40:
2874:
291:
could not be expelled or transferred to another village, even if the masters left the region themselves. Dharma Kumar argues that the term slavery does not adequately describe the many forms of bondage existing within the traditional agrarian society. Caste involved a number of slavery-like criteria,
237:
According to
Hiltebeitel, whilst the mythological claims of origin from the fire lend credence to their demand for being deemed as Kshatriyas, the claims to military origins and Kshatriya identity did not solely rely on myths. He notes that they had historically adopted various titles and terms that
246:
beyond linguistic indicators ... The
Vanniyars' Kshatriya claims are rooted in their history. There is, to begin with, no reason to discount the ... traditions that Vanniyars formed an important part of the Pallava soldiery. And after the Pallava period there is increasing evidence of
331:
Most
Vanniyars remain either marginal farmers cultivating small areas of land or landless labourers. However, it was reported in 2003 that they were being hurt significantly by the rising debt crisis engulfing Tamil Nadu agriculture, and many now worked as day labourers in
169:
on the other. Nonetheless, communities in the region frequently sought to prove a historic higher status, based on myth or occasionally probable history. He notes that "traditions of demotion from a once higher rank are a commonplace of South Indian caste mythologies".
359:
category, were re-designated as a Most
Backward Caste after successful agitations by them in the 1980s intended to unlock more favourable education and employment entitlements from the state government under its
225:
through
Sanskritisation, and thus the change in their status implicit in being called Vanniyar rather than Palli, was evidenced in the community adopting such practices as vegetarianism and prohibiting the
205:
they petitioned to be recognised as being of the
Kshatriya varna. They formed a number of caste organisations using their preferred name, with the Vanniyakula Kshatriya Maha Sangam appearing in
1492:
1546:
A backward caste
Vanniyar, Veerappan's Robin Hood status in the Vanniyar belt of north and west Tamil Nadu could explain why various parties and leaders are anxious to appease him.
1252:
189:
noted, "they seem to take pleasure in considering themselves as belonging to higher castes, though they have been classified traditionally among the eighteen lower castes."
506:
Aside from distinguishing the Palli and
Vanniyar, Gough also distinguishes the Padaiyacchi cultivating caste, which other scholars consider to be a synonym for Vanniyar.
185:. Gough, however, documenting her fieldwork of 1951ā53, records the Palli and the Vanniyar as separate but similar cultivating castes. Regarding Pallis of Pondicherry,
1466:
364:. In 2020, the PMK launched an agitation to obtain a 20% reservation entitlement for Vanniyars and forced the Tamil Nadu government to institute a caste census.
287:
were collectively bound to their home village soil. Vanniyar mobility was severely restricted but the powers exercised by their masters were also limited ā such
1950:
72:
The
Vanniyars were historically considered a lower caste. They have been trying to gain a higher socio-religious standing since the 19th century, using the
112:(fire), which is also a Tamil name for an important tree. The connection to the sage (Jambumuni) leads to further associations with mythological legends.
1416:
308:, the Vanniyars in the 1980s constituted around 10% of the population of Tamil Nadu, being particularly prevalent in the northernmost districts of
1207:
1500:
1522:
1440:
2678:
2553:
2563:
2821:
1331:
1317:
1719:
2670:
2608:
309:
2650:
1981:
1627:
266:, and quite possibly were the instigators of it, with the other two communities being later adopters. The Vanniyar practice of
177:
notes that as early as in 1833, the
Vanniyar had ceased to accept their "low caste" status, also described as being Shudra by
2645:
1168:
1121:
1032:
1002:
975:
948:
914:
822:
704:
555:
305:
202:
1185:
343:
Due to their population size and concentration, the Vanniyars wield significant political clout in northern Tamil Nadu. The
2903:
2655:
2688:
934:
2836:
2816:
2795:
1287:
2918:
2800:
2683:
2526:
1596:
1573:
1374:
1062:
887:
852:
781:
751:
674:
647:
2548:
2538:
230:, and what Rudolph terms a "radically revisionist history" was supported by claims of descent from the ancient
351:
from the Vanniyar Sangam, a caste association. It has been known on occasion for its violent protests against
227:
2831:
2603:
2598:
2082:
1426:
1158:
2826:
2660:
2625:
2576:
2300:
448:
377:
373:
209:
in 1888 and extending state-wide in 1952. By 1931, due to their successful politicking (a process known as
39:
2780:
2770:
2637:
1845:
2913:
2760:
2099:
1620:
1390:
1215:
17:
573:"Table 1 Ethnic, linguistic and geographical affiliations of Indian populations included in the study"
324:, where they formed around 25% of the population. Vanniyar/Palli constituted 30% of the population of
2785:
2725:
453:
407:
1143:
936:
Pondicherry, Tamil Nadu and South India under French Rule: From FranƧois Martin to Dupleix 1674-1754
30:
This article is about the Indian Vanniyar community. For medieval Sri Lankan chieftaincy title, see
2730:
2720:
2077:
1889:
440:
411:
395:
523:
during the period of sanskritisation was an attempt to take ownership of the Agnivanshi fire myth.
