Pacific Fur Company

1215: 1607: 891:. The terrain and thick forests made clearing a foundation exceedingly difficult. Late in the month, McDougall reported that there was "little progress in clearing, the place being so full of half decayed trunks, large fallen timber & thick brush." No one among the party had previous experience in the logging industry and many hadn't used an axe before in general. Trees had a layer of hardened resin and were of a massive size. Four men worked as a team on platforms at least eight feet above the ground to effectively cut a tree, with it taking typically two days for a single tree to be felled. Medical issues quickly became another major issue for the party as there was not a single medical officer among the passengers brought on the 1263:. Wapato provided a common source of calories for Chinookans and other nations. The Astorians described the tuber as "a good substitute for potatoes" Purchases of Wapato occurred in such volumes that a small cellar had to be created specifically to house the produce. Other typical purchases from Chinookans included manufactured goods. In particular woven hats were frequently bought for protection against the seasonal rains. These hats were tightly interwoven, making them essentially waterproof. Of benefit to the Astorians was that they were typically wide enough to cover the shoulders. Ross described the common artwork depicted them as "chequered" with various animal designs that were "not painted, but ingeniously interwoven." 378: 1682: 1548: 2005: 1806: 1592:

arose due to dwindling food stockpiles. By 31 October there was enough provisions to last for five days. In early November there were not many animals in the area to gather for food, the few that were caught by the hunting parties were beaver. The traveling partners agreed to end travel by canoe, finding the mode of transportation too difficult continue using. Hunt ordered several groups go in various directions to contact neighboring Indigenous for material support. In the meantime the PFC expedition began to deposit its trade goods in small caches to lighten the workload of the men.

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the night. A skirmish arose at sunrise between arriving Wascos and Reed, who was defending several bales of goods with one man. After being grievously injured, Reed lost the box containing the dispatches. Additional PFC arrived at the scene and two natives were reportedly killed in the struggle. The Chinookans returned in larger numbers and armed several hours later. To avoid more bloodshed Stuart was able to negotiate a settlement with the aggrieved families. In return for a reported six blankets and tobacco, the Astorians were able to continue their journey up the Columbia.

4025: 1460: 526: 876: 363:. The emporium envisioned by Astor was a failure for a number of reasons, including the loss of two supply ships, the material difficulties of crossing the North American continent and competition from the North West Company. Historian Arthur S. Morton concluded that "The misfortunes which befell the Pacific Fur Company were great, but such as might be expected at the initiation of an enterprise in a distant land whose difficulties and whose problems lay beyond the experience of the traders." 1077: 1385: 1989: 27: 910: 1870: 684: 2021: 586: 459:. The venture was planned on methods used in the AFC for the collection of fur pelts. Complements of employees (later called "Astorians") would operate in various parts of the region to complete trapping excursions. Outposts maintained by the PFC would be freighted necessary foodstuffs and supplies by annual cargo ships from New York City. Trade goods such as beads, blankets, and copper would be exchanged with the 2066:. In a short time the HBC controlled the majority of the fur trade across the Pacific Northwest. This was done in a manner that "the Americans were forced to acknowledge that Astor's dream" of a multi-continent economic web "had been realized... by his enterprising and far-sighted competitors." The PFC held additional influence on the region in some particular and subtle ways. The book 1050:

were taken to land on 1 September and work soon began on Fort Okanogan. A residence crafted from driftwood acquired from the Okanogan River. While construction of the post was ongoing, four men that included Pillet were detailed to inform the progress of inland trade. The party arrived back at the company headquarters on 11 October and gave its favorable report.

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any of Hunt's party were harmed he'd take it as an offense against him as well. In setting the standard rate for purchasing horses, "carbines, powder, ball, tomahawks knives" were in high demand as the Arikara were planning an attack upon the Sioux. Lisa and Hunt made a deal allowing for Hunt's boats to be exchanged for additional horses, kept at

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demonstrations. This fear by the natives convinced the Astorians that "they are not friendly disposed towards us..." having "a desire to harm us." According to Jones, this "latent distrust" of Chinookans by Astorians from this incident was probably unfounded, as they entered the post "for an innocent purpose" and were frightened by the drills.

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easy descent to the river banks for water. Sources of hydration became very limited and despite intercourse with several groups of Indigenous the situation didn't improve. Water was collected on 20 November after it rained the previous night. Up to that point "several Canadians had begun to drink their urine" in desperation.

1906:. The movement of workers to their assigned locales began in late June. Robert Stuart led a party bound for St. Louis to send information to Astor as Reed had attempted earlier in the year. His group was composed two French-Canadians and four Americans. John Day became afflicted by mental instability and Stuart paid several 2037: 1709:, was found and brought along with the party. They finally arrived at Fort Astoria on 18 January 1812. The party was described as clothed in "nothing but fluttering rags." While waiting for the main contingent under Hunt to arrive, the men informed the personnel of the overland journey's progress from St. Louis. 423:. Capital for the PFC amounted to $ 200,000 divided into 100 shares individually valued at $ 2,000 and was funded entirely by Astor. The American Fur Company held half of the stock and the other half divided among prospective management and clerks. The chief representative of Astor in the daily operations was 517:

later on. PFC contracts were atypically favorable for hired men when compared to its Montreal competitors. Terms included a forty percent larger annual salary, double the cash advanced prior to departure and a length of service lasting five years, rather than the more common two or three year employment.

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Chinookans were highly important in company explorations of the Pacific Coast. In particular, they were instrumental in finding a suitable location for what became Fort Astoria. In early April 1811 McDougall and David Stuart visited Comcomly, who advised them not to return to the Columbia River as it

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throughout September and October. These were recorded on the company ledger and particular purchases been argued as the men collecting goods to trade with various Indigenous nations they would visit. In particular, these negotiations by the French-Canadians have been thought to be steps towards later

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to bring much needed provisions. By cooperating with Russian colonial authorities to strengthen their material presence in Russian America, it was hoped by Astor to stop the NWC or any other British presence to be established upon the Pacific Coast. A tentative agreement for merchant vessels owned by

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visited Fort Astoria. In dialogue with them McDougall inquired why they would rarely directly trade with the PFC. The Chehalis merchants responded that Chinooks affiliated with Comcomly claimed that the Astorians were "very inveterate against their nation." McDougall concluded this story was used by

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Stuart led Montigny and two other men to follow the course of the Okanogan, leaving only Ross at the post. As promised, the Syilx provided security for the station, frequently alerting Ross when intruders from other nations came near. Despite planning on exploring the Okanogan watershed for a month,

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During a NWC shareholder meeting in July 1814, the partners declared that the sale "greatly facilitated the getting out of the Country our competitors the American Fur Company. They also concluded that the sale of Astoria and other PFC properties gave "considerable" advancements for their company.

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was relayed to the Astorians at Fort Spokane, information that Donald McKenzie brought to Fort Astoria in January 1813. As Franchere recalled, a council of clerks and management noted that the Astorians were "almost to a man British subjects", forcing them to agree to "abandon the establishment" of

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left Fort Astoria under supplied and heavily reliant upon neighboring Chinookans for sustenance. Competition from the interior based North West Company threatened to the loss of major fur producing Oregon Country regions. The Overland Expedition would arrive many months later than planned by Astor.

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was to retrieve the caches left by Hunt near Fort Henry. To complete several of the necessary portages at the Dalles, Wascos were hired to help freight the trade goods. Two bales of trade goods and later some personal items were however stolen. Stuart ordered his men to complete the portages during

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and her two children on six canoes. McDougall was apprehensive about feeding all these additional people, a sentiment Franchère shared, as the post had recently faced issues with provisions. Due to seasonal salmon runs harvested by various Chinookans however, there was a sizable food supply at Fort

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Additional services tendered was the relaying information from more distant peoples to the Astorians. Reports were circulated by them in late April 1811 of a trade post maintained by white men in the interior. This was correctly conjectured by PFC employees to be their NWC rivals, later found to be

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Thirteen men signed contracts in Montreal to join Hunt on the journey to the Pacific coast by land. Notably only one had previously operated under a contract lasting longer than a year. The generous cash advancements were taken advantage by three men who deserted before Hunt and the remaining group

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The customary time for free agents to be sent into the interior from Montreal was in May, leaving few men left in the city available for hire. The recruitment effort stalled in part from the bitter treatment by the NWC and Hunt's lack of prior experience as a fur merchant, the source of many issues

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were there them, exhausted from several months of tribulations. Wandering over a large area, the two men at one point received the help of an Umatilla noble, Yeck-a-tap-am, who "in particular treated us like a father." After being robbed by another band of Natives, Crooks and Day were able to find

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due to these fierce currents. Over course of the remainder of September through early November, four incidents of canoes capsizing killed one man meant major losses in trade goods and food supplies. In addition to the hardships caused from attempting to follow the course of the Snake more problems

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or so called "Mad River" to the Columbia. This was done as it felt no longer necessary to travel with pack horses, a decision that would soon cause more issues for the party. On the 10th, four men and two Natives under the command of Joseph Miller departed to begin trapping in the area. The horses

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intervening. After this incident the rival fur companies refrained from interacting and camped on opposite sides of the Missouri River. Despite this, Lisa and Hunt led their parties north towards an Arikara village and reached it on 12 June. In a council with local leadership Lisa declared that if

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warriors. McKay was able to request a parlay, during which the Cowlitz stated they were armed for combat against the nearby Skilloot Chinookan village near the river mouth. Reaching the Dalles on 10 May, no trade station was found at the important fishery. Due to Coalpo's fear of reprisal from his

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Diplomatic relationships with the Chinookan villages near the Columbia were critical for the viability of Fort Astoria. Scholars have affirmed that the American company and its "economic success depended on mutually beneficial economic exchanges with Indian groups... who controlled trade." Many of

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were encountered. Prominent members of the nation entreated the fur traders to reside among their people, proclaiming "themselves to be always be our friends, to kill us plenty of beavers, to furnish us at all times with provisions, and to ensure our protection and safety." The cargo of the canoes

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to reach Fort Astoria ahead of the main contingent. All that remained in the company stores was "forty pounds of corn, twenty of fat, and nearly five pounds of bouillon tablets." On 9 November the two groups began traveling on either side of the Snake. Soon the cliffs became too steep to allow an

