66:
4006:
128:
25:
1164:
is like a stored procedure that Oracle
Database invokes automatically whenever a specified event occurs. It is a named PL/SQL unit that is stored in the database and can be invoked repeatedly. Unlike a stored procedure, you can enable and disable a trigger, but you cannot explicitly invoke it. While
1176:
If the trigger is created on a table or view, then the triggering event is composed of DML statements, and the trigger is called a DML trigger. If the trigger is created on a schema or the database, then the triggering event is composed of either DDL or database operation statements, and the trigger
2298:
With
Varrays you need to understand that the word "variable" in the phrase "variable-size arrays" doesn't apply to the size of the array in the way you might think that it would. The size the array is declared with is in fact fixed. The number of elements in the array is variable up to the declared
1371:
Date variables can contain date and time. The time may be left out, but there is no way to define a variable that only contains the time. There is no DATETIME type. And there is a TIME type. But there is no TIMESTAMP type that can contain fine-grained timestamp up to millisecond or nanosecond. The
1262:
to the name definition. To specify the (optional) precision (P) and the (optional) scale (S), one can further append these in round brackets, separated by a comma. ("Precision" in this context refers to the number of digits the variable can hold, and "scale" refers to the number of digits that can
346:
The basic unit of a PL/SQL source program is the block, which groups together related declarations and statements. A PL/SQL block is defined by the keywords DECLARE, BEGIN, EXCEPTION, and END. These keywords divide the block into a declarative part, an executable part, and an exception-handling
1090:
The example above shows a standalone procedure - this type of procedure is created and stored in a database schema using the CREATE PROCEDURE statement. A procedure may also be created in a PL/SQL package - this is called a
Package Procedure. A procedure created in a PL/SQL anonymous block is
1129:
Packages are groups of conceptually linked functions, procedures, variables, PL/SQL table and record TYPE statements, constants, cursors, etc. The use of packages promotes re-use of code. Packages are composed of the package specification and an optional package body. The specification is the
2990:, despite superficial similarities. Porting code from one to the other usually involves non-trivial work, not only due to the differences in the feature sets of the two languages, but also due to the very significant differences in the way Oracle and SQL Server deal with
2347:, and Cursor FOR loops. Since Oracle 7.3 the REF CURSOR type was introduced to allow recordsets to be returned from stored procedures and functions. Oracle 9i introduced the predefined SYS_REFCURSOR type, meaning we no longer have to define our own REF CURSOR types.
2326:
can be explicit or implicit. In a FOR loop, an explicit cursor shall be used if the query will be reused, otherwise an implicit cursor is preferred. If using a cursor inside a loop, use a FETCH is recommended when needing to bulk collect or when needing dynamic SQL.
911:
The procedure begins with a mandatory heading part to hold the procedure name and optionally the procedure parameter list. Next come the declarative, executable and exception-handling parts, as in the PL/SQL Anonymous Block. A simple procedure might look like this:
1108:
An IN OUT parameter may or may not have an initial value. That initial value may or may not be modified by the called program. Any changes made to the parameter are returned to the calling program by default by copying but - with the NO-COPY hint - may be passed
576:
Blocks can be nested – i.e., because a block is an executable statement, it can appear in another block wherever an executable statement is allowed. A block can be submitted to an interactive tool (such as SQL*Plus) or embedded within an Oracle
Precompiler or
589:
The purpose of a PL/SQL function is generally used to compute and return a single value. This returned value may be a single scalar value (such as a number, date or character string) or a single collection (such as a nested table or array).
2982:
PL/SQL engine. The constructor and methods of an
Abstract Data Type are written in PL/SQL. The resulting Abstract Data Type can operate as an object class in PL/SQL. Such objects can also persist as column values in Oracle database tables.
1130:
interface to the application; it declares the types, variables, constants, exceptions, cursors, and subprograms available. The body fully defines cursors and subprograms, and so implements the specification. Two advantages of packages are:
1168:
You create a trigger with the CREATE TRIGGER statement. You specify the triggering event in terms of triggering statements, and the item they act on. The trigger is said to be created on or defined on the item—which is either a table, a
2289:
the programmer needs to understand what is nested. Here, a new type is created that may be composed of a number of components. That type can then be used to make a column in a table, and nested within that column are those components.
326:) cannot be used if only SQL is to be used. PL/SQL provides the functionality of other procedural programming languages, such as decision making, iteration etc. A PL/SQL program unit is one of the following: PL/SQL anonymous block,
1173:, a schema, or the database. You also specify the timing point, which determines whether the trigger fires before or after the triggering statement runs and whether it fires for each row that the triggering statement affects.
2742:
As an alternative, the PL/SQL programmer can pre-define the cursor's SELECT-statement in advance to (for example) allow re-use or make the code more understandable (especially useful in the case of long or complex queries).
303:. One can create PL/SQL units such as procedures, functions, packages, types, and triggers, which are stored in the database for reuse by applications that use any of the Oracle Database programmatic interfaces.
