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291:, it forms a ramp within the stronger layer. With continued displacement on the thrust, higher stresses are developed in the footwall of the ramp due to the bend on the fault. This may cause renewed propagation along the floor thrust until it again cuts up to join the roof thrust. Further displacement then takes place via the newly created ramp. This process may repeat many times, forming a series of fault-bounded thrust slices known as
132:
104:
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Fault-propagation folds form at the tip of a thrust fault where propagation along the decollement has ceased, but displacement on the thrust behind the fault tip continues. The formation of an asymmetric anticline-syncline fold pair accommodates the continuing displacement. As displacement continues,
497:
By a system of reversed faults, a group of strata is made to cover a great breadth of ground and actually to overlie higher members of the same series. The most extraordinary dislocations, however, are those to which for distinction we have given the name of Thrust-planes. They are strictly reversed
407:
Foreland basin thrusts also usually observe the ramp-flat geometry, with thrusts propagating within units at very low angle "flats" (at 1–5 degrees) and then moving up-section in steeper ramps (at 5–20 degrees) where they offset stratigraphic units. Thrusts have also been detected in cratonic
246:. If the effectiveness of the decollement becomes reduced, the thrust will tend to cut up the section to a higher stratigraphic level until it reaches another effective decollement where it can continue as bedding parallel flat. The part of the thrust linking the two flats is known as a
302:
Most duplexes have only small displacements on the bounding faults between the horses, which dip away from the foreland. Occasionally, the displacement on the individual horses is more significant, such that each horse lies more or less vertically above the other; this is known as an
419:
margin of subduction zones, where oceanic sediments are scraped off the subducted plate and accumulate. Here, the accretionary wedge must thicken by up to 200%, and this is achieved by stacking thrust fault upon thrust fault in a
392:, marginal to orogenic belts. Here, compression does not result in appreciable mountain building, which is mostly accommodated by folding and stacking of thrusts. Instead, thrust faults generally cause a thickening of the
173:) – when the underlying block is exposed only in a relatively small area. When erosion removes most of the overlying block, leaving island-like remnants resting on the lower block, the remnants are called
484:
in the
Canadian Rockies. The realisation that older strata could, via faulting, be found above younger strata was arrived at more or less independently by geologists in all these areas during the 1880s.
271:. Eventually, the propagating thrust tip may reach another effective decollement layer, and a composite fold structure will develop with fault-bending and fault-propagation folds' characteristics.
155:
If the angle of the fault plane is lower (often less than 15 degrees from the horizontal) and the displacement of the overlying block is large (often in the kilometer range) the fault is called an
424:
of disrupted rock, often with chaotic folding. Here, ramp flat geometries are not usually observed because the compressional force is at a steep angle to the sedimentary layering.
212:, thrusts are also difficult to appreciate in mapping, where lithological offsets are generally subtle and stratigraphic repetition is difficult to detect, especially in
250:
and typically forms at an angle of about 15°–30° to the bedding. Continued displacement on a thrust over a ramp produces a characteristic fold geometry known as a
652:
Martins-Ferreira, Marco
Antonio Caçador (April 2019). "Effects of initial rift inversion over fold-and-thrust development in a cratonic far-foreland setting".
314:
Duplexing is a very efficient mechanism of accommodating the shortening of the crust by thickening the section rather than by folding and deformation.
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279:
Duplexes occur where two decollement levels are close to each other within a sedimentary sequence, such as the top and base of a relatively strong
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791:
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283:
layer bounded by two relatively weak mudstone layers. When a thrust that has propagated along the lower detachment, known as the
344:
is repeated, with one example in the foreground and another at a higher level to the upper right corner and top of the picture.
299:, each with the geometry of a fault-bend fold of small displacement. The final result is typically a lozenge-shaped duplex.
201:
fault. Because of the lack of surface evidence, blind thrust faults are difficult to detect until rupture. The destructive
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498:
faults, but with so low a hade that the rocks on their upthrown side have been, as it were, pushed horizontally forward.
820:
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225:
614:"Structural Plays in Ellesmerian Sequence and Correlative Strata of the National Petroleum Reserve, Alaska"
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813:
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17:
107:
Diagram of the evolution of a fault-bend fold or 'ramp anticline' above a thrust ramp, the ramp links
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267:
the thrust tip starts to propagate along the axis of the syncline. Such structures are also known as
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geometry. Thrusts mainly propagate along zones of weakness within a sedimentary sequence, such as
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is a break in the Earth's crust, across which older rocks are pushed above younger rocks.