2877:
2775:
2710:
424:
2908:
2735:
2364:
2106:
420:
1584:
1238:
1022:
904:
842:
2790:
2765:
2755:
2745:
2740:
2593:
1661:
1613:
1366:
1277:
1113:
1052:
992:
877:
812:
771:
741:
694:
664:
637:
545:
401:
344:
571:
Kashyap, V. K.; Guha, S.; Sitalaximi, T.; Bindu, G. H.; Hasnain, S. E.; Trivedi, R. (2006).
2851:
2846:
2750:
2620:
2571:
1965:
1931:
1916:
1752:
1699:
1018:
838:
386:
361:
356:
178:
1079:
8:
2235:
2040:
2015:
1995:
1899:
1335:
930:
382:
186:
116:
31:
2392:
2374:
2369:
2357:
2191:
2010:
1990:
1960:
1742:
1714:
1131:
723:
The Nayaks of Sri Lanka, 1739-1815: Political Relations with the British in South India
607:
572:
222:
1186:"Women's Work, Status and Fertility: Land, Caste and Gender in a South Indian Village"
2898:
2397:
2315:
2052:
2005:
1943:
1772:
1592:
1585:""More Kshatriya than thou!" Debating caste and ritual ranking in colonial Tamilnadu"
1569:
1530:
1370:
1359:
1283:
1260:
1164:
1117:
1106:
1058:
1028:
998:
971:
944:
910:
883:
848:
818:
777:
747:
700:
670:
643:
612:
594:
551:
481:
430:
355:
and draws its support base from Vanniyars. The Vanniyars, who previously were of the
277:, there were a number of agricultural labour relationships. According to Ravi Ahuja,
56:
2841:
2715:
2615:
2445:
2253:
2143:
2094:
2067:
1820:
1815:
1668:
808:
602:
584:
415:
274:
146:
2586:
2278:
2089:
1835:
1825:
1563:
1332:"P.T.LEE Chengalvaraya Naicker College of Engineering and Technology-Kanchipuram"
1048:
965:
767:
737:
721:
690:
633:
444:
231:
210:
97:
73:
2543:
2487:
2326:
2283:
2211:
1955:
1926:
1851:
1805:
1747:
1704:
873:
475:
463:
321:
252:
201:
that by descent they were not a low agricultural caste. In preparation for the
182:
166:
77:
844:
Rise of the Plebeians?: The Changing Face of the Indian Legislative Assemblies
2892:
2384:
2181:
1970:
1840:
1830:
1788:
1762:
1757:
1694:
1654:
1534:
1264:
598:
436:
293:
256:
174:
149:
system, notes that South Indian society traditionally recognised neither the
1303:
251:
The caste has also been significant in the practices relating to worship of
2417:
2344:
2123:
2113:
2032:
1782:
1689:
1639:
1421:
616:
589:
2581:
2412:
2402:
2352:
2334:
2245:
2206:
2000:
1911:
1894:
1253:"PMK agitation in support of reservation for Vanniyars paralyses traffic"
348:
325:
317:
313:
198:
2427:
1767:
389:
81:
66:
1320:. 27 October 2002 – via The Economic Times - The Times of India.
1278:
John L. Varianno, Jean-Luc Racine and Viramma Josianne Racine (1997).