3272:
Whenever the PL/SQL runtime engine encounters an external procedure call, the Oracle
Database starts the extproc process. The database passes on the information received from the call specification to the
1180:
An INSTEAD OF trigger is either: A DML trigger created on a view or a system trigger defined on a CREATE statement. The database fires the INSTEAD OF trigger instead of running the triggering statement.
1329:
To define a character variable, the programmer normally appends the variable type VARCHAR2 to the name definition. There follows in brackets the maximum number of characters the variable can store.
1266:
A selection of other data-types for numeric variables would include: binary_float, binary_double, dec, decimal, double precision, float, integer, int, numeric, real, small-int, binary_integer.
338:
specification, package body, trigger, type specification, type body, library. Program units are the PL/SQL source code that is developed, compiled, and ultimately executed on the database.
3114:
581:
program. The interactive tool or program runs the block once. The block is not stored in the database, and for that reason, it is called an anonymous block (even if it has a label).
3017:
based on the popular SQLite API by including a version of SQLite in
Berkeley DB. Consequently, StepSqlite can also be used as a third-party tool to run PL/SQL code on Berkeley DB.
1859:
The following code segment shows the IF-THEN-ELSIF-ELSE construct. The ELSIF and ELSE parts are optional so it is possible to create simpler IF-THEN or, IF-THEN-ELSE constructs.
2258:
used to manipulate collection elements: for example FIRST, LAST, NEXT, PRIOR, EXTEND, TRIM, DELETE, etc. Index-by tables can be used to simulate associative arrays, as in this
1376:
function can be used to convert strings to date values. The function converts the first quoted string into a date, using as a definition the second quoted string, for example:
1165:
a trigger is enabled, the database automatically invokes it—that is, the trigger fires—whenever its triggering event occurs. While a trigger is disabled, it does not fire.
2863:(DDL) requires more complex "Dynamic SQL" statements in the PL/SQL code. However, DML statements underpin the majority of PL/SQL code in typical software applications.
3215:
A pipelined table function returns a result set as a collection iteratively. s each row is ready to be assigned to the collection, it is 'piped out' of the function.
2311:
is a pointer to a private SQL area that stores information coming from a SELECT or data manipulation language (DML) statement (INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, or MERGE). A
347:
part. The declaration section is optional and may be used to define and initialize constants and variables. If a variable is not initialized then it defaults to
3614:
299:
are supported involving the use of PL/SQL collections. Implementations from version 8 of Oracle
Database onwards have included features associated with
3659:
2254:
Programmers must specify an upper limit for varrays, but need not for index-by tables or for nested tables. The language includes several collection
1145:
Using package variables one can declare session level (scoped) variables since variables declared in the package specification have a session scope.
3091:
1194:
2939:
as a common ancestor, and so PL/SQL also resembles Pascal in most aspects. However, the structure of a PL/SQL package does not resemble the basic
351:
value. The optional exception-handling part is used to handle run-time errors. Only the executable part is required. A block can have a label.
3609:
3453:"@humanications We didn't re-implement the SQLite API, we include a version of SQLite which uses Berkeley DB for storage (replacing btree.c)"
4035:
3400:
3727:
3466:
268:. PL/SQL is available in Oracle Database (since version 6 - stored PL/SQL procedures/functions/packages/triggers since version 7),
4030:
896:
A function should only use the default IN type of parameter. The only out value from the function should be the value it returns.
276:(since version 9.7). Oracle Corporation usually extends PL/SQL functionality with each successive release of the Oracle Database.
904:
Procedures resemble functions in that they are named program units that can be invoked repeatedly. The primary difference is that
3358:
1102:
An IN parameter is used as input only. An IN parameter is passed by reference, though it can be changed by the inactive program.
3314:
3070:
3277:
process, which helps it to locate the external procedure within the library and execute it using the supplied parameters. The
1105:
An OUT parameter is initially NULL. The program assigns the parameter value and that value is returned to the calling program.
3202:
3046:
3376:
2954:
PL/SQL also allows for the definition of classes and instantiating these as objects in PL/SQL code. This resembles usage in
908:. Another difference is that the procedure can return multiple values whereas a function should only return a single value.
1552:
Each exception has an SQL error number and SQL error message associated with it. Programmers can access these by using the
1332:
Other datatypes for character variables include: varchar, char, long, raw, long raw, nchar, nchar2, clob, blob, and bfile.
3067:
2951:
unit. Programmers can define public and private global data-types, constants, and static variables in a PL/SQL package.
1134:
Modular approach, encapsulation/hiding of business logic, security, performance improvement, re-usability. They support
3514:
3281:
process loads the dynamic linked library, executes the external procedure, and returns the result back to the database.
2870:
package library. More recent versions have however introduced a simpler "Native
Dynamic SQL", along with an associated
319:
192:
3259:
3149:
229:
211:
164:
109:
87:
52:
3340:
80:
3586:
3254:. Professional experience distilled (2 ed.). Birmingham: Packt Publishing Ltd (published 2016). p. 143.