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Chinookans near Fort Astoria employed various means of retaining their valuable middle man position between various neighboring Indigenous peoples and the PFC. Additional tactics involved manipulating the perception neighboring Natives had of the American company. In August 1811, a small party of

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In June 1812, the number of men at Fort Astoria were reduced to 11 Hawaiians and 39 European descendants. Fear of attack by Chinookans was high and drills were directed by McDougall frequently. A delegation of Chinookans visited Fort Astoria on 2 July quickly left after witnessing these military

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It wasn't always that the Astorians, especially McDougall trusted Comcomly or Chinookans in general. His judgment of them, despite eventually marrying a daughter of Comcomly was that they were often ready to attack the fort. In particular Jones noted that he "seems to place implicit faith in any

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However, Chinookans were not always willing to help Astorians in visiting distant locations. This was a means of delaying the Astorians from making commercial connections with Indigenous peoples on the Upper Columbia. One particular incident has been described by historian Robert F. Jones as "an

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Funds provided by Astor established several major trading stations across the Pacific Northwest. While intended to gain control of the regional fur trade, the Pacific Fur Company would ultimately flounder. This came from a variety of issues, many caused by the tumultuous diplomatic relationship

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established a "joint occupancy" of the Pacific Northwest between the United States and the United Kingdom was confirmed, each nation agreeing not to inhibit the activities of each other's citizens. During 1821, the British Government ordered the NWC to be merged in their long time rivals, the

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The conflict raised security concerns of crossing into further Indigenous nations, forcing the three parties to all travel to Fort Okanogan. Arriving there on the 24th of April, the clerks, voyageurs and trappers departed for Fort Astoria on the 29th, leaving Alexander Ross and two men at the

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As the leader of the expedition Hunt would make a number of decisions which were disastrous. The movement of Hunt's group has been described as "a company of traders forging westward in haphazard fashion." He ordered the expedition to leave St. Louis just before the winter to reduce company

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were loaded with powder and fired to intimidate the Sioux bands. The artillery were then loaded with live ammunition, but the Sioux across the river began to "spread their buffalo robes before them, and moved them side to side." Dorion stopped the firing of the armaments a second time, as he

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with him to the Nodaway camp, as previously agreed upon. The party left St. Louis on 12 March and reached Fort Osage on the 8th of April. Early into the travel Dorion physically abused his wife and caused her to flee for a day. At the station Ramsay Crooks was waiting for them and the group

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of the Columbia River. Necessary trade goods for deals with Indigenous and needed supplies to establish the station were shipped on the same vessel In addition to beginning the company headquarters, this party would block any attempts by the NWC to create a station in the area. The ship

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was then quite tumultuous. The two men didn't listen and shortly afterward their canoe capsized in the river. The "timely succor" of Comcomly and his villagers ensured the partners were saved before they drowned. After recuperating there for three days, they returned to the PFC camp.

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territory, Stuart failed establish favorable relations with them. Watlala men performed several military displays and stole a small amount of goods. Naukane agreed to join the NWC shortly after this episode and the two parties separated. Stuart was able to secure the protection of

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further up the Missouri River. Crooks was sent with a small group to fetch the horses and while they reached Fort Lisa on the 23rd, they had to wait until the 25th for Lisa to arrive to finalize the transaction. The party left the following day and returned south to Hunt's camp.

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After the men were finally gathered in early August, Hunt and the party departed for St. Louis and arrived there on 3 September. The hired voyageurs and fur trappers completed many transactions with various merchants in St. Louis and in the nearby French-Canadian settlement of

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Consistently small stockpiles of foodstuffs at Fort Astoria created the need for frequent transactions with Chinookans for sustenance. Seasonal fish runs provided the major nutritional sources for the Columbian River-based Natives. After ceremonial rituals during each major

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made management consider "grander schemes" for the summer. New establishments would be created to challenge the NWC across the region in addition to pursuing trading expeditions among various Indigenous nations. A total of almost 60 men were directed to locations from the

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on 15 July. Thompson later stated that his group "set off on a voyage down the Columbia River to explore this river in order to open out a passage for the interior trade with the Pacific Ocean." The competing fur traders were cordially received at Astoria.

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nations at the time were typically unreceptive to trespass from European descendants and made a showing of military force against the Lewis and Clark Expedition. This changed Hunt's plans, who according determined it best to avoid the Niitsitapi peoples.

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in February 1811. Due to the possibility of men abandoning their posts to live in the tropical islands, Thorn assembled all of the crew and PFC employees to harass them to remain on the ship. Commercial transactions with Hawaiians saw the crew purchasing

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throughout May to July 1810. Hunt was designated to lead the Overland Expedition, despite his inexperience in dealing with Indigenous cultures, or residing in the wilderness. It was suggested that Hunt instead trade positions with McKay and travel on the

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forced the sale of PFC assets to the NWC. While the transactions were not finalized until 1814, due to the distance from Fort Astoria to Montreal and New York City, the company was functionally defunct by 1813. A party of Astorians returning overland to

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Fort Astoria and its secondary stations. A British warship was learned from NWC clerks to be en route to capture the station. The PFC management agreed to sell its assets across the Oregon Country, formalized on 23 October 1813 with the raising of the

1362:(MFC), something that would lead to tensions between the fur companies later in the year. In the end Hunt was able to secure Dorion, on the condition that Marie and his two children be brought along as well. Once finalized, he took British naturalists 1969:

arrived on the Columbia, delivering much-needed supplies to Fort George. She then sailed on to China, and England. She carried some PFC personnel, many of whom were former employees of the NWC, back to England, from where they returned to Montreal.

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Crooks reunited with Hunt's party in early December alone. Crooks was so weakened from starvation that his pace would have slowed the expedition immensely. Hunt left two men to tend to Crooks while the main group pushed forward. Several villages of

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village in early May. Active commercial transactions were completed there, with Omaha merchants offering "jerked buffalo meat, tallow, corn, and marrow" for vermilion, beads and tobacco carrots. Bradbury detailed that the Omaha village had plots of

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businessman with no outback experience who received five shares. Each working partner was assigned four shares with the remaining shares held in reserve for hired clerks. Fellow partners in the venture were recruited from the NWC, the members being

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On 3 June, employees of the Missouri Fur Company under the command of Manuel Lisa were encountered on the Missouri River. Lisa reminded Dorion of his pending debt to the company, and a duel between the two men was narrowly averted by Bradbury and

723:. The stranded men were taken on board after Robert Stuart threatened to kill Thorn. Communication between company workers was no longer held in English to keep the captain excluded from discussions. Company partners held talks in their ancestral 1523:"We spent the first day of September buying some robes and belts and trading our tired, maimed horses for fresh ones... thereby augmenting the number of our horses to about 121, most of which were well-trained and able to cross the mountains." 1437:. Hunt explained that the expedition intended to travel to the Pacific Ocean and they had no interest in the neighboring Indigenous groups. This was found to be acceptable by the Sioux leaders, and the PFC was allowed to depart further north. 1149:

Despite not finding the NWC post, management at Fort Astoria soon became "anxious to acquire a knowledge of the country & the prospects of trade... within our reach". On 6 June 1811, Robert Stuart went north on a tour of western

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were not found in large numbers around Fort Astoria. This made them another important source of trade for the Chinookans when visiting the PFC station. Another frequent item sold when fish supplies were low in the winter was the

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Astor to ship furs gathered in Russian America into the Qing Empire was signed in 1812. Company ships then were directed to sail to the port of Guangzhou, where furs were then sold for impressive profits. Chinese products like

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were visited and vitally needed food sources such as horses along with "some dried fish, a few roots, and some pounded dried cherries" were purchased. A Shoshone was convinced to act as a scout to guide the PFC group to the

565:"We sang as we rowed; which, joined to the unusual sight of a birch bark canoe impelled by nine stout Canadians, dark as Indians, and as gayly adorned, attracted a crowd upon the wharves to gaze at us as we glided along." 419:, he incorporated an AFC subsidiary, the Pacific Fur Company. The commercial venture was originally designed to last for twenty years. Unlike its major competitor the Canadian owned NWC, the Pacific Fur Company was not a 1425:

understood this action by the Sioux meant they desired a parley. Peace talks were held and the Sioux explained that they had formed to prevent the PFC from trading with the neighboring nations they were at war with, the

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to staff company locations. Recruiting for the company's two expeditions were led by Wilson Hunt and Donald Mackenzie for the overland party and Alexander McKay for the naval bound group. All three men were based out of

1030:, who gave two horses to the fur traders as a gift in addition to several more being purchased. While passing through other Indigenous homelands the PFC continued financial dealings for food supplies. Members of the 1606: 1375:

acquaintances rather than continue with the expedition. The group reached the winter camp on the 17th. The overland group at this point amounted to almost sixty men, forty being French-Canadian voyageurs.

1206:. Afterwards, the headman cited the seasonal flooding as making the Columbia unsafe to travel further upriver. This forced Pillet to return to Astoria with what pelts he had purchased from the Skilloots. 1519:

visited the camp. The following day a delegation of Apsáalooke on horseback invited them to visit their nearby village. Hunt recalled the importance of mercantile deals with the Apsáalooke stating that:

553:. On 3 August they reached New York City, with the group's "hats decorated with parti-colored ribands and feathers..." causing some Americans to believe them to Natives. The following day lodgings at 2054:

Plans were considered to use the stations much in the same manner Astor meant, for trade with China. The Columbia also offered a less costly means of supplying the interior NWC posts in the region.

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and the fort was "put in readiness for an attack." Jones has pointed out that these movements of Indigenous was very likely a part of seasonal fishing, rather than a supposed hostile gathering.

1231:, trade for caught fish would begin in earnest with the Astorians. A constant task for Hawaiians would be to perform fisherman duties. Major fish populations active in the Columbia included the 887:, an "emporium of the west", began in the middle of April 1811. It was built upon Point George, the location being about 5 miles (8 km) from the Lewis and Clark Expedition winter camp of 1202:

was ordered to make a trading trip along the Columbia. Accompanied by a Chinook headman, they left Fort Astoria in late June 1811. Small trade deals were completed with Skilloots near modern

895:. This left treatments rudimentary at best. During the initial months on the Columbia River at any time upwards of half of the expedition was unable to perform manual labor due to illness. 1214: 627:

establishing themselves as independent traders in relatively unexploited fur regions. Most of the men in the Overland Party were engaged as hunters, interpreters, guides and voyageurs.

