806:. The catenary wire typically comprises messenger wire (also called catenary wire) and a contact wire where it meets the pantograph. The messenger wire is terminated at the portal, while the contact wire runs into the overhead conductor rail profile at the transition end section before it is terminated at the portal. There is a gap between the overhead conductor rail at the transition end section and the overhead conductor rail that runs across the entire span of the swing bridge. The gap is required for the swing bridge to be opened and closed. To connect the conductor rails together when the bridge is closed, there is another conductor rail section called "rotary overlap" that is equipped with a motor. When the bridge is fully closed, the motor of the rotary overlap is operated to turn it from a tilted position into the horizontal position, connecting the conductor rails at the transition end section and the bridge together to supply power.
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maintenance. This makes non-electrical systems more attractive in the short term, although electrical systems can pay for themselves eventually. Also, the added construction and maintenance cost-per-mile makes overhead systems less attractive on already existing long-distance railways, such as those found in North
America, where the distances between cities are typically far greater than in Europe. Such long lines require enormous investment in overhead line equipment, which private rail companies are unlikely to be interested in, and major difficulties confront energizing long portions of overhead wire on a permanent basis, especially in areas where energy demand already outstrips supply.
467:, the contact wire is typically made from copper alloyed with other metals. Sizes include cross-sectional areas of 80, 100, 107, 120, and 150 mm. Common materials include normal and high strength copper, copper-silver, copper-cadmium, copper-magnesium, and copper-tin, with each being identifiable by distinct identification grooves along the upper lobe of the contact wire. These grooves vary in number and location on the arc of the upper section. Copper is chosen for its excellent conductivity, with other metals added to increase tensile strength. The choice of material is chosen based on the needs of the particular system, balancing the need for conductivity and tensile strength.
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456:, where 3 kV system is in use, standard sizes for contact wire are 100 and 150 mm. The catenary wire is made of copper or copper alloys of 70, 120 or 150 mm. The smaller cross sections are made of 19 strands, whereas the bigger has 37 strands. Two standard configurations for main lines consist of two contact wires of 100 mm and one or two catenary wires of 120 mm, totaling 320 or 440 mm. Only one contact wire is often used for side tracks.
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735:
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should the transducer controlled apparatus fail, and the driver also fail to shut off power, the energy in the arc struck by the pantograph as it passes to the neutral section is conducted to earth, operating substation circuit breakers, rather than the arc either bridging the insulators into a section made dead for maintenance, a section fed from a different phase, or setting up a
Backdoor connection between different parts of the country's national grid.
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507:) per wire. Where weights are used, they slide up and down on a rod or tube attached to the mast, to prevent them from swaying. Recently, spring tensioners have started to be used. These devices contain a torsional spring with a cam arrangement to ensure a constant applied tension (instead of varying proportionally with extension). Some devices also include mechanisms for adjusting the stiffness of the spring for ease of maintenance.
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the required properties. For example, steel wires were used for strength, while aluminium or copper wires were used for conductivity. Another type looked like it had all copper wires but inside each wire was a steel core for strength. The steel strands were galvanized but for better corrosion protection they could be coated with an anti-corrosion substance.
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the contact wire and its suspension hangers can move only within the constraints of the MPA. MPAs are sometimes fixed to low bridges, or otherwise anchored to vertical catenary poles or portal catenary supports. A tension length can be seen as a fixed centre point, with the two half-tension lengths expanding and contracting with temperature.
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wires contract or expand. If tension is lost the pulley falls back toward the mast, and one of its teeth jams against the stop. This stops further rotation, limits the damage, and keeps the undamaged part of the wire intact until it can be repaired. Other systems use various braking mechanisms, usually with multiple smaller pulleys in a
613:
680:, phase breaks were indicated by a position light signal face with all eight radial positions with lenses and no center light. When the phase break was active (the catenary sections out of phase), all lights were lit. The position light signal aspect was originally devised by the Pennsylvania Railroad and was continued by
445:. The wire is not round but has grooves at the sides to allow the hangers to attach to it. Sizes were (in cross-sectional area) 85, 100, or 150 mm. To make the wire stronger, 0.04% tin might be added. The wire must resist the heat generated by arcing and thus such wires should never be spliced by thermal means.
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when building the system than an equivalent non-electric system. While a unelectrified railway line requires only the grade, ballast, ties and rails, an overhead system also requires a complex system of support structures, lines, insulators, power-control systems and power lines, all of which require
1411:
During cold or frosty weather, ice may coat overhead lines. This can result in poor electrical contact between the collector and the overhead line, resulting in electrical arcing and power surges. Ice coatings also add extra weight, as well as increase their surface area exposed to wind, consequently
664:
A neutral section or phase break consists of two insulated breaks back-to-back with a short section of line that belongs to neither grid. Some systems increase the level of safety by the midpoint of the neutral section being earthed. The presence of the earthed section in the middle is to ensure that
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Sometimes on a larger electrified railway, tramway or trolleybus system, it is necessary to power different areas of track from different power grids, without guaranteeing synchronisation of the phases. Long lines may be connected to the country's national grid at various points and different phases.
510:
For low speeds and in tunnels where temperatures are constant, fixed termination (FT) equipment may be used, with the wires terminated directly on structures at each end of the overhead line. The tension is generally about 10 kN (2,200 lbf). This type of equipment sags in hot conditions and
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line use the same overhead wires, due to a city ordinance intended to limit air pollution from the large number of steam trains that passed through
Cleveland between the east coast and Chicago. Trains switched from steam to electric locomotives at the Collinwood railyards about 10 miles (16 km)
639:
systems have a particular safety implication in that the railway electrification system would act as a "Backdoor" connection between different parts, resulting in, amongst other things, a section of the grid de-energised for maintenance being re-energised from the railway substation creating danger.
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collector or pantograph is briefly in contact with both wires). In normal service, the two sections are electrically connected; depending on the system this might be an isolator, fixed contact or a
Booster Transformer. The isolator allows the current to the section to be interrupted for maintenance.