2866:
In the case of PL/SQL dynamic SQL, early versions of the Oracle
Database required the use of a complicated Oracle
3421:
171:
3949:
3673:
2970:. PL/SQL refers to a class as an "Abstract Data Type" (ADT) or "User Defined Type" (UDT), and defines it as an
2503:
1439:
PL/SQL also supports the use of ANSI date and interval literals. The following clause gives an 18-month range:
149:
3128:
1091:
called a nested procedure. The standalone or package procedures, stored in the database, are referred to as "
3293:
3227:
3170:
3991:
327:
1838:
So according to the example, we are able to copy the data from the database to the fields in the program.
178:
4009:
3799:
3506:
3433:
2967:
2955:
2936:
2271:
1135:
331:
3837:
2890:
2856:
1507:
commands, in any situation where they determine it is impossible for normal execution to continue. The
3434:"Migrating from Oracle to SQL Server - T-SQL, PL/SQL differences: Narayana Vyas Kondreddi's home page"
1848:
Programmers can address individual attributes in such a structure by means of the dot-notation, thus:
3975:
3634:
2255:
280:
160:
2259:
4040:
3863:
2932:
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74:
3847:
3041:
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145:
138:
38:
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292:
254:
91:
3559:
1581:
This syntax defines a variable of the type of the referenced column on the referenced tables.
3712:
2535:/* N.B. for loop variables in PL/SQL are new declarations, with scope only inside the loop */
591:
578:
3842:
3579:
2897:
2834:
The concept of the person_code within the FOR-loop gets expressed with dot-notation ("."):
1139:
257:
3544:
8:
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2883:
570:
335:
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3595:
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3065:
2736:
2507:
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2316:
2312:
2308:
1493:
Exceptions—errors during code execution—are of two types: user-defined and predefined.
288:
250:
185:
3888:
3644:
3510:
3498:
3255:
3198:
3085:
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SQL data-type as opposed to a PL/SQL user-defined type, allowing its use in both the
2270:
With index-by tables, the array can be indexed by numbers or strings. It parallels a
2241:
1110:
306:
The first public version of the PL/SQL definition was in 1995. It implements the ISO
295:, procedures, functions, packages, types and variables of those types, and triggers.
3452:
2882:
PL/SQL works analogously to the embedded procedural languages associated with other
2277:, which comprises key-value pairs. There is only one dimension and it is unbounded.
3943:
3883:
3873:
3868:
3682:
3639:
1161:
1155:
1092:
318:
The main feature of SQL (non-procedural) is also its drawback: control statements (
3970:
3753:
3572:
3249:
3192:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2859:(DML) statements directly into PL/SQL code using straightforward SQL statements,
2234:
1170:
296:
265:
3965:
3939:
3914:
3697:
3619:
2944:
2315:
holds the rows (one or more) returned by a SQL statement. The set of rows the
4024:
3629:
3554:
2959:
2940:
300:
1117:
PL/SQL also supports external procedures via the Oracle database's standard
452:-- this section is mandatory, must contain at least one executable statement
4045:
3909:
3827:
3717:
3026:
2987:
2901:
284:
3104:
Steven Feuerstein (1995), "Oracle PL/SQL Programming", 1st, First Edition.
3768:
3702:
3010:
2948:
2299:
size. Arguably then, variable-sized arrays aren't that variable in size.
44:
3071:"DB2 10: Run Oracle applications on DB2 10 for Linux, UNIX, and Windows"
1989:
The CASE statement simplifies some large IF-THEN-ELSIF-ELSE structures.
3822:
3778:
3707:
3687:
3624:
2905:
2340:
2286:
1258:
To define a numeric variable, the programmer appends the variable type
348:
1499:
exceptions are always raised explicitly by the programmers, using the
3893:
3654:
3649:
3564:
3525:
2894:
2336:
127:
3930:
3832:
3773:
3732:
3722:
3539:
2909:
2344:
1225:
1098:
Procedures can have three types of parameters: IN, OUT and IN OUT.
323:
269:
2237:
as "collections". The language offers three types of collections:
906:
functions can be used in a SQL statement whereas procedures cannot
594:
supplement the built-in functions provided by Oracle Corporation.
3783:
3248:
Gupta, Saurabh K. (2012). "5: Using Advanced Interface Methods".
3036:
2925:
2917:
2913:
1841:
Using this datatype the programmer has defined a variable called
742:
Pipe-lined table functions return collections and take the form:
307:
273:
2335:
As a procedural language by definition, PL/SQL provides several
3763:
3737:
3031:
3006:
2887:
291:(run-time errors). It allows the declaration of constants and
16:
Procedural extension for SQL and the Oracle relational database
1228:
in PL/SQL include NUMBER, CHAR, VARCHAR2, DATE and TIMESTAMP.
3935:
3758:
2963:
2260:
example of a memo function for Ackermann's function in PL/SQL
3005:
product is a PL/SQL compiler for the popular small database
1584:
Programmers specify user-defined datatypes with the syntax:
3549:
3197:. O'Reilly Series. O'Reilly Media, Inc. pp. 122, 429.