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To establish the fledgling PFC trade posts in the distant Oregon Country, Astor's plan called for an extensive movement of large groups of employees overland following the route of the

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rumors spread of a coming attack on Astoria in August 1812. There were large numbers of Chinookans and Chehalis near Comcomly's village at the time. This expedited construction on two

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was convinced to join the company and assisted in recruiting additional men. Over the sixteen days spent there, a total seventeen men were recruited to the concern with sixteen being

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the previous year. The remaining three horses of the party were used to purchase two canoes from Wasco merchants. Several portages were required on the Columbia, especially at the

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were provided during their stay. While exploring the area, Hunt found out from particular Liksiyu that there was an active white fur trader in the area. This would turn out to be

3714: 537:. The majority of the group remained in Montreal until late July, when they given directives to withdraw to New York City. A canoe provided transportation for the trip down the 1653: 250:

Management, clerks and fur trappers were sent both by land and by sea to the Pacific Coast in the Autumn of 1810. The base of operations was constructed at the mouth of the

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assaulted a local noble late in 1811. The clash would destroy the ship along with the entire crew, leaving Fort Astoria without extensive supplies until the following year.

1335:. French-Canadian employees made frequent purchases from the company store during the idle season, especially those hired at Michilimackinac. Small items like blue beads, 1877:

Failure to accomplish many of the tasks set for work the hinterland earlier in 1812 did not discourage the Astorians. The supplies and reinforcements brought aboard the

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The Columbia River was reached in March 1811. Despite stormy conditions, over several days Thorn ordered two boats dispatched to scout a safe route over the treacherous

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recuperated for two days. The group left Fort Osage on the 10th of April and during the day Dorion "severely beat his squaw" as Marie desired to stay with newly made

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on 9 May 1812. While stopping at the Kingdom of Hawaii, more men were recruited as Kanakas for the company. After unloading necessary supplies to the Fort, the

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and had around six hundred armed men. Tensions quickly arose between the two disparate groups and both took up positions by the Missouri River. The two company

1062:, Stuart developed cordial relations with them. Finding their areas rich in beaver populations, he promised to return later that year to create a trading post. 861:

nation and the ship was destroyed. This put the occupants of Fort Astoria in a tough position, having no access to seaborne transport until the following year.

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A plaque marking the spot along the Snake River in modern Wyoming where Stuart's party had horses stolen from them by a Native raiding party in September 1812.

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In late March, three clerks in command of fourteen men were ordered to depart for the hinterlands. Robert Stuart was take needed trade goods to Fort Okanogan.

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was the second supply ship sent by Astor to the Pacific Coast, with Cornelius Sowle as its captain. It sailed from New York City in October 1811 and reached

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and other roles. Likely suggested by Crooks, interested men already hired by other companies would have their contracts purchased from their employers.

1247:. This dependence on fish made it a primary food source for the Astorians, which caused some discontent among employees desiring a more familiar diet. 3750: 3668: 1673:. On 23 December, thirteen men assigned to Crooks party were met who gave the unfortunate news that they hadn't seen him since he left Hunt's group. 1087:

gained him significant profits in deals with Fort Astoria. In particular he controlled the sale of many of the pelts originating from the Chinookan,

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On January 1811, Hunt sailed down the Missouri River to complete several pending transactions at St. Louis. It was during this time he recruited

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in 1836, after interviewing some men connected to the venture and consulting documents held by Astor. Two surviving members of the Astorians,

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and made a camp there. The post was later abandoned. While at the location work began creating enough canoes necessary to take the party down

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Wilson Hunt's inexperience in the outback in along with dwindling supplies would leave the majority of the expedition facing starvation.

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populations and rapids, almost losing one canoe and the men aboard it to a section of swift currents. Stuart and his men were greeted by

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Proceeding further the Missouri River, the Sioux party was encountered on 31 May. The Sioux bands were a conglomeration of Yankton and

460: 1401:, melons, beans, squashes, and corn under cultivation. While at the Omaha settlement, Hunt received information from several visiting 951:

would take a party to with Kaúxuma to the Syilx. Before they left however the inhabitants of Astoria were surprised by the arrival of

4588: 1744:. The main body of the expedition reached Fort Astoria on 15 February to much fanfare. Besides Hunt there was thirty men, along with 384:

established the Pacific Fur Company as part of his grandiose plans to gain commercial hegemony over major fur producing areas in the

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Montreal was the first location men were hired by the PFC, made difficult in part from opposition from the rival North West Company.

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Stuart and his three men did not return until 22 March 1812. Upon reaching the Okanogan headwaters the party then went over to the

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At the suggestion of Ramsay Crooks, the expedition was divided into two parties of nineteen men each, with each member receiving 5

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welcomed the fur traders. Once the reception was complete, the PFC men continued up the Columbia and passed by the future site of

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brought much needed trading goods, foodstuffs and additional employees, events would soon see the ending of the PFC. News of the

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began soon after the foundation of Fort Astoria. The Canadian competitors maintained several stations in the interior, primarily

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While at the Arikara village, Hunt met and employed several American trappers that had previously worked for the MFC in modern

853:, where Thorn caused an uproar by hitting a Tla-o-qui-aht noble with a pelt. In the ensuing conflict all of men brought on the 1503:. In total 36 horses were purchased from the Cheyenne. The expedition broke camp on 6 August and Hunt ordered six men to hunt 3450: 3432: 297: 1467:

peoples deterred the Overland party from continuing to follow the Lewis & Clark Expedition's path up the Missouri River.

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leadership in early August. Groups of Chinookan laborers were used to cross the portages of the Columbia in their homeland.

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was purchased by Astor in 1810 to start commercial operations on the Pacific Ocean. The majority of the company partners.

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was to take food supplies to the stranded Crooks and Day, in addition to later taking dispatches for Astor to St. Louis.

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station. Stockpiles of pelts accumulated there amounted to an estimated 2,500 were taken as well. Near the mouth of the

1732:. On 21 January, the expedition finally reached the banks of the Columbia River. Hunt soon entered discussions with the 833:

to start trading further north along the Pacific Coast as instructed by Astor. After 65 days on the Columbia River, the

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left New York on September 8, 1810. PFC employees numbered thirty-three men in total on board. The vessel landed at the

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men of Cathlapotle village to transport him back to Fort Astoria. The group would make the important discovery of the

4502: 3613: 3530: 3414: 3358: 3329: 3309: 2262: 327:(NWC) to gain a presence along the Pacific Coast, a prospect neither Russian colonial authorities nor Astor favored. 779:, hogs, goats, two sheep, and poultry in return for "glass beads, iron rings, needles, cotton cloth". Upon entering 4091: 4014: 3570:

Wheeler, Mary E. (1971), "Empires in Conflict and Cooperation: The "Bostonians" and the Russian-American Company",

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were seen as a means to gain more furs. Cargo ships en route from the Columbia were planned to then sail north for

448:. Astor and the partners met in New York on 23 June 1810 to sign the Pacific Fur Company's provisional agreement. 4484: 3897: 4548: 4393: 4308: 3957: 3663: 3563:

Lives Lived West of the Divide: A Biographical Dictionary of Fur Traders Working West of the Rockies, 1793–1858

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departed on 22 July for the Syilx territories. The personnel assigned to join Stuart were eight men, including

803: 719:. Captain Thorn attempted to abandon eight of the crew still on shore, among them clerks Gabriel Franchère and 1198:

effort to keep Comcomly's Chinooks as middlemen between the natives of the upper Columbia and the Astorians."

4563: 4471: 4044: 3719: 3704: 1830: 1701:, and seven other men continued to march ahead of the two main PFC groups. While traversing the lands of the 655: 647: 441: 433: 377: 179: 175: 1576:

that remained in the possession of the PFC, amounting to seventy-seven, were left in the care of "two young

3877: 3606: 1813:

would for decades provide manpower for visiting naval and fur merchants, including the Pacific Fur Company.

4253: 1288:

Fears of attack didn't disappear and Astorians kept themselves guarded in dealing with natives. After the

614:. This group of men, unlike those hired in Montreal, had extensive experience working in the fur trade as 606:

fur trade, the island was where Hunt focused on hiring more men for the company. The veteran fur merchant

4449: 4368: 4182: 3770: 3709: 2011: 1656: 979:. The group joined David Thompson and his eight men in traveling up the Columbia, staying together until 964: 720: 663: 445: 3846: 1199: 968: 788: 272:

took with it the majority of the annual trading goods. Commercial competition with the British-Canadian

4478: 4457: 4373: 3947: 1842: 1779:

the party was surprised to loudly hear English shouted among an assembled group of Indigenous, perhaps

1492: 1363: 452: 347:. This geographic feature would later be used by hundreds of thousands of settlers traveling over the 4049: 3760: 3724: 3565:, Okanagan: The Centre for Social, Spatial and Economic Justice of the University of British Columbia 1629: 1568: 1560: 1058:. Snows in mountain passes made it exceedingly difficult for the party to travel. Detained among the 960: 952: 948: 437: 360: 183: 1725: 4543: 3780: 3340:

Annals of Astoria: The Headquarters Log of the Pacific Fur Company on the Columbia River, 1811–1813

2043: 1547: 1447: 1442: 1019: 651: 623: 467: 385: 312: 220: 3272:

Bridgewater, Dorothy (1949), "John Jacob Aster relative to his settlement on the Columbia River",

2004: 1511:

and the hunting party rejoined on the 18th of August, having killed 8 Bison. While at the base of

4568: 4217: 4074: 3962: 3952: 2063: 1960: 1788:

the Umatilla once more. Taking two worn men with them, the party reached Fort Astoria on 11 May.

1681: 1328: 393: 3288:

Narrative of a voyage to the Northwest coast of America, in the years 1811, 1812, 1813, and 1814

292:

was also opened in 1811, the first of several PFC posts created to counter these locations. The

4512: 4328: 4202: 4059: 4004: 3765: 3556:, translated by Pierce, Richard A.; Donnelly, Alton S., Seattle: University of Washington Press 1964: 1763: 1694: 1191: 932: 300:

and later had an acute provision crisis leading to starvation. Despite losing men crossing the

1805: 4538: 4463: 4428: 4278: 4268: 4162: 1203: 935:. Kaúxuma offered accounts of the interior and recommended that the station be opened at the 570: 32: 1849:

was in poor repair and sailed for the Kingdom of Hawaii instead. Hunt was left there as the

1388:

A Sioux village. Many of the Plains nations visited by the expedition had similar dwellings.