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Depot areas tend to have only a single wire and are known as "simple equipment" or "trolley wire". When overhead line systems were first conceived, good current collection was possible only at low speeds, using a single wire. To enable higher speeds, two additional types of equipment were developed:
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slightly to the left and right of the centre from each support to the next so that the insert wears evenly, thus preventing any notches. On curves, the "straight" wire between the supports causes the contact point to cross over the surface of the pantograph as the train travels around the curve. The
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a few centimetres lower. Close to the junction on each side, the tram wire turns into a solid bar running parallel to the trolleybus wires for about half a metre. Another bar similarly angled at its ends is hung between the trolleybus wires, electrically connected above to the tram wire. The tram's
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A special category of phase break was developed in
America, primarily by the Pennsylvania Railroad. Since its traction power network was centrally supplied and only segmented by abnormal conditions, normal phase breaks were generally not active. Phase breaks that were always activated were known as
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For these reasons, Neutral sections are placed in the electrification between the sections fed from different points in a national grid, or different phases, or grids that are not synchronized. It is highly undesirable to connect unsynchronized grids. A simple section break is insufficient to guard
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For bow collectors and pantographs, this is done by having two contact wires run side by side over the length between 2 or 4 wire supports. A new one drops down and the old one rises up, allowing the pantograph to smoothly transfer from one to the other. The two wires do not touch (although the bow
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An additional issue with AT equipment is that, if balance weights are attached to both ends, the whole tension length is free to move along the track. To avoid this a midpoint anchor (MPA), close to the centre of the tension length, restricts movement of the messenger/catenary wire by anchoring it;
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The messenger (or catenary) wire needs to be both strong and have good conductivity. They used multi-strand wires (or cables) with 19 strands in each cable (or wire). Copper, aluminum, and/or steel were used for the strands. All 19 strands could be made of the same metal or a mix of metals based on
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on the west side. When
Cleveland constructed its rapid transit (heavy rail) line between the airport, downtown, and beyond, it employed a similar catenary, using electrification equipment left over after railroads switched from steam to diesel. Light and heavy rail share trackage for about 3 miles
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between electrified suburban railways and tram lines. They have mechanical switching arrangements (changeover switch) to switch the 1500 V DC overhead of the railway and the 650 V DC of the trams, called a Tram Square. Several such crossings have been grade separated in recent years as part of the
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Occasionally gaps may be present in the overhead lines, when switching from one voltage to another or to provide clearance for ships at moveable bridges, as a simpler alternative for moveable overhead power rails. Electric trains coast across the gaps. To prevent arcing, power must be switched off
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To allow maintenance to the overhead line without having to turn off the entire system, the line is broken into electrically separated portions known as "sections". Sections often correspond with tension lengths. The transition from section to section is known as a "section break" and is set up so
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The present transmission system originated about 100 years ago. A simpler system was proposed in the 1970s by the
Pirelli Construction Company, consisting of a single wire embedded at each support for 2.5 metres (8 ft 2 in) of its length in a clipped, extruded aluminum beam with the wire
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mechanism) with a toothed rim, mounted on an arm hinged to the mast. Normally the downward pull of the weights and the reactive upward pull of the tensioned wires lift the pulley so its teeth are well clear of a stop on the mast. The pulley can turn freely while the weights move up or down as the
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Some three-phase AC railways used three overhead wires. These were an experimental railway line of
Siemens in Berlin-Lichtenberg in 1898 (length 1.8 kilometres (1.1 mi)), the military railway between Marienfelde and Zossen between 1901 and 1904 (length 23.4 kilometres (14.5 mi)) and an
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Pantograph-equipped locomotives must not run through a section break when one side is de-energized. The locomotive would become trapped, but as it passes the section break the pantograph briefly shorts the two catenary lines. If the opposite line is de-energized, this voltage transient may trip
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Compound equipment uses a second support wire, known as the "auxiliary", between the messenger/catenary wire and the contact wire. Droppers support the auxiliary from the messenger wire, while additional droppers support the contact wire from the auxiliary. The auxiliary wire can be of a more
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For medium and high speeds, the wires are generally tensioned by weights or occasionally by hydraulic tensioners. Either method is known as "auto-tensioning" (AT) or "constant tension" and ensures that the tension is virtually independent of temperature. Tensions are typically between 9 and
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Unlike simple overhead wires, in which the uninsulated wire is attached by clamps to closely spaced crosswires supported by poles, catenary systems use at least two wires. The catenary or messenger wire is hung at a specific tension between line structures, and a second wire is held in
199:. It presses against the underside of the lowest overhead wire, the contact wire. Current collectors are electrically conductive and allow current to flow through to the train or tram and back to the feeder station through the steel wheels on one or both running rails. Non-electric
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With AT, the continuous length of the overhead line is limited due to the change in the height of the weights as the overhead line expands and contracts with temperature changes. This movement is proportional to the distance between anchors. Tension length has a maximum. For most
1433:", due to the many support structures and complicated system of wires and cables that fill the air. Such considerations have driven the move towards replacing overhead power and communications lines with buried cables where possible. The issue came to a head in the UK with the
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Catenary systems are suited to high-speed operations whereas simple wire systems, which are less expensive to build and maintain, are common on light rail or tram (streetcar) lines, especially on city streets. Such vehicles can be fitted with either a pantograph or
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Many cities had trams and trolleybuses using trolley poles. They used insulated crossovers, which required tram drivers to put the controller into neutral and coast through. Trolleybus drivers had to either lift off the accelerator or switch to auxiliary power.
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994:, at the crossing between Viale Regina Margherita and Via Nomentana, tram and trolleybus lines cross: tram on Viale Regina Margherita and trolleybus on Via Nomentana. The crossing is orthogonal, therefore the typical arrangement was not available.
701:'s electrifications) that would never be in-phase. Since a dead section is always dead, no special signal aspect was developed to warn drivers of its presence, and a metal sign with "DS" in drilled-hole letters was hung from the catenary supports.
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283:, thus the use of "catenary" to describe this wire or sometimes the whole system. This wire is attached to the contact wire at regular intervals by vertical wires known as "droppers" or "drop wires". It is supported regularly at structures, by a
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contact face exposed. A somewhat higher tension than used before clipping the beam yielded a deflected profile for the wire that could be easily handled at 400 km/h (250 mph) by a pneumatic servo pantograph with only 3
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draw from two overhead wires at a similar voltage, and at least one of the trolleybus wires must be insulated from tram wires. This is usually done by the trolleybus wires running continuously through the crossing, with the tram
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All systems with multiple overhead lines have a high risk of short circuits at switches and therefore tend to be impractical in use, especially when high voltages are used or when trains run through the points at high speed.