3814:
3014:
2921:
2920:
includes SQL Procedural Language, which conforms to the
261:
2265:
2931:
The designers of PL/SQL modeled its syntax on that of
1432:
To convert the dates to strings one uses the function
3497:
2122:
CASE statement can be used with predefined selector:
1823:
This sample program defines its own datatype, called
1203:
Event logging and storing information on table access
279:
PL/SQL includes procedural language elements such as
1189:
Triggers can be written for the following purposes:
3009:which supports a subset of PL/SQL syntax. Oracle's
152:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2739:, read in their data and close the cursor again.
2293:
1563:
4022:
1845:and loaded it with data from the ADDRESS table.
3190:
2660:0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 var is null
3580:
2339:constructs, including basic LOOP statements,
3359:"Database PL/SQL User's Guide and Reference"
3090:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2916:includes a PL/SQL compatibility parser, and
1049:-- Exception-handling part begins (optional)
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
3587:
3573:
3319:Oracle iSQL Reference 10g Release 2 (10.2)
1854:
341:
230:Learn how and when to remove this message
212:Learn how and when to remove this message
110:Learn how and when to remove this message
3307:
3251:Advanced Oracle PL/SQL Developer's Guide
3191:Nanda, Arup; Feuerstein, Steven (2005).
2319:holds is referred to as the active set.
1851:v_address.street := 'High Street';
73:This article includes a list of general
3294:"Coding PL/SQL Procedures and Packages"
4023:
3594:
3338:
3047:Relational database management systems
2986:PL/SQL is fundamentally distinct from
2943:program structure as implemented by a
2912:(which emulates PL/SQL to an extent),
2735:Cursor-for loops automatically open a
1424:'NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE = American'
1269:
1184:
313:
3568:
3523:
3247:
2499:Loops can be terminated by using the
1007:-- Executable part begins (mandatory)
977:-- Declarative part begins (optional)
3450:
3422:"Private and public items in PL/SQL"
2877:
2855:While programmers can readily embed
2266:Associative arrays (index-by tables)
1434:TO_CHAR (date_string, format_string)
1231:
998:'Email address is too long.'
150:adding citations to reliable sources
121:
59:
18:
3377:"What's New in MariaDB Server 10.3"
2663:
13:
4036:Data-centric programming languages
3491:
2350:
597:The PL/SQL function has the form:
425:' Hello world '
79:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
4057:
3533:
3013:11g R2 release added support for
2417:-- Returns control to parent_loop
2228:
1335:
1209:Synchronous replication of tables
34:This article has multiple issues.
4005:
4004:
3482:Does Berkeley DB support PL/SQL?
3451:Burd, Gregory (March 24, 2010).
3115:"Oracle Compliance with SQL/PSM"
2280:
1212:Imposing security authorizations
929:-- Procedure heading part begins
573:to store a value in a variable.
126:
64:
23:
4031:Ada programming language family
3459:
3444:
3426:
3414:
3393:
3369:
3351:
3332:
3286:
1363:'DD-MM-YYYY hh24:mi:ss'
1215:Preventing invalid transactions
1200:Enforcing referential integrity
137:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
3241:
3220:
3184:
3163:
3142:
3121:
3107:
3098:
3059:
2850:
2294:Varrays (variable-size arrays)
2250:Varrays (variable-size arrays)
1564:Datatypes for specific columns
971:-- Procedure heading part ends
1:
3524:Naudé, Frank (June 9, 2005).
3069:), SQL Architect, STSM, IBM.
3052:
2453:-- continue to next iteration
1488:
1357:'01-01-2005 14:20:23'
1219:
3992:Oracle Certification Program
3560:ORACLE-BASE: PL/SQL Articles
3526:"Oracle PL/SQL FAQ rev 2.08"
2513:
1827:, which contains the fields
1177:is called a system trigger.
899:
272:(since version 11.2.1), and
7:
3550:Oracle Tahiti Search Engine
3020:
2956:object-oriented programming
2935:. Both Ada and PL/SQL have
2357:<<parent_loop>>
1829:name, street, street_number
1263:follow the decimal point.)