1024:
India's Silent Revolution: The Rise of the Lower Castes in North India
304:
Rudolph noted that, although "necessarily tentative" because of being
2473:
2468:
2435:
2407:
2295:
2290:
2226:
2201:
2148:
2062:
1777:
1709:
940:
469:
333:
267:
151:
133:
is widely used to describe them, but is considered to be derogatory.
2482:
2454:
2440:
2307:
2273:
2216:
2176:
1921:
433:, politician and former Union Minister of Health and Family Welfare
278:
263:
260:
105:
1054:
The cult of Draupadī: Mythologies : from Gingee to Kurukserta
773:
The cult of Draupadī: Mythologies : from Gingee to Kurukserta
743:
The cult of Draupadī: Mythologies : from Gingee to Kurukserta
666:
The cult of Draupadī: Mythologies : from Gingee to Kurukserta
639:
The cult of Draupadī: Mythologies : from Gingee to Kurukserta
2478:
2463:
2459:
2221:
2171:
2163:
2153:
2057:
2045:
1904:
1800:
1794:
337:
206:
162:
157:
1587:. In Bergunder, Michael; Frese, Heiko; Schrƶder, Ulrike (eds.).
1356:
61:
2450:
2263:
2196:
2136:
2131:
1938:
1605:
457:
288:
142:
1087:
Delhi University Journal of Humanities and the Social Sciences
1080:"Draupadi in Folk Performances and Sculptural Representations"
2258:
2186:
1737:
352:
696:
The Cult of Draupadī: Mythologies: From Gingee to Kurukserta
2268:
1810:
123:
1565:
The Meaning of the Local: Politics of Place in Urban India
1467:"Veteran broadcaster 'Thenkatchi' Swaminathan passes away"
1361:
The Modernity of Tradition: political development in India
814:
The Modernity of Tradition: Political Development in India
570:
547:
The Modernity of Tradition: Political Development in India
238:
signified a self-image of Kshatriya status, including the
1350:
1108:
Slavery, Abolitionism and Empire in India, 1772ā1843
776:. Vol. 1. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 33ā34.
398:, politician and founder of Tamizhaga Rajiv Congress
247:
Vanniyars assuming "Kshatriya" roles and activities.
1562:de Neve, Geert; Donner, Henrike (8 February 2007).
994:
The Politics of Cultural Nationalism in South India
544:Rudolph, Lloyd I.; Rudolph, Susanne Hoeber (1967).
282:
270:was perhaps related to their adoption of the cult.
1589:Ritual, Caste and Religion in Colonial South India
1358:
1357:I. Rudolph, Lloyd; Susanne Hoeber Rudolph (1969).
1105:
217:was removed from the Madras census, with the term
65:found in the northern part of the Indian state of
1582:
161:(merchant) varnas, being divided instead between
84:deity, born from the flames of a fire sacrifice.
2890:
1057:. Vol. 1. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 38.
882:. Cambridge University press. pp. 24, 437.
746:. Vol. 1. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 38.
642:. Vol. 1. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 35.
817:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 49ā52.
628:
626:
108:word thought to be the root for the Tamil word
719:
543:
115:Other etymologies include derivation from the
51:, also spelled Vanniya, formerly known as the
1621:
1561:
1493:"Tension in Kaduvetti as Guru's kin attacked"
1157:Mathew, K. S.; Stephen, S. Jeyaseela (1999).
1156:
466:, politician and President of Vanniyar Sangam
2525:
2305:
1103:
963:
623:
141:Hiltebeitel, who classifies the Vanniyar as
1047:
803:
801:
799:
797:
795:
793:
766:
736:
689:
662:
632:
550:. University of Chicago Press. p. 49.
192:
1628:
1614:
997:. Princeton University Press. p. 85.
100:suggests that the caste name derives from
1017:
909:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 264.
902:
837:
606:
588:
27:Hindu agrarian caste in Tamil Nadu, India
2513:
1236:
868:
866:
864:
790:
38:
1523:"Caste politics may bail out Veerappan"
1027:. C. Hurst & Co. pp. 183ā184.
990:
807:
281:or Vanniyar farmhands sometimes called
14:
2891:
1318:"Former Union minister Vazhapadi dead"
2512:
1869:
1609:
1163:. Pragati Publications. p. 154.