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in Brazil. Until 1976, it was widely used in Italy. On these railways, the two conductors are used for two different phases of the three-phase AC, while the rail was used for the third phase. The neutral was not used.
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the running rails (as opposed to the AWS magnets placed midway between the rails). Lineside signs on the approach to the neutral section warn the driver to shut off traction power and coast through the dead section.
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Earlier dropper wires provided physical support of the contact wire without joining the catenary and contact wires electrically. Modern systems use current-carrying droppers, eliminating the need for separate wires.
778:. In modern uses, it is very common for underground sections of trams, metros, and mainline railways to use a rigid overhead wire in their tunnels, while using normal overhead wires in their above ground sections.
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Much simpler and more functional was an overhead wire in combination with a pantograph borne by the vehicle and pressed at the line from below. This system, for rail traffic with a unipolar line, was invented by
266:
To achieve good high-speed current collection, it is necessary to keep the contact wire geometry within defined limits. This is usually achieved by supporting the contact wire from a second wire known as the
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on the train which causes a large electrical circuit-breaker to open and close when the locomotive or the pantograph vehicle of a multiple unit passes over them. In the United
Kingdom equipment similar to
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Vehicles like buses that have rubber tyres cannot provide a return path for the current through their wheels, and must instead use a pair of overhead wires to provide both the current and its return path.
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in
Austria. The trams had bipolar overhead lines, consisting of two U-pipes, in which the pantographs hung and ran like shuttles. From April to June 1882, Siemens had tested a similar system on his
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631:(Sometimes the sections are powered with different voltages or frequencies.) The grids may be synchronised on a normal basis, but events may interrupt synchronisation. This is not a problem for
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used an overhead catenary system for the west half of the route, transitioning to third rail for the east half. This was discontinued in 2004 when the entire route was converted to third rail.
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Most systems include a brake to stop the wires from unravelling completely if a wire breaks or tension is lost. German systems usually use a single large tensioning pulley (basically a
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In countries such as France, South Africa, Australia and the United Kingdom, a pair of permanent magnets beside the rails at either side of the neutral section operate a bogie-mounted
361:
An electrical circuit requires at least two conductors. Trams and railways use the overhead line as one side of the circuit and the steel rails as the other side of the circuit. For a
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supply breakers. If the line is under maintenance, an injury may occur as the catenary is suddenly energized. Even if the catenary is properly grounded to protect the personnel, the
936:; at many places, trolleybus lines cross the tramway. In some cities, trolleybuses and trams shared a positive (feed) wire. In such cases, a normal trolleybus frog can be used.
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In a movable bridge that uses a rigid overhead rail, there is a need to transition from the catenary wire system into an overhead conductor rail at the bridge portal (the last
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section bar (fabricated from three strips of iron and mounted on wood) was used, with the brass contact running inside the groove. When the overhead line was raised in the
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are generally incompatible with parallel overhead lines.) The circuit is completed by using both wires. Parallel overhead wires are also used on the rare railways with
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are available for the return current, as the vehicles use rubber tyres on the road surface. Trolleybuses use a second parallel overhead line for the return, and two
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172:, raised to a high electrical potential by connection to feeder stations at regularly spaced intervals along the track. The feeder stations are usually fed from a
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Lines may sag during hot weather and if a pantograph gets entangled, this can result in a dewirement. Similarly, in very cold weather they may contract and snap.
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to accommodate taller rolling stock, a rail was used. A rigid overhead rail may also be used in places where tensioning the wires is impractical, for example on
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Catenary (upper photo) is suited to higher-speed rail vehicles. Trolley wire (lower photo) is suited to slower-speed trams (streetcars) and light rail vehicles.
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and trolleybus wires, at Vas. Amalias Avenue and Vas. Olgas Avenue, and at Ardittou Street and Athanasiou Diakou Street. They use the above-mentioned solution.
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As the pantograph moves along under the contact wire, the carbon insert on top of the pantograph becomes worn with time. On straight track, the contact wire is
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BE EN 50149:2012, Railway applications - Fixed installations - Electric traction - Copper and copper alloy grooved contact wires, BSI Standards Publications
30:
This article is about the transmission of electrical power to road and rail vehicles. For transmission of bulk electrical power to general consumers, see
1857:Исаев, И. П.; Фрайфельд, А. В.; "Беседы об электрической железной дороге" (Discussions about the electric railway) Москва, "Транспорт", 1989. pp, 186-7
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On overhead wires designed for trolley poles, this is done by having a neutral section between the wires, requiring an insulator. The driver of the
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955:, Victoria, tram drivers put the controller into neutral and coast through section insulators, indicated by insulator markings between the rails.
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1879:[Rules on the design, construction and maintenance of stable 3 kV DC traction devices] (2610-5/2003/3-0503) (in Slovenian). May 23, 2003.
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1373:, where it may be struck by road vehicles. Warning signs are placed on the approaches, advising drivers of the maximum safe height.
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1918:"Traction power substation balance and losses estimation in AC railways using a power transfer device through Monte Carlo analysis"
1472:: the installation was removed after that event. In October 1883, the first permanent tram service with overhead lines was on the
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system completed the installation of an overhead contact system (OCS) in 2023, to prepare for the conversion of its 160-year old
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697:"Dead Sections": they were often used to separate power systems (for example, the Hell's Gate Bridge boundary between Amtrak and
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but this was replaced by an underpass in 2010. Some crossings between tramway/light rail and railways are extant in Germany. In
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Stitched equipment uses an additional wire at each support structure, terminated on either side of the messenger/catenary wire.
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Overhead lines may be adversely affected by strong winds causing wires to swing. Power storms can knock the power out with
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1029:(the pantograph is mounted asymmetrically to collect current from this rail); right, 15 kV AC for the Sihltal railway
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once or twice. Trolleybus and tram wires run parallel in streets such as viale Stelvio, viale Umbria and viale Tibaldi.
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must temporarily reduce the power draw before the trolley pole passes through, to prevent arc damage to the insulator.
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Tram overhead wire (diagonal) crossing trolleybus wires (horizontal), photographed in Bahnhofplatz, Bern, Switzerland
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the following types of wires/cables were used. For the contact wire, cold drawn solid copper was used to ensure good
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had two lines with different electrification. To be able to use different electric systems on shared tracks, the
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688:. Metal signs were hung from the catenary supports with the letters "PB" created by a pattern of drilled holes.
495:, which could break the wire. Tensioning the line makes waves travel faster, and also reduces sag from gravity.