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Antiformal stack of thrust imbricates proved by drilling, Brooks Range
Foothills, Alaska
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700:(Memoirs of the Geological Survey, Scotland). His Majesty's Stationery Office, Glasgow.
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Large overthrust faults occur in areas that have undergone great compressional forces.
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settings, where "far-foreland" deformation has advanced into intracontinental areas.
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341:
311:. If the individual displacements are still greater, the horses have a foreland dip.
31:
545:"How are reverse faults different than thrust faults? In what way are they similar?"
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If the fault plane terminates before it reaches the Earth's surface, it is called a
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are prominent examples of compressional orogenies with numerous overthrust faults.
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601:(5th ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute. p. 462.
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45:, China. The older (left, blue, and red) thrust over the younger (right, brown).
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Peach, B. N., Horne, J., Gunn, W., Clough, C. T. & Hinxman, L. W. 1907.
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30:"Overthrust" redirects here. For the death metal band from Botswana, see
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Report on the geological structure of a portion of the Rocky
Mountains
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of the buried paleo-rifts can induce the nucleation of thrust ramps.
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Development of thrust duplex by progressive failure of ramp footwall
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Neuendorf, K. K. E.; Mehl Jr., J. P.; Jackson, J. A., eds. (2005).
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87:, Somerset, England; displacement of about two metres (6.6 ft)
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The
Geological Structure of the North-west Highlands of Scotland
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205:, was caused by a previously undiscovered blind thrust fault.
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396:. When thrusts are developed in orogens formed in previously
163:. Erosion can remove part of the overlying block, creating a
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in
Scotland. The irregular grey mass of rock is formed of
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Type of reverse fault that has a dip of 45 degrees or less
596:
576:"High Angle Dips at Erosional Edge of Overthrust Faults"
203:
1994 earthquake in
Northridge, Los Angeles, California
119:
Diagram of the evolution of a fault propagation fold
98:
647:
645:
493:to describe this special set of faults. He wrote:
440:Thrust faults were unrecognised until the work of
747:"The Crystalline Rocks of the Scottish Highlands"
612:Moore, Thomas E.; Potter, Christopher J. (2003).
1506:
744:
651:
287:, cuts up to the upper detachment, known as the
642:
224:Thrust faults, particularly those involved in
821:
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240:layers; these parts of the thrust are called
789:Appalachian folding, thrusting and duplexing
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369:The resultant compressional forces produce
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111:at the top of the green and yellow layers
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621:U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report
553:University of California, Santa Barbara
411:Thrusts and duplexes are also found in
317:
228:style of deformation, have a so-called
14:
1507:
835:
745:Archibald Geikie (November 13, 1884).
580:Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology
186:
809:
53:The Glencoul Thrust at Aird da Loch,
480:in the Scandinavian Caledonides and
83:Small thrust fault in the cliffs at
75:, along the top of the younger unit.
1071:List of tectonic plate interactions
537:
219:
24:
713:: Geol. Surv. Canada Summ. Rept.,
25:
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99:Thrust geometry and nomenclature
801:Rob Butler's webpage on thrusts
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351:These conditions exist in the
13:
1:
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623:. Open-File Report. 03–253.
355:that result from either two
144:A thrust fault is a type of
7:
674:10.1016/j.tecto.2019.03.009
452:in the Alps working on the
442:Arnold Escher von der Linth
388:Thrust faults occur in the
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1156:Thick-skinned deformation
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450:Marcel Alexandre Bertrand
254:or, more generally, as a
1161:Thin-skinned deformation
937:Stereographic projection
709:McConnell, R. G. (1887)
489:in 1884 coined the term
468:working on parts of the
334:thin-skinned deformation
68:thrust over well-bedded
927:Orthographic projection
910:Measurement conventions
856:Lamé's stress ellipsoid
340:. Note that the white
262:Fault-propagation folds
193:Blind thrust earthquake
152:of 45 degrees or less.
574:Crosby, G. W. (1967).