872:
861:
347:(PMK) is a political party formed by
306:based on figures from the 1931 census
80:that they are related to the ancient
1391:"Why Padayachie is the right choice"
1112:. Oxford University Press. pp.
1077:
929:
726:. New Era Publications. p. 134.
720:Gopalakrishnan, Subramanian (1988).
197:The Pallis tried to get an order in
136:
906:Historical dictionary of the Tamils
699:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 38.
669:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 36.
460:, television personality and author
24:
1871:
1870:
1555:
1459:
1425:. 1 September 2017. Archived from
1365:. University of Chicago. pp.
1239:"Caste and politics in Tamil Nadu"
1184:N., Nakeeran (13 September 2003).
1183:
970:. Rawat Publications. p. 43.
515:The creation of new names such as
472:, bandit turned domestic terrorist
43:Vanniyars celebrating Pongal, 1909
25:
2930:
1583:Venkatachalapathy, A. R. (2011).
991:Barnett, Marguerite Ross (2015).
656:
367:
299:
122:("strength"), or the Sanskrit or
2873:
2872:
1635:
1334:. Ptleecncet.org. Archived from
879:Rural Society in Southeast India
292:such as restriction of freedom,
165:on the one hand and Shudras and
1515:
1485:
1433:
1409:
1383:
1324:
1310:
1304:"Forbes India Magazine - Print"
1296:
1280:Viramma: life of an untouchable
1271:
1245:
1230:
1200:
1177:
1150:
1097:
1071:
1041:
1011:
984:
964:Chockalingam, Joe Arun (2007).
957:
923:
896:
831:
509:
500:
2514:
760:
730:
713:
683:
564:
537:
376:, a politician and founder of
13:
1:
1190:Economic and Political Weekly
488:
1214:. 1 May 2013. Archived from
374:S. S. Ramasami Padayatchiyar
223:reinvention of their history
87:
7:
2904:Social groups of Tamil Nadu
967:Constructing Dalit Identity
328:in the nineteenth century.
283:
10:
2935:
1720:Weberian (three-component)
1208:"Senior Ramadoss arrested"
903:Ramaswamy, Vijaya (2017).
847:. Routledge. p. 447.
29:
2868:
2809:
2701:
2669:
2636:
2562:
2534:
2521:
2508:
2426:
2383:
2343:
2325:
2244:
2162:
2122:
2031:
2024:
1979:
1882:
1878:
1865:
1728:
1682:
1678:
1649:
663:Hiltebeitel, Alf (1991).
478:, film director and actor
454:Thenkachi Ko. Swaminathan
408:M. A. Manickavelu Naicker
378:Tamil Nadu Toilers' Party
2919:South Indian communities
2842:Pre-industrial East Asia
1568:. Taylor & Francis.
396:Vazhappady K. Ramamurthy
193:Sanskritisation movement
92:Several etymologies for
1890:Administrative detainee
1237:Gorringe, Hugo (2012).
221:appearing instead. The
2306:
1282:. Verso. p. 293.
590:10.1186/1471-2156-7-28
421:Radhakrishna Padayachi
249:
242:name itself, and that
219:Vanniya Kula Kshatriya
44:
2847:Pre-industrial Europe
1160:Indo-French Relations
1104:Andrea Major (2012).
1078:Soni, Sakshi (2015).
1019:Jaffrelot, Christophe
839:Jaffrelot, Christophe
402:Chengalvaraya Naicker
345:Pattali Makkal Katchi
244:
129:("forest"). The term
96:have been suggested.
76:process to promote a
42:
2704: or countries
2515:By country or region
1753:Class discrimination
1429:on 26 December 2017.
583:. BMC Genomics: 28.
410:, politician of the
387:Indian South African
255:, together with the
228:remarriage of widows
179:Christophe Jaffrelot
2236:Vanniar (Chieftain)
1503:on 22 November 2021
1473:. 17 September 2009
1417:"Anbumani Ramadoss"
1259:. 2 December 2020.
933:(1 November 2020).