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The installation of overhead lines may require reconstruction of bridges to provide safe electrical clearance.
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operate lines electrified with extra height wiring and pantographs to allow for double stack container trains.
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south of Stockholm Central Station and a tramway. The tramway operated on 600–700 V DC and the railway on
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Alternatively, section breaks can be sited at the crossing point, so that the crossing is electrically dead.
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Pravilnik o projektiranju, gradnji in vzdrževanju stabilnih naprav električne vleke enosmernega sistema 3 kV
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before the movable bridge). For example, the power supply can be done through a catenary wire system near a
721:, the Netherlands. There is no overhead line on the bridge; the train coasts through with raised pantograph.
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207:) may pass along these tracks without affecting the overhead line, although there may be difficulties with
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762:, the overhead wire may be replaced by a rigid overhead rail. An early example was in the tunnels of the
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had its overhead wire off to one side. This configuration was used up until summer 2022, since then the
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See previous reference and Ботц Ю. В., Чекулаев, В. Е., Контактная сеть. Москва "Транспорт" 1976 p. 54
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pantograph bridges the gap between the different conductors, providing it with a continuous pickup.
746:. The central position of the overhead conductors was dictated by the many tunnels on the line: the
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410: with: more details about other types of catenary wire in other countries.. You can help by
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has an extended height overhead line to accommodate double-height car and truck transporters.
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800-metre (2,600 ft)-long section of a coal railway near Cologne between 1940 and 1949.
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generated across the pantograph can damage the pantograph, the catenary insulator or both.
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Keenor, Garry (2014). "Series 1: A User's Perspective [railway electrification]".
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Lines are divided into sections to limit the scope of an outage and to allow maintenance.
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2349:"The Aspects of Catenary Maintenance of Direct Current (DC) and Alternating Current (AC)"
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Where the tram wire crosses, the trolleybus wires are protected by an inverted trough of
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Operation of the overhead conductor rails at Shaw's Cove Railroad Bridge in Connecticut
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Catenary wires are kept in mechanical tension because the pantograph causes mechanical
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movement of the contact wire across the head of the pantograph is called the "sweep".
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Electric trains that collect their current from overhead lines use a device such as a
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OHL equipment in the UK, the maximum tension length is 1,970 m (6,460 ft).
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line at 15 kV AC; there used to be a similar crossing between the two lines at
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that the vehicle's pantograph is in continuous contact with one wire or the other.
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The valuable copper conductor can also be subject to theft, as for example the
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2156:"Kamerasystem skal advare lokoførere mod svingende køreledninger på Storebælt"
2063:"Neue Uetlibergbahn S10 planmässig in Betrieb genommen [aktualisiert]"
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conductive but less wear-resistant metal, increasing transmission efficiency.
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1828:
1666:
1361:
Peninsula Corridor to fully-electrified revenue service in September 2024.
1324:
through the northeast suburbs uses overhead lines, as does the Green Line.
1218:
1198:
1177:
1017:
915:
803:
714:
580:
438:
374:
370:
366:
306:
The zigzagging of the overhead line is not required for trolley poles. For
288:
196:
173:
2406:
2110:
2014:
Electrification of swing and bascule bridges with overhead conductor rails
1591:. For aesthetic reasons, the support structure is constructed from hollow
3055:
3015:
2927:
2235:
1477:
1151:
1108:
1034:
979:
484:
169:
2314:
2177:
734:
398:
3212:
3178:
3173:
3125:
3050:
3025:
2966:
2932:
2816:
2492:
1808:
1481:
1438:
1343:
1262:
1206:
1167:
1155:
926:
867:
648:
572:
362:
243:
212:
211:. Alternative electrical power transmission schemes for trains include
200:
78:
27:
Cable that provides power to electric railways, trams, and trolleybuses
2753:
1709:
Cholsey railway station, Oxfordshire. It was electrified in the 2010s.
1697:
Prittlewell station, Southend-on-Sea. It was electrified in the 1950s.
862:
draw their power from a single overhead wire at about 500 to 750
555:
A section insulator at a section break in Amtrak's 12 kV catenary
2951:
2917:
2897:
2846:
2836:
2537:
2389:
1401:
1186:
1163:
952:
887:
810:
726:
before reaching the gap and usually the pantograph would be lowered.
351:
2287:
Cooper, B.K. (February–March 1982). "Catenaries and Contact Wires".
1404:
strikes on systems with overhead wires, stopping trains following a
919:
833:
825:
2988:
2806:
2259:
1663:
1622:
Transition zone of third-rail to overhead-wire supply on Chicago's
1588:
1347:
1294:
1092:
has been switched to the standard 15kV 16.7 Hz configuration.
1061:
On DC systems, bipolar overhead lines were sometimes used to avoid
591:
551:
453:
280:
2011:
Cox, Stephen G.; Nünlist, Felix; Marti, Reto (25 September 2000).
1313:
and just past East 55th Street station, where the lines separate.
883:
material extending 20 or 30 mm (0.79 or 1.18 in) below.
1421:
Overhead lines, like most electrified systems, require a greater
1224:
1033:
Some railways used two or three overhead lines, usually to carry
895:
837:
Annotated version of the previous photo, highlighting components
343:
3070:
1773:
1317:
1250:
1238:
1197:
by the messenger wire, attached to it at frequent intervals by
975:
891:
759:
718:
681:
644:
against this as the pantograph briefly connects both sections.
299:
284:
2347:
Liudvinavičius, Lionginas; Dailydka, Stasys (1 January 2016).
1469:
1385:
1266:
1116:
998:
863:
2390:"[IRFCA] Indian Railways FAQ: Electric Traction - I"
2315:"Garry Keenor – Overhead Line Electrification for Railways"
2178:"Garry Keenor – Overhead Line Electrification for Railways"
1682:
1159:
1147:
991:
859:
568:
488:
307:
161:
82:
1650:
Overhead lines in Wellington, New Zealand (1500 V DC)
1441:. A protest group with their own website has been formed.
262:: Two runners for pantographs flank the trolley pole frog.
1205:. The second wire is straight and level, parallel to the
626:
without lowering but with switching off a circuit breaker
595:
Neutral Section Indication Board used on railways in the
1084:
had its overhead wire right above the train, whilst the
2132:"Aerodynamic Effects Caused by Trains Entering Tunnels"
1638:
Overhead lines in Auckland, New Zealand (25 kV AC)
596:
2346:
1369:
The height of the overhead line can create hazards at
1237:
has catenary over the 600 miles (970 km) between
1412:
increasing the load on the wires and their supports.
