
2808:Palearctic
2744:Mauritania
2646:ecoregions
2640:Palearctic
2628:Kyrgyzstan
2624:Kazakhstan
2528:Kazakhstan
2496:Kazakhstan
2480:Kazakhstan
2464:Kazakhstan
2452:Uzbekistan
2448:Tajikistan
2444:Kyrgyzstan
2416:Kazakhstan
2388:Azerbaijan
2340:Kazakhstan
2328:Uzbekistan
2324:Tajikistan
2320:Kazakhstan
2282:ecoregions
2276:Palearctic
2090:ecoregions
2084:Palearctic
2072:Kyrgyzstan
1816:Kazakhstan
1767:ecoregions
1761:Palearctic
1228:Montenegro
1040:Azerbaijan
1020:Azerbaijan
814:ecoregions
808:Palearctic
669:brown bear
661:red pandas
657:Prolagidae
568:Freshwater
558:Fan Si Pan
522:Indomalaya
485:Indomalaya
472:grasslands
426:Afrotropic
262:Bering Sea
185:Afrotropic
131:bioregions
104:Palearctic
45:references
5037:Holarctic
5027:Antarctic
4935:Mangroves
4781:Temperate
3944:Palestine
1955:Mongolia
1568:Lithuania
1120:Lithuania
773:cave bear
725:Irish elk
626:Holarctic
622:accentors
610:Lake Biwa
538:Indochina
491:East Asia
443:Black Sea
379:chaparral
155:East Asia
120:Himalayas
5184:See also
5057:Oceanian
5047:Nearctic
4925:Littoral
4898:Mangrove
4888:Riparian
4683:Avionary
4588:(1858).
4472:Pakistan
4412:Pakistan
4200:Mongolia
4180:Mongolia
4168:Mongolia
4156:Mongolia
4032:Pakistan
3912:Mongolia
3842:Portugal
3754:Portugal
3633:Slovenia
3597:Portugal
3248:Svalbard
3128:Pakistan
3096:Mongolia
3036:Pakistan
2964:Mongolia
2952:Pakistan
2860:Mongolia
2572:Mongolia
2548:Bulgaria
2512:Mongolia
2368:Mongolia
2236:Mongolia
1890:Pakistan
1860:Slovakia
1820:Mongolia
1796:Slovenia
1524:Bulgaria
1464:Slovenia
1460:Slovakia
1344:Portugal
1300:Bulgaria
1248:Bulgaria
1236:Slovenia
1004:Portugal
944:Bulgaria
928:Portugal
701:reindeer
677:red deer
642:waxwings
517:Pliocene
513:ice ages
481:Himalaya
463:and the
445:and the
439:Caucasus
391:garrigue
383:matorral
236:and the
218:'s book
201:Nearctic
70:May 2015
4911:Aquatic
4893:Wetland
4552:Algeria
4484:Algeria
4424:Algeria
4316:Bahrain
4288:Tunisia
4284:Morocco
4268:Algeria
3984:Georgia
3858:Croatia
3822:Lebanon
3770:Albania
3722:Tunisia
3718:Morocco
3710:Algeria
3698:Tunisia
3694:Morocco
3682:Algeria
3661:Morocco
3621:Croatia
3613:Albania
3565:Lebanon
3365:Finland
3004:Morocco
2892:Myanmar
2748:Tunisia
2736:Algeria
2544:Ukraine
2536:Romania
2532:Moldova
2432:Denmark
2392:Georgia
2384:Armenia
2212:Finland
2140:Iceland
1989:China,
1978:Tunisia
1970:Morocco
1966:Algeria
1864:Ukraine
1856:Romania
1788:Germany
1780:Austria
1700:Germany
1688:Austria
1560:Finland
1556:Estonia
1552:Denmark
1548:Belarus
1492:Andorra
1468:Ukraine
1452:Romania
1448:Hungary
1440:Croatia
1432:Austria
1404:Ireland
1304:Georgia
1264:Ukraine
1256:Romania
1252:Moldova
1220:Croatia
1212:Albania
1188:Ukraine
1124:Moldova
1116:Germany
1108:Belarus
1104:Austria
1064:Ireland
1044:Georgia
1036:Armenia
984:Germany
980:Denmark
960:Romania
912:Germany
904:Denmark
900:Belgium
733:aurochs
709:caribou
699:), and
602:Siberia
598:Caspian
554:Vietnam
511:in the
508:Siberia
453:of the
363:endemic
258:Eurasia
234:Oceania
168:History
151:Central
147:Western
116:Eurasia
58:improve
5083:Arctic
5071:Marine
5007:realms
4913:biomes
4867:Steppe
4757:Tundra
4743:biomes
4733:Biomes
4380:Jordan
4320:Kuwait
4252:Jordan
4248:Israel
4184:Russia
4052:Russia
3940:Kuwait
3936:Jordan
3928:Israel
3862:France
3830:Turkey
3818:Jordan
3814:Israel
3774:Greece
3738:Monaco
3734:France
3645:France
3625:Greece
3573:Turkey
3561:Jordan
3557:Israel
3545:Cyprus
3533:Greece
3521:France