4248: 3932: 1911: 1584: 1532: 1392:

Hunt's expedition broke the Nodaway winter camp on April 21. The Astorians reached a major

1359: 1332: 1260: 784: 408: 372: 340: 207: 3745: 3658: 1995: 659: 558: 8: 4398: 4187: 3977: 1402: 1339:, brass rings, tobacco "carrots", small axes among others were used in transactions with 920: 546: 420: 3889: 3841: 4558: 4343: 4333: 4197: 4101: 3937: 3821: 3801: 3587: 3286: 2104: 2099: 1963:

who oversaw the formal takeover of PFC properties. Later in March 1814, the NWC's ship

1784: 1564: 1003: 980: 389: 324: 273: 118: 1914:, critical for the later westward movement of tens of thousands of American migrants. 1583:

Traveling down the Snake River proved highly difficult due to the many rapids such as

1182:

offered the best location to secure these furs. Additionally he gave the opinion that

1015: 4494: 4408: 4403: 4303: 4283: 4258: 4172: 4054: 3831: 3811: 3806: 3699: 3526: 3495: 3446: 3428: 3410: 3354: 3325: 3305: 2087: 2071: 2027: 1945: 1891: 1883: 1810: 1745: 1665: 1536: 1398: 1347: 1255: 1151: 1122: 1071: 987: 972: 747: 550: 424: 416: 228: 171: 159: 151: 3826: 3519: 3298: 2075: 1698: 1038:

offered their "abundance of salmon" and "many horses" to the fur trappers for sale.

817:. Both boats would capsize and eight men lost their lives. Finally on March 24, the 573:. The official assured McKay that in the event of war between the United States and 569:

While waiting to depart for the Pacific, McKay met with British diplomatic official

4423: 4233: 4207: 4192: 4137: 4086: 4064: 3989: 3983: 3684: 3579: 1907: 1903: 1706: 1459: 1175: 1154:

with Calpo acting as a guide again. Returning on 24 June, Stuart reported that the

1011: 842: 712: 549:

additional men that were employed by McKay joined the southbound party, among them

533:

During the summer of 1810, Alexander McKay hired thirteen French-Canadians for the

476: 400: 381: 352: 269: 224: 85: 1409:

was gathering further up the river to stop the expedition from traveling further.

4383: 4363: 4348: 4323: 4238: 4132: 4122: 3471: 3460: 3377: 3348: 3262: 1780: 1499:, the party to rest for several days while transactions were made with a band of 1295: 1268: 1222:

hat, similar to those crafted by Chinookans that were often sold to PFC laborers.

1187: 1167: 1155: 1092: 1088: 1027: 858: 850: 800: 760: 728: 724: 611: 599: 595: 538: 525: 471: 412: 344: 316: 259: 133: 1716:

on 8 January, whom hosted the downtrodden expedition for a week. Meals of dried

1580:". The party departed from Fort Henry on 19 September on the newly made canoes. 931:

people, and his wife arrived at Fort Astoria on 15 June 1811 with a letter from

4418: 4318: 4263: 4167: 4157: 4142: 4117: 4080: 4039: 3967: 3863: 3816: 3740: 2271:, pp. 190, 234, 389, 485, 551, 553, 566, 583, 698, 713, 779, 838, 840–841. 2109: 2083: 2079: 2067: 2058: 1829:

sailed to Russian America. Hunt joined the crew to negotiate with RAC governor

1776: 1767: 1741: 1686: 1670: 1552: 1367: 1351: 1320: 1316: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1219: 1171: 1138: 1126: 1055: 1042: 940: 704: 696: 678: 642: 542: 308:, they arrived in groups throughout January and February 1812 at Fort Astoria. 281: 264: 251: 244: 236: 202: 155: 1845:. Orders from Astor dictated that the ship to return to the Columbia, but the 875: 499:

The PFC required a sizable number of laborers, fur trappers and in particular

4532: 4388: 4288: 4273: 3999: 3972: 3870: 3694: 3648: 3228: 3226: 1838: 1834: 1800: 1733: 1729: 1614: 1413: 1324: 1311:

expenses of supporting employees. The group departed on October 21, 1810 for

1290: 1251: 1143: 1134: 1118: 1076: 1035: 1007: 992: 916:

was the second station opened, intended to compete against near by NWC posts.

913: 904: 846: 740: 692: 607: 404: 289: 285: 277: 240: 66: 62: 1736:

when entering their villages. It was here he learned the destruction of the

1516: 1384: 1190:

should be recruited to hunt various fur bearing animals at the hypothetical

635:

The advanced party was sent to create the initial base of operations at the

4413: 4313: 4293: 4147: 3994: 3643: 1822: 1577: 1393: 1372: 1179: 1084: 1031: 888: 884: 870: 814: 792: 488: 356: 348: 301: 255: 129: 3223: 577:, all PFC employees that were British employees would be treated as such. 4433: 4378: 4358: 4353: 4338: 4298: 4243: 4177: 4152: 4127: 3319: 2036: 1988: 1936: 1923:

between the United Kingdom and the United States. The destruction of the

1854: 1572: 1434: 1355: 716: 636: 603: 554: 331: 305: 26: 1702: 4069: 3591: 3264:

Travels into the Interior of America, in the years 1809, 1810, and 1811

2316: 2314: 2312: 2310: 1941: 1869: 1559:

The expedition reached Fort Henry on 8 September, made by MFC employee

1512: 1484: 1464: 1421: 1312: 1228: 936: 924: 838: 826: 796: 776: 772: 756: 513:. However, it was determined to keep Hunt in charge of the land party. 315:

was also planned through the regular supply of provisions for posts in

3598: 2228: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2220: 2218: 1476: 491:

and head for European and American markets to sell the Chinese wares.

4096: 1861:

then proceeded to New York City and entered the city harbor in 1816.

1717: 1340: 1336: 1163: 1133:

acting as guide and interpreter. The following day they explored the

1100:

the settlements near the station were under the influence of headman

1059: 736: 615: 500: 456: 428: 336: 52: 3583: 2307: 2020: 1491:

The expedition left their Arikara hosts in late July for the nearby

1018:. Towards the end of August the party began to become troubled with 3796: 2800: 2798: 2215: 1899: 1721: 1555:

would prove to be a major challenge for the Overland Party to pass.

1500: 1417: 1232: 1159: 1101: 1080: 1023: 999: 780: 505: 320: 3836: 2634: 2632: 1895: 1857:

kept the ship at the port for the remainder of the conflict. The

1713: 1588: 1508: 1480: 1426: 1299: 1183: 984: 976: 928: 822: 807: 768: 752: 683: 585: 480: 3350:

Adventures of the first settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River

2795: 2673: 1250:

Terrestrial animals like members of the family Cervidae such as

909: 589:

Fort Mackinac was a center of the Great Lakes regional fur trade

2993: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2486: 2484: 1887: 1507:. Hunt's party continued southwest through the modern state of 1430: 1130: 137: 2661: 2629: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2387: 2385: 2383: 2355: 2353: 2285: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2277: 1504: 1472: 1406: 1046: 944: 837:

departed with a crew of 23 with McKay was aboard the ship as

191: 3405:

Boyd, Robert T.; Ames, Kenneth A.; Johnson, Tony A. (2015),

3211: 3199: 3187: 2982: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2912: 2910: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2822: 2778: 2481: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2414: 2412: 1272:

Comcomly to continue his commercial hegemony over the area.

1146:, the party went back to Fort Astoria, returning on 14 May. 806:

were hired with the approval of Kamehameha I, who appointed

715:

on 4 December to make repairs and take on water supplies at

3443:

French and Indians in the Heart of North America, 1630–1815

2571: 2445: 2126: 764: 3539:

Ronda, James (1986), "Astoria & the Birth of Empire",

3304:, translated by Franchère, Hoyt. C., Oregon Book Society, 3105: 3103: 3101: 3088: 3086: 3084: 2939: 2685: 2644: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2561: 2559: 2508: 2496: 2397: 2380: 2350: 2326: 2274: 1121:. Departing on 2 May, McKay led Robert Stuart, Franchère, 602:

on 28 July 1810. Acting as a major depot for the regional

411:. To create a chain of trading stations spread across the 3919: 3369:

On the Oregon Trail, Robert Stuart's Journal of Discovery

2922: 2907: 2890: 2878: 2846: 2464: 2409: 1315:. The expedition traveled 450 miles (720 km) up the 484: 3425:

Freshwater Passages, the Trade and Travels of Peter Pond

3238: 3151: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3010: 3008: 3006: 2810: 2766: 2730: 2706: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2370: 2368: 2238: 1841:

124,000 in value, with payment in seal skins located on

791:, the latter acting an interpreter in negotiations with 3578:(4), Oakland: University of California Press: 419–441, 3386: 3232: 3175: 3163: 3127: 3115: 3098: 3081: 2970: 2958: 2868: 2866: 2754: 2617: 2600: 2583: 2556: 2532: 2520: 487:

were to be purchased; with the ships then to cross the

227:

that functioned from 1810 to 1813. It was based in the

3139: 2176: 2166: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2158: 1837:. The cargo was purchased by the Russians amounted to 1634: 35:, the main source of animal pelts collected by the PFC 3494:, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 3291:, translated by Huntington, J. V., New York: Redfield 3064: 3047: 3020: 3003: 2424: 2365: 2338: 2295: 2205: 2203: 1655:

pounds of dried meat. A third small group was led by

1632: 3485:(2nd ed.), Toronto: University of Toronto Press 2863: 2834: 2718: 2250: 2188: 2143: 1597: 1354:

in St. Louis at the time. Notably he was in debt to

3367:Stuart, Robert (1953), Kenneth A. Spaulding (ed.), 2544: 2155: 1955:Fort Astoria was renamed Fort George. On board the 1757: 1034:traded "some salmon, roots, and berries" and later 3518: 3297: 2742: 2200: 1647: 1475:. The men advised strongly against going into the 557:were reached and the scene was described by clerk 3440: 3338:McDougall, Duncan (1999), Robert F. Jones (ed.), 2320: 2232: 1693:Donald Stuart and his party of Robert McClellan, 1002:nations and on the 12th of August an assembly of 4530: 1125:and a number of voyaguers up the Columbia, with 998:Stuart's party soon began to travel through the 658:would head this detachment. In addition, clerks 319:. This was planned in part to prevent the rival 3441:Englebert, Robert; Teasdale, Guillaume (2013), 3404: 2638: 1137:and soon encountered a large canoe flotilla of 231:, an area contested over the decades among the 3547:(3), Helena: Montana Historical Society: 22–35 3481:Morton, Arthur (1973), Lewis G. Thomas (ed.), 1951:arrived at the Columbia River and in honor of 1350:, as he was the only qualified speaker of the 1065: 3905: 3614: 3465:, Boston: Charles C. Little & James Brown 3376:Thompson, David (1916), J. B. Tyrrell (ed.), 1864: 829:. Captain Thorn stressed the urgency for the 821:crossed the bar, passing into the Columbia’s 262:). The destruction of the company vessel the 3445:, East Langsing: Michigan State University, 3389:Documents Relating to the North West Company 1981:Authors of first hand accounts about the PFC 1107: 857:were killed besides an interpreter from the 339:in 1813 made the important discovery of the 4594:Pre-statehood history of Washington (state) 3409:, Seattle: University of Washington Press, 3271: 1587:. The party was forced to perform multiple 1531:, the PFC party followed the course of the 1178:. Stuart felt that a company trade post in 879:Fort Astoria two years after its foundation 330:The lack of military protection during the 233:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 3912: 3898: 3621: 3607: 1281:possible hostile actions by the natives." 1041:While at the junction of the Columbia and 3554:A History of the Russian-American Company 3551: 3525:, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 3512:, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 3483:A History of the Canadian West to 1870–71 3427:, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 3342:, New York City: Fordham University Press 3337: 3317: 3284: 3244: 3217: 3205: 3193: 3121: 2997: 2828: 2816: 2804: 2789: 2772: 2760: 2736: 2712: 2700: 2679: 2667: 2655: 2623: 2538: 2514: 2502: 2490: 2475: 2458: 2403: 2391: 2359: 2332: 2289: 2137: 1379: 3541:Montana: The Magazine of Western History 3458: 3375: 3321:Proposed general fishery and fur company 3260: 3145: 2976: 2964: 2952: 2933: 2916: 2901: 2884: 2857: 2577: 2526: 1868: 1804: 1680: 1676: 1551:Features of the Snake River such as the 1546: 1458: 1383: 1213: 1075: 908: 874: 682: 584: 524: 376: 296:faced military hostilities from several 293: 3628: 3569: 3407:Chinookan Peoples of the Lower Columbia 3300:The Overland Diary of Wilson Price Hunt 2209: 1166:and trade their pelts for the valuable 666:would join them on the planned voyage. 4604:American companies established in 1810 4599:Clothing companies established in 1810 4531: 3560: 3507: 3489: 3480: 3469: 3422: 3371:, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press 3366: 3181: 3169: 3109: 2872: 2840: 2418: 2301: 2268: 2256: 2244: 2194: 2182: 2149: 1535:, crossed the Divide and followed the 1454: 1305: 1275: 16:American fur-trading company (1810–13) 3920:Pioneer history of Oregon (1806–1890) 3893: 3602: 3538: 3516: 3387:William Stewart Wallace, ed. (1934), 3157: 2724: 1752: 3462:The History of Oregon and California 3397: 3346: 3295: 3133: 3092: 3075: 3058: 3041: 3014: 2748: 2611: 2594: 2565: 2550: 2439: 2374: 2344: 2170: 2082:, would later become farmers on the 1853:went west to Guangzhou. News of the 1563:the previous year, near present-day 1463:The military prowess of the various 630: 494: 3280:(2), New Haven, CT: Yale University 466:Ongoing supply issues faced by the 223:venture wholly owned and funded by 13: 4574:Pre-Confederation British Columbia 4554:Expeditions from the United States 3476:, Paris: Baudry's European Library 3353:, London: Smith, Elder & Co., 3253: 1705:, a stranded employee of the PFC, 1529:Continental Divide of the Americas 1515:on 30 August, a scouting party of 1209: 795:and prominent government official 520: 14: 4615: 1319:before setting up winter camp on 580: 268:later that year off the shore of 4589:Pre-statehood history of Montana 4023: 3958:Oregon & California Railroad 3391:, Toronto: The Champlain Society 3382:, Toronto: The Champlain Society 2035: 2019: 2003: 1987: 1953:George III of the United Kingdom 1758:Attempted expedition to interior 1605: 1527:Continuing westward towards the 947:peoples. It was determined that 898: 359:routes, collectively called the 311:A beneficial agreement with the 25: 4579:Pre-statehood history of Oregon 4485:Oregon Steam Navigation Company 3274:Yale University Library Gazette 1648:{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{4}}} 1613:The Columbia River east of the 864: 4584:Pre-statehood history of Idaho 3510:John Jacob Astor: Business Man 1917: 1542: 669: 455:and navally by sailing around 1: 4045:Russo-American Treaty of 1824 3318:MacKenzie, Alexander (1802), 2639:Boyd, Ames & Johnson 2015 2321:Englebert & Teasdale 2013 2233:Englebert & Teasdale 2013 2115: 1831:Alexander Andreyevich Baranov 1791: 1712:Hunt's group found a band of 3267:, London: Smith & Galway 3233:William Stewart Wallace 1934 2120: 810:to oversee their interests. 366: 7: 3508:Porter, Kenneth W. (1931), 3470:Irving, Washington (1836), 3296:Hunt, Wilson Price (1973), 3285:Franchère, Gabriel (1854), 2093: 1898:and the vicinity of modern 1083:'s mercantile skills as an 1066:The Lower Chinookan peoples 598:in July. The party reached 10: 4620: 3379:David Thompson's Narrative 1865:Second interior expedition 1798: 1720:meat and loafs of pounded 1069: 902: 868: 783:, the crew was greeted by 739:and sailed north into the 676: 453:Lewis and Clark Expedition 370: 4493: 4442: 4226: 4110: 4092:Constitutional Convention 4050:Willamette Cattle Company 4032: 4021: 3925: 3855: 3789: 3733: 3677: 3636: 3572:Pacific Historical Review 3561:Watson, Bruce M. (2010), 3552:Tikhmenev, P. A. (1978), 3490:Morris, Larry E. (2013), 3459:Greenhow, Robert (1844), 1973: 1931:While the arrival of the 1108:Assistance in exploration 939:of the Columbia and "the 746:The ship anchored at the 361:Westward Expansion Trails 201: 189: 165: 145: 124: 114: 106: 91: 81: 58: 48: 40: 24: 3847:François Benjamin Pillet 3756:William Wallace Matthews 3347:Ross, Alexander (1849), 1483:. The Piikáni and other 1443:Henry Marie Brackenridge 1200:François Benjamin Pillet 1045:, a large encampment of 969:François Benjamin Pillet 959:A party of eight led by 789:Francisco de Paula Marín 468:Russian-American Company 386:North American fur trade 313:Russian-American Company 241:United States of America 4218:Willamette Trading Post 4075:Donation Land Claim Act 3963:Oregon boundary dispute 3261:Bradbury, John (1817), 2807:, pp. 100–102 fn.. 2086:and participate in the 1329:Andrew County, Missouri 845:she was boarded by the 4503:Native peoples history 4203:Thomas and Ruckle Road 4015:Provisional Government 3423:Chapin, David (2014), 2682:, p. 77, fn. 167. 1874: 1814: 1726:Jacques Raphaël Finlay 1690: 1689:on the Columbia River. 1649: 1556: 1525: 1495:. After following the 1468: 1389: 1380:Following the Missouri 1343:neighboring the camp. 1223: 1096: 917: 880: 727:and the laborers used 700: 590: 567: 530: 461:local Native Americans 397: 219:(PFC) was an American 154:, also referred to as 4549:Botanical expeditions 4279:Abigail Scott Duniway 3517:Ronda, James (1990), 1872: 1808: 1728:, located at the NWC 1684: 1677:Reaching the Columbia 1650: 1550: 1521: 1497:Little Missouri River 1462: 1387: 1217: 1079: 912: 878: 731:. On December 25 the 703:Under the command of 686: 588: 571:Francis James Jackson 563: 528: 380: 33:North American beaver 4564:American Fur Company 3953:Hudson's Bay Company 3933:American Fur Company 3521:Astoria & Empire 3324:, pp. 147–149, 2670:, p. 27 fn. 65. 2064:Hudson's Bay Company 1783:. Ramsay Crooks and 1630: 1479:homelands of modern 1360:Missouri Fur Company 409:American Fur Company 373:American Fur Company 208:American Fur Company 4399:Eliza Hart Spalding 4010:Pacific Fur Company 3978:Oregon missionaries 3943:Executive Committee 3630:Pacific Fur Company 3235:, pp. 260–261. 3220:, pp. 200–201. 3208:, pp. 190–193. 3196:, pp. 166–167. 3160:, pp. 240–241. 3136:, pp. 233–235. 3095:, pp. 186–190. 3000:, pp. 144–151. 2792:, pp. 100–102. 2614:, pp. 151–159. 2597:, pp. 137–146. 2580:, pp. 510–511. 2568:, pp. 124–128. 