491:
must travel faster than the train to avoid producing
1916:
Morais, Vítor A.; Martins, António P. (2022-03-01).
1460:
The first tram with overhead lines was presented by
1395:
1065:of metallic parts near the railway, such as on the
929:line 32 has a level crossing with the 1,200 V
310:, a contact wire without a messenger wire is used.
291:. The whole system is then subjected to mechanical
1610:, overhead wires suspended across multiple tracks.
1025:for the same track. Left, 1,200 V DC for the
1376:The wiring in most countries is too low to allow
3265:
2020:. Northend Electrification Project. pp. 3–4
1142:, retrofitted to include overhead catenary lines
809:Short overhead conductor rails are installed at
656:(AWS) is used, but with pairs of magnets placed
586:
2010:
1437:electrification scheme, especially through the
1277:utilize the catenary to provide local service.
1181:Gantry with old and new suspended equipment at
2293:. EMAP National Publications. pp. 14–16.
2089:"Spotlight on double-stack container movement"
1225:Overhead catenary systems in the United States
2769:
2422:
1915:
1022:
2199:"Matangi trains 'more susceptible' to frost"
1466:1881 International Exposition of Electricity
2436:
1721:BR Class 308/1 EMU at Cambridge, April 1987
1429:Many people consider overhead lines to be "
729:
2776:
2762:
2429:
2415:
1307:Blue and Green interurban/light rail lines
1012:
338:
2364:
2080:
2060:
2050:TMSV: Tramway level crossings in Victoria
1989:
1987:
1933:
250:vehicle repairing overhead lines (Poland)
168:, particularly in tunnels) situated over
160:An overhead line consists of one or more
1994:"A ninety-six ton electric locomotive".
1450:Gweru-Harare section of line in Zimbabwe
1209:, suspended over it as the roadway of a
1176:
1133:
1122:
1107:
1099:
1016:
832:
824:
780:
738:B&O's overhead third-rail system at
733:
708:
667:
605:
590:
550:
474:
416:Relevant discussion may be found on the
350:
342:
253:
238:
44:
34:. For powerlines mounted on pylons, see
2783:
2196:
2111:"非人狂想屋 | 你的火车发源地 » HXD1B牵引双层集装箱列车"
1966:"Vortok Automatic Power Control Magnet"
1814:List of railway electrification systems
1520:Overhead lines in Queensland, Australia
1300:Cleveland Hopkins International Airport
910:operating at 750 V DC crosses the
14:
3266:
2286:
2225:
1984:
1492:in 1888. From 1889 it was used at the
383:three-phase AC railway electrification
377:, one contacting each overhead wire. (
38:. For lines carrying information, see
2757:
2410:
1119:trenches and tunnels in central Paris
672:25 kV AC neutral zone in Romania
1848:UIC English/French/German Thesaurus.
1095:
599:. Six of these would be required at
392:
2086:
1146:A catenary is a system of overhead
347:A switch in parallel overhead lines
24:
2280:
1037:current. This is used only on the
25:
3305:
2382:
622:of EMU passes neutral section of
388:
2087:Das, Mamuni (October 15, 2007).
1758:
1742:
1726:
1714:
1702:
1690:
1674:
1655:
1643:
1631:
1615:
1600:
1580:
1568:
1556:
1547:Overhead lines (three-phase) on
1540:
1525:
1513:
1500:, pioneering electric traction.
1494:Richmond Union Passenger Railway
1446:Lahore-Khanewal line in Pakistan
1396:Problems with overhead equipment
1170:vehicle that is equipped with a
958:Melbourne has several remaining
886:Until 1946, a level crossing in
742:in Baltimore, 1901, part of the
546:
397:
2738:Railway electrification systems
2252:
2219:
2190:
2170:
2148:
2124:
2103:
2054:
2043:
2032:
2004:
1587:Overhead lines in Denmark near
1127:Compound catenary equipment of
691:
234:
87:International Union of Railways
85:. The generic term used by the
1958:
1909:
1892:
1883:
1869:
1860:
1851:
1842:
1819:Railway electrification system
1737:, South Korea (1500 V DC)
1681:25 kV AC overhead catenary in
1201:and connecting wires known as
965:Level Crossing Removal Project
908:Menziken–Aarau–Schöftland line
600:
13:
1:
3289:Electric power infrastructure
2197:Stewart, Matt (21 May 2012).
1835:
1753:, South Korea (25 kV AC)
1112:Overhead feeding rail on the
1078:Sihltal Zürich Uetliberg Bahn
587:Neutral section (phase break)
470:
2743:Tram electrification systems
2558:Electro-diesel multiple unit
2366:10.1016/j.proeng.2016.01.007
2158:(in Danish). 5 November 2013
1789:Catenary maintenance vehicle
1575:Overhead lines in NW England
1480:, an early precursor of the
1474:Mödling and Hinterbrühl Tram
1007:its circular trolleybus line
942:
820:
624:25 kV 50 Hz AC overhead line
511:is taut in cold conditions.
7:
3294:Electric power distribution
2000:. New York. 10 August 1895.
1922:Railway Engineering Science
1781:
182:
93:. It is known variously as
32:Electric power transmission
10:
3310:
2984:Transfer table (traverser)
2513:Conduit current collection
1935:10.1007/s40534-021-00261-y
1503:
1455:
902:. In the Swiss village of
479:Line tensioning in Germany
258:Overhead over a switch in
29:
3221:
3139:
3034:
2972:ground-level power supply
2880:
2792:
2730:
2602:
2576:
2553:Electro-diesel locomotive
2533:Railway electric traction
2523:
2503:Ground-level power supply
2475:
2444:
2091:. The Hindu Business Line
1794:Electro-diesel locomotive
1776:, near Entuziatov Highway
1364:
970:
538:
225:electromagnetic induction
217:ground-level power supply
65:that is used to transmit
2061:Redaktion (2022-09-05).