521:Vannikula Kshatriya
383:Nagappan Padayatchi
187:J. B. Prashant More
32:Vanniar (Chieftain)
2817:18th-century Spain
2671:Standard of living
2375:Upper middle class
2370:Lower middle class
1961:Political prisoner
1743:Chattering classes
1715:Spoon class theory
1527:The Times of India
1471:The Times of India
1338:on 1 February 2015
517:Agnikula Kshatriya
423:, a South African
404:, a philanthropist
362:reservation system
203:1871 Indian census
45:
2914:Dravidian peoples
2886:
2885:
2864:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2697:
2696:
2504:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2398:Lumpenproletariat
1900:illegal immigrant
1861:
1860:
1773:Classless society
1529:. 6 August 2000.
1397:. 3 November 2010
1170:978-81-7307-061-7
1123:978-1-84631-758-3
1034:978-1-85065-670-8
1004:978-1-40086-718-9
977:978-81-316-0081-8
950:978-1-000-26372-5
916:978-1-53810-685-3
824:978-0-226-73137-7
809:Rudolph, Lloyd I.
706:978-81-208-1000-6
557:978-0-226-73137-7
431:Anbumani Ramadoss
137:Historical status
16:(Redirected from
2926:
2876:
2875:
2703:
2604:Mexican-American
2532:
2531:
2523:
2522:
2510:
2509:
2311:
2254:Business magnate
2144:Knowledge worker
2029:
2028:
1917:dual or multiple
1880:
1879:
1867:
1866:
1821:Social exclusion
1816:Social cleansing
1730:
1680:
1679:
1669:Economic classes
1630:
1623:
1616:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1591:. Primus Books.
1579:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1541:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1499:. Archived from
1489:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1445:www.oneindia.com
1437:
1431:
1430:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1364:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1241:. India Seminar.
1234:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1196:(37): 3931ā3939.
1181:
1175:
1174:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1141:
1137:
1135:
1127:
1111:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1084:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1049:Hiltebeitel, Alf
1045:
1039:
1038:
1015:
1009:
1008:
988:
982:
981:
961:
955:
954:
927:
921:
920:
900:
894:
893:
870:
859:
858:
835:
829:
828:
805:
788:
787:
768:Hiltebeitel, Alf
764:
758:
757:
738:Hiltebeitel, Alf
734:
728:
727:
717:
711:
710:
691:Hiltebeitel, Alf
687:
681:
680:
660:
654:
653:
634:Hiltebeitel, Alf
630:
621:
620:
610:
592:
568:
562:
561:
541:
524:
513:
507:
504:
425:cabinet minister
416:Commonweal Party
286:
275:domestic slavery
175:Lloyd I. Rudolph
21:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2889:
2888:
2887:
2882:
2856:
2805:
2693:
2665:
2632:
2616:Underprivileged
2558:
2517:
2516:
2492:
2422:
2379:
2339:
2321:
2240:
2158:
2118:
2020:
1975:
1874:
1873:
1857:
1836:Social position
1826:Social mobility
1724:
1674:
1645:
1644:
1634:
1599:
1576:
1558:
1556:Further reading
1553:
1552:
1539:
1537:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1506:
1504:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1476:
1474:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1450:
1448:
1447:. 11 March 2016
1439:
1438:
1434:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1400:
1398:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1377:
1355:
1351:
1341:
1339:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1290:
1276:
1272:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1235:
1231:
1221:
1219:
1218:on 12 June 2018
1206:
1205:
1201:
1182:
1178:
1171:
1155:
1151:
1139:
1138:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1102:
1098:
1082:
1076:
1072:
1065:
1046:
1042:
1035:
1016:
1012:
1005:
989:
985:
978:
962:
958:
951:
928:
924:
917:
901:
897:
890:
874:Gough, Kathleen
871:
862:
855:
836:
832:
825:
806:
791:
784:
765:
761:
754:
735:
731:
718:
714:
707:
688:
684:
677:
661:
657:
650:
631:
624:
569:
565:
558:
542:
538:
528:
527:
514:
510:
505:
501:
491:
445:Union Territory
414:and founder of
370:
302:
296:and ownership.