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1438:Paleostress inversion
1131:Strike-slip tectonics
1001:Extensional tectonics
981:Continental collision
851:Deformation mechanism
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478:Alfred Elis Törnebohm
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394:stratigraphic section
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208:Because of their low
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1016:Fold and thrust belt
431:Thrust Fault Outcrop
318:Tectonic environment
41:Thrust fault in the
1448:Section restoration
1324:Rock microstructure
986:Convergent boundary
886:Strain partitioning
871:Overburden pressure
861:Mohr–Coulomb theory
763:1884Natur..31...29G
732:www.see.leeds.ac.uk
666:2019Tectp.757...88M
599:Glossary of Geology
520:Earthquake Glossary
413:accretionary wedges
362:collisions or from
187:Blind thrust faults
1520:Structural geology
1425:Kinematic analysis
1081:Mountain formation
996:Divergent boundary
961:Accretionary wedge
837:Structural geology
794:2010-01-12 at the
728:"Thrust Tectonics"
555:. 13 February 2012
474:Scottish Highlands
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1319:Pressure solution
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1194:Exfoliation joint
1184:Columnar jointing
844:Underlying theory
549:UCSB Science Line
342:Madison Limestone
66:Lewisian gneisses
32:Overthrust (band)
16:(Redirected from
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1237:Detachment fault
1232:Cataclastic rock
1166:Thrust tectonics
1136:Structural basin
1111:Pull-apart basin
1051:Horst and graben
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324:Thrust tectonics
305:antiformal stack
220:Fault-bend folds
161:overthrust fault
63:Paleoproterozoic
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353:orogenic belts
332:An example of
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653:
632:. Retrieved
620:
607:
598:
592:
583:
579:
569:
557:. Retrieved
548:
539:
527:. Retrieved
519:
510:
496:
491:thrust-plane
490:
470:Moine Thrust
439:
417:ocean trench
410:
406:
387:
383:Appalachians
373:ranges. The
368:
350:
347:
313:
308:
304:
301:
292:
288:
285:floor thrust
284:
278:
268:
265:
255:
251:
247:
243:decollements
241:
229:
226:thin-skinned
223:
207:
199:blind thrust
198:
196:
178:
174:
168:
164:
160:
156:
154:
143:
109:decollements
93:thrust fault
92:
90:
85:Lilstock Bay
1443:Paleostress
1329:Slickenside
1304:Crenulation
1257:Fault trace
1252:Fault scarp
1242:Disturbance
1227:Cataclasite
1116:Rift valley
1036:Half-graben
1006:Fault block
991:DĂ©collement
446:Albert Heim
366:accretion.
357:continental
289:roof thrust
148:that has a
43:Qilian Shan
1525:Seismology
1509:Categories
1471:Pure shear
1458:Shear zone
1415:Competence
1299:Compaction
1176:Fracturing
971:Autochthon
966:Allochthon
660:: 88–107.
559:5 December
529:5 December
516:"dip slip"
503:References
466:John Horne
381:, and the
293:imbricates
177:(singular
157:overthrust
18:Overthrust
1407:Boudinage
1387:Monocline
1382:Homocline
1362:Anticline
1344:Tectonite
1334:Stylolite
1309:Fissility
1286:lineation
1282:Foliation
1146:Syneclise
1091:Obduction
1061:Inversion
953:tectonics
682:135346440
462:Ben Peach
402:inversion
400:margins,
375:Himalayas
281:sandstone
234:mudstones
230:ramp-flat
214:peneplain
73:quartzite
1494:Category
1466:Mylonite
1397:Vergence
1392:Syncline
1294:Cleavage
1219:Faulting
792:Archived
717:, p. 41.
371:mountain
360:tectonic
70:Cambrian
59:Archaean
1367:Chevron
1354:Folding
1199:Fissure
1151:Terrane
1096:Orogeny
1076:MĂ©lange
1011:Fenster
901:Tension
759:Bibcode
662:Bibcode
472:in the
436:History
422:melange
415:in the
338:Montana
216:areas.
175:klippen
165:fenster
1141:Suture
1126:Saddle
1066:Klippe
1031:Graben
891:Stress
881:Strain
751:Nature
680:
634:5 July
487:Geikie
398:rifted
377:, the
297:horses
238:halite
180:klippe
170:window
55:Assynt
1476:Shear
1204:Joint
1086:Nappe
1046:Horst
1041:Horse
678:S2CID
617:(PDF)
1377:Dome
1284:and
1209:Vein
1189:Dike
1121:Rift
932:Rake
636:2022
561:2017
531:2017
524:USGS
464:and
448:and
379:Alps
248:ramp
167:(or
767:doi
670:doi
658:757
625:doi
307:or
295:or
236:or
210:dip
183:).
159:or
150:dip
61:or
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755:31
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668:.
656:.
644:^
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456:;
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664::
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627::
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