1311:Cleveland Union Terminal
1298:(4.8 km) along the
1293:east of Downtown and at
1138:An older rail bridge in
1067:Chemin de fer de la Mure
1023:overhead conductor rails
985:
730:Overhead conductor rails
654:Automatic Warning System
3274:Electric rail transport
2957:Railway electrification
2483:Railway electrification
2438:Railway electrification
2228:Railway Electrification
1804:Insulator (electricity)
1563:Overhead lines in China
1435:Great Western Main Line
1340:San Francisco peninsula
1183:Grivita railway station
1047:Petit train de la Rhune
1013:Multiple overhead lines
848: trolley bus wires
704:
339:Parallel overhead lines
123:overhead line equipment
107:overhead contact system
75:electric multiple units
2584:Traction power network
2548:Electric multiple unit
1824:Traction current pylon
1662:Overhead lines on the
1534:Swiss Federal Railways
1378:double stack container
1189:
1143:
1131:
1120:
1105:
1051:Corcovado Rack Railway
1030:
934:Uetliberg railway line
856:
854: insulated trough
830:
800:traction current pylon
795:
751:
722:
673:
627:
603:
556:
503:(2,000 and 4,500
480:
358:
356:Trolleybus wire switch
348:
263:
251:
89:for the technology is
50:
3096:Platform screen doors
2594:Traction powerstation
2260:"Save the Goring Gap"
2039:Siemens press release
1751:Gyeongui–Jungang Line
1303:Red (heavy rail) line
1286:interurban/light rail
1180:
1137:
1126:
1111:
1103:
1020:
978:has two crossings of
836:
828:
793:
737:
712:
678:Pennsylvania Railroad
671:
617:
594:
554:
478:
354:
346:
257:
242:
99:overhead contact line
48:
3046:Anti-trespass panels
2353:Procedia Engineering
2236:10.1049/ic.2014.0056
2230:. pp. 6 (7 .).
2113:(in Chinese (China))
1626:(the "Skokie Swift")
1275:Metro-North Railroad
1045:in Switzerland, the
842: tram conductor
71:electric locomotives
2893:Classification yard
2589:Traction substation
2543:Electric locomotive
2508:Stud contact system
2329:"Trans Power Guide"
2264:Save the Goring Gap
1997:Scientific American
1735:Seoul Subway Line 2
1423:capital expenditure
1261:agencies including
1049:in France, and the
764:Baltimore Belt Line
744:Baltimore Belt Line
36:Overhead power line
3152:Motive power depot
3106:Signalling control
2568:Rubber-tyred metro
2445:Current collectors
1772:wires crossing in
1749:Overhead lines in
1733:Overhead lines in
1532:Overhead lines on
1498:Richmond, Virginia
1462:Werner von Siemens
1231:Northeast Corridor
1190:
1144:
1140:Berwick-upon-Tweed
1132:
1121:
1106:
1063:galvanic corrosion
1039:Gornergrat Railway
1031:
857:
831:
796:
752:
723:
674:
628:
604:
557:
481:
359:
349:
264:
252:
248:maintenance of way
209:overhead clearance
115:overhead equipment
51:
3261:
3260:
2979:Railway turntable
2800:
2751:
2750:
2204:The Dominion Post
1211:suspension bridge
1096:Overhead catenary
1027:Uetliberg railway
791:
615:
487:in the wire. The
435:
434:
95:overhead catenary
67:electrical energy
18:Overhead catenary
16:(Redirected from
3301:
3156:Railway workshop
2872:Transition curve
2842:Fastening system
2796:
2778:
2771:
2764:
2755:
2754:
2431:
2424:
2417:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2378:
2368:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2331:. Archived from
2324:
2322:
2321:
2310:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2270:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2058:
2052:
2047:
2041:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2019:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1991:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1968:. Archived from
1962:
1956:
1955:
1937:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1900:"OHLE Modelling"
1896:
1890:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1873:
1867:
1864:
1858:
1855:
1849:
1846:
1762:
1746:
1730:
1718:
1706:
1694:
1678:
1659:
1647:
1635:
1619:
1604:
1584:
1572:
1560:
1549:Jungfrau Railway
1544:
1529:
1517:
1490:Frank J. Sprague
1431:visual pollution
1247:Washington, D.C.
1043:Jungfrau Railway
853:
847:
841:
792:
776:moveable bridges
616:
533:block and tackle
430:
427:
421:
401:
393:
273:
272:
63:electrical cable
21:
3309:
3308:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3279:Tram technology
3264:
3263:
3262:
3257:
3217:
3135:
3111:Structure gauge
3066:Defect detector
3038:
3030:
2876:
2832:Clip and scotch
2822:Breather switch
2788:
2782:
2752:
2747:
2726:
2598:
2572:
2519:
2471:
2440:
2435:
2398:
2396:
2388:
2385:
2338:
2336:
2327:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2290:Rail Enthusiast
2283:
2281:Further reading
2278:
2277:
2268:
2266:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2246:
2224:
2220:
2210:
2208:
2195:
2191:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2161:
2159:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2140:
2138:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2116:
2114:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2094:
2092:
2085:
2081:
2072:
2070:
2059:
2055:
2048:
2044:
2037:
2033:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2009:
2005:
1993:
1992:
1985:
1975:
1973:
1972:on 25 July 2018
1964:
1963:
1959:
1914:
1910:
1902:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1861:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1784:
1777:
1763:
1754:
1747:
1738:
1731:
1722:
1719:
1710:
1707:
1698:
1695:
1686:
1679:
1670:
1660:
1651:
1648:
1639:
1636:
1627:
1620:
1611:
1605:
1596:
1585:
1576:
1573:
1564:
1561:
1552:
1545:
1536:
1530:
1521:
1518:
1506:
1458:
1398:
1371:level crossings
1367:
1282:Cleveland, Ohio
1227:
1213:is over water.