1136:object-oriented programming
584:
545:'Error Message is '
491:-- this section is optional
368:-- this section is optional
270:TimesTen in-memory database
247:Procedural Language for SQL
10:
4062:
3467:"Official Berkeley DB FAQ"
2857:Data Manipulation Language
2366:<<child_loop>>
2330:
2302:
1153:
1149:
1124:
266:Oracle relational database
4000:
3985:Education and recognition
3984:
3958:
3923:
3902:
3856:
3813:
3792:
3746:
3671:
3602:
3507:O'Reilly & Associates
3503:Oracle PL/SQL Programming
3150:"PL/SQL Anonymous Blocks"
2634:'var is not null'
3545:Oracle Technology Center
3403:. Publib.boulder.ibm.com
3228:"Database SQL Reference"
3171:"Database SQL Reference"
3129:"Oracle Server Features"
2861:Data Definition Language
2836:
2745:
2667:
2517:
2396:-- Terminates both loops
2354:
2211:sequence_of_statements_N
2202:sequence_of_statements_5
2187:sequence_of_statements_4
2172:sequence_of_statements_3
2157:sequence_of_statements_2
2142:sequence_of_statements_1
2124:
2105:sequence_of_statements_N
2096:sequence_of_statements_5
2075:sequence_of_statements_4
2054:sequence_of_statements_3
2033:sequence_of_statements_2
2012:sequence_of_statements_1
1991:
1972:sequence_of_statements_N
1963:sequence_of_statements_5
1942:sequence_of_statements_4
1921:sequence_of_statements_3
1900:sequence_of_statements_2
1879:sequence_of_statements_1
1861:
1659:
1586:
1540:several exceptions like
1513:
1511:command has the syntax:
1441:
1403:
1378:
1339:
1321:'lake view road'
1273:
1235:
914:
744:
599:
515:'Error Code is '
446:-- current date and time
356:
1536:Oracle Corporation has
1505:RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR
94:more precise citations.
3501:; Bill Pribyl (2014).
3341:"Working with Cursors"
3194:Oracle PL/SQL for DBAs
1855:Conditional statements
592:User-defined functions
342:PL/SQL anonymous block
3793:Programming languages
3420:Oracle documentation
2613:'var is null'
1418:'dd-mon-yyyy'
1412:'31-Dec-2004'
359:<<label>>
3635:HĂ©ctor GarcĂa-Molina
3339:Feuerstein, Steven.
2884:relational databases
1483:'2004-12-30'
1456:'2004-12-30'
1393:'dd-mm-yyyy'
1387:'31-12-2004'
1197:values automatically
1140:function overloading
1082:create_email_address
923:create_email_address
656:-- declaration block
146:improve this article
3959:Computer appliances
3603:Corporate directors
3363:download.oracle.com
2978:SQL Engine and the
2506:, or by raising an
1270:Character variables
1185:Purpose of triggers
571:assignment operator
362:-- this is optional
314:PL/SQL program unit
3976:Big Data Appliance
3615:H. Raymond Bingham
3596:Oracle Corporation
3540:Oracle FAQ: PL/SQL
3499:Feuerstein, Steven
3471:Oracle Corporation
2242:Associative arrays
1142:and encapsulation.
662:-- executable part
301:object-orientation
251:Oracle Corporation
4018:
4017:
3924:Computer hardware
3903:Operating systems
3864:Fusion Middleware
3664:Naomi O. Seligman
3645:Jeffrey O. Henley
3438:vyaskn.tripod.com
3204:978-0-596-00587-0
2878:Similar languages
2872:EXECUTE IMMEDIATE
2244:(Index-by tables)
2233:PL/SQL refers to
1232:Numeric variables
1093:stored procedures
324:iterative control
287:, and can handle
240:
239:
232:
222:
221:
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196:
120:
119:
112:
57:
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4008:
4007:
3848:Developer Studio
3816:
3640:Joseph Grundfest
3589:
3582:
3575:
3566:
3565:
3555:Morgan's Library
3529:
3520:
3505:(6th ed.).
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3484:
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3879:WebLogic Server
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3660:Donald L. Lucas
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3492:Further reading
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2958:languages like
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2351:LOOP statements
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644:-- heading part
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320:decision-making
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86:Please help to
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28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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3968:
3966:Oracle Exadata
3962:
3960:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3952:
3947:
3933:
3927:
3925:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3917:
3915:Oracle Solaris
3912:
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3725:
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3672:Acquisitions (
3669:
3668:
3666:
3665:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3620:Michael Boskin
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3534:External links
3532:
3531:
3530:
3521:
3516:978-1449324452
3515:
3493:
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3106:
3097:
3066:Serge Rielau (
3057:
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3051:
3050:
3049:
3044:
3042:PL/SQL editors
3039:
3034:
3029:
3022:
3019:
2945:Borland Delphi
2879:
2876:
2852:
2849:
2837:
2746:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2332:
2329:
2304:
2301:
2295:
2292:
2282:
2279:
2267:
2264:
2252:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2230:
2229:Array handling
2227:
2125:
1992:
1862:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1660:
1587:
1568:Variable_name
1567:
1565:
1562:
1514:
1490:
1487:
1442:
1404:
1379:
1340:
1337:
1336:Date variables
1334:
1294:'Text'
1274:
1271:
1268:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:derived column