273:In addition to
253:Draupaudi Amman
232:Pallava dynasty
211:Sanskritisation
195:
139:
98:Alf Hiltebeitel
90:
74:Sanskritisation
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2932:
2922:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2837:Ottoman Empire
2834:
2829:
2824:
2822:Ancient Greece
2819:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2796:United Kingdom
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2707:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2689:Home-ownership
2686:
2681:
2675:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2642:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2623:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2591:
2590:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2568:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2544:American Dream
2541:
2535:
2529:
2519:
2518:
2506:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2457:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2432:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2389:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2349:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2337:
2331:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2319:
2312:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2287:
2286:
2281:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2250:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2168:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2128:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2080:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2037:
2035:
2026:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1987:
1985:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1956:Migrant worker
1953:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1902:
1892:
1886:
1884:
1876:
1875:
1872:By demographic
1863:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1852:Status Anxiety
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1806:Ranked society
1803:
1798:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1748:Class conflict
1745:
1740:
1734:
1732:
1731: topics
1726:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1705:Mudsill theory
1702:
1697:
1692:
1686:
1684:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1672:
1665:
1658:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1625:
1618:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1597:
1580:
1574:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1514:
1484:
1458:
1432:
1408:
1382:
1375:
1349:
1323:
1309:
1295:
1289:978-1859848173
1288:
1270:
1244:
1229:
1199:
1176:
1169:
1149:
1122:
1096:
1070:
1063:
1040:
1033:
1010:
1003:
983:
976:
956:
949:
931:More, J. B. P.
922:
915:
895:
888:
860:
853:
841:(4 May 2012).
830:
823:
789:
782:
759:
752:
729:
712:
705:
682:
675:
655:
648:
622:
563:
556:
535:
534:
526:
525:
508:
498:
497:
490:
487:
486:
485:
479:
476:Thangar Bachan
473:
467:
464:Kaduvetti Guru
461:
451:
441:Chief Minister
434:
428:
418:
405:
399:
393:
380:
369:
368:Notable people
366:
357:Backward Class
301:
300:Current status
298:
194:
191:
183:Kathleen Gough
155:(warrior) nor
138:
135:
89:
86:
78:myth of origin
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2931:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2909:Indian castes
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2879:
2871:
2870:
2867:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2802:
2801:United States
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2702:Other regions
2700:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2614:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2595:
2592:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2527:United States
2524:
2520:
2511:
2507:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2115:
2112:
2108:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2088:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1978:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1966:Socioeconomic
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1937:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1868:
1864:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1841:Social stigma
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1831:Social orphan
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1791:
1790:
1789:Nouveau riche
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1763:Class traitor
1761:
1759:
1758:Class society
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1727:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1695:Gilbert model
1693:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1651:
1648:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1631:
1626:
1624:
1619:
1617:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1600:
1598:9789380607214
1594:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1575:9780203967645
1571:
1567:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1547:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1518:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1488:
1472:
1468:
1462:
1446:
1442:
1441:"N Rangasamy"
1436:
1428:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1412:
1396:
1392:
1386:
1378:
1376:0-226-73137-5
1372:
1368:
1363:
1362:
1353:
1337:
1333:
1327:
1319:
1313:
1305:
1299:
1291:
1285:
1281:
1274:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1248:
1240:
1233:
1217:
1213:
1212:The Telegraph
1209:
1203:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1180:
1172:
1166:
1162:
1161:
1153:
1145:
1133:
1125:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1109:
1100:
1092:
1088:
1081:
1074:
1066:
1064:9788120810006
1060:
1056:
1055:
1050:
1044:
1036:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1020:
1014:
1006:
1000:
996:
995:
987:
979:
973:
969:
968:
960:
952:
946:
942:
938:
937:
932:
926:
918:
912:
908:
907:
899:
891:
889:9780521040198
885:
881:
880:
875:
869:
867:
865:
856:
854:9781136516610
850:
846:
845:
840:
834:
826:
820:
816:
815:
810:
804:
802:
800:
798:
796:
794:
785:
783:9788120810006
779:
775:
774:
769:
763:
755:
753:9788120810006
749:
745:
744:
739:
733:
725:
724:
716:
708:
702:
698:
697:
692:
686:
678:
676:9788120810006
672:
668:
667:
659:
651:
649:9788120810006
645:
641:
640:
635:
629:
627:
618:
614:
609:
604:
600:
596:
591:
586:
582:
578:
574:
567:
559:
553:
549:
548:
540:
536:
533:
532:
522:
518:
512:
503:
499:
496:
495:
483:
480:
477:
474:
471:
468:
465:
462:
459:
455:
452:
450:
446:
442:
438:
437:N. Rangaswamy
435:
432:
429:
426:
422:
419:
417:
413:
409:
406:
403:
400:
397:
394:
391:
388:
384:
381:
379:
375:
372:
371:
365:
363:
358:
354:
350:
346:
341:
339:
335:
329:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
297:
295:
294:forced labour
290:
285:
280:
276:
271:
269:
265:
262:
258:
254:
248:
243:
241:
235:
233:
229:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
190:
188:
184:
180:
176:
171:
168:
164:
160:
159:
154:
153:
148:
145:in the Hindu
144:
134:
132:
128:
125:
121:
118:
113:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
85:
83:
79:
75:
70:
68:
64:
63:
59:community or
58:
54:
50:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2852:Soviet Union
2827:Ancient Rome
2684:Homelessness
2609:Upper Middle
2481: /
2462: /
2453: /
2418:Working poor
2314:
2301:Robber baron
2231:
2124:Intellectual
2114:Royal family
2078:Ancient Rome
1932:second-class
1850:
1793:
1792: /
1787:
1783:High society
1690:Elite theory
1667:
1660:
1653:
1640:Social class
1588:
1564:
1545:
1538:. Retrieved
1526:
1517:
1505:. Retrieved
1501:the original
1496:
1487:
1475:. Retrieved
1470:
1461:
1449:. Retrieved
1444:
1435:
1427:the original
1422:India.gov.in
1420:
1411:
1399:. Retrieved
1394:
1385:
1360:
1352:
1340:. Retrieved
1336:the original
1326:
1312:
1298:
1279:
1273:
1256:
1247:
1232:
1220:. Retrieved
1216:the original
1211:
1202:
1193:
1189:
1179:
1159:
1152:
1107:
1099:
1090:
1086:
1073:
1053:
1043:
1023:
1013:
993:
986:
966:
959:
935:
925:
905:
898:
878:
843:
833:
813:
772:
762:
742:
732:
722:
715:
695:
685:
665:
658:
638:
580:
577:BMC Genetics
576:
566:
546:
539:
530:
529:
520:
516:
511:
502:
493:
492:
484:, film actor
427:and activist
342:
330:
303:
272:
250:
245:
239:
236:
218:
214:
213:), the term
196:
172:
167:untouchables
156:
150:
140:
130:
126:
119:
114:
109:
101:
93:
91:
71:
60:
52:
48:
46:
36:
2771:New Zealand
2488:Untouchable
2413:Proletariat
2403:Pea-pickers
2353:Bourgeoisie
2041:Aristocracy
1927:naturalized
1922:native-born
1507:16 February
1451:25 November
1395:TechCentral
1140:|work=
349:S. Ramadoss
326:Pondicherry
318:South Arcot
314:North Arcot
199:Pondicherry
173:Researcher
2893:Categories
2761:Luxembourg
2651:Inequality
2316:Superclass
2107:Hereditary
2083:Post-Roman
2074:Patrician
1944:adolescent
1768:Classicide
1342:4 November
489:References
456:, a Tamil
449:Puducherry
390:Satyagraha
310:Chingelput
284:pannaiyals
67:Tamil Nadu
18:Padayatchi
2786:Sri Lanka
2679:Education
2646:Household
2539:Affluence
2474:Rat tribe
2436:Ant tribe
2408:Precariat
2393:Lazzaroni
2335:Bohemians
2296:Overclass
2291:Old money
2227:Spartiate
2202:Kshatriya
2192:Hashashin
2149:Professor
2090:Political
2063:Oligarchy
2053:Hanseaten
1971:Stateless
1951:Convicted
1883:By status
1846:Subaltern
1778:Euthenics
1710:New class
1535:0971-8257
1497:DTNext.in
1265:0971-751X
1257:The Hindu
1142:ignored (
1132:cite book
941:Routledge
599:2730-6844
531:Citations
482:Santhanam
470:Veerappan
334:Bengaluru
268:polyandry
264:Mudaliars
152:Kshatriya
117:Dravidian
88:Etymology
57:Dravidian
2899:Vanniyar
2878:Category
2810:Historic
2731:Colombia
2721:Cambodia
2656:Personal
2554:Mobility
2483:Freedman
2469:Plebeian
2455:Prisoner
2441:Commoner
2327:Creative
2308:Seigneur
2274:Nobility
2232:Vanniyar
2217:Pendekar
2177:Cossacks
1811:Snobbery
1683:Theories
1093:: 25ā40.