1150:used to supply
1098:
1015:
988:
973:
960:level crossings
945:
922:, Switzerland,
855:
851:
849:
845:
843:
839:
823:
781:
740:Guilford Avenue
732:
707:
694:
684:and adopted by
606:
589:
549:
541:
473:
431:
425:
422:
415:
408:needs expansion
402:
391:
341:
270:
269:
237:
185:
177:electrical grid
143:overhead wiring
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3307:
3297:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3236:
3231:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3176:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3149:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3101:Railway signal
3098:
3093:
3088:
3086:Level crossing
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3042:
3040:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3011:Track geometry
3008:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2962:overhead lines
2954:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2937:
2936:
2935:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2913:Gauntlet track
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2884:
2882:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2857:Minimum radius
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2803:
2801:
2790:
2789:
2786:infrastructure
2781:
2780:
2773:
2766:
2758:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2719:
2717:United Kingdom
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2529:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2479:
2477:
2476:Power delivery
2473:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2441:
2434:
2433:
2426:
2419:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2384:
2383:External links
2381:
2380:
2379:
2344:
2325:
2311:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2251:
2244:
2218:
2189:
2169:
2147:
2123:
2102:
2079:
2053:
2042:
2031:
2003:
1983:
1957:
1908:
1891:
1882:
1868:
1859:
1850:
1840:
1839:
1837:
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1831:
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1637:
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1628:
1621:
1614:
1612:
1608:Brussels-South
1606:
1599:
1597:
1586:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1555:
1553:
1546:
1539:
1537:
1531:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1512:
1510:
1509:Overhead lines
1505:
1502:
1457:
1454:
1397:
1394:
1382:Channel Tunnel
1366:
1363:
1288:lines and the
1226:
1223:
1097:
1094:
1090:Uetliberg line
1086:Uetliberg line
1014:
1011:
987:
984:
972:
969:
944:
941:
894:connected the
850:
844:
838:
822:
819:
772:Simplon Tunnel
754:Given limited
731:
728:
706:
703:
693:
690:
659:
588:
585:
548:
545:
540:
537:
493:standing waves
472:
469:
433:
432:
405:
403:
396:
390:
389:Types of wires
387:
340:
337:
335:acceleration.
324:
323:
319:
281:catenary curve
271:messenger wire
236:
233:
184:
181:
135:overhead lines
49:Overhead lines
40:Overhead cable
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3306:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
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3147:Coaling tower
3145:
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3129:
3127:
3124:
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3119:
3117:
3116:Signal bridge
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3091:Loading gauge
3089:
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2999:refuge siding
2997:
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2946:
2945:tramway track
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2723:
2722:United States
2720:
2718:
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2713:
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2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
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2595:
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2587:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2577:Power network
2575:
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2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
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2530:
2528:
2526:
2525:Rolling stock
2522:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2488:Overhead line
2486:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2452:Bow collector
2450:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2432:
2427:
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2418:
2413:
2412:
2409:
2395:
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2387:
2386:
2376:
2372:
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2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2335:on 2020-07-16
2334:
2330:
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2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
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2285:
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2255:
2247:
2245:9781849199803
2241:
2237:
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2222:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2193:
2179:
2173:
2157:
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2137:
2133:
2127:
2112:
2106:
2090:
2083:
2068:
2067:Bahnonline.ch
2064:
2057:
2051:
2046:
2040:
2035:
2016:
2015:
2007:
1999:
1998:
1990:
1988:
1971:
1967:
1961:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1936:
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1625:
1618:
1613:
1609:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1593:COR-TEN steel
1590:
1583:
1578:
1571:
1566:
1559:
1554:
1551:, Switzerland
1550:
1543:
1538:
1535:
1528:
1523:
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1403:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1372:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1355:San Francisco
1352:
1351:commuter rail
1349:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1312:
1308:
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1296:
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1259:Commuter rail
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1243:Massachusetts
1240:
1236:
1235:United States
1232:
1222:
1220:
1214:
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1188:
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921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
904:Oberentfelden
901:
897:
893:
889:
884:
882:
877:
874:
869:
865:
861:
835:
827:
818:
816:
815:Combino Supra
812:
807:
805:
801:
779:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
749:
745:
741:
736:
727:
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689:
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621:
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584:
582:
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547:Section break
544:
536:
535:arrangement.
534:
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477:
468:
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450:
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444:
440:
429:
419:
413:
409:
406:This section
404:
400:
395:
394:
386:
384:
380:
376:
375:trolley poles
372:
368:
364:
357:
353:
345:
336:
334:
328:
320:
317:
316:
315:
311:
309:
304:
301:
296:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
261:
256:
249:
245:
241:
232:
228:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
193:bow collector
190:
180:
178:
175:
171:
167:
163:
158:
156:
152:
151:traction wire
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
91:overhead line
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
59:overhead wire
56:
55:overhead line
47:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3131:Wayside horn
3081:Interlocking
3061:Catch points
3021:Water trough
2961:
2923:Passing loop
2903:Pocket track
2888:Balloon loop
2852:Ladder track
2563:Multi-system
2487:
2467:Contact shoe
2462:Trolley pole
2397:. Retrieved
2393:
2356:
2352:
2337:. Retrieved
2333:the original
2318:. Retrieved
2288:
2267:. Retrieved
2263:
2254:
2227:
2221:
2209:. Retrieved
2207:. Wellington
2202:
2192:
2181:. Retrieved
2172:
2160:. Retrieved
2150:
2139:. Retrieved
2136:ResearchGate
2135:
2126:
2115:. Retrieved
2105:
2095:February 25,
2093:. Retrieved
2082:
2071:. Retrieved
2066:
2056:
2045:
2034:
2022:. Retrieved
2013:
2006:
1995:
1974:. Retrieved
1970:the original
1960:
1928:(1): 71–95.
1925:
1921:
1911:
1894:
1885:
1871:
1862:
1853:
1844:
1829:Utility pole
1667:Capital Line
1486:
1459:
1443:
1428:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1399:
1380:trains. The
1375:
1368:
1337:
1326:
1315:
1279:
1228:
1219:trolley pole
1215:
1202:
1191:
1145:
1082:Sihltal line
1075:
1071:
1060:
1056:
1032:
996:
989:
974:
957:
950:
946:
938:
885:
878:
868:Trolleybuses
858:
808:
804:swing bridge
797:
767:
753:
747:
724:
715:swing bridge
695:
692:Dead section
675:
663:
646:
642:
629:
577:
566:
562:
558:
542:
525:
521:
513:
509:
497:
485:oscillations
482:
465:EU countries
458:
451:
447:
443:conductivity
439:Soviet Union
436:
423:
412:adding to it
407:
367:trolleytruck
360:
329:
325:
312:
305:
297:
276:
268:
265:
235:Construction
229:
197:trolley pole
186:
174:high-voltage
159:
155:trolley wire
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
79:trolleybuses
58:
54:
52:
3056:Buffer stop
3016:Water crane
2928:Track gauge
2867:Tie/Sleeper
2702:Switzerland
2692:Former USSR
2665:New Zealand
2498:Fourth rail
2359:: 268–275.