1186:
1183:
1154:Main article:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1138:features like
1126:
1123:
1115:
1114:
1106:
1103:
915:
901:
898:
745:
600:
586:
583:
357:
343:
340:
315:
312:
238:
237:
220:
219:
134:
132:
125:
118:
117:
72:
70:
63:
58:
32:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4058:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4028:
4026:
4011:
4003:
4002:
3999:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3983:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3957:
3951:
3948:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3922:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3901:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3855:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3843:SQL Developer
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3812:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3791:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3745:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
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3681:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3670:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3630:Larry Ellison
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3590:
3585:
3583:
3578:
3576:
3571:
3570:
3567:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3527:
3522:
3518:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3495:
3483:
3472:
3468:
3462:
3454:
3447:
3439:
3435:
3429:
3423:
3417:
3402:
3396:
3378:
3372:
3364:
3360:
3354:
3346:
3342:
3335:
3320:
3316:
3310:
3295:
3289:
3282:
3263:
3261:9781785282522
3257:
3253:
3252:
3244:
3229:
3223:
3216:
3206:
3200:
3196:
3195:
3187:
3172:
3166:
3151:
3145:
3130:
3124:
3116:
3110:
3101:
3093:
3087:
3072:
3068:
3062:
3058:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2984:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2960:Object Pascal
2957:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2941:Object Pascal
2938:
2934:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2896:
2892:
2889:
2885:
2875:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2835:
2787:cursor_person
2754:cursor_person
2744:
2740:
2738:
2658:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2497:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2328:
2325:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2300:
2291:
2288:
2287:nested tables
2281:Nested tables
2278:
2276:
2273:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2249:
2247:Nested tables
2246:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2123:
1990:
1860:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1779:street_number
1725:street_number
1716:street_number
1658:
1657:For example:
1585:
1582:
1561:
1551:
1546:TOO_MANY_ROWS
1542:NO_DATA_FOUND
1539:
1512:
1498:
1494:
1465:'1-6'
1440:
1437:
1402:
1377:
1342:variable_name
1333:
1330:
1276:variable_name
1267:
1264:
1261:
1238:variable_name
1229:
1227:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1172:
1166:
1163:
1157:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1122:
1112:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1073:error_message
980:error_message
913:
909:
907:
897:
762:function_name
743:
617:function_name
598:
595:
593:
582:
580:
574:
572:
482:'INU'
458:street_number
355:
354:For example:
352:
350:
339:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
311:
309:
304:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
277:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
256:
252:
248:
244:
234:
231:
216:
213:
205:
194:
191:
187:
184:
180:
177:
173:
170:
166:
163: –
162:
158:
157:Find sources:
151:
147:
141:
140:
135:This article
133:
129:
124:
123:
114:
111:
103:
100:February 2008
93:
89:
83:
82:
76:
71:
62:
61:
56:
54:
47:
46:
41:
40:
35:
30:
21:
20:
3910:Oracle Linux
3804:
3718:Virtual Iron
3655:Jack F. Kemp
3610:Jeffrey Berg
3502:
3481:
3474:. Retrieved
3461:
3446:
3437:
3428:
3416:
3405:. Retrieved
3395:
3384:. Retrieved
3371:
3362:
3353:
3344:
3334:
3323:. Retrieved
3318:
3309:
3298:. Retrieved
3288:
3271:
3265:. Retrieved
3250:
3243:
3232:. Retrieved
3222:
3214:
3208:. Retrieved
3193:
3186:
3175:. Retrieved
3165:
3154:. Retrieved
3144:
3133:. Retrieved
3123:
3109:
3100:
3075:. Retrieved
3061:
3002:
3000:
2988:Transact-SQL
2985:
2953:
2930:
2902:Transact-SQL
2881:
2865:
2854:
2833:
2769:people_table
2741:
2734:
2691:people_table
2656:
2498:
2496:
2334:
2321:
2306:
2297:
2284:
2274:
2269:
2253:
2232:
2121:
1988:
1858:
1847:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1822:
1656:
1583:
1580:
1549:
1537:
1535:
1497:User-defined
1496:
1495:
1492:
1438:
1431:
1400:
1370:
1331:
1328:
1265:
1259:
1257:
1223:
1188:
1179:
1175:
1167:
1159:
1128:
1116:
1111:by reference
1097:
1089:
910:
905:
903:
895:
741:
725:return_value
698:return_value
596:
588:
575:
564:
353:
345:
317:
305:
278:
246:
242:
241:
226:
208:
202:January 2008
199:
189:
182:
175:
168:
156:
144:Please help
139:verification
136:
106:
97:
78:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
3769:Berkeley DB
3011:Berkeley DB
2992:concurrency
2949:Free Pascal
2851:Dynamic SQL
2845:person_code
2839:RecordIndex
2811:person_code
2805:recordIndex
2793:DBMS_OUTPUT
2781:RecordIndex
2763:person_code
2718:person_code
2712:RecordIndex
2700:DBMS_OUTPUT
2685:person_code
2673:RecordIndex
2622:DBMS_OUTPUT
2601:DBMS_OUTPUT
2559:DBMS_OUTPUT
2489:parent_loop
2378:parent_loop
2341:WHILE loops
1575:Column_name
1560:functions.
1061:DBMS_OUTPUT
1055:VALUE_ERROR
1034:'@'
1022:'.'