3497:Turkey
3485:Turkey
3477:Greece
3421:Russia
3409:Russia
3397:Russia
3385:Russia
3373:Sweden
3369:Norway
3353:Russia
3341:Russia
3329:Russia
3317:Russia
3313:Norway
3301:Russia
3289:Russia
3277:Russia
3265:Russia
3252:Norway
3244:Russia
3203:tundra
3100:Russia
2888:Bhutan
2864:Russia
2784:Russia
2688:Russia
2604:Jordan
2588:Russia
2576:Russia
2560:Russia
2540:Russia
2516:Russia
2484:Russia
2468:Russia
2400:Turkey
2372:Russia
2352:Turkey
2264:Russia
2252:Russia
2240:Russia
2224:Sweden
2220:Russia
2216:Norway
2200:Russia
2188:Russia
2176:Russia
2164:Russia
2152:Russia
2128:Russia
2059:Norway
2038:China
2028:China
2018:China
2007:Turkey
1995:Bhutan
1945:Japan
1923:China
1913:China
1852:Poland
1824:Russia
1784:France
1724:Turkey
1696:France
1676:Russia
1664:Russia
1604:Russia
1580:Sweden
1576:Russia
1572:Norway
1564:Latvia
1536:Serbia
1528:Greece
1496:France
1456:Serbia
1364:Russia
1308:Turkey
1276:Turkey
1260:Russia
1232:Serbia
1184:Russia
1128:Poland
1080:Turkey
1052:Turkey
1048:Russia
992:Sweden
988:Poland
968:Turkey
964:Serbia
952:Kosovo
948:Greece
908:France
787:) and
649:mammal
634:grouse
600:seas,
596:, and
590:Baltic
586:Arctic
580:, the
562:Taiwan
476:desert
469:steppe
418:Sahara
387:maquis
320:mammal
288:Russia
284:tundra
203:, and
189:Indian
145:; and
139:Sahara
137:; the
122:, and
47:, but
4762:Taiga
4564:Niger
4540:Sudan
4536:Libya
4532:Egypt
4516:China
4504:Sudan
4500:Niger
4448:Sudan
4444:Niger
4436:Libya
4432:Egypt
4392:Yemen
4376:Egypt
4364:Sudan
4360:Egypt
4348:China
4328:Qatar
4276:Libya
4272:Egypt
4256:Syria
4196:China
4152:China
3952:Yemen
3924:Egypt
3908:China
3870:Malta
3866:Italy
3846:Spain
3826:Syria
3802:Spain
3790:Italy
3758:Spain
3742:Spain
3714:Libya
3690:Libya
3686:Egypt
3669:Spain
3649:Italy
3629:Italy
3601:Spain
3585:Spain
3569:Syria
3509:Spain
3188:China
3176:Nepal
3172:India
3160:China
3140:China
3112:China
3084:China
3064:China
3048:China
3032:India
3028:China
3016:China
2948:India
2944:China
2904:Nepal
2900:India
2896:China
2876:China
2852:China
2796:China
2780:China
2740:Egypt
2724:Egypt
2712:China
2700:China
2684:China
2620:China
2608:Syria
2508:China
2412:China
2364:China
1991:India
1974:Spain
1934:Japan
1812:China
1792:Italy
1652:China
1640:Japan
1628:Japan
1592:China
1512:China
1500:Spain
1480:Italy
1420:China
1392:Japan
1380:Japan
1356:China
1332:China
1320:Japan
1224:Italy
1200:China
1172:China
1156:China
1092:China
1008:Spain
888:Italy
864:China
852:China
630:loons
594:Black
542:China
504:Japan
500:Korea
496:China
389:, or
296:taiga
4920:Pond
4556:Mali
4528:Chad
4492:Mali
4488:Chad
4468:Iraq
4464:Iran
4440:Mali
4428:Chad
4408:Iran
4384:Oman
4324:Oman
4244:Iran
4240:Iraq
4224:Iran
4140:Iran
4044:Iran
4004:Iran
3988:Iran
3932:Iraq
2992:Iran
2976:Iran
2768:Iran
2764:Iraq
2600:Iraq
2396:Iran
1902:Iran
1720:Iraq
1716:Iran
1024:Iran
638:auks
556:(on
502:and
474:and
437:The
302:and
290:and
252:and
153:and
141:and
102:The
4876:Wet
4850:Dry
4602:doi
795:).
779:),
771:),
763:),
755:),
747:),
739:),
731:),
711:).
685:elk
655:),
604:'s
310:of
106:or
5228::
4596:.
4592:.
4562:,
4558:,
4554:,
4538:,
4534:,
4530:,
4502:,
4498:,
4494:,
4490:,
4486:,
4470:,
4466:,
4450:,
4446:,
4442:,
4438:,
4434:,
4430:,
4426:,
4410:,
4406:,
4390:,
4386:,
4382:,
4378:,
4362:,
4334:,
4330:,
4326:,
4322:,
4318:,
4290:,
4286:,
4282:,
4278:,
4274:,
4270:,
4254:,
4250:,
4246:,
4242:,
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