2211:2 September
2069:(in German)
1624:Yellow Line
1478:Electromote
1406:power surge
1333:Chicago "L"
1329:Yellow Line
1152:electricity
1035:three-phase
813:as for the
758:such as in
699:Metro North
686:Metro North
379:Pantographs
244:Lineworkers
201:locomotives
170:rail tracks
3268:Categories
3229:Industrial
3213:Water stop
3174:for trains
3166:Roundhouse
3140:Structures
3126:Train stop
3076:Guard rail
3051:Block post
3039:and safety
3036:Signalling
2967:third rail
2940:Rail track
2933:dual gauge
2817:Baulk road
2603:By country
2493:Third rail
2457:Pantograph
2399:2018-03-06
2339:2019-03-06
2320:2019-02-05
2269:2019-02-05
2183:2019-02-05
2141:2020-07-01
2117:2020-07-01
2073:2023-06-03
1836:References
1809:Lineworker
1770:trolleybus
1482:trolleybus
1439:Goring Gap
1344:California
1290:heavy rail
1271:NJ Transit
1255:inter-city
1207:rail track
1172:pantograph
1168:light rail
1156:locomotive
1003:tram lines
927:trolleybus
881:insulating
873:conductors
811:tram stops
766:, where a
649:transducer
620:pantograph
573:trolleybus
471:Tensioning
363:trolleybus
287:, link or
213:third rail
189:pantograph
3179:for goods
3121:Tell-tale
2952:Rail yard
2918:Guide bar
2898:Headshunt
2881:Trackwork
2847:Fishplate
2837:Date nail
2798:(history)
2655:Lithuania
2610:Australia
2538:Power car
2394:irfca.org
2375:1877-7058
2299:0262-561X
1952:256402259
1944:2662-4753
1402:lightning
1322:Blue Line
1187:Bucharest
1164:streetcar
953:Melbourne
943:Australia
888:Stockholm
821:Crossings
756:clearance
635:systems.
601:crossings
426:June 2024
418:talk page
300:zigzagged
221:batteries
203:(such as
3234:Military
3191:building
3161:Platform
3071:Derailer
2989:Roll way
2908:Junction
2807:Axe ties
2675:timeline
2660:Malaysia
2307:49957965
1782:See also
1664:Edmonton
1589:Roskilde
1448:and the
1359:San José
1348:Caltrain
1316:Part of
1309:between
1295:Linndale
1257:trains.
1203:droppers
900:15 kV AC
499:20
454:Slovenia
308:tramways
277:catenary
183:Overview
3244:station
3239:Private
3186:Station
2862:Profile
2812:Ballast
2712:Ukraine
2630:Germany
2620:Estonia
2615:Austria
2162:25 June
2024:25 June
1976:25 July
1504:Gallery
1464:at the
1456:History
1338:On the
1331:on the
1233:in the
1195:tension
1129:JR West
1001:, most
896:railway
760:tunnels
676:On the
658:outside
528:ratchet
459:In the
437:In the
293:tension
260:Toronto
205:diesels
3284:Pylons
3006:Switch
2994:Siding
2794:Tracks
2707:Turkey
2697:Sweden
2687:Russia
2682:Poland
2670:Norway
2650:Latvia
2625:France
2373:
2305:
2297:
2242:
1950:
1942:
1799:Gantry
1774:Moscow
1595:masts.
1365:Height
1346:, the
1318:Boston
1284:, the
1273:, and
1251:Amtrak
1249:, for
1239:Boston
1199:clamps
1166:), or
1117:Line C
1005:cross
976:Athens
971:Greece
920:Zürich
906:, the
892:Sweden
852:
846:
840:
719:Meppel
682:Amtrak
539:Breaks
285:pulley
153:, and
61:is an
3222:Types
3201:ghost
3196:clock
3170:Shed
2784:Rail
2731:Lists
2645:Japan
2635:India
2018:(PDF)
1948:S2CID
1903:(PDF)
1470:Paris
1390:India
1386:China
1267:SEPTA
1154:to a
1148:wires
999:Milan
986:Italy
860:Trams
717:near
517:25 kV
489:waves
371:rails
369:, no
365:or a
289:clamp
246:on a
166:rails
162:wires
83:trams
3249:list
3206:list
2827:Cant
2640:Iran
2371:ISSN
2303:OCLC
2295:ISSN
2240:ISBN
2213:2015
2164:2016
2097:2009
2026:2018
1978:2018
1940:ISSN
1768:and
1766:Tram
1683:Kyiv
1388:and
1327:The
1263:MARC
1245:and
1229:The
1160:tram
1076:The
1041:and
1021:Two
992:Rome
980:tram
916:Suhr
866:DC.
705:Gaps
569:tram
463:and
223:and
164:(or
131:OHLE
3026:Wye
2361:doi
2357:134
2232:doi
1930:doi
1496:in
1468:in
1357:to
1342:in
1320:'s
1280:In
1253:'s
1114:RER
997:In
990:In
951:In
924:VBZ
912:SBB
581:arc
571:or
505:lbf
452:In
275:or
195:or
149:),
147:OHW
141:),
139:OHL
133:),
129:or
127:OLE
121:),
119:OHE
113:),
111:OCS
105:),
103:OCL
81:or
69:to
57:or
53:An
3270::
2392:.
2369:.
2355:.
2351:.
2301:.
2262:.
2238:.
2201:.
2134:.
2065:.
1986:^
1946:.
1938:.
1926:30
1924:.
1920:.
1484:.
1452:.
1408:.
1305:,
1269:,
1265:,
1241:,
1221:.
1185:,
1174:.
1158:,
1069:.
967:.
931:DC
890:,
817:.
713:A
637:AC
633:DC
618:A
597:UK
501:kN
461:UK
385:.
295:.
227:.
219:,
215:,
191:,
179:.
157:.
97:,
77:,
73:,
3154:/
2777:e
2770:t
2763:v
2430:e
2423:t
2416:v
2402:.
2377:.
2363::
2342:.
2323:.
2309:.
2272:.
2248:.
2234::
2215:.
2186:.
2166:.
2144:.
2120:.
2099:.
2076:.
2028:.
1980:.
1954:.
1932::
1905:.
1685:.
1669:.
1162:(
864:V
768:Π
748:∩
428:)
424:(
420:.
414:.
333:g
145:(
137:(
125:(
117:(
109:(
101:(
42:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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