2493:, pp. 119–120. 2421:, pp. 201–202. 2323:, pp. 190–198. 2247:, pp. 654–655. 2235:, pp. 185–189. 2140:, pp. 116–118. 1455:The Rocky Mountains 1306:Overland Expedition 1276:Fear of hostilities 1162:nations would kill 1020:Western Rattlesnake 825:and laid anchor in 421:Joint-stock company 407:and founder of the 298:Indigenous cultures 294:Overland Expedition 217:Pacific Fur Company 21: 20:Pacific Fur Company 4344:Morton M. McCarver 4334:David Thomas Lenox 4198:Philip Foster Farm 4102:Great Gale of 1880 3938:Columbian exchange 3822:Michel Laframboise 2955:, pp. 97–116. 2831:, p. 113 fn.. 2461:, pp. 99–108. 2105:North West Company 2100:Maritime Fur Trade 1875: 1815: 1753:Activities in 1812 1691: 1645: 1643: 1557: 1469: 1390: 1323:, at the mouth of 1224: 1142:enemies among the 1097: 1026:leadership at the 918: 881: 701: 594:left the city for 591: 531: 403:was a merchant of 398: 325:North West Company 274:North West Company 119:North West Company 19: 4526: 4525: 4409:William Vandevert 4304:Cornelius Gilliam 4284:Thomas Lamb Eliot 4259:William H. Boring 4254:François Blanchet 4183:Methodist Mission 4055:Champoeg Meetings 3887: 3886: 3832:Ovide de Montigny 3812:Marie Aioe Dorion 3807:Pierre Dorion Jr. 3746:Gabriel Franchère 3700:Wilson Price Hunt 3492:The Perilous West 3452:978-1-60917-360-9 3434:978-0-8032-4632-4 3398:Secondary sources 3184:, pp. 46–47. 3172:, pp. 27–29. 3112:, pp. 59–63. 3078:, pp. 53–63. 3061:, pp. 43–51. 3044:, pp. 32–40. 3017:, pp. 19–28. 2936:, pp. 82–85. 2919:, pp. 65–69. 2904:, pp. 43–54. 2887:, pp. 35–36. 2860:, pp. 10–14. 2703:, pp. 72–78. 2658:, pp. 21–27. 2517:, pp. 30–35. 2505:, pp. 50–51. 2442:, pp. 71–75. 2406:, pp. 63–64. 2394:, pp. 81–86. 2377:, pp. 31–32. 2362:, pp. 52–55. 2347:, pp. 19–26. 2335:, pp. 41–49. 2292:, pp. 23–32. 2185:, pp. 26–27. 2088:Champoeg Meetings 2072:Washington Irving 2028:Wilson Price Hunt 1996:Gabriel Franchère 1944:. On 30 November 1892:Bitterroot Valley 1884:Willamette Valley 1843:Saint Paul Island 1811:Kingdom of Hawaii 1746:Marie Aioe Dorion 1666:Northern Shoshone 1642: 1624: 1623: 1537:Gros Ventre River 1399:nicotiana rustica 1348:Pierre Dorion Jr. 1256:black-tailed deer 1152:Olympic Peninsula 1144:Wasco and Wishram 1123:Ovide de Montigny 1072:Chinookan peoples 973:Ovide de Montigny 941:Okannaakken River 748:Kingdom of Hawaii 691:being boarded by 660:Gabriel Franchère 631:Oceanic component 559:Gabriel Franchère 551:Ovide de Montigny 495:Labor recruitment 425:Wilson Price Hunt 417:Pacific Northwest 304:and later at the 229:Pacific Northwest 213: 212: 172:Wilson Price Hunt 160:Columbia District 152:Pacific Northwest 4611: 4429:Geo. H. Williams 4424:Narcissa Whitman 4234:George Abernethy 4208:Tualatin Academy 4193:Oregon Institute 4087:Rogue River Wars 4065:Whitman massacre 4027: 3990:Oregon Territory 3984:Oregon Spectator 3914: 3907: 3900: 3891: 3890: 3842:François Payette 3720:Duncan McDougall 3715:Robert McClellan 3710:Donald Mackenzie 3685:John Jacob Astor 3623: 3616: 3609: 3600: 3599: 3594: 3566: 3557: 3548: 3535: 3524: 3513: 3504: 3486: 3477: 3466: 3455: 3437: 3419: 3392: 3383: 3372: 3363: 3343: 3334: 3314: 3303: 3292: 3281: 3268: 3248: 3242: 3236: 3230: 3221: 3215: 3209: 3203: 3197: 3191: 3185: 3179: 3173: 3167: 3161: 3155: 3149: 3143: 3137: 3131: 3125: 3119: 3113: 3107: 3096: 3090: 3079: 3073: 3062: 3056: 3045: 3039: 3018: 3012: 3001: 2995: 2980: 2974: 2968: 2962: 2956: 2950: 2937: 2931: 2920: 2914: 2905: 2899: 2888: 2882: 2876: 2870: 2861: 2855: 2844: 2838: 2832: 2826: 2820: 2814: 2808: 2802: 2793: 2787: 2776: 2770: 2764: 2758: 2752: 2746: 2740: 2734: 2728: 2722: 2716: 2710: 2704: 2698: 2683: 2677: 2671: 2665: 2659: 2653: 2642: 2636: 2627: 2621: 2615: 2609: 2598: 2592: 2581: 2575: 2569: 2563: 2554: 2548: 2542: 2536: 2530: 2524: 2518: 2512: 2506: 2500: 2494: 2488: 2479: 2478:, pp. 9–17. 2473: 2462: 2456: 2443: 2437: 2422: 2416: 2407: 2401: 2395: 2389: 2378: 2372: 2363: 2357: 2348: 2342: 2336: 2330: 2324: 2318: 2305: 2299: 2293: 2287: 2272: 2266: 2260: 2254: 2248: 2242: 2236: 2230: 2213: 2207: 2198: 2192: 2186: 2180: 2174: 2173:, pp. 7–10. 2168: 2153: 2147: 2141: 2135: 2039: 2023: 2007: 1991: 1904:British Columbia 1707:Archibald Pelton 1657:Donald MacKenzie 1654: 1652: 1651: 1646: 1644: 1635: 1609: 1598: 1405:that a group of 1331:, just north of 1233:Candlefish smelt 1176:Vancouver Island 1168:Dentalium shells 983:. Upon entering 883:Construction on 843:Vancouver Island 713:Falkland Islands 648:Duncan McDougall 446:Donald Mackenzie 442:Duncan McDougall 401:John Jacob Astor 382:John Jacob Astor 270:Vancouver Island 225:John Jacob Astor 197:$ 200,000 (1810) 194: 176:Duncan McDougall 102: 100: 86:John Jacob Astor 76: 74: 29: 22: 18: 4619: 4618: 4614: 4613: 4612: 4610: 4609: 4608: 4544:Astoria, Oregon 4529: 4528: 4527: 4522: 4513:Pioneer history 4508:History to 1806 4489: 4438: 4384:Osborne Russell 4364:James D. Miller 4349:John McLoughlin 4239:Jesse Applegate 4222: 4213:Whitman Mission 4123:Applegate Trail 4106: 4028: 4019: 3921: 3918: 3888: 3883: 3851: 3785: 3751:Donald McGillis 3729: 3705:Alexander McKay 3673: 3669:Clearwater Post 3632: 3627: 3597: 3584:10.2307/3637703 3533: 3502: 3453: 3435: 3417: 3400: 3395: 3361: 3332: 3312: 3256: 3254:Primary sources 3251: 3243: 3239: 3231: 3224: 3216: 3212: 3204: 3200: 3192: 3188: 3180: 3176: 3168: 3164: 3156: 3152: 3144: 3140: 3132: 3128: 3120: 3116: 3108: 3099: 3091: 3082: 3074: 3065: 3057: 3048: 3040: 3021: 3013: 3004: 2996: 2983: 2975: 2971: 2963: 2959: 2951: 2940: 2932: 2923: 2915: 2908: 2900: 2891: 2883: 2879: 2871: 2864: 2856: 2847: 2839: 2835: 2827: 2823: 2815: 2811: 2803: 2796: 2788: 2779: 2771: 2767: 2759: 2755: 2747: 2743: 2735: 2731: 2723: 2719: 2711: 2707: 2699: 2686: 2678: 2674: 2666: 2662: 2654: 2645: 2637: 2630: 2622: 2618: 2610: 2601: 2593: 2584: 2576: 2572: 2564: 2557: 2549: 2545: 2537: 2533: 2525: 2521: 2513: 2509: 2501: 2497: 2489: 2482: 2474: 2465: 2457: 2446: 2438: 2425: 2417: 2410: 2402: 2398: 2390: 2381: 2373: 2366: 2358: 2351: 2343: 2339: 2331: 2327: 2319: 2308: 2300: 2296: 2288: 2275: 2267: 2263: 2255: 2251: 2243: 2239: 2231: 2216: 2208: 2201: 2193: 2189: 2181: 2177: 2169: 2156: 2148: 2144: 2136: 2127: 2123: 2118: 2096: 2070:was written by 2051: 2050: 2049: 2048: 2047: 2046: 2040: 2032: 2031: 2030: 2024: 2016: 2015: 2014: 2008: 2000: 1999: 1998: 1992: 1983: 1982: 1976: 1920: 1867: 1803: 1797: 1760: 1755: 1679: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1627: 1620: 1619: 1618: 1611: 1610: 1595: 1545: 1457: 1382: 1352:Sioux languages 1308: 1296:Russian America 1278: 1212: 1210:Commercial ties 1188:Russian America 1110: 1074: 1068: 1028:Wenatchee River 1016:Fort Nez Percés 907: 901: 873: 867: 851:Clayoquot Sound 801:Native Hawaiian 729:Canadian French 725:Scottish Gaelic 681: 675: 656:Alexander McKay 633: 612:French-Canadian 600:Mackinac Island 596:Michilimackinac 583: 539:Richelieu River 523: 521:McKay's efforts 497: 472:Russian America 463:for fur pelts. 434:Alexander McKay 413:Rocky Mountains 375: 369: 345:Rocky Mountains 317:Russian America 260:Astoria, Oregon 190: 180:Alexander McKay 168: 148: 141: 98: 96: 72: 70: 36: 31:A depiction of 17: 12: 11: 5: 4617: 4607: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4569:Oregon Country 4566: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4524: 4523: 4521: 4520: 4518:Modern history 4515: 4510: 4505: 4499: 4497: 4495:Oregon history 4491: 4490: 4488: 4487: 4482: 4475: 4472:Colonel Wright 4468: 4461: 4454: 4446: 4444: 4443:Transportation 4440: 4439: 4437: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4419:Marcus Whitman 4416: 4411: 4406: 4404:Henry Spalding 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4319:Joseph Kellogg 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4264:Elijah Bristow 4261: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4230: 4228: 4224: 4223: 4221: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4170: 4168:French Prairie 4165: 4160: 4158:Fort Vancouver 4155: 4150: 4145: 4143:Elliott Cutoff 4140: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4114: 4112: 4108: 4107: 4105: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4081:Holmes v. Ford 4077: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4060:Star of Oregon 4057: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4040:Treaty of 1818 4036: 4034: 4030: 4029: 4022: 4020: 4018: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3968:Oregon Country 3965: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3929: 3927: 3923: 3922: 3917: 3916: 3909: 3902: 3894: 3885: 3884: 3882: 3881: 3874: 3867: 3859: 3857: 3853: 3852: 3850: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3827:Étienne Lucier 3824: 3819: 3817:Joseph Gervais 3814: 3809: 3804: 3799: 3793: 3791: 3787: 3786: 3784: 3783: 3778: 3773: 3771:Alexander Ross 3768: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3748: 3743: 3741:Russel Farnham 3737: 3735: 3731: 3730: 3728: 3727: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3681: 3679: 3675: 3674: 3672: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3656: 3654:Fort She-whaps 3651: 3646: 3640: 3638: 3634: 3633: 3626: 3625: 3618: 3611: 3603: 3596: 3595: 3567: 3558: 3549: 3536: 3531: 3514: 3505: 3501:978-1442211124 3500: 3487: 3478: 3467: 3456: 3451: 3438: 3433: 3420: 3415: 3401: 3399: 3396: 3394: 3393: 3384: 3373: 3364: 3359: 3344: 3335: 3330: 3315: 3310: 3293: 3282: 3269: 3257: 3255: 3252: 3250: 3249: 3247:, p. 169. 