771:return_type
626:return_type
565:The symbol
533:DBMS_OUTPUT
503:DBMS_OUTPUT
92:introducing
4025:Categories
3950:StorageTek
3944:Enterprise
3857:Middleware
3823:JDeveloper
3708:JD Edwards
3688:PeopleSoft
3625:Safra Catz
3407:2012-07-26
3386:2018-08-21
3345:oracle.com
3325:2009-03-20
3315:"Literals"
3300:2020-09-21
3267:2017-06-08
3234:2020-09-21
3210:2011-01-11
3177:2020-09-21
3156:2020-09-21
3135:2020-09-21
3077:2012-07-26
3053:References
3003:StepSqlite
2928:standard.
2906:PostgreSQL
2898:SQL Server
2426:child_loop
2372:statements
2363:statements
1570:Table_name
1538:predefined
1489:Exceptions
1224:The major
1220:Data types
310:standard.
289:exceptions
281:conditions
255:procedural
172:newspapers
75:references
39:improve it
3894:GlassFish
3884:Coherence
3874:SOA Suite
3869:WebCenter
3747:Databases
3650:Mark Hurd
3476:March 30,
3382:. MariaDB
3073:. Ibm.com
2895:Microsoft
2514:FOR loops
2508:exception
2474:condition
2438:condition
2408:condition
2387:condition
2345:FOR loops
2337:iteration
1843:v_address
1825:t_address
1791:v_address
1755:t_address
1752:v_address
1668:t_address
1592:data_type
1522:exception
1447:dateField
1300:-- e.g.:
1226:datatypes
1121:process.
1046:EXCEPTION
920:PROCEDURE
900:Procedure
852:exception
849:Exception
813:statement
710:Exception
686:statement
488:EXCEPTION
328:procedure
293:variables
258:extension
45:talk page
4010:Category
3940:T-Series
3931:Sun Fire
3833:NetBeans
3774:TimesTen
3733:NetSuite
3728:Sunopsis
3723:TimesTen
3713:RightNow
3693:Hyperion
3401:"SQL PL"
3321:. Oracle
3296:. Oracle
3230:. Oracle
3173:. Oracle
3152:. Oracle
3131:. Oracle
3086:cite web
3021:See also
2910:PL/pgSQL
2874:syntax.
2868:DBMS_SQL
2799:PUT_LINE
2706:PUT_LINE
2657:Output:
2628:PUT_LINE
2607:PUT_LINE
2565:PUT_LINE
2447:continue
1833:postcode
1785:postcode
1743:postcode
1734:postcode
1462:INTERVAL
1306:varchar2
1279:varchar2
1206:Auditing
1119:ext-proc
1067:PUT_LINE
983:VARCHAR2
965:VARCHAR2
953:VARCHAR2
944:VARCHAR2
935:VARCHAR2
756:FUNCTION
611:FUNCTION
585:Function
539:PUT_LINE
509:PUT_LINE
410:VARCHAR2
332:function
264:and the
161:"PL/SQL"
3784:Essbase
3279:extproc
3275:extproc
3037:SQL/PSM
2996:locking
2926:SQL/PSM
2922:ISO SQL
2918:IBM Db2
2914:MariaDB
2748:DECLARE
2520:DECLARE
2504:keyword
2331:Looping
2303:Cursors
2256:methods
1797:address
1737:address
1719:address
1701:address
1683:address
1662:declare
1640:field_n
1619:field_2
1604:field_1
1558:SQLERRM
1554:SQLCODE
1450:BETWEEN
1406:to_date
1381:to_date
1374:TO_DATE
1351:to_date
1303:address
1150:Trigger
1125:Package
1040:company
950:company
753:REPLACE
608:REPLACE
551:sqlerrm
527:sqlcode
521:TO_CHAR
470:address
464:number1
440:SYSDATE
389:number1
386:number2
371:number1
365:DECLARE
336:package
308:SQL/PSM
274:IBM Db2
186:scholar
88:improve
3889:Tuxedo
3805:PL/SQL
3764:InnoDB
3738:Cerner
3698:Siebel
3513:
3258:
3201:
3032:SQL PL
3007:SQLite
2980:Oracle
2976:Oracle
2972:Oracle
2937:Pascal
2888:Sybase
2760:SELECT
2751:CURSOR
2737:cursor
2682:SELECT
2526:NUMBER
2324:cursor
2317:cursor
2313:cursor
2309:cursor
2235:arrays
1803:rownum
1773:street
1764:select
1707:street
1698:street
1674:record
1643:type_n
1622:type_2
1607:type_1
1598:record
1577:%type;
1260:NUMBER
1241:number
917:CREATE
882:RETURN
870:return
840:RETURN
828:return
810:return
768:RETURN
747:CREATE
719:RETURN
692:RETURN
683:return
650:number
647:amount
623:RETURN
602:CREATE
497:OTHERS
455:SELECT
374:NUMBER
297:Arrays
243:PL/SQL
188:
181:
174:
167:
159:
77:, but
3936:SPARC