1051:(1991).
1021:(2003).
876:(1981).
811:(1984).
770:(1991).
740:(1991).
693:(1991).
636:(1991).
617:16707019
279:Paraiyar
261:Vellalar
240:Vanniyar
163:Brahmins
106:Sanskrit
94:Vanniyar
82:Agnikula
55:, are a
49:Vanniyar
2781:Romania
2776:Nigeria
2661:Poverty
2564:Classes
2549:History
2460:Peasant
2446:Outcast
2385:Working
2365:Burgher
2222:Samurai
2212:OcÄlÅtl
2172:Chhetri
2164:Warrior
2154:Scholar
2068:Russian
2058:Magnate
2046:Aristoi
2025:By type
1912:Citizen
1905:refugee
1801:Poverty
1795:Parvenu
1729:Related
1700:Marxian
1662:Stratum
1540:23 June
1477:6 April
608:1513393
443:of the
338:Chennai
158:Vaishya
2736:France
2716:Belize
2711:Africa
2638:Income
2594:Middle
2587:Gentry
2451:Outlaw
2358:Petite
2345:Middle
2279:Landed
2264:Gentry
2197:Knight
2137:Priest
2132:Clergy
2095:Family
2033:Ruling
1982:collar
1939:Clique
1655:Status
1595:
1572:
1533:
1401:3 July
1373:
1286:
1263:
1222:27 May
1167:
1120:
1061:
1031:
1001:
974:
947:
913:
886:
851:
821:
780:
750:
703:
673:
646:
615:
605:
597:
554:
458:orator
392:martyr
353:Dalits
289:slaves
257:Konars
207:Madras
143:Shudra
2832:Aztec
2791:Tibet
2766:Nepal
2756:Italy
2746:India
2741:Haiti
2726:China
2626:Under
2621:Lower
2599:Black
2582:Donor
2577:Black
2572:Upper
2479:Slave
2428:Under
2284:Petty
2259:Elite
2246:Upper
2187:Harii
2182:CuÄuh
2016:White
1996:Green
1895:Alien
1738:Caste
1083:(PDF)
494:Notes
385:, an
322:Salem
215:Palli
147:varna
131:Palli
110:vanni
102:vahni
53:Palli
2751:Iran
2464:Serf
2269:Lord
2207:Nair
2100:List
2011:Pink
2001:Grey
1991:Blue
1980:By "
1593:ISBN
1570:ISBN
1542:2023
1531:ISSN
1509:2022
1479:2020
1453:2019
1403:2024
1371:ISBN
1344:2013
1284:ISBN
1261:ISSN
1224:2018
1165:ISBN
1144:help
1118:ISBN
1059:ISBN
1029:ISBN
999:ISBN
972:ISBN
945:ISBN
911:ISBN
884:ISBN
849:ISBN
819:ISBN
778:ISBN
748:ISBN
701:ISBN
671:ISBN
644:ISBN
613:PMID
595:ISSN
552:ISBN
519:and
336:and
320:and
259:and
181:and
127:vana
124:Pali
104:, a
62:jÄti
47:The
2006:New
603:PMC
585:doi
447:of
412:INC
120:val
2895::
1544:.
1525:.
1495:.
1469:.
1443:.
1419:.
1393:.
1369:.
1367:56
1255:.
1210:.
1194:38
1192:.
1188:.
1136::
1134:}}
1130:{{
1116:.
1114:33
1089:.
1085:.
943:.
939:.
863:^
792:^
625:^
611:.
601:.
593:.
579:.
575:.
439:,
340:.
316:,
312:,
234:.
69:.
2234:/
1984:"
1629:e
1622:t
1615:v
1601:.
1578:.
1511:.
1481:.
1455:.
1405:.
1379:.
1346:.
1306:.
1292:.
1267:.
1226:.
1173:.
1146:)
1126:.
1091:2
1067:.
1037:.
1007:.
980:.
953:.
919:.
892:.
857:.
827:.
786:.
756:.
709:.
679:.
652:.
619:.
587::
581:7
560:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