3245:Tikhmenev 1978 3237: 3222: 3218:Franchère 1854 3210: 3206:Franchère 1854 3198: 3194:Franchère 1854 3186: 3174: 3162: 3150: 3138: 3126: 3122:McDougall 1999 3114: 3097: 3080: 3063: 3046: 3019: 3002: 2998:Franchère 1854 2981: 2979:, p. 226. 2969: 2967:, p. 122. 2957: 2938: 2921: 2906: 2889: 2877: 2862: 2845: 2833: 2829:McDougall 1999 2821: 2819:, p. 113. 2817:McDougall 1999 2809: 2805:McDougall 1999 2794: 2790:McDougall 1999 2777: 2775:, p. 115. 2773:McDougall 1999 2765: 2761:McDougall 1999 2753: 2741: 2739:, p. 162. 2737:Franchère 1854 2729: 2727:, p. 221. 2717: 2715:, p. 125. 2713:Franchère 1854 2705: 2701:McDougall 1999 2684: 2680:McDougall 1999 2672: 2668:McDougall 1999 2660: 2656:McDougall 1999 2643: 2641:, p. 263. 2628: 2624:McDougall 1999 2616: 2599: 2582: 2570: 2555: 2553:, p. 115. 2543: 2539:McDougall 1999 2531: 2529:, p. 473. 2519: 2515:McDougall 1999 2507: 2503:McDougall 1999 2495: 2491:Franchère 1854 2480: 2476:McDougall 1999 2463: 2459:Franchère 1854 2444: 2423: 2408: 2404:Franchère 1854 2396: 2392:Franchère 1854 2379: 2364: 2360:Franchère 1854 2349: 2337: 2333:Franchère 1854 2325: 2306: 2304:, p. 698. 2294: 2290:Franchère 1854 2273: 2261: 2259:, p. 183. 2249: 2237: 2214: 2199: 2197:, p. 151. 2187: 2175: 2154: 2152:, p. 503. 2142: 2138:Tikhmenev 1978 2124: 2122: 2119: 2117: 2114: 2113: 2112: 2110:Astoria (book) 2107: 2102: 2095: 2092: 2084:French Prairie 2080:Joseph Gervais 2076:Étienne Lucier 2059:Treaty of 1818 2042: 2041: 2034: 2033: 2026: 2025: 2018: 2017: 2012:Alexander Ross 2010: 2009: 2002: 2001: 1994: 1993: 1986: 1985: 1984: 1980: 1979: 1978: 1977: 1975: 1972: 1961:John MacDonald 1919: 1916: 1866: 1863: 1799:Main article: 1796: 1790: 1777:Umatilla River 1768:Russel Farnham 1759: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1742:Cascade Rapids 1699:Étienne Lucier 1687:Cascade Rapids 1678: 1675: 1671:Umatilla River 1641: 1638: 1622: 1621: 1612: 1604: 1603: 1602: 1601: 1571:and later the 1553:Shoshone Falls 1544: 1541: 1456: 1453: 1381: 1378: 1368:Thomas Nuttall 1321:Nodaway Island 1317:Missouri River 1307: 1304: 1277: 1274: 1245:Chinook salmon 1241:Sockeye salmon 1237:White sturgeon 1220:Nuu-chah-nulth 1211: 1208: 1172:Nuu-chah-nulth 1109: 1106: 1070:Main article: 1067: 1064: 1056:Thompson River 1043:Okanogan River 965:Alexander Ross 953:David Thompson 921:Kaúxuma Núpika 903:Main article: 900: 897: 869:Main article: 866: 863: 721:Alexander Ross 705:Jonathan Thorn 695:after Captain 679:Tonquin (1807) 677:Main article: 674: 668: 664:Alexander Ross 632: 629: 624:Ste. Genevieve 582: 581:Hunt's efforts 579: 575:United Kingdom 543:Lake Champlain 522: 519: 496: 493: 371:Main article: 368: 365: 282:Kootanae House 252:Columbia River 245:Russian Empire 237:Spanish Empire 211: 210: 205: 199: 198: 195: 187: 186: 169: 166: 163: 162: 156:Oregon Country 149: 146: 143: 142: 132:, present day 128: 126: 122: 121: 116: 112: 111: 110:Sold at a loss 108: 104: 103: 93: 89: 88: 83: 79: 78: 60: 56: 55: 50: 46: 45: 42: 38: 37: 30: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4616: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4536: 4534: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4500: 4498: 4496: 4492: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4480: 4476: 4474: 4473: 4469: 4467: 4466: 4462: 4460: 4459: 4455: 4453: 4452: 4448: 4447: 4445: 4441: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4389:Sager orphans 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4374:Robert Newell 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4289:Philip Foster 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4274:Matthew Deady 4272: 4270: 4269:Tabitha Brown 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4231: 4229: 4225: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4115: 4113: 4109: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4082: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4037: 4035: 4031: 4026: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4003: 4001: 4000:Oregon Treaty 3998: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3985: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3973:Oregon Lyceum 3971: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3930: 3928: 3924: 3915: 3910: 3908: 3903: 3901: 3896: 3895: 3892: 3880: 3879: 3875: 3873: 3872: 3868: 3866: 3865: 3861: 3860: 3858: 3854: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3794: 3792: 3788: 3782: 3781:Robert Stuart 3779: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3757: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3738: 3736: 3732: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3695:Ramsay Crooks 3693: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3682: 3680: 3676: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3664:Wallace House 3662: 3660: 3657: 3655: 3652: 3650: 3649:Fort Okanogan 3647: 3645: 3642: 3641: 3639: 3637:Trading posts 3635: 3631: 3624: 3619: 3617: 3612: 3610: 3605: 3604: 3601: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3568: 3564: 3559: 3555: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3537: 3534: 3532:0-8032-3896-7 3528: 3523: 3522: 3515: 3511: 3506: 3503: 3497: 3493: 3488: 3484: 3479: 3475: 3474: 3468: 3464: 3463: 3457: 3454: 3448: 3444: 3439: 3436: 3430: 3426: 3421: 3418: 3416:9780295995236 3412: 3408: 3403: 3402: 3390: 3385: 3381: 3380: 3374: 3370: 3365: 3362: 3360:9780598286024 3356: 3352: 3351: 3345: 3341: 3336: 3333: 3331:9780665263392 3327: 3323: 3322: 3316: 3313: 3311:0-8032-3896-7 3307: 3302: 3301: 3294: 3290: 3289: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3270: 3266: 3265: 3259: 3258: 3246: 3241: 3234: 3229: 3227: 3219: 3214: 3207: 3202: 3195: 3190: 3183: 3178: 3171: 3166: 3159: 3154: 3148:, p. 44. 3147: 3146:Greenhow 1844 3142: 3135: 3130: 3124:, p. 89. 3123: 3118: 3111: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3094: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3077: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3060: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3043: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3016: 3011: 3009: 3007: 2999: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2978: 2977:Bradbury 1817 2973: 2966: 2965:Bradbury 1817 2961: 2954: 2953:Bradbury 1817 2949: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2935: 2934:Bradbury 1817 2930: 2928: 2926: 2918: 2917:Bradbury 1817 2913: 2911: 2903: 2902:Bradbury 1817 2898: 2896: 2894: 2886: 2885:Bradbury 1817 2881: 2875:, p. 75. 2874: 2869: 2867: 2859: 2858:Bradbury 1817 2854: 2852: 2850: 2843:, p. xv. 2842: 2837: 2830: 2825: 2818: 2813: 2806: 2801: 2799: 2791: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2774: 2769: 2763:, p. 44. 2762: 2757: 2751:, p. 89. 2750: 2745: 2738: 2733: 2726: 2721: 2714: 2709: 2702: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2681: 2676: 2669: 2664: 2657: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2640: 2635: 2633: 2626:, p. 51. 2625: 2620: 2613: 2608: 2606: 2604: 2596: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2579: 2578:Thompson 1916 2574: 2567: 2562: 2560: 2552: 2547: 2541:, p. 35. 