3828:Forms
3759:MySQL
3380:(PDF)
3027:T-SQL
2900:have
2775:BEGIN
2532:BEGIN
2285:With
1948:ELSIF
1927:ELSIF
1906:ELSIF
1885:ELSIF
1800:where
1761:begin
1746:%type
1728:%type
1710:%type
1692:%type
1516:RAISE
1509:RAISE
1501:RAISE
1474:MONTH
1444:WHERE
1028:name2
1016:name1
1010:email
1004:BEGIN
959:email
941:name2
932:name1
855:block
804:block
789:BEGIN
783:USING
677:block
659:BEGIN
473:WHERE
449:BEGIN
431:text2
407:text1
392:%TYPE
285:loops
249:) is
193:JSTOR
179:books
3838:Apex
3815:IDEs
3800:Java
3674:list
3511:ISBN
3478:2010
3256:ISBN
3199:ISBN
3092:link
3001:The
2994:and
2968:Java
2966:and
2908:has
2893:and
2820:LOOP
2790:LOOP
2766:FROM
2727:LOOP
2697:LOOP
2688:FROM
2619:ELSE
2598:THEN
2595:NULL
2580:LOOP
2556:LOOP
2501:EXIT
2486:LOOP
2477:>
2471:<
2468:when
2465:exit
2444:then
2441:>
2435:<
2423:loop
2411:>
2405:<
2402:when
2399:exit
2390:>
2384:<
2381:when
2375:exit
2369:loop
2360:LOOP
2272:Java
2220:CASE
2208:ELSE
2199:THEN
2193:WHEN
2184:THEN
2178:WHEN
2169:THEN
2163:WHEN
2154:THEN
2148:WHEN
2139:THEN
2133:WHEN
2127:CASE
2114:CASE
2102:ELSE
2093:THEN
2081:WHEN
2072:THEN
2060:WHEN
2051:THEN
2039:WHEN
2030:THEN
2018:WHEN
2009:THEN
1997:WHEN
1994:CASE
1969:ELSE
1960:THEN
1939:THEN
1918:THEN
1897:THEN
1876:THEN
1831:and
1794:from
1788:into
1767:name
1689:name
1680:name
1665:type
1589:type
1556:and
1550:etc.
1528:>
1525:name
1519:<
1480:DATE
1468:YEAR
1453:DATE
1345:date
1171:view
1058:THEN
1052:WHEN
876:>
873:type
867:<
861:PIPE
834:>
831:type
825:<
819:PIPE
816:>
807:with
792:<
786:>
774:<
765:>
759:<
728:>
722:<
713:none
701:>
695:<
689:>
680:with
665:<
641:>
629:<
620:>
614:<
500:THEN
494:WHEN
476:name
467:FROM
461:INTO
434:DATE
349:NULL
283:and
260:for
165:news
4046:SQL
3779:Rdb
3703:BEA
3683:Sun
3015:SQL
2964:C++
2947:or
2933:Ada
2924:’s
2891:ASE
2826:END
2817:END
2778:FOR
2724:END
2670:FOR
2649:END
2640:END
2589:var
2577:END
2571:var
2541:var
2538:FOR
2523:var
2483:END
2456:end
2420:end
2275:map
2217:END
2111:END
1978:END
1815:end
1649:xyz
1634:...
1628:xyz
1613:xyz
1503:or
1477:AND
1401:or
1095:".
1079:END
962:OUT
888:END
864:ROW
822:ROW
801:SQL
734:END
674:SQL
579:OCI
557:END
530:));
322:or
262:SQL
253:'s
148:by
4027::
3942:,
3509:.
3480:.
3469:.
3436:.
3361:.
3343:.
3317:.
3270:.
3213:.
3088:}}
3084:{{
2998:.
2962:,
2904:,
2814:);
2784:IN
2757:IS
2721:);
2676:IN
2643:IF
2637:);
2616:);
2592:IS
2586:IF
2574:);
2553:10
2550:..
2544:IN
2510:.
2459:if
2432:if
2343:,
2322:A
2307:A
2262:.
1981:IF
1864:IF
1835:.
1749:);
1671:is
1652:);
1646::=
1625::=
1610::=
1595:is
1548:,
1544:,
1471:TO
1436:.
1366:);
1348::=
1318::=
1312:20
1291::=
1285:20
1247::=
1244:()
1160:A
1076:);
1037:||
1031:||
1025:||
1019:||
1013::=
995::=
989:30
974:AS
795:PL
777:IS
750:OR
668:PL
638:AS
632:IS
605:OR
567::=
554:);
548:||
518:||
437::=
422::=
416:12
398:17
395::=
383:);
334:,
330:,
48:.
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3938:(
3676:)
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3581:t
3574:v
3528:.
3519:.
3455:.
3440:.
3410:.
3389:.
3365:.
3347:.
3328:.
3303:.
3237:.
3180:.
3159:.
3138:.
3117:.
3094:)
3080:.
2842:.
2829:;
2823:;
2808:.
2802:(
2796:.
2772:;
2730:;
2715:.
2709:(
2703:.
2694:)
2679:(
2652:;
2646:;
2631:(
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2610:(
2604:.
2583:;
2568:(
2562:.
2547:0
2529:;
2492:;
2480:;
2462:;
2450:;
2429:;
2414:;
2393:;
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2214:;
2205:;
2196:5
2190:;
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