2540: 2535: 2528: 2527:Thompson 1916 2523: 2516: 2511: 2504: 2499: 2492: 2487: 2485: 2477: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2460: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2441: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2428: 2420: 2415: 2413: 2405: 2400: 2393: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2376: 2371: 2369: 2361: 2356: 2354: 2346: 2341: 2334: 2329: 2322: 2317: 2315: 2313: 2311: 2303: 2298: 2291: 2286: 2284: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2270: 2265: 2258: 2253: 2246: 2241: 2234: 2229: 2227: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2211: 2206: 2204: 2196: 2191: 2184: 2179: 2172: 2167: 2165: 2163: 2161: 2159: 2151: 2146: 2139: 2134: 2132: 2130: 2125: 2111: 2108: 2106: 2103: 2101: 2098: 2097: 2091: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2060: 2055: 2045: 2044:Robert Stuart 2038: 2029: 2022: 2013: 2006: 1997: 1990: 1971: 1968: 1967: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1949: 1943: 1938: 1934: 1929: 1926: 1915: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1880: 1871: 1862: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1835:New Archangel 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1801:Beaver (1805) 1795: 1789: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1772: 1769: 1765: 1750: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1734:Wasco-Wishram 1731: 1730:Spokane House 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1710: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1688: 1683: 1674: 1672: 1667: 1661: 1658: 1639: 1636: 1616: 1615:Cascade Range 1608: 1600: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1586: 1581: 1579: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1554: 1549: 1540: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1524: 1520: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1489: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1466: 1461: 1452: 1449: 1444: 1438: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1410: 1408: 1404: 1403:Yankton Sioux 1400: 1395: 1386: 1377: 1374: 1369: 1365: 1364:John Bradbury 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1344: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1325:Nodaway River 1322: 1318: 1314: 1303: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1292: 1286: 1282: 1273: 1270: 1264: 1262: 1257: 1253: 1252:Roosevelt elk 1248: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1221: 1216: 1207: 1205: 1201: 1195: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1147: 1145: 1140: 1136: 1135:Cowlitz River 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1119:Spokane House 1114: 1105: 1103: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1073: 1063: 1061: 1057: 1051: 1048: 1044: 1039: 1037: 1033: 1032:Chelan nation 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 996: 994: 993:Wasco-Wishram 989: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 957: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 915: 914:Fort Okanogan 911: 906: 905:Fort Okanogan 899:Fort Okanogan 896: 894: 890: 886: 877: 872: 862: 860: 856: 852: 848: 847:Tla-o-qui-aht 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 811: 809: 805: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 749: 744: 742: 741:Pacific Ocean 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 698: 694: 693:Tla-o-qui-aht 690: 685: 680: 673: 667: 665: 661: 657: 653: 652:Robert Stuart 649: 645: 644: 638: 628: 625: 619: 617: 613: 609: 608:Ramsay Crooks 605: 601: 597: 587: 578: 576: 572: 566: 562: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 527: 518: 514: 512: 507: 502: 492: 490: 486: 482: 478: 473: 469: 464: 462: 458: 454: 449: 447: 443: 439: 435: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 405:New York City 402: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 374: 364: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 333: 328: 326: 322: 318: 314: 309: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 290:Fort Okanogan 287: 286:Saleesh House 283: 279: 278:Spokane House 275: 271: 267: 266: 261: 258:(present-day 257: 253: 248: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 209: 206: 204: 200: 196: 193: 188: 185: 181: 177: 173: 170: 164: 161: 157: 153: 150: 144: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 120: 117: 113: 109: 105: 94: 90: 87: 84: 80: 68: 64: 63:New York City 61: 57: 54: 51: 47: 43: 39: 34: 28: 23: 4539:Astor family 4477: 4470: 4464: 4458:Lot Whitcomb 4456: 4450: 4414:Elijah White 4314:Chief Joseph 4294:Peter French 4163:Fort William 4148:Fort Astoria 4079: 4009: 4005:Organic Laws 3995:Oregon Trail 3982: 3876: 3869: 3862: 3776:Alfred Seton 3761:Thomas McKay 3725:David Stuart 3659:Fort Spokane 3644:Fort Astoria 3629: 3575: 3571: 3562: 3553: 3544: 3540: 3520: 3509: 3491: 3482: 3472: 3461: 3442: 3424: 3406: 3388: 3378: 3368: 3349: 3339: 3320: 3299: 3287: 3277: 3273: 3263: 3240: 3213: 3201: 3189: 3177: 3165: 3153: 3141: 3129: 3117: 2972: 2960: 2880: 2836: 2824: 2812: 2768: 2756: 2744: 2732: 2720: 2708: 2675: 2663: 2619: 2573: 2546: 2534: 2522: 2510: 2498: 2399: 2340: 2328: 2297: 2264: 2252: 2240: 2210:Wheeler 1971 2190: 2178: 2145: 2056: 2052: 1965: 1956: 1947: 1932: 1930: 1924: 1921: 1878: 1876: 1858: 1850: 1846: 1826: 1823:Fort Astoria 1818: 1816: 1793: 1773: 1761: 1737: 1711: 1692: 1662: 1625: 1594: 1585:Caldron Linn 1582: 1569:Henry's Fork 1561:Andrew Henry 1558: 1526: 1522: 1490: 1470: 1439: 1411: 1391: 1345: 1309: 1289: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1265: 1249: 1225: 1196: 1180:Grays Harbor 1170:sold by the 1148: 1115: 1111: 1098: 1085:intermediary 1052: 1040: 997: 961:David Stuart 958: 949:David Stuart 943:" among the 919: 892: 889:Fort Clatsop 885:Fort Astoria 882: 871:Fort Astoria 865:Fort Astoria 854: 834: 830: 818: 815:Columbia Bar 812: 793:Kamehameha I 745: 732: 708: 702: 688: 671: 650:, David and 641: 634: 620: 592: 568: 564: 534: 532: 515: 510: 498: 489:Indian Ocean 465: 450: 438:David Stuart 399: 396:competitors. 394:Hudson's Bay 388:against his 343:through the 329: 310: 302:Great Plains 263: 256:Fort Astoria 249: 216: 214: 192:Total assets 184:David Stuart 130:Fort Astoria 125:Headquarters 41:Company type 4434:Ewing Young 4379:Joel Palmer 4359:Ezra Meeker 4354:Joseph Meek 4339:Asa Lovejoy 4299:Joseph Gale 4244:Ira Babcock 4188:Oregon City 4178:Meek Cutoff 4153:Fort Dalles 4128:Barlow Road 3690:John Clarke 3182:Stuart 1953 3170:Stuart 1953 3110:Stuart 1953 2873:Morris 2013 2841:Morris 2013 2419:Porter 1931 2302:Watson 2010 2269:Watson 2010 2257:Porter 1931 2245:Watson 2010 2195:Irving 1836 2183:Irving 1836 2150:Morton 1973 1937:War of 1812 1918:Liquidation 1855:War of 1812 1722:Camas bulbs 1573:Snake River 1565:St. Anthony 1543:Snake River 1493:Grand River 1435:Gros Ventre 1420:and single 1356:Manuel Lisa 1261:Wapato root 1158:and nearby 1004:Walla Walla 933:John Stuart 827:Baker’s Bay 785:Isaac Davis 761:purple yams 717:Port Egmont 604:Great Lakes 555:Long Island 332:War of 1812 306:Snake River 147:Area served 4533:Categories 4394:Levi Scott 4369:John Minto 4324:H.A.G. Lee 4309:David Hill 4249:Sam Barlow 4070:Cayuse War 3158:Ronda 1990 2725:Ronda 1990 2116:References 1966:Isaac Todd 1942:Union Jack 1912:South Pass 1533:Wind River 1517:Apsáalooke 1513:Cloud Peak 1485:Niitsitapi 1465:Niitsitapi 1422:Swivel gun 1333:St. Joseph 1313:Fort Osage 1164:Sea otters 981:the Dalles 937:confluence 925:Two-Spirit 849:people of 839:supercargo 797:Kalanimoku 777:breadfruit 773:watermelon 757:sugar cane 390:North West 353:California 341:South Pass 167:Key people 4559:Fur trade 4329:Jason Lee 4173:Linn City 4097:Modoc War 3790:Personnel 3766:John Reed 3134:Ross 1849 3093:Ross 1849 3076:Hunt 1973 3059:Hunt 1973 3042:Hunt 1973 3015:Hunt 1973 2749:Ross 1849 2612:Ross 1849 2595:Ross 1849 2566:Ross 1849 2551:Ross 1849 2440:Ross 1849 2375:Ross 1849 2345:Ross 1849 2171:Ross 1849 2121:Citations 1946:HMS 1908:Multnomah 1764:John Reed 1749:Astoria. 1718:mule deer 1695:John Reed 1448:Fort Lisa 1418:howitzers 1341:Missouria 1337:vermilion 1294:left for 1204:Oak Point 1095:nations. 1060:Secwepemc 1012:Nez Perce 988:Chinookan 927:from the 737:Cape Horn 616:voyageurs 547:Whitehall 501:Voyageurs 477:porcelain 457:Cape Horn 429:St. Louis 367:Formation 337:St. Louis 254:in 1811, 221:fur trade 115:Successor 53:Fur trade 4451:Columbia 4138:Champoeg 3878:Albatros 3802:John Day 3797:Ross Cox 3678:Partners 2094:See also 1900:Kamloops 1785:John Day 1781:Umatilla 1703:Niimíipu 1589:portages 1501:Cheyenne 1433:and the 1358:and the 1300:bastions 1269:Chehalis 1229:fish run 1160:Quileute 1156:Quinault 1102:Comcomly 1093:Quinault 1089:Chehalis 1081:Comcomly 1024:Wenatchi 1000:Sahaptin 859:Quinault 781:Honolulu 769:coconuts 735:rounded 506:Montreal 481:nankeens 321:Montreal 243:and the 49:Industry 4479:Gazelle 4465:Canemah 4133:Canemah 3948:Ferries 3864:Tonquin 3837:Naukane 3592:3637703 3473:Astoria 2068:Astoria 1925:Tonquin 1896:Montana 1890:to the 1738:Tonquin 1714:Liksiyu 1509:Wyoming 1481:Montana 1477:Piikáni 1427:Arikara 1192:factory 1184:Alutiiq 1139:Cowlitz 1127:Clatsop 1036:Methows 985:Watlala 977:Naukane 929:Ktunaxa 893:Tonquin 855:Tonquin 835:Tonquin 831:Tonquin 823:estuary 819:Tonquin 808:Naukane 804:Kanakas 753:cabbage 733:Tonquin 709:Tonquin 689:Tonquin 672:Tonquin 643:Tonquin 535:Tonquin 511:Tonquin 415:to the 265:Tonquin 158:or the 134:Astoria 97: ( 92:Defunct 82:Founder 71: ( 69:, (1810 59:Founded 44:Private 4227:People 4118:Albina 4111:Places 4033:Events 3926:Topics 3871:Beaver 3734:Clerks 3590: 3529: 3498: 3449: 3431: 3413: 3357: 3328: 3308: 1974:Legacy 1957:Racoon 1948:Racoon 1933:Beaver 1888:Oregon 1879:Beaver 1859:Beaver 1851:Beaver 1847:Beaver 1827:Beaver 1819:Beaver 1794:Beaver 1578:Snakes 1431:Mandan 1414:Lakota 1291:Beaver 1131:Coalpo 1129:noble 1008:Cayuse 975:, and 654:, and 444:, and 357:Mormon 355:, and 349:Oregon 323:based 239:, the 235:, the 203:Parent 140:, U.S. 138:Oregon 3856:Ships 3588:JSTOR 1505:Bison 1473:Idaho 1407:Sioux 1394:Omaha 1373:Osage 1047:Syilx 945:Syilx 841:. 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Pacific Fur Company

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